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Molecular and Functional Imaging in Central Nervous System Drug Development. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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2
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Diaz-Ruiz A, Roldan-Valadez E, Ortiz-Plata A, Mondragón-Lozano R, Heras-Romero Y, Mendez-Armenta M, Osorio-Rico L, Nava-Ruiz C, Ríos C. Dapsone improves functional deficit and diminishes brain damage evaluated by 3-Tesla magnetic resonance image after transient cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in rats. Brain Res 2016; 1646:384-392. [PMID: 27321157 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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3
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Tcheudji JK, Cannet C, Gérard C, Curdy C, Beckmann N. Long-term distribution of biodegradable microparticles in rat muscle quantified noninvasively by MRI. Magn Reson Med 2016; 75:1736-1742. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Kameni Tcheudji
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Basel Switzerland
| | - Catherine Cannet
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Analytical Sciences & Imaging; Basel Switzerland
| | - Christelle Gérard
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Analytical Sciences & Imaging; Basel Switzerland
| | - Catherine Curdy
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma Development; Basel Switzerland
| | - Nicolau Beckmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Analytical Sciences & Imaging; Basel Switzerland
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4
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In situ drug and metabolite analysis [corrected] in biological and clinical research by MALDI MS imaging. Bioanalysis 2015; 6:1241-53. [PMID: 24946924 DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years the analysis in mass spectrometry (MS) [corrected] imaging has been expanded to detect a wide variety of low molecular weight compounds (LMWC), including exogenous and endogenous compounds. The high sensitivity and selectivity of MS imaging combined with visualization of molecular spatial distribution in tissues, makes it a valuable [corrected] platform in targeted drug and untargeted metabolomic analysis [corrected] in biological and clinical research. Here, we review the current and potential applications of MALDI MS imaging in these areas. The aim of advancing MALDI MS imaging in the field of LMWC is to support clinical applications by understanding drug and drug-metabolite distribution, investigating toxicity and discovering [corrected] new biomarkers.
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Neu CP. Functional imaging in OA: role of imaging in the evaluation of tissue biomechanics. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:1349-59. [PMID: 25278049 PMCID: PMC4185127 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Functional imaging refers broadly to the visualization of organ or tissue physiology using medical image modalities. In load-bearing tissues of the body, including articular cartilage lining the bony ends of joints, changes in strain, stress, and material properties occur in osteoarthritis (OA), providing an opportunity to probe tissue function through the progression of the disease. Here, biomechanical measures in cartilage and related joint tissues are discussed as key imaging biomarkers in the evaluation of OA. Emphasis will be placed on the (1) potential of radiography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging to assess early tissue pathomechanics in OA, (2) relative utility of kinematic, structural, morphological, and biomechanical measures as functional imaging biomarkers, and (3) improved diagnostic specificity through the combination of multiple imaging biomarkers with unique contrasts, including elastography and quantitative assessments of tissue biochemistry. In comparison to other modalities, magnetic resonance imaging provides an extensive range of functional measures at the tissue level, with conventional and emerging techniques available to potentially to assess the spectrum of preclinical to advance OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey P. Neu
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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Dror V, Rehavi M, Biton IE, Eliash S. Rasagiline prevents neurodegeneration in thiamine deficient rats-a longitudinal MRI study. Brain Res 2014; 1557:43-54. [PMID: 24525144 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprotection is a therapeutic approach for the management of neurodegenerative diseases. Experimental thiamine deficiency (TD) in rats provides a model for selective neurodegeneration accompanied by chronic oxidative deficits. Rats exhibit neurological and cognitive impairments, which can be partially reversed by thiamine administration, enabling the study of mechanisms of neurodegeneration as well as neuroprotection. In this magnetic resonance (MR) study we used various techniques to characterize the neuroprotective effects of rasagiline, a selective MAO-B inhibitor. TD was induced by a thiamine-deficient diet and daily injections of the central thiamine antagonist, pyrithiamine. Daily injections of either saline or rasagiline (3mg/kg) were also administered to untreated-TD rats and rasagiline-treated TD rats respectively. With the appearance of neurological symptoms, all injections were terminated and thiamine was restored. MRI scans were performed before induction of TD (control values), on days 10, 12 (before symptoms appear), 14 (symptomatic stage) and during the recuperation period. Both groups were assessed using in-vivo serial T2-weighted imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), from which apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) maps were calculated. A histopathological evaluation was correlated with the MRI analysis. Thalamic hyperintensities were significantly smaller and less severe in the rasagiline-treated TD rats. Enlargement of the lateral ventricles was significantly less pronounced in the rasagiline-treated TD group. FA values of the untreated-TD group decreased significantly in the thalamic on days 12 and 14 and in the corpus callosum on day 14. These results demonstrate significant neuroprotection by rasagiline which could have implications for clinical neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vered Dror
- Tel Aviv University, Department of Physiology & Pharmacolgy, Sackler School of Medicine, Pob 39040, 69978 Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Moshe Rehavi
- Tel Aviv University, Department of Physiology & Pharmacolgy, Sackler School of Medicine, Pob 39040, 69978 Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Inbal E Biton
- Department of Chemical Research Support MR Center, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sarah Eliash
- Tel Aviv University, Department of Physiology & Pharmacolgy, Sackler School of Medicine, Pob 39040, 69978 Ramat Aviv, Israel.
