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Kazemi Z, Aboutaleb E, Shahsavani A, Kermani M, Kazemi Z. Evaluation of pollutants in perfumes, colognes and health effects on the consumer: a systematic review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2022; 20:589-598. [PMID: 35669814 PMCID: PMC9163252 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00783-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cosmetic products, especially perfumes and colognes, are widely used in various communities. However, the use of these products can have side effects on consumers. This article aims to review the relevant literature published up to August 2020 to determine whether perfumes and colognes can affect people's health. Relevant articles were identified through electronic search. A total of 562 articles were selected and finally 37 related articles were included in the study after the screening process. The results of this systematic study showed that phthalates, aldehydes, parabens and aluminum-based salts are the most important contaminants in aromatic products that cause side effects such as allergies, breast cancer, reproductive disorders, especially in males, skin allergies, nervous system damage and migraine headaches for consumers. The incidence of complications in people using these products depends on parameters such as age, gender, race, amount of substance consumed, duration of use and economic status, and regarding the relationship between diseases such as cancer, respiratory disorders and endocrine with common contaminants in aromatic products, incidence of these diseases is probable in consumers which require further research to prove.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Kazemi
- Research Center of Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Aboutaleb
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Research Center of Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohre Kazemi
- Research Center of Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Abdallah M, Hijazi A, Graff B, Fouassier JP, Dumur F, Lalevée J. In-silico based development of photoinitiators for 3D printing and composites: Search on the coumarin scaffold. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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3
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Hsieh CJ, Sun M, Osborne G, Ricker K, Tsai FC, Li K, Tomar R, Phuong J, Schmitz R, Sandy MS. Cancer Hazard Identification Integrating Human Variability: The Case of Coumarin. Int J Toxicol 2019; 38:501-552. [PMID: 31845612 DOI: 10.1177/1091581819884544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Coumarin is a naturally occurring sweet-smelling benzopyrone that may be extracted from plants or synthesized for commercial uses. Its uses include as a flavoring agent, fragrance enhancer, and odor-masking additive. We reviewed and evaluated the scientific evidence on the carcinogenicity of coumarin, integrating information from carcinogenicity studies in animals with mechanistic and other relevant data, including data from toxicogenomic, genotoxicity, and metabolism studies, and studies of human variability of a key enzyme, CYP2A6. Increases in tumors were observed in multiple studies in rats and mice in multiple tissues. Our functional pathway analysis identified several common cancer-related biological processes/pathways affected by coumarin in rat liver following in vivo exposure and in human primary hepatocytes exposed in vitro. When coumarin 7-hydroxylation by CYP2A6 is compromised, this can lead to a shift in metabolism to the 3,4-epoxidation pathway and increased generation of electrophilic metabolites. Mechanistic data align with 3 key characteristics of carcinogens, namely formation of electrophilic metabolites, genotoxicity, and induction of oxidative stress. Considerations of metabolism, human variability in CYP2A6 activity, and coumarin hepatotoxicity in susceptible individuals provide additional support for carcinogenicity concern. Our analysis illustrates the importance of integrating information on human variability in the cancer hazard identification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChingYi Jennifer Hsieh
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Meng Sun
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Gwendolyn Osborne
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Karin Ricker
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Feng C Tsai
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Kate Li
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Rajpal Tomar
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA.,Retired
| | - Jimmy Phuong
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rose Schmitz
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Martha S Sandy
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
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4
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Oesch F, Fabian E, Landsiedel R. Xenobiotica-metabolizing enzymes in the skin of rat, mouse, pig, guinea pig, man, and in human skin models. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2411-2456. [PMID: 29916051 PMCID: PMC6063329 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the metabolic fate of medical drugs, skin care products, cosmetics and other chemicals intentionally or accidently applied to the human skin have become increasingly important in order to ascertain pharmacological effectiveness and to avoid toxicities. The use of freshly excised human skin for experimental investigations meets with ethical and practical limitations. Hence information on xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XME) in the experimental systems available for pertinent studies compared with native human skin has become crucial. This review collects available information of which—taken with great caution because of the still very limited data—the most salient points are: in the skin of all animal species and skin-derived in vitro systems considered in this review cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent monooxygenase activities (largely responsible for initiating xenobiotica metabolism in the organ which provides most of the xenobiotica metabolism of the mammalian organism, the liver) are very low to undetectable. Quite likely other oxidative enzymes [e.g. flavin monooxygenase, COX (cooxidation by prostaglandin synthase)] will turn out to be much more important for the oxidative xenobiotic metabolism in the skin. Moreover, conjugating enzyme activities such as glutathione transferases and glucuronosyltransferases are much higher than the oxidative CYP activities. Since these conjugating enzymes are predominantly detoxifying, the skin appears to be predominantly protected against CYP-generated reactive metabolites. The following recommendations for the use of experimental animal species or human skin in vitro models may tentatively be derived from the information available to date: for dermal absorption and for skin irritation esterase activity is of special importance which in pig skin, some human cell lines and reconstructed skin models appears reasonably close to native human skin. With respect to genotoxicity and sensitization reactive-metabolite-reducing XME in primary human keratinocytes and several reconstructed human skin models appear reasonably close to human skin. For a more detailed delineation and discussion of the severe limitations see the Conclusions section in the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Oesch
