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Ronzheimer A, Ringelmann AE, Morlock GE. Fast and sustainable planar yeast-based bioassay for endocrine disruptors in complex mixtures: Start of cell cultivation to result within one day. Talanta 2024; 272:125746. [PMID: 38447467 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
High-performance thin-layer chromatography hyphenated with planar multiplex bioassays and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry contributes to the non-target detection or even identification of active compounds in complex mixtures such as food, feed, cosmetics, commodities, and environmental samples. It can be used to discover previously unknown harmful or active substances in complex samples and to tentatively assign molecular formulas. This method is already faster than the commonly used in vitro assays along with liquid chromatographic separations, but overnight cell cultivation still prevents a planar bioassay from being performed within one day. There is also still potential for optimization in terms of sustainability. To achieve this, the planar bioassay protocols for the detection of androgen-like and estrogen-like compounds were harmonized. The successful minimization of the cell culture volume enabled accelerated cell cultivation, which allowed the bioassay to be performed within one day. This was considered a milestone achieved, as up to 23 samples per plate can now be analyzed from the start of cultivation to the biological endpoint on the same day. Doubling the substrate amount and increasing the pH of the silica gel layer led to a more sensitive and selective bioassay due to the enhanced fluorescence of the formed end-product. The faster and more sustainable bioassay protocol was applied to complex samples such as sunscreen and red wine to detect estrogen-like compounds. The developed method was validated by comparison with a standard method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Ronzheimer
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anne E Ringelmann
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany; Center for Sustainable Food Systems, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Senckenbergstr. 3, 35390, Giessen, Germany.
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Oresanya IO, Orhan IE, Heil J, Morlock GE. African Under-Utilized Medicinal Leafy Vegetables Studied by Microtiter Plate Assays and High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography-Planar Assays. Molecules 2024; 29:733. [PMID: 38338474 PMCID: PMC10856468 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Biological activities of six under-utilized medicinal leafy vegetable plants indigenous to Africa, i.e., Basella alba, Crassocephalum rubens, Gnetum africanum, Launaea taraxacifolia, Solanecio biafrae, and Solanum macrocarpon, were investigated via two independent techniques. The total phenolic content (TPC) was determined, and six microtiter plate assays were applied after extraction and fractionation. Three were antioxidant in vitro assays, i.e., ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric reduction antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging, and the others were enzyme (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and tyrosinase) inhibition assays. The highest TPC and antioxidant activity from all the methods were obtained from polar and medium polar fractions of C. rubens, S. biafrae, and S. macrocarpon. The highest acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition was exhibited by polar fractions of S. biafrae, C. rubens, and L. taraxacifolia, the latter comparable to galantamine. The highest tyrosinase inhibition was observed in the n-butanol fraction of C. rubens and ethyl acetate fraction of S. biafrae. In vitro assay results of the different extracts and fractions were mostly in agreement with the bioactivity profiling via high-performance thin-layer chromatography-multi-imaging-effect-directed analysis, exploiting nine different planar assays. Several separated compounds of the plant extracts showed antioxidant, α-glucosidase, α-amylase, acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase-inhibiting, Gram-positive/-negative antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and genotoxic activities. A prominent apolar bioactive compound zone was tentatively assigned to fatty acids, in particular linolenic acid, via electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry. The detected antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anticholinesterase, cytotoxic, and genotoxic potentials of these vegetable plants, in particular C. rubens, S. biafrae, and S. macrocarpon, may validate some of their ethnomedicinal uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibukun O. Oresanya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Emniyet, Taç Sokağı No. 3, Yenimahalle, Ankara 06330, Turkey; (I.O.O.); (I.E.O.)
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Emniyet, Taç Sokağı No. 3, Yenimahalle, Ankara 06330, Turkey; (I.O.O.); (I.E.O.)
| | - Julia Heil
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Gertrud E. Morlock
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
- Center for Sustainable Food Systems, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Senckenbergstr. 3, 35390 Giessen, Germany
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Müller I, Morlock GE. Quantitative saccharide release of hydrothermally treated flours by validated salivary/pancreatic on-surface amylolysis (nanoGIT) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Food Chem 2024; 432:137145. [PMID: 37625303 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The susceptibility of hydrothermally treated flour products to amylolysis was studied. The human salivary α-amylase and porcine pancreatin enzyme mixture containing α-amylase were used on-surface to investigate the release of glucose, maltose, and maltotriose. On the same adsorbent surface (all-in-one), their high-performance thin-layer chromatography separation and detection via selective chemical derivatization was performed. For the first time, the all-in-one nanoGIT system was studied quantitatively and validated for the simulated static oral and intestinal on-surface amylolysis of ten different hydrothermally treated flours and soluble starch. Differences were detected in the digestibility of refined and whole flours from wheat, spelt, and rye as well as from einkorn, amaranth, emmer, and oat. Amaranth released the lowest amount of saccharides and spelt the highest in both oral and intestinal digestion systems. The results suggest that consumption of whole grain products may be beneficial because of their lower saccharide release, with particular attention to rye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Müller
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use, and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use, and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Mehl A, Seiferling S, Morlock GE. Non-target estrogenic screening of 60 pesticides, six plant protection products, and tomato, grape, and wine samples by planar chromatography combined with the planar yeast estrogen screen bioassay. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:701-713. [PMID: 36877263 PMCID: PMC10766744 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04605-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
For non-target residue analysis of xenoestrogens in food, sophisticated chromatographic-mass spectrometric techniques lack in biological effect detection. Various in vitro assays providing sum values encounter problems when opposing signals are present in a complex sample. Due to physicochemical signal reduction, cytotoxic or antagonistic effect responses, the resulting sum value is falsified. Instead, the demonstrated non-target estrogenic screening with an integrated planar chromatographic separation differentiated opposing signals, detected and prioritized important estrogenic compounds, and directly assigned tentatively the responsible compounds. Sixty pesticides were investigated, ten of which showed estrogenic effects. Exemplarily, half-maximal effective concentrations and 17β-estradiol equivalents were determined. Estrogenic pesticide responses were confirmed in six tested plant protection products. In food, such as tomato, grape, and wine, several compounds with an estrogenic effect were detected. It showed that rinsing with water was not sufficient to remove selected residues and illustrated that, though not usually performed for tomatoes, peeling would be more appropriate. Though not in the focus, reaction or breakdown products that are estrogenic were detected, underlining the great potential of non-target planar chromatographic bioassay screening for food safety and food control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Mehl
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sophia Seiferling
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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Schreiner T, Eggerstorfer NM, Morlock GE. Towards non-target proactive food safety: identification of active compounds in convenience tomato products by ten-dimensional hyphenation with integrated simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:715-731. [PMID: 36988684 PMCID: PMC10766732 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04656-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Current strategies for non-target food screening focus mainly on known hazardous chemicals (adulterants, residues, contaminants, packaging migrants, etc.) instead of bioactive constituents in general and exclude the biological effect detection. To widen the perspective, a more proactive non-target effect-directed strategy is introduced to complement food safety in order to detect not only known but also unknown bioactive compounds. The developed 10-dimensional hyphenation included on-surface digestion (1D), planar chromatographic separation (2D), visualization using white light (3D), UV light (4D), fluorescence light (5D), effect-directed assay analysis (6D), heart-cut zone elution to an orthogonal reversed phase column chromatography including online desalting (7D) with subsequent diode array detection (8D), high-resolution mass spectrometry (9D), and fragmentation (10D). Metabolism, i.e., intestinal digestion of each sample, was simulated and integrated on the same adsorbent surface to study any changes in the compound profiles. As proof of principle, nine convenience tomato products and a freshly prepared tomato soup were screened via five different planar assays in a non-targeted mode. Non-digested and digested samples were compared side by side. In their effect-directed profiles, 14 bioactive compounds from classes of lipids, plant hormones, spices, and pesticides were identified. In particular, bioactive compounds coming from the lipid class were increased by gastrointestinal digestion, while spices and pesticides remained unaffected. With regard to food safety, the determination of the two dinitrophenol herbicides dinoterb and dinoseb in highly processed tomato products should be given special attention. The hyphenation covered a broad analyte spectrum and showed robust and reliable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Schreiner
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Naila M Eggerstorfer