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7
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Optical and magnetic resonance imaging as complementary modalities in drug discovery. Future Med Chem 2011; 2:317-37. [PMID: 21426169 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging has the ability to study various biological and chemical processes noninvasively in living subjects in a longitudinal way. For this reason, imaging technologies have become an integral part of the drug-discovery and development program and are commonly used in following disease processes and drug action in both preclinical and clinical stages. As the domain of imaging sciences transitions from anatomical/functional to molecular applications, the development of molecular probes becomes crucial for the advancement of the field. This review summarizes the role of two complementary techniques, magnetic resonance and fluorescence optical imaging, in drug discovery. While the first approach exploits intrinsic tissue characteristics as the source of image contrast, the second necessitates the use of appropriate probes for signal generation. The anatomical, functional, metabolic and molecular information that becomes accessible through imaging can provide invaluable insights into disease mechanisms and mechanisms of drug action.
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Shi X, Liu X, Wu X, Lu ZR, Li SK, Jeong EK. Ocular pharmacokinetic study using T₁ mapping and Gd-chelate- labeled polymers. Pharm Res 2011; 28:3180-8. [PMID: 21691891 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0507-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent advances in drug discovery have led to the development of a number of therapeutic macromolecules for treatment of posterior eye diseases. We aimed to investigate the clearance of macromolecular contrast probes (polymers conjugated with Gd-chelate) in the vitreous after intravitreal injections with the recently developed ms-DSEPI-T12 MRI and to examine the degradation of disulfide-containing biodegradable polymers in the vitreous humor in vivo. METHODS Intravitreal injections of model contrast agents poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide]-GG-1,6-hexanediamine-(Gd-DO3A), biodegradable (Gd-DTPA)-cystine copolymers, and MultiHance were performed in rabbits; their distribution and elimination from the vitreous after injections were determined by MRI. RESULTS Times for macromolecular contrast agents to decrease to half their initial concentrations in the vitreous ranged from 0.4-1.3 days post-injection. Non-biodegradable polymers demonstrated slower vitreal clearance than those of disulfide-biodegradable polymers. Biodegradable polymers had similar clearance as MultiHance. CONCLUSIONS Usefulness of T(1) mapping and ms-DSEPI-T12 MRI to study ocular pharmacokinetics was demonstrated. Results suggest an enzymatic degradation mechanism for the disulfide linkage in polymers in the vitreous leading to breakup of polymers in vitreous humor over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Shi
- Department of Radiology Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research, University of Utah, 729 Arapeen Dr., Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
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Pillai DR, Heidemann RM, Kumar P, Shanbhag N, Lanz T, Dittmar MS, Sandner B, Beier CP, Weidner N, Greenlee MW, Schuierer G, Bogdahn U, Schlachetzki F. Comprehensive small animal imaging strategies on a clinical 3 T dedicated head MR-scanner; adapted methods and sequence protocols in CNS pathologies. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16091. [PMID: 21326876 PMCID: PMC3034718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small animal models of human diseases are an indispensable aspect of pre-clinical research. Being dynamic, most pathologies demand extensive longitudinal monitoring to understand disease mechanisms, drug efficacy and side effects. These considerations often demand the concomitant development of monitoring systems with sufficient temporal and spatial resolution. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS This study attempts to configure and optimize a clinical 3 Tesla magnetic resonance scanner to facilitate imaging of small animal central nervous system pathologies. The hardware of the scanner was complemented by a custom-built, 4-channel phased array coil system. Extensive modification of standard sequence protocols was carried out based on tissue relaxometric calculations. Proton density differences between the gray and white matter of the rodent spinal cord along with transverse relaxation due to magnetic susceptibility differences at the cortex and striatum of both rats and mice demonstrated statistically significant differences. The employed parallel imaging reconstruction algorithms had distinct properties dependent on the sequence type and in the presence of the contrast agent. The attempt to morphologically phenotype a normal healthy rat brain in multiple planes delineated a number of anatomical regions, and all the clinically relevant sequels following acute cerebral ischemia could be adequately characterized. Changes in blood-brain-barrier permeability following ischemia-reperfusion were also apparent at a later time. Typical characteristics of intra-cerebral haemorrhage at acute and chronic stages were also visualized up to one month. Two models of rodent spinal cord injury were adequately characterized and closely mimicked the results of histological studies. In the employed rodent animal handling system a mouse model of glioblastoma was also studied with unequivocal results. CONCLUSIONS The implemented customizations including extensive sequence protocol modifications resulted in images of high diagnostic quality. These results prove that lack of dedicated animal scanners shouldn't discourage conventional small animal imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepu R. Pillai
- Department of Neurology, Regensburg University Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Genetics and Neurobiology, Biozentrum, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robin M. Heidemann