- Institute of Toxicology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Obere Zahlbacherstr. 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - E Fabian
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, GV/TB, Z470, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, GV/TB, Z470, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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5
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Ghosh S, Roy N, Singh TS, Chattopadhyay N. Photophysics of a coumarin based Schiff base in solvents of varying polarities. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 188:252-257. [PMID: 28728100 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present work reports detailed photophysics of a coumarin based Schiff base, namely, (E)-7-(((8-hydroxyquinolin-2-yl)methylene)amino)-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one (HMC) in different solvents of varying polarity exploiting steady state absorption, fluorescence and time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The dominant photophysical features of HMC are discussed in terms of emission from an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) excited state. Molecular orbital (MO) diagrams as obtained from DFT based computational analysis confirms the occurrence of charge transfer from 8'-hydroxy quinoline moiety of the molecule to the coumarin part. The notable difference in the photophysical response of HMC from its analogous coumarin (C480) lies in a lower magnitude of fluorescence quantum yield of the former, particularly in the solvents of low polarity, which is rationalized by considering the higher rate of non-radiative decay of HMC in apolar solvents. Phosphorescence emission as well as phosphorescence lifetime of HMC has also been reported in 77K frozen matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Nayan Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Assam University, Silchar, Assam 788011, India
| | - T Sanjoy Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Assam University, Silchar, Assam 788011, India
| | - Nitin Chattopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
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6
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Horak KE, Fisher PM, Hopkins B. Pharmacokinetics of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Target and Non-target Organisms. EMERGING TOPICS IN ECOTOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-64377-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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7
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Żołek T, Maciejewska D. Theoretical evaluation of ADMET properties for coumarin derivatives as compounds with therapeutic potential. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 109:486-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Araújo FHSD, Figueiredo DRD, Auharek SA, Pesarini JR, Meza A, Gomes RDS, Monreal ACD, Antoniolli-Silva ACMB, Lima DPD, Kassuya CAL, Beatriz A, Oliveira RJ. In vivo chemotherapeutic insight of a novel isocoumarin (3-hexyl-5,7-dimethoxy-isochromen-1-one): Genotoxicity, cell death induction, leukometry and phagocytic evaluation. Genet Mol Biol 2017; 40:665-675. [PMID: 28898353 PMCID: PMC5596378 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is one of the major approaches for the treatment of cancer. Therefore,
the development of new chemotherapy drugs is an important aspect of medicinal
chemistry. Chemotherapeutic agents include isocoumarins, which are privileged
structures with potential antitumoral activity. Herein, a new 3-substituted
isocoumarin was synthesized from 2-iodo-3,5-dimethoxy-benzoic acid and oct-1-yne in a
cross-coupling Sonogashira reaction followed by a copper iodide-catalyzed
intramolecular cyclization as key step using MeOH/Et3N as the solvent
system. The present study also evaluated the leukometry, phagocytic activity,
genotoxic potential and cell death induction of three different doses (5 mg/kg, 10
mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) of this newly synthesized isocoumarin, alone and in combination
with the commercial chemotherapeutic agents cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg) and
cisplatin (6 mg/kg) in male Swiss mice. The results suggest that the isocoumarin has
genotoxicity and causes cell death. Noteworthy, this new compound can increase
splenic phagocytosis and lymphocyte frequency, which are related to immunomodulatory
activity. When combined with either cyclophosphamide or cisplatin, chemopreventive
activity led to a reduction in the effects of both chemotherapeutic drugs. Thus, the
new isocoumarin is not a candidate for chemotherapeutic adjuvant in treatments using
cyclophosphamide or cisplatin. Nevertheless, the compound itself is an important
prototype for the development of new antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Henrique Souza de Araújo
- Centro de Estudos em Célula Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica, Hospital Universitário "Maria Aparecida Pedrossian", Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Programa de Mestrado em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Débora Rojas de Figueiredo
- Programa de Mestrado em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Sarah Alves Auharek
- Faculdade de Medicina do Mucuri, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - João Renato Pesarini
- Centro de Estudos em Célula Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica, Hospital Universitário "Maria Aparecida Pedrossian", Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina "Dr. Hélio Mandetta", Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Alisson Meza
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Roberto da Silva Gomes
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologias, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Antônio Carlos Duenhas Monreal
- Programa de Mestrado em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Andréia Conceição Milan Brochado Antoniolli-Silva
- Centro de Estudos em Célula Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica, Hospital Universitário "Maria Aparecida Pedrossian", Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina "Dr. Hélio Mandetta", Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Dênis Pires de Lima
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Programa de Mestrado em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Adilson Beatriz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Programa de Mestrado em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Juliano Oliveira
- Centro de Estudos em Célula Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica, Hospital Universitário "Maria Aparecida Pedrossian", Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Programa de Mestrado em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina "Dr. Hélio Mandetta", Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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9