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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Inarejos-Garcia AM, Heil J, Guilera Bermell S, Morlock GE. Stability of Flavan-3-ols, Theaflavins, and Methylxanthines in 30 Industrial Green, Black, and White Tea ( Camellia sinensis L.) Extracts Characterized via Liquid Chromatography Techniques. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2121. [PMID: 38136240 PMCID: PMC10740512 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercially available tea extracts for dietary supplements and nutraceuticals are standardized to characteristic components of Camellia sinensis L., such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and total catechins or polyphenols. However, since most commercial tea extracts are highly concentrated into only one molecule such as EGCG, the comparatively less stable catechin, the oxidative stability of the extract during the 24-month shelf life was questioned. It was hypothesized that the overall oxidative stability is reduced for highly purified/concentrated tea extracts due to the absence of other natural antioxidants stabilizing the complex mixture. Via liquid chromatographic analysis, the individual chromatographic profiles of 30 commercial white, green, and black tea extracts were evaluated and compared regarding oxidative stability and functional properties. The contents of bioactive flavan-3-ols, theaflavins, and methylxanthines differed much from what was claimed by the suppliers. At the end of the product shelf life, most of the commercial green and black tea extracts showed a decrease in the flavan-3-ol content, the main bioactive components of tea. A high EGCG content to the detriment of other possibly stabilizing flavan-3-ols or antioxidants in tea was found to explain the lower oxidative stability of such tea extract products. A natural overall composition of molecular structures was found to be superior to a strong enrichment in just one molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Heil
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Gertrud E. Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Sustainable Food Systems, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Senckenbergstr. 3, 35390 Giessen, Germany
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Müller I, Gulde A, Morlock GE. Bioactive profiles of edible vegetable oils determined using 10D hyphenated comprehensive high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC×HPTLC) with on-surface metabolism (nanoGIT) and planar bioassays. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1227546. [PMID: 37810920 PMCID: PMC10556687 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1227546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vegetable oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids are assumed to be safe and even healthy for consumers though lipid compositions of foods vary naturally and are complex considering the wealth of minor compounds down to the trace level. Methods The developed comprehensive high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC×HPTLC) method including the on-surface metabolization (nanoGIT) and bioassay detection combined all steps on the same planar surface. The pancreatic lipolysis (intestinal phase) experiment and the subsequent analysis of the fatty acid composition including its effect-directed detection using a planar bioassay was performed without elaborate sample preparation or fractionation to ensure sample integrity. Thus, no sample part was lost, and the whole sample was studied on a single surface regarding all aspects. This made the methodology as well as technology miniaturized, lean, all-in-one, and very sustainable. Results and discussion To prioritize important active compounds including their metabolism products in the complex oil samples, the nanoGIT method was used to examine the pancreatic lipolysis of nine different vegetable oils commonly used in the kitchen and food industry, e.g., canola oil, flaxseed oil, hemp oil, walnut oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, coconut oil, and palm oil. The digested oils revealed antibacterial and genotoxic effects, which were assigned to fatty acids and oxidized species via high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HRMS/MS). This finding reinforces the importance of adding powerful techniques to current analytical tools. The 10D hyphenated nanoGIT-HPTLC×HPTLC-Vis/FLD-bioassay-heart cut-RP-HPLC-DAD-HESI-HRMS/MS has the potential to detect any potential hazard due to digestion/metabolism, improving food safety and understanding on the impact of complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Müller
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, as well as Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexander Gulde
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, as well as Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E. Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, as well as Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Sustainable Food Systems, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Jaber M, Jähne M, Oberle M, Morlock GE. Screening bisphenols in complex samples via a planar Arxula adeninivorans bioluminescence bioassay. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5193-5204. [PMID: 37458782 PMCID: PMC10404207 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04820-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
The Arxula yeast bisphenol screen (A-YBS) utilizes the bioluminescent Arxula adeninivorans yeast-based reporter cells for tailored analysis of bisphenols, one of the major endocrine-disrupting compound groups. For the first time, this bioreporter has been applied on the high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) adsorbent surface to develop a respective planar bioluminescence bioassay (pA-YBS). The goal was to combine the advantages of HPTLC with a more selective bioassay detection for bisphenols. The performance of this pA-YBS bioluminescence bioassay was demonstrated by calculating the half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of bisphenols compared to references. The EC50 ranged from 267 pg/band for bisphenol Z and 322 pg/band for bisphenol A (BPA) to > 1 ng/band for other bisphenols (BPC, BPE, BPF, and BPS) and references (17β-estradiol and 17α-ethinylestradiol). The EC50 value of BPA was three times more sensitive in signal detection than that of 17β-estradiol. The visual or videodensitometric limit of detection of BPA was about 200 pg/zone. The higher signal intensity and sensitivity for BPA confirmed the tailored bioassay selectivity compared to the existing estrogen screen bioassay. It worked on different types of HPTLC silica gel plates. This HPTLC-UV/Vis/FLD-pA-YBS bioluminescence bioassay method was used to analyze complex mixtures such as six tin can migrates, five thermal papers, and eleven botanicals. The detected estrogenic compound zones in the tin can migrates were successfully verified via the duplex planar yeast antagonist estrogen screen (pYAES) bioassay. The two bisphenols A and S were identified in one out of five thermal papers and confirmed with high-resolution mass spectrometry. No bisphenols were detected in the botanicals investigated via the pA-YBS bioluminescence bioassay. However, the botanicals proved to contain phytoestrogens as detected via the pYAES bioassay, which confirmed the tailored bioassay selectivity. This HPTLC-UV/Vis/FLD-pA-YBS bioluminescence bioassay is suited for cost-efficient analysis of BPA in complex samples, with no need for sterile conditions due to the fast workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Jaber
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Jähne
- QuoData GmbH, Prellerstrasse 14, 01309, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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Azadniya E, Krawinkel M, Morlock GE. Bioactivity profiles of six baobab fruit pulp powders via planar chromatography hyphenated with effect-directed analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1229:123873. [PMID: 37725851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Baobab (Adansonia digitata) fruit pulp has a high nutrient content and has been traditionally used for medicinal purposes (e.g., as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent) that may help protect against chronic diseases. Six different baobab fruit pulp powders were investigated using three different extractants and analyzed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) hyphenated with antibacterial bioassays and enzyme inhibition assays. The developed non-target effect-directed screening was performed after extraction with pentyl acetate - ethanol 1:1 (V/V) on the HPTLC plate silica gel 60 using toluene - ethyl acetate - methanol 6:3:1 (V/V/V) as mobile phase system and derivatization via the anisaldehyde sulfuric acid reagent for detection. The physico-chemical profiles of the six baobab fruit pulp powder extracts were comparable, although the intensity of some zones was moderately different. The following effect-directed profiling via tyrosinase, α-glucosidase, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition assays as well as antibacterial Aliivibrio fischeri and Bacillus subtilis bioassays revealed one prominent multipotent bioactive compound zone in common, more or less active in all five studied (bio)assays. Via the recording of high-resolution mass spectra, this compound zone was tentatively assigned to coeluting saturated (palmitic acid 16:0 and stearic acid 18:0), monounsaturated (oleic acid 18:1), and polyunsaturated (linoleic acid 18:2 and linolenic acid 18:3) fatty acids. This finding was confirmed by other studies, which already proved individual activities of fatty acids. The first (bio)activity profiling of baobab fruit pulp powders via HPTLC-effect-directed analysis revealed that the baobab fruit could be considered as a functional food, however, further research is needed to study the impact on health and the influences on the bioactivity arising from different climates, years and soils or regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Azadniya
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, as well as Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Krawinkel
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Wilhelmstrasse 20, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, as well as Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Center for Sustainable Food Systems, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Senckenbergstr. 3, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
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Mügge FLB, Sim CM, Honermeier B, Morlock GE. Bioactivity Profiling and Quantification of Gastrodin in Gastrodia elata Cultivated in the Field versus Facility via Hyphenated High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9936. [PMID: 37373083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrodia elata (Orchidaceae) is native to mountainous areas of Asia and is a plant species used in traditional medicine for more than two thousand years. The species was reported to have many biological activities, such as neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity. After many years of extensive exploitation from the wild, the plant was added to lists of endangered species. Since its desired cultivation is considered difficult, innovative cultivation methods that can reduce the costs of using new soil in each cycle and at the same time avoid contamination with pathogens and chemicals are urgently needed on large scale. In this work, five G. elata samples cultivated in a facility utilizing electron beam-treated soil were compared to two samples grown in the field concerning their chemical composition and bioactivity. Using hyphenated high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and multi-imaging (UV/Vis/FLD, also after derivatization), the chemical marker compound gastrodin was quantified in the seven G. elata rhizome/tuber samples, which showed differences in their contents between facility and field samples and between samples collected during different seasons. Parishin E was also found to be present. Combining HPTLC with on-surface (bio)assays, the antioxidant activity and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase as well as the absence of cytotoxicity against human cells were demonstrated and compared between samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda L B Mügge