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Siemens Healthcare Sector, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Regensburg University Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nagesh Shanbhag
- Department of Neurology, Regensburg University Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Titus Lanz
- RAPID Biomedical GmbH, Würzburg-Rimpar, Germany
| | - Michael S. Dittmar
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Regensburg University Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Beatrice Sandner
- Department of Neurology, Regensburg University Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph P. Beier
- Department of Neurology, Regensburg University Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Norbert Weidner
- Department of Neurology, Regensburg University Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute for Paraplegia, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark W. Greenlee
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schuierer
- Center for Neuroradiology, Regensburg University Medical Centre and Bezirksklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Bogdahn
- Department of Neurology, Regensburg University Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Felix Schlachetzki
- Department of Neurology, Regensburg University Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Sitharaman B, Van Der Zande M, Ananta JS, Shi X, Veltien A, Walboomers XF, Wilson LJ, Mikos AG, Heerschap A, Jansen JA. Magnetic resonance imaging studies on gadonanotube-reinforced biodegradable polymer nanocomposites. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 93:1454-62. [PMID: 19927368 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report about the in vitro cytotoxicity and MRI studies of Gd(3+)ions-doped ultra-short single-walled carbon nanotube (gadonanotubes), gadonanotubes- reinforced poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) polymer nanocomposites and in vivo small animal MRI studies using the gadonanotubes. These studies were performed to explore the suitability of gadonanotubes-reinforced PLGA polymer nanocomposite as a model scaffold for noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate nanotube release during the degradation process of the scaffold and their biodistribution upon release from the polymer matrix in vivo. The gadonanotubes at 1-100 ppm and the gadonanotubes/PLGA nanocomposites (2 wt % gadonanotubes) did not show any cytotoxicity in vitro as demonstrated using the LIVE/DEAD viability assay. For the first time, r(2) relaxivity measurements were obtained for the superparamagnetic gadonanotubes. In vitro 7T MRI of the superparamagnetic gadonanotubes ([Gd] = 0.15 mM) suspended in a biocompatible 1% Pluronic F127 solution, gave a r(2) value of 578 mM(-1) s(-1). Upon subcutaneous injection of the gadonanotubes suspension into the dorsal region of rats, the high r(2) value translated into excellent and prolonged negative contrast enhancement of in vivo T(2)weighted proton MRI images. The in vitro characterization of the nanocomposite discs and their degradation process by MRI, showed strong influence of the gadonanotube on water proton relaxations. These results indicate that the gadonanotubes/PLGA nanocomposites are suitable for further in vivo studies to track by MRI the biodegradation release and biodistribution of gadonanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Sitharaman
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, MS-142, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, USA
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Synthesis and Evaluation of Water-Soluble Fluorinated Dendritic Block-Copolymer Nanoparticles as a 19F-MRI Contrast Agent. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Moffat BA, Galbán CJ, Rehemtulla A. Advanced MRI: translation from animal to human in brain tumor research. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2010; 19:517-26. [PMID: 19959003 DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion MRI, and perfusion MRI, allow for a diverse range of multidimensional information regarding brain tumor physiology to be obtained in addition to the traditional anatomic images. Although it is well documented that MRI of rodent brain tumor models plays an important role in the basic research and drug discovery process of new brain tumor therapies, the role that animal models have played in translating these methodologies is rarely discussed in such articles. Even in consensus reports outlining the pathway to validation of these techniques, the use of animal models is given scant regard. This is despite that the use of rodent cancer models to test advanced MRI techniques predates and was integral to the development of clinical MRI. This article highlights just how integral preclinical imaging is to the discovery, development, and validation of advanced MRI techniques for imaging brain neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford A Moffat
- Department of Radiology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
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Abstract
The use of MS imaging (MSI) to resolve the spatial and pharmacodynamic distributions of compounds in tissues is emerging as a powerful tool for pharmacological research. Unlike established imaging techniques, only limited a priori knowledge is required and no extensive manipulation (e.g., radiolabeling) of drugs is necessary prior to dosing. MS provides highly multiplexed detection, making it possible to identify compounds, their metabolites and other changes in biomolecular abundances directly off tissue sections in a single pass. This can be employed to obtain near cellular, or potentially subcellular, resolution images. Consideration of technical limitations that affect the process is required, from sample preparation through to analyte ionization and detection. The techniques have only recently been adapted for imaging and novel variations to the established MSI methodologies will further enhance the application of MSI for pharmacological research.