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Stiefel C, Schubert T, Morlock GE. Bioprofiling of Cosmetics with Focus on Streamlined Coumarin Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:5242-5250. [PMID: 30023744 PMCID: PMC6044641 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Facing the widespread use of cosmetic products in daily use and recognizing the very limited information obtained by target analysis, a method suited for comprehensive characterization of cosmetics was aimed at. The biological activity of ingredients of 20 cosmetics taken from 16 different product groups and their coumarin contents were investigated via chromatography linked to bioassays (direct bioautography) and mass spectrometry. It allows for screening a large number of cosmetic products within a short time to generate a more valid database on their coumarin content and their contribution to the overall exposure. Bioactivity profiling of cosmetics with regard to bioactive ingredients opens new avenues for a comprehensive characterization of important substances in products of daily use, helpful for the legally required safety and risk assessment of cosmetic products, especially for multiple product usage. As for coumarin, a ubiquitary fragrance compound of allergenic potential, which is under recurrent discussion due to its hepatoxic properties, it is necessary to be able to estimate the regular intake via cosmetics for a valid risk assessment. This newly developed bioprofiling method allowed a selective determination of coumarin down to 1.3 mg kg-1, even for very matrix-rich cosmetics despite minimalism in sample preparation. The declaration limits according to European Cosmetics Regulation were completely covered. Mean coumarin contents of 20 cosmetic products reached up to 2218 mg kg-1. The repeatabilities (%RSD, n = 3) were between 1.1 and 2.9%, and the mean recoveries (n = 5) were between 96 and 102% for the different cosmetic matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Stiefel
- Chair of Food Science, Institute
of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center (IFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Tina Schubert
- Chair of Food Science, Institute
of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center (IFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E. Morlock
- Chair of Food Science, Institute
of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center (IFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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10
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Luo K, Wu F, Zhang D, Dong R, Fan Z, Zhang R, Yan Z, Wang Y, Zhang J. Transcriptomic profiling of Melilotus albus near-isogenic lines contrasting for coumarin content. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4577. [PMID: 28676637 PMCID: PMC5496894 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04111-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coumarin and its derivatives are widely used as fragrances in industrial products and have medical value. The goal of the present study was to discover genes and pathways related to coumarin biosynthesis in Melilotus albus using transcriptome analysis. The genes of five M. albus near-isogenic lines (NILs) that had different coumarin content and β-glucosidase activity according to the investigation of pedigree were quantified and then analysed by RNA-Seq. Using transcriptome analysis, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in two pairwise comparisons that differed in coumarin content as well as in two pairwise comparisons that differed in β-glucosidase activity. Gene expression pattern analysis suggested similar transcriptional trends in the genotypes with the same coumarin levels. Furthermore, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database of DEGs was used to identify functional pathways associated with coumarin biosynthesis. We identified 111 unigenes, with several DEGs among them possibly being related to coumarin synthesis pathways. Unigenes encoding a hexokinase, an abscisic acid receptor, a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and two peroxidases particularly showed correspondence with the coumarin content of different genotypes. These results will contribute to a better understanding of the coumarin biosynthesis in M. albus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Fan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Daiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Rui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Zhichao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Zhuanzhuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Yanrong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China.
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China.
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11
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Bayat M, Rezaee M, Zhu LG. A Simple One-Pot Synthesis of Fully Substituted 1 H
-Pyridone[ 1
,2-a]-Fused-1,3-Diazaheterocycles. J Heterocycl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bayat
- Chemistry Department; Imam Khomeini International University; Qazvin Iran
| | - Monireh Rezaee
- Chemistry Department; Imam Khomeini International University; Qazvin Iran
| | - Long-Guan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
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12
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Synthesis and characterization of a photo-crosslinkable polyurethane based on a coumarin-containing polycaprolactone diol. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Long YB, Gu WX, Pang C, Ma J, Gao H. Construction of coumarin-based cross-linked micelles with pH responsive hydrazone bond and tumor targeting moiety. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:1480-1488. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb02729b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Responsive cross-linked micelles (x-micelles) based on polyurethane with photo-responsive coumarin derivatives and pH-responsive hydrazone groups were synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bo Long
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin
| | - Wen-Xing Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin
| | - Chengcai Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin
| | - Jianbiao Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin
| | - Hui Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin
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14
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Subota V, Mirkov I, Demenesku J, Popov Aleksandrov A, Ninkov M, Mileusnic D, Kataranovski D, Kataranovski M. Transdermal toxicity of topically applied anticoagulant rodenticide warfarin in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 41:232-240. [PMID: 26742017 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Occupational/accidental exposure data have showed hemorrhage as a result of transdermal exposure to warfarin, however, other effects are not known. In the present study, the impact of epicutaneous application of 10 μg or 100 μg of warfarin (three times, once a day) on peripheral blood polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear cells (PBMC) was examined in rats. Both doses resulted in prolongation of prothrombin time and changes in hematologic parameters. Increases in PMN intracellular myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were seen at higher warfarin dose and both doses resulted in higher percentages of granular CD11b(+) cells. In contrast, a decrease in PMN TNF and IL-6 production (ELISA) and gene expression (RT-PCR) was observed. Epicutaneous application of warfarin resulted in decreased numbers of PBMC, higher numbers of mononuclear CD11b(+) cells, but without effect on PMBC cytokine production. The data obtained showed differential effects of transdermal exposure to warfarin depending on leukocyte type and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Subota