- Department of Food Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Cheul Muu Sim
- Neutron Science Center, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
| | - Bernd Honermeier
- Department of Agronomy and Crop Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Department of Food Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Morlock GE, Meyer D. Designed genotoxicity profiling detects genotoxic compounds in staple food such as healthy oils. Food Chem 2023; 408:135253. [PMID: 36571881 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Current techniques used in food analysis overlook genotoxic compounds. This urgently calls for a paradigm shift in analytics towards non-target planar genotoxicity profiling that can detect genotoxins. Up to eight different genotoxins (i.e., genotoxic compound zones) have been detected in 33 oils used for healthy diets. A comparison of fresh oils with oils stored open and closed for one month identified genotoxic degradation products. Characterization of genotoxic zones via high-resolution mass spectrometry revealed oxidized linolenic acid as a source of genotoxicity in all samples. Detoxification via on-surface S9 liver metabolization was investigated, which showed a reduction in most, but not all, genotoxins. Food, feed, dietary supplements, and cosmetics as sources of genotoxicity can now be identified by combining separation, effect detection and optionally simulated metabolization on the same surface. The application of the planar genotoxicity profiling will improve the understanding on food and its impact as well as risk assessment and derived recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrud E Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Daniel Meyer
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Mügge FLB, Morlock GE. Chemical and cytotoxicity profiles of 11 pink pepper (Schinus spp.) samples via non-targeted hyphenated high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Metabolomics 2023; 19:48. [PMID: 37130976 PMCID: PMC10154279 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pink pepper is a worldwide used spice that corresponds to the berries of two species, Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi or S. molle L. (Anacardiaceae). Toxic and allergic reactions by ingestion or contact with these plants were reported, and classical in vitro studies have highlighted the cytotoxic properties of apolar extracts from the fruits. OBJECTIVES Perform a non-targeted screening of 11 pink pepper samples for the detection and identification of individual cytotoxic substances. METHODS After reversed-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography (RP-HPTLC) separation of the extracts and multi-imaging (UV/Vis/FLD), cytotoxic compounds were detected by bioluminescence reduction from luciferase reporter cells (HEK 293 T-CMV-ELuc) applied directly on the adsorbent surface, followed by elution of detected cytotoxic substance into atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (APCI-HRMS). RESULTS Separations for mid-polar and non-polar fruit extracts demonstrated the selectivity of the method to different substance classes. One cytotoxic substance zone was tentatively assigned as moronic acid, a pentacyclic triterpenoid acid. CONCLUSION The developed non-targeted hyphenated RP-HPTLC-UV/Vis/FLD-bioluminescent cytotoxicity bioassay-FIA-APCI-HRMS method was successfully demonstrated for cytotoxicity screening (bioprofiling) and respective cytotoxin assignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda L B Mügge
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, IFZ, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, IFZ, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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13
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Nikolaichuk H, Choma IM, Morlock GE. Effect-Directed Profiling of Akebia quinata and Clitoria ternatea via High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography, Planar Assays and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072893. [PMID: 37049655 PMCID: PMC10096148 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Two herbal plants, Akebia quinata D. leaf/fruit and Clitoria ternatea L. flower, well-known in traditional medicine systems, were investigated using a non-target effect-directed profiling. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) was combined with 11 different effect-directed assays, including two multiplex bioassays, for assessing their bioactivity. Individual active zones were heart-cut eluted for separation via an orthogonal high-performance liquid chromatography column to heated electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HESI-HRMS) for tentative assignment of molecular formulas according to literature data. The obtained effect-directed profiles provided information on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging, antibacterial (against Bacillus subtilis and Aliivibrio fischeri), enzyme inhibition (tyrosinase, α-amylase, β-glucuronidase, butyrylcholinesterase, and acetylcholinesterase), endocrine (agonists and antagonists), and genotoxic (SOS-Umu-C) activities. The main bioactive compound zones in A. quinata leaf were tentatively assigned to be syringin, vanilloloside, salidroside, α-hederin, cuneataside E, botulin, and oleanolic acid, while salidroside and quinatic acids were tentatively identified in the fruit. Taraxerol, kaempherol-3-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-glucoside, quercetin-3-rutinoside, and octadecenoic acid were tentatively found in the C. ternatea flower. This straightforward hyphenated technique made it possible to correlate the biological properties of the herbs with possible compounds. The meaningful bioactivity profiles contribute to a better understanding of the effects and to more efficient food control and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Nikolaichuk
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Department of Chromatography, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20031 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biomedicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego St. 8b, 20090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Irena M Choma
- Department of Chromatography, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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14
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Kruse S, Becker S, Pierre F, Morlock GE. Metabolic profiling of bacterial co-cultures reveals intermicrobiome interactions and dominant species. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1694:463911. [PMID: 36931138 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
In animal production, the use of probiotic microorganisms has increased since the ban on antibiotic growth promoters in 2006. The added microorganisms interact with the microbiome of the animals, whereby the probiotic activity is not fully understood. Several microorganisms of the genus Bacillus are already known for their probiotic activity and are applied as feed supplements to increase the health status of the animals. They are thought to interact with Escherichia coli, one of the most abundant bacteria in the animal gut. In biotechnological applications, co-culturing enables the regulation of bacterial interaction or the production of target metabolites. The basic principles of multi-imaging high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) with upstream cultivation were further developed to analyze the metabolic profiles of three axenic bacilli cultures compared to their co-cultures with E. coli DSM 18039 (K12). The comparative profiling visualized bacteria's metabolic interactions and showed how the presence of E. coli affects the metabolite formation of bacilli. The characteristic metabolic profile images showed not only the influence of microbiomes but also of inoculation, cultivation and nutrients on the commercial probiotic. The formation of antimicrobially active metabolites, detected via three different planar bioassays, was influenced by the presence of other microorganisms, especially in the probiotic. This first application of multi-imaging HPTLC in the field of co-culturing enabled visualization of metabolic interactions of bacteria via their produced chemical as well as bioactive metabolite profiles. The metabolic profiling provided evidence of bacterial interactions, intermicrobiome influences and dominant species in the co-culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kruse
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Selina Becker
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Francis Pierre
- Adisseo France S.A.S, Immeuble Anthony Parc 2, 10 Place du Général de Gaulle, 92160 Antony, France
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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15
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Schreiner T, Morlock GE. Investigation of the estrogenic potential of 15 rosé, white and red wines via effect-directed ten-dimensional hyphenation. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1690:463775. [PMID: 36641942 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Wine is consumed for thousands of years all over the world, however, its estrogenic potential is still underexplored. A non-target effect-directed screening was developed to reveal estrogen-like and antiestrogen-like compounds in 15 rosé, white and red wine samples of different origin and grape variety. Normal-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography multi-imaging detection (NP-HPTLC-UV/Vis/FLD) was combined with the planar yeast estrogen screen (pYES) bioassay or the duplex planar yeast antagonist estrogen screen (pYAES) bioassay on the same adsorbent surface. Up to nine estrogen-like compound zones were detected and further characterized via heart-cut elution from the planar bioautogram to orthogonal reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) coupled with diode array detection (DAD) and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HRMS/MS). Among the tentatively assigned estrogen-like substances, the HRMS/MS signals pointed to hexylresorcinol and diethyl esters from organic acids for the first time. This highlights the method suitability for non-target complex mixture screening and rapid dereplication. The 10D hyphenation NP-HPTLC-UV/Vis/FLD-pYAES-heart cut-RP-HPLC-DAD-HRMS/MS proved to be an efficient and powerful tool for detecting estrogens as well as antiestrogens in the matrix-rich wine samples. High-throughput capability and substantial reduction in the required resources for analysis were demonstrated by this straightforward hyphenation, if compared to bioassay-guided fractionation. The 10D information (via orthogonal chromatographic, versatile spectrometric and duplex endocrine activity data) obtained during a single chromatographic run for many samples in parallel was advantageous for the tentative molecule assignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Schreiner
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, Giessen 35392, Germany.