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14
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Noninvasive structural, functional, and molecular imaging in drug development. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 13:360-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Serkova NJ, Hasebroock KM, Kraft SL. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of living tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 520:315-27. [PMID: 19381964 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-811-9_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The comprehensive work of both clinical and basic science colleagues has demonstrated a clear proof of concept for "in vitro discovered- in vivo validated" biomarkers in translational metabolic profiling research using magnetic resonance techniques. Major tissue metabolites (initially discovered by high-resolution in vitro techniques on cancer specimens) can be translated into in vivo protocols based on noninvasive magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Using (1)H- and (31)P-MRS on living animals or patients, a decrease in citrate and polyamines in prostate cancer, an increase of cholines in breast cancer, as well as a decreased NAA and an increased lactate in gliomas during cancer progression can be assessed noninvasively. MRS can be used to follow up conventional cytotoxic as well as targeted anticancer therapies, which has been extensively done in animal models of cancer. This review focuses on applications and protocol development for in vivo (1)H- and (31)P-MRS on small animal models as well as on larger animals in cancer research, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Serkova
- Department of Anesthesiology and Radiology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA
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Kabli S, Spaink HP, De Groot HJ, Alia A. In vivo metabolite profile of adult zebrafish brain obtained by high-resolution localized magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Magn Reson Imaging 2009; 29:275-81. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.21609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Rodríguez I, Pérez-Rial S, González-Jimenez J, Pérez-Sánchez J, Herranz F, Beckmann N, Ruíz-Cabello J. Magnetic resonance methods and applications in pharmaceutical research. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:3637-65. [PMID: 18228597 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review presents an overview of some recent magnetic resonance (MR) techniques for pharmaceutical research. MR is noninvasive, and does not expose subjects to ionizing radiation. Some methods that have been used in pharmaceutical research MR include magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods, among them, diffusion-weighted MRI, perfusion-weighted MRI, functional MRI, molecular imaging and contrast-enhance MRI. Some applications of MR in pharmaceutical research include MR in metabonomics, in vivo MRS, studies in cerebral ischemia and infarction, degenerative joint diseases, oncology, cardiovascular disorders, respiratory diseases and skin diseases. Some of these techniques, such as cardiac and joint imaging, or brain fMRI are standard, and are providing relevant data routinely. Skin MR and hyperpolarized gas lung MRI are still experimental. In conclusion, considering the importance of finding and characterizing biomarkers for improved drug evaluation, it can be expected that the use of MR techniques in pharmaceutical research is going to increase in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rodríguez
- Grupo de Resonancia Magnética, Instituto de Estudios Biofuncionales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII 1, Madrid 28040, Spain
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Benchtop-NMR and MRI—A new analytical tool in drug delivery research. Int J Pharm 2008; 364:170-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Park JA, Lee JJ, Jung JC, Yu DY, Oh C, Ha S, Kim TJ, Chang Y. Gd-DOTA Conjugate of RGD as a Potential Tumor-Targeting MRI Contrast Agent. Chembiochem 2008; 9:2811-3. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Conventional pharmacokinetic methods for studying ocular drug delivery are invasive and cannot be conveniently applied to humans. The advancement of MRI technology has provided new opportunities in ocular drug-delivery research. MRI provides a means to non-invasively and continuously monitor ocular drug-delivery systems with a contrast agent or compound labeled with a contrast agent. It is a useful technique in pharmacokinetic studies, evaluation of drug-delivery methods, and drug-delivery device testing. Although the current status of the technology presents some major challenges to pharmaceutical research using MRI, it has a lot of potential. In the past decade, MRI has been used to examine ocular drug delivery via the subconjunctival route, intravitreal injection, intrascleral injection to the suprachoroidal space, episcleral and intravitreal implants, periocular injections, and ocular iontophoresis. In this review, the advantages and limitations of MRI in the study of ocular drug delivery are discussed. Different MR contrast agents and MRI techniques for ocular drug-delivery research are compared. Ocular drug-delivery studies using MRI are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kevin Li
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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Serkova NJ, Reisdorph NA, Tissot van Patot MC. Metabolic Markers of Hypoxia: Systems Biology Application in Biomedicine. Toxicol Mech Methods 2008; 18:81-95. [DOI: 10.1080/15376510701795769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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22