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Mirkov
- Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Demenesku
- Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Popov Aleksandrov
- Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Ninkov
- Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dina Mileusnic
- Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan Kataranovski
- Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Kataranovski
- Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Oesch F, Fabian E, Guth K, Landsiedel R. Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in the skin of rat, mouse, pig, guinea pig, man, and in human skin models. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:2135-90. [PMID: 25370008 PMCID: PMC4247477 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1382-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The exposure of the skin to medical drugs, skin care products, cosmetics, and other chemicals renders information on xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XME) in the skin highly interesting. Since the use of freshly excised human skin for experimental investigations meets with ethical and practical limitations, information on XME in models comes in the focus including non-human mammalian species and in vitro skin models. This review attempts to summarize the information available in the open scientific literature on XME in the skin of human, rat, mouse, guinea pig, and pig as well as human primary skin cells, human cell lines, and reconstructed human skin models. The most salient outcome is that much more research on cutaneous XME is needed for solid metabolism-dependent efficacy and safety predictions, and the cutaneous metabolism comparisons have to be viewed with caution. Keeping this fully in mind at least with respect to some cutaneous XME, some models may tentatively be considered to approximate reasonable closeness to human skin. For dermal absorption and for skin irritation among many contributing XME, esterase activity is of special importance, which in pig skin, some human cell lines, and reconstructed skin models appears reasonably close to human skin. With respect to genotoxicity and sensitization, activating XME are not yet judgeable, but reactive metabolite-reducing XME in primary human keratinocytes and several reconstructed human skin models appear reasonably close to human skin. For a more detailed delineation and discussion of the severe limitations see the “Overview and Conclusions” section in the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Oesch
- Oesch-Tox Toxicological Consulting and Expert Opinions GmbH&Co.KG, Rheinblick 21, 55263, Wackernheim, Germany
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16
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Experimental and theoretical (HOMO, LUMO, NBO analysis and NLO properties) study of 7-hydroxy-4-phenylcoumarin and 5,7-dihydroxy-4-phenylcoumarin. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Chen S, Bhushan B. Nanomechanical and nanotribological characterization of two synthetic skins with and without skin cream treatment using atomic force microscopy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 398:247-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Bhushan B, Chen S, Ge S. Friction and durability of virgin and damaged skin with and without skin cream treatment using atomic force microscopy. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 3:731-746. [PMID: 23213637 PMCID: PMC3512123 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.3.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Skin can be damaged by the environment easily. Skin cream is an effective and rapid way to moisten the skin by changing the skin surface properties. Rat skin and pig skin are common animal models for studies and were used as skin samples in this study. The nano- and macroscale friction and durability of damaged skin were measured and compared with those of virgin (intact/undamaged) skin. The effect of skin cream on friction and durability of damaged and virgin skin samples is discussed. The effects of velocity, normal load, relative humidity and number of cycles were studied. The nanoscale studies were performed by using atomic force microscope (AFM), and macroscale studies were performed by using a pin-on-disk (POD) reciprocating tribometer. It was found that damaged skin has different mechanical properties, surface roughness, contact angle, friction and durability compared to that of virgin skin. But similar changes occur after skin cream treatment. Rat and pig skin show similar trends in friction and durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhushan
- Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- & Nanotechnology and Biomimetics, The Ohio State University, 201 W 19th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Si Chen
- Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- & Nanotechnology and Biomimetics, The Ohio State University, 201 W 19th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- Institute of Tribology and Reliability Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116 China
| | - Shirong Ge
- Institute of Tribology and Reliability Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116 China
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19
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Mokhtary M, Najafizadeh F. Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone-bound boron trifluoride (PVPP-BF3); a mild and efficient catalyst for synthesis of 4-metyl coumarins via the Pechmann reaction. CR CHIM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Bhushan B. Nanotribological and nanomechanical properties of skin with and without cream treatment using atomic force microscopy and nanoindentation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 367:1-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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The contribution of dermal exposure to the internal exposure of bisphenol A in man. Toxicol Lett 2011; 204:190-8. [PMID: 21571050 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New findings on Bisphenol A (BPA) contents in thermal printing papers, and receipts, in g/kg concentrations and on its dermal uptake (up to 60%) prompted us to assess the risk arising from dermal exposure. Using physiologically based toxicokinetic modelling, we simulated concentrations in blood, in liver and kidney, the target organs exhibiting the lowest no observed adverse effect levels (NOAEL). By comparing organ concentrations at the dose level of the NOAEL divided by a safety factor of 100 (liver: 50μg/kg/day; kidney: 500μg/kg/day), with concentrations arising from the dermal dose of 0.97μg/kg/day (worst case assumption by Biedermann et al., 2010) this dermal exposure can be assumed safe. Additionally, based on the model simulations the high blood concentrations, reported earlier in the literature, are highly improbable because the related exposure levels are orders of magnitude higher than the currently estimated aggregate exposure levels.