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16
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Krstić ĐD, Ristivojević PM, Gašić UM, Lazović M, Fotirić Akšić MM, Milivojević J, Morlock GE, Milojković-Opsenica DM, Trifković JĐ. Authenticity assessment of cultivated berries via phenolic profiles of seeds. Food Chem 2023; 402:134184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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17
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Morlock GE, Koch J, Schwack W. Miniaturized open-source 2LabsToGo screening of lactose-free dairy products and saccharide-containing foods. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1688:463720. [PMID: 36566572 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The open-source 2LabsToGo system is the only one in its nature. It combines in one miniaturized instrument all relevant steps normally performed in a chemical and biological laboratory. For the first time, the applicability of the 2LabsToGo system was studied for screening 17 food products. As examples, saccharides were analyzed in eight products of different matrix complexity, and the absence of lactose was studied in nine lactose-free dairy products. Derivatization including homogeneous reagent application and plate heating via the 2LabsToGo system was explored for saccharide detection, and its performance was investigated. The visual detection sensitivity of lactose was comparable to previous studies. The precision of lactose in milk matrix (%RSD 4.6%) as well as the coefficient of determination of the calibration function (0.9995) were highly satisfying. The obtained lactose content of milk (4.5%) was plausible. Screening eight saccharide-containing food samples showed the saccharides in agreement with the expectations for the respective food product. The lactose content of nine different lactose-free dairy products was proven to be below the 0.1% lactose limit value. As proof-of-principle and for verification, these screening results obtained with the miniaturized 2LabsToGo system were reproduced using conventional state-of-the-art instrumentation, which led to the same results. However, instrumental costs were comparably low for the 2LabsToGo system. The application of the new 2LabsToGo system was successfully shown for saccharide screening, which is attractive to the field of quality control or official food control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrud E Morlock
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Koch
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schwack
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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18
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Mügge FL, Morlock GE. Planar bioluminescent cytotoxicity assay via genetically modified adherent human reporter cell lines, applied to authenticity screening of Saussurea costus root. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1683:463522. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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19
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Stiefel C, Lindemann B, Morlock GE. Non-target bioactive compound profiles of coffee roasts and preparations. Food Chem 2022; 391:133263. [PMID: 35640338 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Coffee is an inherent part of our daily nutrition and seems to have protective effects against diseases, whereby it is often not fully understood, which ingredients are responsible for the observed effect. Hence, a non-targeted bioactivity profiling was developed to investigate 27 hand-filtered coffee brews of differently roasted coffee beans and 14 differently prepared and stored coffee brews. After separation, multi-imaging, and densitometry, six planar effect-directed assays were performed to reveal individual antioxidative, antibacterial, anti-cholinesterase, anti-diabetic, and estrogenic effects. Individual compounds were mainly responsible for the observed effects, e.g. 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid regarding antioxidative potential and α-glucosidase inhibition, while coffee brews made by a fully automated coffee machine showed the highest antioxidative potential. Unlike preparation and storage conditions, applied roasting conditions and origin of coffee samples played a less important role. Therefore, the way we daily consume our coffee has an impact on the magnitude of potential health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Stiefel
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TansMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Bernd Lindemann
- Institute of Food Safety, Department of Beverage Technology, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Straße 1, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TansMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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20
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Mehl A, Hudel L, Bücker M, Morlock GE. Validated Screening Method for 81 Multiclass Veterinary Drug Residues in Food via Online-Coupling High-Throughput Planar Solid-Phase Extraction to High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Orbitrap Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:10886-10898. [PMID: 36018326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Current screening capabilities for veterinary drugs (VDs) in foods are limited, requiring time-consuming and expensive trace-level analyses. For the first time, a high-throughput planar solid-phase extraction (HTpSPE) cleanup, controlled by UV/vis/FLD imaging, was developed for screening 81 VDs from 6 different groups (glucocorticoids, anthelmintics, antiparasitics, coccidiostats, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and antibiotics) in 4 different matrices (honey, pig muscle, cow milk, and chicken eggs). It consumed 13 times less solvent and was more eco-friendly and 5 times faster than routine methods. The VDs were automatically eluted using the autoTLC-LC-MS interface, separated online on a high-performance liquid chromatography column via a 10-min gradient, and detected by Orbitrap high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. The screening method was validated according to the latest European Commission Implementing Regulation 2021/808. Most VDs except penicillins and cephalosporins were detected at the 5-μg/kg level in pig muscle, cow milk, and chicken eggs and 25-μg/kg level in honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Mehl
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Lorena Hudel
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Maja Bücker
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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21
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Debon E, Rogeboz P, Latado H, Morlock GE, Meyer D, Cottet-Fontannaz C, Scholz G, Schilter B, Marin-Kuan M. Incorporation of Metabolic Activation in the HPTLC-SOS-Umu-C Bioassay to Detect Low Levels of Genotoxic Chemicals in Food Contact Materials. Toxics 2022; 10:501. [PMID: 36136466 PMCID: PMC9500983 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10090501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The safety evaluation of food contact materials requires excluding mutagenicity and genotoxicity in migrates. Testing the migrates using in vitro bioassays has been proposed to address this challenge. To be fit for that purpose, bioassays must be capable of detecting very low, safety relevant concentrations of DNA-damaging substances. There is currently no bioassay compatible with such qualifications. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), coupled with the planar SOS Umu-C (p-Umu-C) bioassay, was suggested as a promising rapid test (~6 h) to detect the presence of low levels of mutagens/genotoxins in complex mixtures. The current study aimed at incorporating metabolic activation in this assay and testing it with a set of standard mutagens (4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide, aflatoxin B1, mitomycin C, benzo(a)pyrene, N-ethyl nitrourea, 2-nitrofluorene, 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene, 2-aminoanthracene and methyl methanesulfonate). An effective bioactivation protocol was developed. All tested mutagens could be detected at low concentrations (0.016 to 230 ng/band, according to substances). The calculated limits of biological detection were found to be up to 1400-fold lower than those obtained with the Ames assay. These limits are lower than the values calculated to ensure a negligeable carcinogenic risk of 10-5. They are all compatible with the threshold of toxicological concern for chemicals with alerts for mutagenicity (150 ng/person). They cannot be achieved by any other currently available test procedures. The p-Umu-C bioassay may become instrumental in the genotoxicity testing of complex mixtures such as food packaging, foods, and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Debon
- Food Safety Research Department, Société des Produits Nestlé SA—Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Rogeboz
- Food Safety Research Department, Société des Produits Nestlé SA—Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hélia Latado
- Food Safety Research Department, Société des Produits Nestlé SA—Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gertrud E. Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center of Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniel Meyer
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center of Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Claudine Cottet-Fontannaz
- Food Safety Research Department, Société des Produits Nestlé SA—Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Scholz
- Food Safety Research Department, Société des Produits Nestlé SA—Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benoît Schilter
- Food Safety Research Department, Société des Produits Nestlé SA—Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maricel Marin-Kuan
- Food Safety Research Department, Société des Produits Nestlé SA—Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
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22
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Bunse M, Daniels R, Gründemann C, Heilmann J, Kammerer DR, Keusgen M, Lindequist U, Melzig MF, Morlock GE, Schulz H, Schweiggert R, Simon M, Stintzing FC, Wink M. Essential Oils as Multicomponent Mixtures and Their Potential for Human Health and Well-Being. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:956541. [PMID: 36091825 PMCID: PMC9449585 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.956541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) and their individual volatile organic constituents have been an inherent part of our civilization for thousands of years. They are widely used as fragrances in perfumes and cosmetics and contribute to a healthy diet, but also act as active ingredients of pharmaceutical products. Their antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties have qualified EOs early on for both, the causal and symptomatic therapy of a number of diseases, but also for prevention. Obtained from natural, mostly plant materials, EOs constitute a typical example of a multicomponent mixture (more than one constituent substances, MOCS) with up to several hundreds of individual compounds, which in a sophisticated composition make up the property of a particular complete EO. The integrative use of EOs as MOCS will play a major role in human and veterinary medicine now and in the future and is already widely used in some cases, e.g., in aromatherapy for the treatment of psychosomatic complaints, for inhalation in the treatment of respiratory diseases, or topically administered to manage adverse skin diseases. The diversity of molecules with different functionalities exhibits a broad range of multiple physical and chemical properties, which are the base of their multi-target activity as opposed to single isolated compounds. Whether and how such a broad-spectrum effect is reflected in natural mixtures and which kind of pharmacological potential they provide will be considered in the context of ONE Health in more detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Bunse
- Department of Analytical Development and Research, WALA Heilmittel GmbH, Bad Boll, Germany
| | - Rolf Daniels
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carsten Gründemann
- Translational Complementary Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Heilmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar R. Kammerer
- Department of Analytical Development and Research, WALA Heilmittel GmbH, Bad Boll, Germany
| | - Michael Keusgen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Lindequist
- Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Gertrud E. Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hartwig Schulz
- Consulting & Project Management for Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Stahnsdorf, Germany
| | - Ralf Schweiggert