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Klasson A, Ahrén M, Hellqvist E, Söderlind F, Rosén A, Käll PO, Uvdal K, Engström M. Positive MRI contrast enhancement in THP-1 cells with Gd2O3 nanoparticles. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2008; 3:106-11. [PMID: 18546094 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There is a demand for more efficient and tissue-specific MRI contrast agents and recent developments involve the design of substances useful as molecular markers and magnetic tracers. In this study, nanoparticles of gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) have been investigated for cell labeling and capacity to generate a positive contrast. THP-1, a monocytic cell line that is phagocytic, was used and results were compared with relaxivity of particles in cell culture medium (RPMI 1640). The results showed that Gd2O3-labeled cells have shorter T1 and T2 relaxation times compared with untreated cells. A prominent difference in signal intensity was observed, indicating that Gd2O3 nanoparticles can be used as a positive contrast agent for cell labeling. The r1 for cell samples was 4.1 and 3.6 s(-1) mm(-1) for cell culture medium. The r2 was 17.4 and 12.9 s(-1) mm(-1), respectively. For r1, there was no significant difference in relaxivity between particles in cells compared to particles in cell culture medium, (p(r1) = 0.36), but r2 was significantly different for the two different series (p(r2) = 0.02). Viability results indicate that THP-1 cells endure treatment with Gd2O3 nanoparticles for an extended period of time and it is therefore concluded that results in this study are based on viable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Klasson
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
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23
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Yan GP, Robinson L, Hogg P. Magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents: Overview and perspectives. Radiography (Lond) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Beckmann N, Cannet C, Karmouty-Quintana H, Tigani B, Zurbruegg S, Blé FX, Crémillieux Y, Trifilieff A. Lung MRI for experimental drug research. Eur J Radiol 2007; 64:381-96. [PMID: 17931813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Current techniques to evaluate the efficacy of potential treatments for airways diseases in preclinical models are generally invasive and terminal. In the past few years, the flexibility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to obtain anatomical and functional information of the lung has been explored with the scope of developing a non-invasive approach for the routine testing of drugs in models of airways diseases in small rodents. With MRI, the disease progression can be followed in the same animal. Thus, a significant reduction in the number of animals used for experimentation is achieved, as well as minimal interference with their well-being and physiological status. In addition, under certain circumstances the duration of the observation period after disease onset can be shortened since the technique is able to detect changes before these are reflected in parameters of inflammation determined using invasive procedures. The objective of this article is to briefly address MRI techniques that are being used in experimental lung research, with special emphasis on applications. Following an introduction on proton techniques and MRI of hyperpolarized gases, the attention is shifted to the MRI analysis of several aspects of lung disease models, including inflammation, ventilation, emphysema, fibrosis and sensory nerve activation. The next subject concerns the use of MRI in pharmacological studies within the context of experimental lung research. A final discussion points towards advantages and limitations of MRI in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolau Beckmann
- Discovery Technologies, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Lichtstr. 35, WSJ-386.2.09, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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25
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Rudin M. Imaging readouts as biomarkers or surrogate parameters for the assessment of therapeutic interventions. Eur Radiol 2007; 17:2441-57. [PMID: 17340100 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-007-0619-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Revised: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Surrogate markers and biomarkers based on imaging readouts providing predictive information on clinical outcome are of increasing importance in the preclinical and clinical evaluation of novel therapies. They are primarily used in studies designed to establish evidence that the therapeutic principle is valid in a representative patient population or in an individual. A critical step in the development of (imaging) surrogates is validation: correlation with established clinical endpoints must be demonstrated. Biomarkers must not fulfill such stringent validation criteria; however, they should provide insight into mechanistic aspects of the therapeutic intervention (proof-of-mechanism) or document therapy efficacy with prognostic quality with regard to the long-term clinical outcome (proof of concept). Currently used imaging biomarkers provide structural, physiological and metabolic information. Novel imaging approaches annotate structure with molecular signatures that are tightly linked to the pathophysiology or to the therapeutic principle. These cellular and molecular imaging methods yield information on drug biodistribution, receptor expression and occupancy, and/or intra- and intercellular signaling. The design of novel target-specific imaging probes is closely related to the development of the therapeutic agents and should be considered early in the discovery phase. Significant technical and regulatory hurdles have to be overcome to foster the use of imaging biomarkers for clinical drug evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rudin