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Abraham K, Pfister M, Wöhrlin F, Lampen A. Relative bioavailability of coumarin from cinnamon and cinnamon-containing foods compared to isolated coumarin: a four-way crossover study in human volunteers. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 55:644-53. [PMID: 21462332 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Cassia cinnamon contains high levels (up to 1 %) of coumarin. Heavy consumption of this spice may result in a dose exceeding the tolerable daily intake (TDI). In this context, the question was raised whether coumarin in the plant matrix of cinnamon has the same bioavailability as isolated coumarin. METHODS AND RESULTS A four-way crossover study was performed, in which the same dose of 12 mg coumarin was administered in different formulations to 24 healthy volunteers. The relative extent of absorption measured as urinary excretion of the main metabolite 7-hydroxycoumarin (7OHC) was found to be 62.8% for isolated coumarin in a capsule (reference), 56.0% for cinnamon in capsules, 66.1% for cinnamon tea, and 54.7% for cinnamon in rice pudding (means, n=23, observation period 8 hours). Additionally, 7OHC plasma levels were measured for 105 minutes after administration and revealed a fast absorption of coumarin from cinnamon tea leading to the highest peak concentrations. CONCLUSION The relative extent of absorption of coumarin from powder of cassia cinnamon is only slightly lower than that of isolated coumarin. Therefore, the TDI of coumarin can be used for risk assessment of coumarin exposure from cinnamon-containing meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Abraham
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Berlin, Germany.
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23
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Jivaramonaikul W, Rashatasakhon P, Wanichwecharungruang S. UVA absorption and photostability of coumarins. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2010; 9:1120-5. [PMID: 20544120 DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00057d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Various substituted 4-methylcoumarin derivatives were synthesized in order to obtain photostable derivatives with UVA absorption property. It was found that substitution positions affected maximum absorption wavelength, whereas types of substituents, whether hydroxy or alkoxy groups, caused no significant effect. Photostability, however, was affected by both the substitution positions and the types of substituents. An acid-catalyzed mechanism through enolization coupled with pre-organization via hydrogen bonding between two coumarin moieties is proposed as an explanation for the different extents of the [2+2] cycloaddition (dimerization) amongst different derivatives, which results in a different photostability amongst them. Photostable coumarin derivatives with an absorption maximum in the UVA region are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Withet Jivaramonaikul
- Program of Petrochemical and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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24
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25
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Adhesion, friction and wear characterization of skin and skin cream using atomic force microscope. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 76:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Abraham K, Wöhrlin F, Lindtner O, Heinemeyer G, Lampen A. Toxicology and risk assessment of coumarin: Focus on human data. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:228-39. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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27
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TANG W, BHUSHAN B, GE S. Friction, adhesion and durability and influence of humidity on adhesion and surface charging of skin and various skin creams using atomic force microscopy. J Microsc 2010; 239:99-116. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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van Houwelingen A, De Saeger S, Rusanova T, Waalwijk C, Beekwilder J. Generation of recombinant alpaca VHH antibody fragments for the detection of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2008. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2008.1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To develop sensor technologies based on genetically engineered recognition elements, recombinant antibodies characterised by high stability are a prerequisite. Here we describe the first successful isolation of recombinant alpaca single-domain antibody fragments with high affinity to the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA). Variable domains (VHH) of heavy-chain antibodies binding to OTA were cloned from an immunised alpaca. Selected VHH clones clustered in four major groups, based on protein sequence similarity. Six representative VHH antibody fragments were produced in Escherichia coli and characterised for their sensitivity and specificity by indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. OTA concentrations causing 50% inhibition (IC50) ranged from 12 ng/ml for antibody fragment OCH-62 to 442 ng/ml for antibody fragment OCH-40. The IC50 of OCH-62 for ochratoxin B, an OTA analogue, was 476 ng/ml. No significant cross-reactivity was observed with common food constituents with structural similarities with parts of OTA, such as L-phenylalanine and coumarin. The performance of OCH-62 for detection of OTA in food matrices was comparable to the performance in buffer (white wine: IC50=17 ng/ml; red wine: IC50=21 ng/ml; instant coffee: IC50=17 ng/ml). In a membrane-based flow-through immunoassay, used for fast visual screening of samples, OCH-62 showed a cut-off level of 10 ng/ml OTA. Thereby, OCH-62 ranked among the best recombinant antibody fragments described for mycotoxins and is an excellent candidate for the design of food contamination sensors based on nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. van Houwelingen
- Plant Research International, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - S. De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - T. Rusanova
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C. Waalwijk
- Plant Research International, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J. Beekwilder
- Plant Research International, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
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29