- Institute of Beverage Research, Chair of Analysis and Technology of Plant-Based Foods, Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Meinhard Simon
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Florian C. Stintzing
- Department of Analytical Development and Research, WALA Heilmittel GmbH, Bad Boll, Germany
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Ronzheimer A, Schreiner T, Morlock GE. Multiplex planar bioassay detecting estrogens, antiestrogens, false-positives and synergists as sharp zones on normal phase. Phytomedicine 2022; 103:154230. [PMID: 35724612 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytoestrogens are found in many plants used in traditional medicines. Increasingly, plant extracts (botanicals) are also being added to foods or marketed as dietary supplements. Especially such powder formulations are susceptible to adulteration and falsification, given the global processing chain. To detect estrogen-like compounds in such multicomponent mixtures, non-target screening for hormonally active or endocrine disrupting compounds in plant products is becoming more important. Unfortunately, the current planar yeast estrogen screen (pYES) is prone to zone diffusion on the normal-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography (NP-HPTLC) plate due to long incubation times in the aqueous bioassay. PURPOSE The present study aimed to reduce zone diffusion on NP plates, which provides the basis for extending pYES to a multiplex bioassay, offering 4 different biological activity principles, followed by targeted identification of active zones. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The reduction of substance diffusion via a polyisobutyl methacrylate polymer coating was studied. After successful zone fixation (fix), a multiplex bioassay was developed, in which a 17β-estradiol-strip was applied along each sample track to detect synergists and antagonists (A), and for verification (V), a 4-methyl umbelliferone-strip to exclude false-positives. After multiplex bioassay screening of 68 botanicals, the zones with hormonal activities were heart-cut eluted to reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC-DAD-HESI-HRMS/MS). RESULTS The separated substances were successfully fixed by the chromatogram coating. The zone sharpness (achieved after the bioassay) made it possible to add two strips, the 17β-estradiol-strip for antagonistic and synergistic, and the 4-methyl umbelliferone-strip for false-positive effect detection, resulting in a multiplex bioassay. Using the 12D hyphenation NP-HPTLCfix-UV/Vis/FLD-pYAVES-FLD heart-cut RP-HPLC-DAD-HESI-HRMS/MS, it was possible to obtain information on estrogens, antiestrogens, false-positives, and synergists, and (tentatively) assign 17 hormonally active compounds, of which only 7 have been known to affect the human estrogen receptor, while another 4 had structural similarity to common phytoestrogens and antiestrogens. CONCLUSIONS The streamlined 12D hyphenation including a multiplex bioassay has been shown to differentiate hormonal effects, leading to new insights and better understanding. It can generally be used to identify unknown hormonally active compounds in complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ronzheimer
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - T Schreiner
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - G E Morlock
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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Morlock GE, Morlock JA, Cardak AD, Mehl A. Potential of simple, rapid, and non-target planar bioassay screening of veterinary drug residues. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1679:463392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Kruse S, Becker S, Pierre F, Morlock GE. Strain-specific quantification of probiotic Bacillus subtilis in feed by imaging high-performance thin-layer chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1679:463393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Morlock GE, Sabir G. Reagent sequence for planar chromatographic analysis of eight sweeteners in food products approved in the European Union. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00764-022-00178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSweeteners, which are regulated as food additives in the European Union, are used as tabletop sweeteners or added to foods for sweetening with the aim of reducing the calorie content. For their simple analysis, a quantitative high-performance thin-layer chromatography multi-imaging (HPTLC−UV/Vis/FLD) method was developed, which used a reagent sequence to detect eight important sweeteners in eight different food products. The samples were dissolved or diluted and separated on HPTLC plates silica gel 60 F254 with a mixture of ethyl acetate, methanol, and acetic acid 5:1:1, V/V. Due to the different structures and detectabilities of the sweeteners, different post-chromatographic derivatization reagents were compared for multi-detection of the sweeteners on the same plate. First, the UV absorbance was detected, and then the derivatization reagent sequence was performed with the primuline reagent, then ninhydrin glacial acetic acid reagent, and finally 2-naphthol sulfuric acid reagent. It was important to arrange and use the reagents according to their increasing acidity. Zones of interest can be confirmed by mass spectrometry. Compared to the status quo analysis of sweeteners, the whole method is simple, robust, and rapid considering the minimalist sample preparation and reagent sequence applied on the same plate. In addition, the influence of food sample matrix on the results is easily understood due to the image-giving nature and multi-detection.
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Krstić Đ, Ristivojević P, Andrić F, Milojković-Opsenica D, Morlock GE. Quality Assessment of Apple and Grape Juices from Serbian and German Markets by Planar Chromatography-Chemometrics. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123933. [PMID: 35745056 PMCID: PMC9230071 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The high consumption of plant-based foods on a global scale has increased the number of adulterations in the food industry. Along with this, analytical approaches to fraud detection need to be further developed. A nontargeted effect-directed profiling by high-performance thin-layer chromatography hyphenated with five effect-directed assays (free radical scavenging assay, Aliivibrio fischeri bioassay, and acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and tyrosinase inhibition assays) and multi-imaging provided additional information on the antioxidative, antimicrobial, and enzyme inhibition activities for 18 apple and 18 grape juices from markets in Serbia and Germany. Bioactive zones of interest were eluted using an elution head-based interface and further characterized by electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry. The different profiles were evaluated chemometrically, and several compounds, which were characteristic of samples from different markets located in Serbia and Germany, were identified in apple juice (such as chlorogenic acid, phloridzin, epicatechin, and caffeic acid) and grape juice (such as chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, and quercetin). The developed rapid and simple method for the quality assessment of fruit juices coming from different (geographic) markets showed clear quality differences. Thus, it could be used to learn more about quality differences, to detect fraud in fruit juice production, and to verify the authenticity of the origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Đurđa Krstić
- University of Belgrade—Faculty of Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Center for Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia; (Đ.K.); (P.R.); (F.A.); (D.M.-O.)
| | - Petar Ristivojević
- University of Belgrade—Faculty of Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Center for Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia; (Đ.K.); (P.R.); (F.A.); (D.M.-O.)
| | - Filip Andrić
- University of Belgrade—Faculty of Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Center for Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia; (Đ.K.); (P.R.); (F.A.); (D.M.-O.)
| | - Dušanka Milojković-Opsenica
- University of Belgrade—Faculty of Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Center for Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia; (Đ.K.); (P.R.); (F.A.); (D.M.-O.)
| | - Gertrud E. Morlock
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Kruse S, Schenk M, Pierre F, Morlock GE. Bacillus subtilis spores in probiotic feed quantified via bacterial metabolite using planar chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1221:340124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Morlock GE, Ziltener A, Geyer S, Tersteegen J, Mehl A, Schreiner T, Kamel T, Brümmer F. Evidence that Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins self-medicate with invertebrates in coral reefs. iScience 2022; 25:104271. [PMID: 35774533 PMCID: PMC9236899 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) have been observed queueing up in natural environments to rub particular body parts against selected corals (Rumphella aggregata, Sarcophyton sp.) and sponges (Ircinia sp.) in the Egyptian Northern Red Sea. It was hypothesized that the presence of bioactive metabolites accounts for this selective rubbing behavior. The three invertebrates preferentially accessed by the dolphins, collected and analyzed by hyphenated high-performance thin-layer chromatography contained seventeen active metabolites, providing evidence of potential self-medication. Repeated rubbing allows these active metabolites to come into contact with the skin of the dolphins, which in turn could help them achieve skin homeostasis and be useful for prophylaxis or auxiliary treatment against microbial infections. This interdisciplinary research in behavior, separation science, and effect-directed analysis highlighted the importance of particular invertebrates in coral reefs, the urgent need to protect coral reefs for dolphins and other species, and calls for further vertebrate-invertebrate interaction studies. Dolphins rubbed body parts against specifically selected corals and sponges Behavioral studies were linked with hyphenated bioanalytical technique Vertebrate-invertebrate interaction in coral reefs may serve self-medication Molecular formulae were assigned to known and unknown bioactive molecules
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Morlock GE, Belay A, Heil J, Mehl A, Borck H. Effect-Directed Profiling of Monofloral Honeys from Ethiopia by High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113541. [PMID: 35684478 PMCID: PMC9182560 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethiopian honey is used not only as food but also for treatment in traditional medicine. For its valorization, bioactive compounds were analyzed in nine types of monofloral Ethiopian honey. Therefore, a non-target effect-directed profiling was developed via high-performance thin-layer chromatography combined with multi-imaging and planar effect-directed assays. Characteristic bioactivity profiles of the different honeys were determined in terms of antibacterial, free-radical scavenging, and various enzyme inhibitory activities. Honeys from Hypoestes spp. and Leucas abyssinica showed low activity in all assays. In contrast, others from Acacia spp., Becium grandiflorum, Croton macrostachyus, Eucalyptus globulus, Schefflera abyssinica, Vernonia amygdalina, and Coffea arabica showed more intense activity profiles, but these differed depending on the assay. In particular, the radical scavenging activity of Croton macrostachyus and Coffea arabica honeys, the acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting activity of Eucalyptus globulus and Coffea arabica honeys, and the antibacterial activity of Schefflera abyssinica honey are highlighted. Bioactive compounds of interest were further characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Identifying differences in bioactivity between mono-floral honey types affects quality designation and branding. Effect-directed profiling provides new insights that are valuable for food science and nutrition as well as for the market, and contributes to honey differentiation, categorization, and authentication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrud E. Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (A.B.); (J.H.); (A.M.); (H.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-641-9939141
| | - Abera Belay
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (A.B.); (J.H.); (A.M.); (H.B.)
- Department of Food Science and Applied Nutrition, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 16417, Ethiopia
| | - Julia Heil
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (A.B.); (J.H.); (A.M.); (H.B.)
| | - Annabel Mehl
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (A.B.); (J.H.); (A.M.); (H.B.)
| | - Hannelore Borck
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (A.B.); (J.H.); (A.M.); (H.B.)