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zürich/ETH Zürich, AIC-HCI E488.2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
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26
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Ceolin L, Schwarz AJ, Gozzi A, Reese T, Bifone A. Effects of cocaine on blood flow and oxygen metabolism in the rat brain: implications for phMRI. Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 25:795-800. [PMID: 17442519 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2006.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of cocaine on cerebral blood flow and tissue oxygen levels in the rat brain were investigated with concurrent laser Doppler flowmetry and fluorescence quenching spectroscopy. Responses elicited by mild hypercapnia were used as calibration to assess the effects of cocaine on oxidative metabolism. Intravenous cocaine challenge of 0.5 mg/kg induced significant increases in tissular oxygenation and perfusion in all regions investigated (primary motor cortex, medial prefrontal cortex and dorsal striatum). Mild hypercapnia, a challenge that affects haemodynamics but not metabolism, elicited comparable changes in blood flow but substantially larger changes in tissue oxygen levels. These differences in tissue oxygen build-up suggest that increased oxidative metabolism is a significant component of the cerebral metabolic response to acute cocaine challenge. The implications for the interpretation of pharmacological MRI data are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ceolin
- Department of Neuroimaging, Psychiatry CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, 37135 Verona, Italy
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27
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Beckmann N, Kneuer R, Gremlich HU, Karmouty-Quintana H, Blé FX, Müller M. In vivo mouse imaging and spectroscopy in drug discovery. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2007; 20:154-85. [PMID: 17451175 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Imaging modalities such as micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), micro-positron emission tomography (micro-PET), high-resolution MRI, optical imaging, and high-resolution ultrasound have become invaluable tools in preclinical pharmaceutical research. They can be used to non-invasively investigate, in vivo, rodent biology and metabolism, disease models, and pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs. The advantages and limitations of each approach usually determine its application, and therefore a small-rodent imaging laboratory in a pharmaceutical environment should ideally provide access to several techniques. In this paper we aim to illustrate how these techniques may be used to obtain meaningful information for the phenotyping of transgenic mice and for the analysis of compounds in murine models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolau Beckmann
- Discovery Technologies, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Lichtstrasse 35, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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28
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Salgado-Pineda P, Delaveau P, Falcon C, Blin O. Brain T1 intensity changes after levodopa administration in healthy subjects: a voxel-based morphometry study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 62:546-51. [PMID: 16796705 PMCID: PMC1885173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2006.02695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To test T1 intensity variations induced by levodopa administration in the regional fixation area in the human brain. METHOD Using non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique [T1-weighted sequence MPRAGE; TE/TR/TI = 5/25/800 ms; impulsion angle = 15 degrees; field of view = 256 x 230 x 180 mm3; acquisition matrix = 256 x 192 x 104; reconstruction matrix = 256 x 256 x 128), we tested changes in the T1 MRI signal intensity resulting in changes in the grey matter automatic classification after administration of a single dose of 100 mg of levodopa by a voxel-based morphometry method (VBM) in 12 healthy subjects. RESULTS The VBM analysis demonstrated an increased number of voxels attributed to grey matter after levodopa administration in an anatomical cluster which included substantia nigra, tegmental ventral area and subthalamic nucleus bilaterally, the principal origin and first relay nuclei of projections in brain dopaminergic systems (t = 8.61; corrected for all grey matter volume P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that levodopa administration could induce an MRI T1 signal intensity variation that is not evident to the naked eye, but is detectable by measuring local signal intensities. Possible clinical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Salgado-Pineda
- Institut des Neurosciences Cognitives de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine, UMR 6193CNRS Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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29
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Sosnovik D, Weissleder R. Magnetic resonance and fluorescence based molecular imaging technologies. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2005; 62:83-115. [PMID: 16329255 DOI: 10.1007/3-7643-7426-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Sosnovik
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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30
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Silva MD, Johnson M, Cvet D, Robertson R, Kupperman E, Reimer C, Hibner B, Chandra S. Perspectives on molecular and anatomical imaging in drug discovery. Biotechniques 2005; 39:S26-32. [PMID: 20158501 DOI: 10.2144/000112092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Silva
- Imaging Sciences, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139 , USA.