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Valtiner SM, Bonn GK, Huck CW. Characterisation of different types of hay by solid-phase micro-extraction-gas chromatography mass spectrometry and multivariate data analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2008; 19:359-367. [PMID: 18401854 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The volatile organic compounds of different ground hay samples from Austria, Italy and Switzerland were collected at 50 degrees C on a Supelco Carbowax Divinylbenzene headspace solid-phase microextraction fibre, separated by capillary gas chromatography on an HP5-ms column running a temperature programme and using helium as carrier gas, detected with a mass sensitive detector and studied with principal component analyses after autoscaling selected variables. The analytes, mainly mono- and sesquiterpenes, were able to cluster differences resulting from the site of production. Coumarin can be used to differentiate hay grown north and south of the main chain of the Alps. Acetic acid is appropriate for distinguishing between hay from Kastelruth and Passeier Valley, two South Tyrolean regions. The average linalool content in aftermath is higher than in hay.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Valtiner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University, Innrain 52a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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30
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Oesch F, Fabian E, Oesch-Bartlomowicz B, Werner C, Landsiedel R. Drug-metabolizing enzymes in the skin of man, rat, and pig. Drug Metab Rev 2007; 39:659-98. [PMID: 18058329 DOI: 10.1080/03602530701690366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian skin has long been considered to be poor in drug metabolism. However, many reports clearly show that most drug metabolizing enzymes also occur in the mammalian skin albeit at relatively low specific activities. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on drug metabolizing enzymes in the skin of human, rat, and pig, the latter, because it is often taken as a model for human skin on grounds of anatomical similarities. However only little is known about drug metabolizing enzymes in pig skin. Interestingly, some cytochromes P450 (CYP) have been observed in the rat skin which are not expressed in the rat liver, such as CYP 2B12 and CYP2D4. As far as investigated most drug metabolizing enzymes occur in the suprabasal (i.e. differentiating) layers of the epidermis, but the rat CYP1A1 rather in the basal layer and human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase rather in the stratum corneum. The pattern of drug metabolizing enzymes and their localization will impact not only the beneficial as well as detrimental properties of drugs for the skin but also dictate whether a drug reaches the blood flow unchanged or as activated or inactivated metabolite(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Oesch
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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31
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Felter SP, Vassallo JD, Carlton BD, Daston GP. A safety assessment of coumarin taking into account species-specificity of toxicokinetics. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:462-75. [PMID: 16203076 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Revised: 08/19/2005] [Accepted: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Coumarin (1,2-benzopyrone) is a naturally occurring fragrant compound found in a variety of plants and spices. Exposure to the general public is through the diet and from its use as a perfume raw material in personal care products. High doses of coumarin by the oral route are known to be associated with liver toxicity in rodents. Chronic oral bioassays conducted in the 1990s reported liver tumors in rats and mice and lung tumors in mice, raising concerns regarding the safety of coumarin. Since then, an extensive body of research has focused on understanding the etiology of these tumors. The data support a conclusion that coumarin is not DNA-reactive and that the induction of tumors at high doses in rodents is attributed to cytotoxicity and regenerative hyperplasia. The species-specific target organ toxicity is shown to be related to the pharmacokinetics of coumarin metabolism, with data showing rats to be particularly susceptible to liver effects and mice to be particularly susceptible to lung effects. A quantitative human health risk assessment that integrates both cancer and non-cancer effects is presented, confirming the safety of coumarin exposure from natural dietary sources as well as from its use as a perfume in personal care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Felter
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Miami Valley Innovation Center, 11810 E. Miami River Road, Cincinnati, OH 45252, USA.
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32
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Kataranovski M, Prokić V, Kataranovski D, Zolotarevski L, Majstorović I. Dermatotoxicity of epicutaneously applied anticoagulant warfarin. Toxicology 2005; 212:206-18. [PMID: 15990214 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Revised: 04/26/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Dermatotoxic effects of epicutaneous application of a first-generation anticoagulant, warfarin (WF) were examined in rats. Selected parameters of skin activity were determined 24h following warfarin application, including metabolic viability of skin explants, some aspects of oxidative activity in skin tissue homogenates and inflammatory/immune relevant activity of epidermal cells from warfarin-treated skin. No changes in skin metabolic viability (MTT reduction) were noted ex vivo following WF application, suggesting the absence of immediate toxicity for skin. In contrast, increased formation of malondialdehyde (MDA), with a decrease in protein and non-protein thiols in homogenates of warfarin-treated skin was demonstrated, pointing to prooxidant activity in warfarin-treated skin. Increased costimulatory activity of epidermal cells isolated from warfarin-exposed skin in Con-A-stimulated T-cell activation/proliferation assay was noted, reflecting proinflammatory and immune-modulating capacity of warfarin for epidermis. No evident differences in skin histology between control and warfarin-treated skin were found at that time point, while striking changes in tissue integrity, cellularity and appearance 72 h following WF application were noted. The observed histological picture probably reflects a regenerative/inflammatory program related to oxidant/inflammation-type warfarin-evoked injury to the skin. Presented data demonstrate the potential of epicutaneously applied warfarin to modulate local skin activity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Kataranovski
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro.