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Reguigui A, Morlock GE, Heil J, Gorai M, Mabrouk M, Romdhane M. Profile comparison and valorization of Tunisian Salvia aegyptiaca and S. verbenaca aerial part extracts via hyphenated high-performance thin-layer chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1673:463057. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Krüzselyi D, Bakonyi J, Ott PG, Darcsi A, Csontos P, Morlock GE, Móricz ÁM. Goldenrod Root Compounds Active against Crop Pathogenic Fungi. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:12686-12694. [PMID: 34665636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Root extracts of three goldenrods were screened for antimicrobial compounds. 2Z,8Z- and 2E,8Z-matricaria esters from European goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea) and E- and Z-dehydromatricaria esters from grass-leaved goldenrod (Solidago graminifolia) and first from showy goldenrod (Solidago speciosa) were identified by high-performance thin-layer chromatography combined with effect-directed analysis and high-resolution mass spectrometry or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy after liquid chromatographic fractionation and isolation. Next to their antibacterial effects (against Bacillus subtilis, Aliivibrio fischeri, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola), they inhibited the crop pathogenic fungi Fusarium avenaceum and Bipolaris sorokiniana with half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) between 31 and 107 μg/mL. Benzyl 2-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzoate, for the first time found in showy goldenrod root, showed the strongest antifungal effect, with IC50 of 25-26 μg/mL for both fungal strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Krüzselyi
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Herman Ottó Street 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Bakonyi
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Herman Ottó Street 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter G Ott
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Herman Ottó Street 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Darcsi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology Department, National Institute of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Zrínyi Street 3, 1051 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Csontos
- Institute for Soil Sciences, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Herman Ottó Street 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and TransMIT Center of Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ágnes M Móricz
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Herman Ottó Street 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
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Azadniya E, Thomä I, Baake J, Morlock GE. High-throughput enzyme inhibition screening of 44 Iranian medicinal plants via piezoelectric spraying of planar cholinesterase assays. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1184:122956. [PMID: 34655892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and straightforward approach was developed for screening the acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (ChE) inhibitory activity of 44 Iranian medicinal plant extracts at laboratory scale. After a fast ChE inhibitory pre-testing of samples applied as band pattern, 40 out of the 44 Iranian medicinal plant extracts were selected. These were adjusted in the application volume depending on their inhibition activity, applied on both plate sides and simultaneously developed in a horizontal developing chamber. Different mobile phases were studied to achieve maximum separation of ChE inhibitors and minimum co-elution with matrix. Contrary to immersion, the piezoelectric spraying reduced the consumption of assay solutions, prevented zone tailing, zone shift and cross-contamination, and homogeneously covered the entire plate surface with the assay solutions. The ChE inhibitors of the six most bioactive plant extracts were tentatively assigned by high-resolution mass spectrometry in combination with the spectral and chromatographic information obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Azadniya
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Isabelle Thomä
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jonas Baake
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Klingelhöfer I, Pham Ngoc L, van der Burg B, Morlock GE. A bioimaging system combining human cultured reporter cells and planar chromatography to identify novel bioactive molecules. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1183:338956. [PMID: 34627516 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, a human cancer cell line was shown to grow and be functionally active on the particulate porous adsorbent surface of separated sample mixtures. This allowed the novel combination of chromatographic separations with human cells as biological detector. As exemplary screening for cancer treatment drugs, cytotoxic substances were directly discovered in Saussurea costus and ginseng samples using the Cytotox CALUX® osteosarcoma cells (with luciferase expressing reporter gene) as detector. In addition, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone were detected as luminescent zones upon binding to the PPARγ receptor expressed in the respective CALUX cell line that was grown on the surface of the adsorbent. This demonstrates the ability to address receptor-mediated signaling with this method, and opens the perspective to use our novel bioimaging method to identify bioactive molecules targeting a wide range of pathways with toxicological, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical relevance. The new bioimaging directly pointed to individual effective compounds in multi-component mixtures. Furthermore, discovered effective compounds were directly characterized by online elution to high-resolution mass spectrometry and fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Klingelhöfer
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Long Pham Ngoc
- BioDetection Systems B.v., Science Park 406, 1098, XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart van der Burg
- BioDetection Systems B.v., Science Park 406, 1098, XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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Yüce I, Morlock GE. Nanomole-scaled high-throughput chemistry plus direct bioautography on the same chromatography plate for drug discovery. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1182:338950. [PMID: 34602191 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The powerful fusion of on-surface synthesis and effect-directed analysis was introduced as novel tool for synthetic drug discovery, all on the same high-performance thin-layer chromatography plate. Precise automated sample application allowed both, high-throughput chemistry of 60 reactions at once and reaction miniaturization down to the 15-nmol scale. The antibiotic activity of all on-surface synthesized compounds was evaluated on the same surface via the Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis bioassay. For one product, synthesis (reaction, purification and identification) took 5.3 min and semi-quantitative biological evaluation took 2.8 min. Out of 60 on-surface reactions 10 products (17%) were identified to be more active than a well-known antibiotic reference. The concept was transferred to the Gram-negative Aliivibrio fischeri bioassay. For the first time, a new analytical platform was shown for a streamlined workflow at the most miniaturized scale from synthesis, purification, identification and quantification to semi-quantitative biological activity evaluation (all on the same chromatography plate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Imanuel Yüce
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, and Institute of Nutritional Science, Food Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Kerkrader Straße 3, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, and Institute of Nutritional Science, Food Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Kerkrader Straße 3, 35394, Giessen, Germany.
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Morlock GE. High-performance thin-layer chromatography combined with effect-directed assays and high-resolution mass spectrometry as an emerging hyphenated technology: A tutorial review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1180:338644. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
The European Union banned the usage of antibiotic growth promoters in animal production. The probiotic microorganism of the genus Bacillus appeared to be an attractive candidate to replace antibiotics. The Bacillus subtilis DSM 29784 is one of these strains. To date, the probiotic effect has not been completely understood, but it is supposed that the effect depends on metabolites of the microorganism. Imaging high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) is a powerful tool to visualize differences in the metabolite profile of bacteria with high genetic similarity to allow a better understanding of the probiotic effect. In comparison to other bacteria, especially these bacterial cells were more robust to harsh cultivation conditions and produced a higher level of antioxidants or bioactive substances such as surfactin. HPTLC enabled the comparison of pure cell cultures to the spore cultivation in the feed, and the results explain and support the probiotic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kruse
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Francis Pierre
- Adisseo France S.A.S, Immeuble Anthony Parc 2, 10 Place du Général de Gaulle, Antony 92160, France
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, Giessen 35392, Germany
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Morlock GE, Busso M, Tomeba S, Sighicelli A. Effect-directed profiling of 32 vanilla products, characterization of multi-potent compounds and quantification of vanillin and ethylvanillin. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1652:462377. [PMID: 34271255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Food testing is of great importance to the food industry and organizations to verify the authenticity claims, to prove the quality of raw materials and products, and to ensure food safety. The market prices of vanilla differed by a factor of about 20 in the last three decades. Therefore the risk of adulteration and counterfeiting of vanilla products is high. Instead of commonly used target analyses and sum parameter assays, a complementary non-target multi-imaging effect-directed screening was developed, which provided a new perspective on the wide range of vanilla product qualities on the market. Planar chromatography was combined with effect-directed assays, and the obtained biological and biochemical profiles of 32 vanilla products from nine different categories revealed a variety of active ingredients. Depending on the region, typical vanilla product profiles and activity patterns were obtained for pods, tinctures, paste (inner part), oleoresin and powders. However, some vanilla products showed additional active compounds and a different intensity pattern. The vanilla product profiles substantially differed from those of vanilla aroma or products containing synthetic vanillin or vanilla-flavored food products. Bioactive compounds of interest were online eluted and further characterized via HPTLC-HRMS, which allowed their tentative assignment. After purchase of the standards, these were successfully confirmed by co-chromatography. Quantification of vanillin across nine different product categories revealed levels ranging from 1 µg/g to 36 mg/g with a mean repeatability of 1.9%. The synthetic ethylvanillin was not detected in the investigated samples in significant concentrations. The assessment of differences in the activity patterns pointed to highly active compounds, which were not detected at UV/Vis/FLD but first via the biological and enzymatic assays. This effect-directed profiling bridges the gap from analytical food chemistry to food toxicology, and thus, makes an important contribution to consumer safety. In the same way, it would accelerate investigations for Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) according to Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - M Busso