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31
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da Cunha EFF, Ramalho TC, Maia ER, de Alencastro RB. The search for new DHFR inhibitors: a review of patents, January 2001 – February 2005. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.15.8.967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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32
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Pien HH, Fischman AJ, Thrall JH, Sorensen AG. Using imaging biomarkers to accelerate drug development and clinical trials. Drug Discov Today 2005; 10:259-66. [PMID: 15708744 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(04)03334-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that human medical imaging can help answer key questions that arise during the drug development process. Imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography and positron emission tomography can offer significant insights into the bioactivity, pharmacokinetics and dosing of drugs, in addition to supporting registration applications. In this review, examples from oncology, neurology, psychiatry, infectious diseases and inflammatory diseases are used to illustrate the role imaging can play. We conclude with some remarks concerning new developments that will be required to significantly advance the field of pharmaco-imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homer H Pien
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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33
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Rudin M, Beckmann N, Rausch M. Evaluation of drug candidates: efficacy readouts during lead optimization. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2005; 62:185-255. [PMID: 16329258 DOI: 10.1007/3-7643-7426-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rudin
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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34
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Thomas CD, Chenu E, Walczak C, Plessis MJ, Perin F, Volk A. Relationship between tumour growth rate and carbogen-based functional MRI for a chemically induced HCC in mice. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2004; 17:271-80. [PMID: 15614512 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-004-0087-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2004] [Revised: 10/29/2004] [Accepted: 11/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously performed MRI studies of HCC (hepatocellular carcinomas) in mice showing the feasibility of measuring a carbogen effect. In the present study carbogen response of the whole tumour was compared with growth characteristics during longitudinal follow-up. HCC were chemically induced. The imaging protocol at 4.7 T comprised a fast spin-echo sequence for high-resolution screening and measurement of growth curves, and a fast gradient echo sequence allowing an entire T2*w image acquisition per respiratory cycle to perform fMRI under carbogen breathing. A new parameter, T+, the fraction of tumour voxels with increased intensity under carbogen was measured on manually defined ROIs. Twenty-two HCC were followed for 3-10 weeks. Tumours were divided into two groups, "regularly" and "irregularly" growing tumours. A linear correlation between T+ and tumour growth rate was observed only for "regularly" growing HCC. These results suggest a link between tumour growth rates and tumour fractions exhibiting signal increase upon carbogen breathing. They are compatible with observations by others that rapidly growing tumours are more hypoxic than slowly growing ones. Combined measurement of T+ and tumour growth may become a useful noninvasive follow-up approach for assessment and/or management of therapies involving vasculature-targeting and anti-proliferative drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Thomas
- INSERM--Curie Institute--Research, Centre Universitaire, Bâtiment 112, 91405, Orsay cedex, France.