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33
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Trenor SR, Shultz AR, Love BJ, Long TE. Coumarins in Polymers: From Light Harvesting to Photo-Cross-Linkable Tissue Scaffolds. Chem Rev 2004; 104:3059-77. [PMID: 15186188 DOI: 10.1021/cr030037c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 551] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Trenor
- Polymeric Materials and Interfaces Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0344, USA
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Mercurio P, Negri AP, Burns KA, Heyward AJ. The ecotoxicology of vegetable versus mineral based lubricating oils: 3. Coral fertilization and adult corals. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2004; 129:183-194. [PMID: 14987805 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2003.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2003] [Accepted: 11/05/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable vegetable-derived lubricants (VDL) might be less toxic to marine organisms than mineral-derived oils (MDL) due to the absence of high molecular weight aromatics, but this remains largely untested. In this laboratory study, adult corals and coral gametes were exposed to various concentrations of a two-stroke VDL-1A and a corresponding MDL to determine which lubricant type was more toxic to each life stage. In the fertilization experiment, gametes from the scleractinian coral Acropora microphthalma were exposed to water-accommodated fractions (WAF) of VDL-1A and MDL for four hours. The MDL and VDL-1A WAFs inhibited normal fertilization of the corals at 200 microg l(-1) total hydrocarbon content (THC) and 150 microg l(-1) THC respectively. Disturbance of a stable coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis is regarded as a valid measure of sub-lethal stress in adult corals. The state of the symbiosis in branchlets of adult colonies of Acropora formosa was monitored using indicators such as dinoflagellate expulsion and dark-adapted photosystem II yields of dinoflagellate (using pulse amplitude modulation fluorescence). An effect on symbiosis was measurable following 48 h exposure to the lubricants at concentrations of 190 microg l(-1) and 37 microg l(-1) THC for the MDL and VDL-1A respectively. GC/MS revealed that the main constituent of the VDL-1A WAF was the compound coumarin, added by the manufacturer to improve odour. The fragrance containing coumarin was removed from the lubricant formulation and the toxicity towards adult corals re-examined. The coumarin-free VDL-2 exhibited significantly less toxicity towards the adult corals than all of the other oil types tested, with the only measurable effect being a slight but significant drop in photosynthetic efficiency at 280 microg l(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Mercurio
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3 Townsville MC, 4810, Australia
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35
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Eisenbrand G, Otteneder M, Tang W. Synthesis of N-acetyl-S-(3-coumarinyl)-cysteine methyl ester and HPLC analysis of urinary coumarin metabolites. Toxicology 2003; 190:249-58. [PMID: 12927379 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(03)00204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
N-Acetyl-S-(3-coumarinyl)cysteine, a metabolite of coumarin in rodents, has been synthesized as methyl ester. A new synthetic route to prepare N-acetyl-S-(3-coumarinyl)-D,L-cysteine methyl ester comprises reaction of 3-mercaptocoumarin with N-acetyl-3-chloro-D,L-alanine methyl ester. N-acetyl-S-(4-coumarinyl)-L-cysteine was obtained by reaction of 3-bromocoumarin and N-acetyl-L-cysteine. A method for the determination of N-acetyl-S-(3-coumarinyl)cysteine as its methyl ester in urine by HPLC has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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Kataranovski M, Vlaski M, Kataranovski D, Tosić N, Mandić-Radić S, Todorović V. Immunotoxicity of epicutaneously applied anticoagulant rodenticide warfarin: evaluation by contact hypersensitivity to DNCB in rats. Toxicology 2003; 188:83-100. [PMID: 12748043 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(03)00047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The immunotoxicity of epicutaneously administered anticoagulant rodenticide warfarin (WF) was examined in this work by using experimental contact hypersensitivity (CHS) reaction to hapten dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). WF (0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg) administration 24 h before the induction of CHS does not change expression of CHS evaluated by ear swelling assay. Regional draining lymph node response during sensitization phase was characterized by decreased cellularity but increased spontaneous and IL-2 stimulated proliferation of draining lymph node cells (DLC). No changes in IL-2 production and in numbers of CD25(+) cells were noted and even decreased proliferative index (ratio of IL-2 stimulated to unstimulated DLC proliferation) was detected. Increase in granulocyte activity (MTT reduction and adhesion to plastic) was noted following application of WF solely with further increase following subsequent application of DNCB, when granulocyte activation (NBT reduction) was noted also. Access of WF into general circulation might be responsible for observed changes, what was supported by ex vivo changes in DLC and granulocyte functions assessed before initiation of sensitization and by in vitro effect of exogenous WF as well. Differential effects of WF on lymphocytes and granulocytes noted in this study highlight the need for simultaneous testing of both cell type activity what might constitute a more integrated approach in immunotoxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Kataranovski
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000, Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
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37
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Jung CT, Wickett RR, Desai PB, Bronaugh RL. In vitro and in vivo percutaneous absorption of catechol. Food Chem Toxicol 2003; 41:885-95. [PMID: 12738194 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(03)00040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel found insufficient data to conclude that catechol could be used safely in permanent hair dye products. Information was lacking on the extent of oxidation and skin absorption of remaining catechol. In vitro percutaneous absorption studies were conducted in human and rat skin using a consumer permanent hair dye spiked with 0.6% catechol. A 30-min application demonstrated 0.4% of the applied dose was absorbed through human skin and 0.2% through rat skin. The minimal absorption observed was due to the short exposure time and to partial oxidation of catechol by the dye developer. The fate of catechol remaining in rat skin after exposure in vitro and in vivo was investigated with additional absorption studies using catechol in ethanol. At 72 h, 24-h application of 4% catechol resulted in skin absorption of 81% of the applied dose in vitro and 53% in vivo. Skin levels measured at 24 h remained unchanged after 72 h. Therefore the skin reservoir did not contribute to the estimated systemic absorption. A deconvolution technique employed to predict skin absorption using plasma levels from intravenous and dermal administration overestimated in vivo skin absorption due to volatility of catechol in an ethanolic vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Jung