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; On leave from Università degli Studi di Milano, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie e Alimentari, Via Giovanni Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - S Tomeba
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; On leave from Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Facoltà di Farmacia, Via Giuseppe Campi 203, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - A Sighicelli
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; On leave from Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Facoltà di Farmacia, Via Giuseppe Campi 203, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Mehl A, Schwack W, Morlock GE. On-surface autosampling for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462334. [PMID: 34153734 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An on-surface multi-purpose autosampler was built for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based on the autoTLC-MS interface, taking advantage of open-source hard- and software developments as well as 3D printing. Termed autoTLC-LC-MS system, it is introduced for orthogonal hyphenation of normal phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography with reversed phase high-performance LC (HPLC) and high-resolution MS (HRMS). For verification of its functionality, a multi-class antibiotic mixture was applied as a calibration band pattern on an adsorbent layer and detected by the Bacillus subtilis bioassay. This effect-image was uploaded as a template in the updated TLC-MS_manager software. The clicked-on antibiotic zones were sequentially eluted without intervention from the planar counterpart (without bioassay) via a monolithic HPLC column into the HRMS system. For elution of antibiotics of 7 structural classes at 5 different calibration levels, the new on-surface autosampler achieved intra-day precisions of 2.1-14.1%, while inter-day precisions ranged 2.5-16.1% (all n = 3). The new hyphenation offers potential for planar sample clean-up prior to HPLC, concentration of liquid samples, increase of peak capacity and proof of peak purity or isomers. The integrated autoTLC-LC-MS system enabled high sample throughput, efficiency and reproducibility for the first time through fully automated TLC-LC-MS sequence operation. Its contact-closure signal functionality, versatile 3D printed planar sample holder and open-source software made it readily adjustable for new analytical tasks. Undoubtedly, any planar material can be investigated for leachables, such as textiles, foils, papers and other packagings, as well as planar biological samples for ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Mehl
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schwack
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Schade F, Schwack W, Demirbas Y, Morlock GE. Open-source all-in-one LabToGo Office Chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1174:338702. [PMID: 34247737 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Print and media technologies were used uncommonly in the field of chromatography and explored in application to create a miniaturized all-in-one LabToGo system. This novel research field termed Office Chromatography (OC) uses additive manufacturing in terms of 3D printing of operational parts as well as open-source hard- and software. The OCLab2 presented here has been considerably extended in its functionalities. For inkjet printing of solutions, a newly designed printhead was manufactured controlled by a self-constructed ink-jet board, allowing to check the nozzles' resistance heating circuit. Plate heating was newly integrated, especially favorable for the demonstrated application of higher volumes of aqueous samples. The UV/Vis/FLD plate images were captured by a Raspberry Pi V2 camera module under illumination by novel light emitting diodes (LEDs) for highly selective RGBW color (Vis), UVC 278-nm (UV) and UVA 366-nm (FLD) detection, installed in a newly created miniature cabinet to protect from extraneous light. The spectral separation of differently colored food dyes was achieved by the fully addressable driver controlled RGBW LEDs. The software was newly written in R to speed-up the processes, supported by the new Raspberry Pi 4B computer with 4 GB RAM. The analysis of Stevia leaves for steviol glycosides yielded results comparable to the status quo. Different water samples were analyzed for bioactive compounds. Thereby, compounds of general cytotoxicity were effect-directed detected by bioluminescent A. fischeri bacteria. It allowed the bioanalytical screening for potential risks in tap water, surface waters, rain water, landfill leachates and biogas slurries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Schade
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schwack
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yetkin Demirbas
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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Schreiner T, Morlock GE. Non-target bioanalytical eight-dimensional hyphenation including bioassay, heart-cut trapping, online desalting, orthogonal separations and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1647:462154. [PMID: 33957351 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is still a challenge to discover and identify individual bioactive compounds directly in multicomponent mixtures. Current workflows are too tedious for routine use. Hence, the hyphenation of separation and detection techniques is a powerful tool to maximize the information obtained by a single sample run. A robust eight-dimensional (8D) hyphenation was developed. Orthogonal separations, biological assay detection, analyte trapping, desalting, and physico-chemical detections were arranged in the following order, i.e. 1) normal phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography (NP-HPTLC) separation, 2) Vis detection, 3) UV detection, 4) fluorescence detection (FLD), 5) bioassay for effect-directed analysis (EDA), 6) heart-cut trapping/desalting/elution to reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) separation, 7) photodiode array (PDA) and 8) mass spectrometry (MS) detection. For the first time, the hyphenation exploited online analyte trapping to desalt the eluted bioactive zone from the plate containing highly salted bioassay media. Subsequent valve switching guided the trapped analyte(s) to the main column, followed by multiple detection. As proof-of-principle, cinnamon samples were analyzed by NP-HPTLC-UV/Vis/FLD-EDA-RP-HPLC-PDA-MS, whereby a bioactive zone was separated into two distinct peaks detected by PDA and MS to be 2-methoxy cinnamaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde. The developed 8D hyphenation is applicable for routine, allowing the non-target high-throughput screening of complex samples for individual bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Schreiner
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Inarejos-García AM, Helbig I, Klette P, Weber S, Maeder J, Morlock GE. Authentication of Commercial Powdered Tea Extracts (Camellia sinensis L.) by Gas Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acsfoodscitech.1c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Inés Helbig
- Department of Science and Technology, ADM Wild Europe, 13597 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Klette
- Department of Science and Technology, ADM Wild Europe, 13597 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sara Weber
- Department of Science and Technology, ADM Wild Europe, 13597 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Maeder
- Department of Science and Technology, ADM Wild Europe, 13597 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gertrud E. Morlock
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich Buff Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Morlock GE, Heil J, Bardot V, Lenoir L, Cotte C, Dubourdeaux M. Effect-Directed Profiling of 17 Different Fortified Plant Extracts by High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Combined with Six Planar Assays and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2021; 26:1468. [PMID: 33800407 PMCID: PMC7962818 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An effect-directed profiling method was developed to investigate 17 different fortified plant extracts for potential benefits. Six planar effect-directed assays were piezoelectrically sprayed on the samples separated side-by-side by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Multipotent compounds with antibacterial, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, AChE, tyrosinase and/or β-glucuronidase-inhibiting effects were detected in most fortified plant extracts. A comparatively high level of antimicrobial activity was observed for Eleutherococcus, hops, grape pomace, passiflora, rosemary and Eschscholzia. Except in red vine, black radish and horse tail, strong enzyme inhibiting compounds were also detected. Most plants with anti-α-glucosidase activity also inhibited β-glucosidase. Green tea, lemon balm and rosemary were identified as multipotent plants. Their multipotent compound zones were characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry to be catechins, rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid and gallic acid. The results pointed to antibacterial and enzymatic effects that were not yet known for plants such as Eleutherococcus and for compounds such as cynaratriol and caffeine. The nontarget effect-directed profiling with multi-imaging is of high benefit for routine inspections, as it provides comprehensive information on the quality and safety of the plant extracts with respect to the global production chain. In this study, it not only confirmed what was expected, but also identified multipotent plants and compounds, and revealed new bioactivity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrud E. Morlock
- TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, and Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Julia Heil
- TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, and Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Valérie Bardot
- PiLeJe Industrie, Naturopôle Nutrition Santé, Les Tiolans, 03800 Saint-Bonnet-de-Rochefort, France; (V.B.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Loïc Lenoir
- PiLeJe Industrie, Naturopôle Nutrition Santé, Les Tiolans, 03800 Saint-Bonnet-de-Rochefort, France; (V.B.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (M.D.)
| | - César Cotte
- PiLeJe Industrie, Naturopôle Nutrition Santé, Les Tiolans, 03800 Saint-Bonnet-de-Rochefort, France; (V.B.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Michel Dubourdeaux
- PiLeJe Industrie, Naturopôle Nutrition Santé, Les Tiolans, 03800 Saint-Bonnet-de-Rochefort, France; (V.B.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (M.D.)