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Cosmetics and Colors, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
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Pleşca-Manea L, Pârvu AE, Pârvu M, Taămaş M, Buia R, Puia M. Effects of Melilotus officinalis on acute inflammation. Phytother Res 2002; 16:316-9. [PMID: 12112285 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Our study investigated the effects of Melilotus officinalis L. extract, containing 0.25% coumarin, on acute inflammation induced with oil of turpentine in male rabbits. The results were compared with those from a group treated with hydrocortisone sodium hemisuccinate and one injected with coumarin before inflammation was induced. The effects were evaluated by measuring serum citrulline, a test of in vitro phagocytosis, total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count expressed as a percentage. M. officinalis had antiinflammatory effects because it reduced the activation of circulating phagocytes and lowered citrulline production. These properties were similar to those of hydrocortisone sodium hemisuccinate and coumarin. In the bone marrow acute phase response, M. officinalis had an inhibitory action that was lower than that of hydrocortisone sodium hemisuccinate and similar to coumarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luminiţa Pleşca-Manea
- Department of Pathophysiology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Abstract
A common practice is to assume that percutaneous absorption does not significantly contribute to total bioavailability and therefore, absorption through other routes is more important to human risk assessment. The skin can represent a significant barrier to absorption, but some substances are absorbed to a significant extent. Since there is a potential for percutaneous penetration that is not consistent between species or substances, the assessment of the potential contribution of total body burden from dermal exposures should be considered. This review briefly discusses some theories, practices, and factors that affect percutaneous absorption with an emphasis on how percutaneous absorption evaluations apply to human risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torka S Poet
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, PO Box 999, 99352, Richland, WA, USA.
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Ford RA, Hawkins DR, Mayo BC, Api AM. The in vivo dermal absorption and metabolism of [4-14C] coumarin by rats and by human volunteers under simulated conditions of use in fragrances. Food Chem Toxicol 2001; 39:153-62. [PMID: 11267709 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(00)00123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The disposition and metabolic fate of [4-14C]coumarin in a 70% aqueous ethanol solution was studied in male Lister Hooded rats after occluded dermal application and in three male volunteers after an exposure designed to simulate that which may be encountered when using an alcohol-based perfumed product. In both cases, the 6-h exposure was 0.02 mg/cm(2) (rats 0.023 mg/kg and humans 0.77 mg/kg). In both, coumarin was quickly absorbed, distributed and excreted in urine and feces, although fecal excretion of coumarin in humans was only 1% of the applied dose as opposed to 21% in rats. Total absorption was 72% of the applied dose with rats and 60% with humans. Peak plasma radioactivity in both was at 1 h. The mean plasma half-life of coumarin and metabolites was approximately 1.7 h for humans and 5 h for rats. In humans, coumarin was primarily metabolized to and excreted in urine as 7-hydroxycoumarin glucuronide and 7-hydroxycoumarin sulfate. Small amounts of unconjugated 7-hydroxycoumarin and o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (o-HPAA) were also excreted. In rats, about twenty metabolites were present, but only o-HPAA was identified. These studies show the rat is a very poor model for humans and toxicity in the rat cannot be extrapolated to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Ford
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 2 University Plaza, Suite 406, Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA
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Abstract
The metabolism, toxicity and results of tests for carcinogenicity have been reviewed with respect to the safety for humans of coumarin present in foodstuffs and from fragrance use in cosmetic products. Coumarin is a natural product which exhibits marked species differences in both metabolism and toxicity. The majority of tests for mutagenic and genotoxic potential suggest that coumarin is not a genotoxic agent. The target organs for toxicity and carcinogenicity in the rat and mouse are primarily the liver and lung. Moreover, the dose-response relationships for coumarin-induced toxicity and carcinogenicity are non-linear, with tumour formation only being observed at high doses which are associated with hepatic and pulmonary toxicity. Other species, including the Syrian hamster, are seemingly resistant to coumarin-induced toxicity. There are marked differences in coumarin metabolism between susceptible rodent species and other species including humans. It appears that the 7-hydroxylation pathway of coumarin metabolism, the major pathway in most human subjects but only a minor pathway in the rat and mouse, is a detoxification pathway. In contrast, the major route of coumarin metabolism in the rat and mouse is by a 3,4-epoxidation pathway resulting in the formation of toxic metabolites. The maximum daily human exposure to coumarin from dietary sources for a 60-kg consumer has been estimated to be 0.02 mg/kg/day. From fragrance use in cosmetic products, coumarin exposure has been estimated to be 0.04 mg/kg/day. The total daily human exposure from dietary sources together with fragrance use in cosmetic products is thus 0.06 mg/kg/day. No adverse effects of coumarin have been reported in susceptible species in response to doses which are more than 100 times the maximum human daily intake. The mechanism of coumarin-induced tumour formation in rodents is associated with metabolism-mediated, toxicity and it is concluded that exposure to coumarin from food and/or cosmetic products poses no health risk to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Lake
- BIBRA International, Carshalton, Surrey, UK
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