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Sumudu Chandana NGAS, Morlock GE. Eight different bioactivity profiles of 40 cinnamons by multi-imaging planar chromatography hyphenated with effect-directed assays and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2021; 357:129135. [PMID: 33905984 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spices contain plenty of bioactive compounds, used to valorize foods. However, product quality may be affected by contaminations and adulterations along the global production chain. A newly developed multi-imaging in combination with bioactivity screening directly pointed to individual multi-potent compounds. For cinnamon as prominent example, the multi-imaging results provided a wealth of new information on their effects and clearly visualized the valorizing potential of cinnamon to foods. The separation focus was in the mid-polar to apolar range. Eight effect-directed assays (EDA, i.e. one radical scavenging, two biological and five biochemical assays) were performed in situ the high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) adsorbent. Several multi-potent compound zones were revealed and further characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), highlighting the bioactive potential of cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, benzoic acid, coumarin, linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, caproic acid, and linalool oxide. This HPTLC-UV/Vis/FLD-EDA-HRMS profiling provided comprehensive information on product quality and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G A S Sumudu Chandana
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Mehl A, Schmidt LJ, Schmidt L, Morlock GE. High-throughput planar solid-phase extraction coupled to orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry via the autoTLC-MS interface for screening of 66 multi-class antibiotic residues in food of animal origin. Food Chem 2021; 351:129211. [PMID: 33636534 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic residues in food pose a major threat to the health of humans and animals worldwide. Their trace-level analysis is still too time- and cost-intensive to be adequately covered in routine analysis. Thus, a new high-throughput planar solid-phase extraction method has been developed for rapid screening of 66 antibiotics. Via simple clicks on the image, the autoTLC-MS interface automatically eluted the target analyte zones directly into an orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometer operated in the variable data-independent acquisition mode. Muscle tissue, cow milk and chicken eggs were analyzed regarding nine different antibiotic classes, including sulfonamides, diaminopyrimidines, lincosamides, pleuromutilins, macrolides, cephalosporins, penicillins, amphenicols and nitroimidazoles. The planar clean-up took 7 min per sample, which is 5-fold faster than the routine state-of-the-art. The screening method has been validated for one representative of each class according to the European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Most analytes were successfully detected at half of their required maximum residue limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Mehl
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Lena J Schmidt
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Laszlo Schmidt
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Chandana NS, Morlock GE. Comprehensive bioanalytical multi-imaging by planar chromatography in situ combined with biological and biochemical assays highlights bioactive fatty acids in abelmosk. Talanta 2021; 223:121701. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Meyer D, Marin-Kuan M, Debon E, Serrant P, Cottet-Fontannaz C, Schilter B, Morlock GE. Detection of low levels of genotoxic compounds in food contact materials using an alternative HPTLC-SOS-Umu-C assay. ALTEX 2020; 38:387-397. [PMID: 33367936 DOI: 10.14573/altex.2006201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Food contact materials (FCMs) are perceived as major sources of chemical food contamination, bringing significant safety uncertainties into the food chain. Consequently, there has been an increasing demand to improve hazard and risk assessment of FCMs. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled to a genotoxicity bioassay has been promoted as an alternative approach to assess food packaging migrates. To investigate the value of such a testing approach, a sensitive planar SOS-Umu-C assay has been developed using the Salmonella strain. The new conditions established based on HPTLC were verified by comparison with microtiter plate assays, the Ames and Salmonella-SOS-Umu-C assays. The lowest effective concentration of the genotoxin 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (0.53 nM; 20 pg/band) in the SOS-Umu-C assay was 176 times lower than in the microtiter plate counterpart. This was achieved by the developed chromatographic setup, including a fluorogenic instead of chromogenic substrate. As proof-of-principle, FCM extracts and migrates from differently coated tin cans were analyzed. The performance data highlighted reliable dose-response curves, good mean reproducibility, no quenching or other matrix effects, no solvent exposure limitations, and no need for a solid phase extraction or concentration step due to high sensitivity in the picomolar range. Although further performance developments of the assay are still needed, the developed planar assay was successfully proven to work quantitatively in the food packaging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Meyer
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and TransMIT Center of Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Maricel Marin-Kuan
- Chemical Food Safety Group, Société des Produits Nestlé SA - Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Switzerland
| | - Emma Debon
- Chemical Food Safety Group, Société des Produits Nestlé SA - Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Serrant
- Chemical Food Safety Group, Société des Produits Nestlé SA - Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Switzerland
| | - Claudine Cottet-Fontannaz
- Chemical Food Safety Group, Société des Produits Nestlé SA - Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Switzerland
| | - Benoît Schilter
- Chemical Food Safety Group, Société des Produits Nestlé SA - Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Switzerland
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and TransMIT Center of Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Móricz ÁM, Krüzselyi D, Ott PG, Garádi Z, Béni S, Morlock GE, Bakonyi J. Bioactive clerodane diterpenes of giant goldenrod (Solidago gigantea Ait.) root extract. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461727. [PMID: 33338903 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Giant goldenrod (Solidago gigantea Ait.) root extract was screened for bioactive compounds by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), coupled with effect-directed analysis including antibacterial (Bacillus subtilis F1276, B. subtilis subsp. spizizenii, Aliivibrio fischeri and Xanthomonas euvesicatoria), antifungal (Fusarium avenaceum) and enzyme inhibition (acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterases, α- and β-glucosidases and α-amylase) assays. Compounds of six multipotent zones (Sg1-Sg6) were characterized by HPTLC-heated electrospray ionization-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and HPTLC-Direct Analysis in Real Time-HRMS. Apart from zone Sg3, containing three compounds, a single characteristic compound was detectable in each bioactive zone. The bioassay-guided isolation using preparative-scale flash chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography provided eight compounds that were identified by NMR spectroscopy as clerodane diterpenes. All isolates possessed inhibiting activity against at least one of the tested microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes M Móricz
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Herman O. Str. 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Dániel Krüzselyi
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Herman O. Str. 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter G Ott
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Herman O. Str. 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Garádi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Üllői Str. 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Béni
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Üllői Str. 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and TransMIT Center of Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - József Bakonyi
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Herman O. Str. 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
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Azadniya E, Goldoni L, Bandiera T, Morlock GE. Same analytical method for both (bio)assay and zone isolation to identify/quantify bioactive compounds by quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1628:461434. [PMID: 32822974 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Differing sensitivity is the main obstacle for a direct combination of HPTLC with NMR spectroscopy. A sufficient amount of the isolated compound zone must be provided by HPTLC for subsequent offline NMR detection (HPTLC//NMR). To fill the gap, a straightforward procedure was developed using the same analytical HPTLC system for both bioprofiling and isolation of bioactive zones from multicomponent mixtures. The HPTLC-effect-directed analysis (EDA) revealed several bioactive compounds in five botanical extracts, i.e. Salvia officinalis, Thymus vulgaris and Origanum vulgare, all Lamiaceae, and peels of red and green apples (Jonagored and Granny Smith, respectively), both Rosaceae. A tricky case study was designed to show how to deal with potentially coeluting bioactive structural isomers, e.g., ursolic (UA), oleanolic (OA) and betulinic acids (all C30H48O3), which are most difficult to identify and assign. A multipotent bioactive HPTLC zone showed the same hRF value and mass signal in HPTLCHRMS, though containing the coeluting structural isomers UA and OA. After zone isolation from the HPTLC plate, first the 1H NMR spectrum allowed to distinguish distinct allylic H-18 protons, i.e. 2.20 ppm for UA and 2.85 ppm for OA, and at the same time, to quantify the two isomers by using the PUlse Length-based CONcentration methodology (HPTLC//1H qNMR-PULCON). In case of a partial overlap of the diagnostic signal with that of the matrix, results were corroborated with those obtained by using the 1H deconvoluted or 2D 1H-13C Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence spectra. The comparison of the quantitative results showed a good correlation (R2 = 0.9718) between the two orthogonal methods HPTLC-Vis and HPTLC//1H qNMR-PULCON. A sufficient zone isolation from the HPTLC plate (mean isolation rate of 82%) for both UA and OA (0.27 - 4.67 mM) was achieved for HPTLC//qNMR, comparing the isolated bioactive compound zone with the respective zone in the botanical extract via HPTLC-Vis densitometry. The HPTLC-EDA-Vis//1H qNMR-PULCON procedure for bioprofiling and quantification/identification/confirmation of bioactive compounds in botanical extracts is considered as straightforward, eco-friendly (only 16 mL solvent required), simple (NMR calibration used over weeks) and reliable new alternative to the status quo of bioactivity-guided fractionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Azadniya
- Chair of Food Science Institute of Nutritional Science and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Luca Goldoni
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Tiziano Bandiera
- D3 Pharma Chemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Chair of Food Science Institute of Nutritional Science and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany; TransMIT Center of Effect-Directed Analysis, Kerkrader Straße 3, 35394, Giessen, Germany.
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Morlock GE, Heil J. HI-HPTLC-UV/Vis/FLD-HESI-HRMS and bioprofiling of steviol glycosides, steviol, and isosteviol in Stevia leaves and foods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6431-6448. [PMID: 32328691 PMCID: PMC7442773 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02618-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Food products and botanicals on the global market need to be investigated in a more comprehensive way to detect effects, falsifications or adulterations. This is especially true for such ones containing Stevia leaves, Stevia extracts, or steviol glycosides. A multi-imaging profiling was developed exploiting hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC). A minimalistic sample preparation, different mixtures of acetonitrile and water/buffer on the silica gel phase as well as derivatization reagents and optional hyphenation with high-resolution mass spectrometry were exploited. The hydrophilic interaction high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HI-HPTLC) development took 10 min for 48 analyses. It was used to screen Stevia leaf extracts and 20 different food products. For the first time, the biological and biochemical profiling of Stevia leaf products by HI-HPTLC-UV/Vis/FLD-assay pointed to 19 different bioactive compound bands found in the more natural multicomponent Stevia leaf extracts, whereas most of these activities were not existent for the steviol glycosides. The chemically isolated, purified, and EU-regulated steviol glycosides ease risk assessment and food product development. However, multipotent botanicals may have subtle impact on homeostasis via several metabolic pathways, providing benefits for the consumer's health. Analyzed side by side by means of the effect-directed profiling, their individual activity profiles were visualized as image and individual substances of importance were pointed out. Multi-imaging (comprehensive detection) plus non-targeted bioprofiling (focus on known and unknown bioactivity) allows for a fast detection of questionable product changes that occur along the global food chain and are particularly related to food safety. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrud E Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Julia Heil
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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