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35
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Giannesini B, Cozzone PJ, Bendahan D. In vivo MR investigation of skeletal muscle function in small animals. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2004; 17:210-8. [PMID: 15592946 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-004-0080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Revised: 10/26/2004] [Accepted: 10/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In vivo 31P-MRS investigations have been widely used in small animals to study skeletal muscle function under normal and pathological conditions. Paradoxically in these studies, the benefit provided by 31P-MRS in terms of non-invasiveness is lost because of the utilization of experimental setups that integrate invasive devices for inducing muscle contractions and for measuring mechanical performance. These traditional methodologies, which require surgical preparations, have obvious limitations regarding repeatability in the same animal. The purpose of this review is to highlight the technical aspects of the in vivo MR investigations of skeletal muscle function in small animal models. We will more particularly address the issue related to the invasiveness of different procedures used so far in order to show finally that a further step into non-invasiveness can be achieved, in particular with the support of muscle functional 1H-MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Giannesini
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), UMR CNRS 6612, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise van der Weerd
- RCS Unit of Biophysics, Intitute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
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37
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Hildebrandt IJ, Gambhir SS. Molecular imaging applications for immunology. Clin Immunol 2004; 111:210-24. [PMID: 15137954 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2003.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of multimodality molecular imaging has recently facilitated the study of molecular and cellular events in living subjects in a noninvasive and repetitive manner to improve the diagnostic capability of traditional assays. The noninvasive imaging modalities utilized for both small animal and human imaging include positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and computed tomography (CT). Techniques specific to small-animal imaging include bioluminescent imaging (BIm) and fluorescent imaging (FIm). Molecular imaging permits the study of events within cells, the examination of cell trafficking patterns that relate to inflammatory diseases and metastases, and the ability to rapidly screen new drug treatments for distribution and effectiveness. In this paper, we will review the current field of molecular imaging assays (especially those utilizing PET and BIm modalities) and examine how they might impact animal models and human disease in the field of clinical immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Junie Hildebrandt
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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38
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Abstract
In spite of the fact that Group 13 metal ions (Al(3+), Ga(3+), In(3+) and Tl(+/3+)) show no main biological role, they are NMR-active nuclides which can be used in magnetic resonance spectroscopy of biologically relevant systems. The fact that these metal ions are quadrupolar (with the exception of thallium) means that they are particularly sensitive to ligand type and coordination geometry. The line width of the NMR signals of their complexes shows a strong dependence on the symmetry of coordination, which constitutes an effective tool in the elucidation of structures. Here we report published NMR studies of this family of elements, applied to systems of biological importance. Special emphasis is given to binding studies of these cations to biological molecules, such as proteins, and to chelating agents of radiopharmaceutical interest. The possibility of in vivo NMR studies is also stressed, with extension to (27)Al-based MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P André
- Centro de Química, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710, Braga, Portugal.
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39
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Rudin M, Allegrini P, Beckmann N, Gremlich HU, Kneuer R, Laurent D, Rausch M, Stoeckli M. Noninvasive imaging in drug discovery and development. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2004:47-75. [PMID: 15248516 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-07310-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Rudin
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Analytical and Imaging Sciences Unit, Basel, Switzerland.
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40
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Beckmann N, Laurent D, Tigani B, Panizzutti R, Rudin M. Magnetic resonance imaging in drug discovery: lessons from disease areas. Drug Discov Today 2004; 9:35-42. [PMID: 14761804 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(04)02943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Imaging technologies are presently receiving considerable attention in the pharmaceutical area owing to their potential to accelerate the drug discovery and development process. One of the principal imaging modalities is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The multiparametric nature of MRI enables anatomical, functional and even molecular information to be obtained non-invasively from intact organisms at high spatial resolution, thereby enabling a comprehensive characterization of a disease state and the corresponding drug intervention. The non-invasiveness of MRI strengthens the link between pre-clinical and clinical drug studies, making the technique attractive for pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolau Beckmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Discovery Technologies, Analytics and Imaging Sciences Unit, Lichstr. 35, WSJ-386.209, CH-4002 Basel Switzerland.
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41
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Rudin M, Beckmann N, Rausch M. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Biomedical Research: Imaging of Drugs and Drug Effects. Methods Enzymol 2004; 385:240-56. [PMID: 15130743 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(04)85014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rudin
- Analytical and Imaging Sciences Unit, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
This review gives an overview of the application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in experimental models of brain disorders. MRI is a noninvasive and versatile imaging modality that allows longitudinal and three-dimensional assessment of tissue morphology, metabolism, physiology, and function. MRI can be sensitized to proton density, T1, T2, susceptibility contrast, magnetization transfer, diffusion, perfusion, and flow. The combination of different MRI approaches (e.g., diffusion-weighted MRI, perfusion MRI, functional MRI, cell-specific MRI, and molecular MRI) allows in vivo multiparametric assessment of the pathophysiology, recovery mechanisms, and treatment strategies in experimental models of stroke, brain tumors, multiple sclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, and other brain disorders. This report reviews established MRI methods as well as promising developments in MRI research that have advanced and continue to improve our understanding of neurologic diseases and that are believed to contribute to the development of recovery improving strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick M Dijkhuizen
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Pérez de Alejo R, Ruiz-Cabello J, Cortijo M, Rodriguez I, Echave I, Regadera J, Arrazola J, Avilés P, Barreiro P, Gargallo D, Graña M. Computer-assisted enhanced volumetric segmentation magnetic resonance imaging data using a mixture of artificial neural networks. Magn Reson Imaging 2003; 21:901-12. [PMID: 14599541 DOI: 10.1016/s0730-725x(03)00193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An accurate computer-assisted method able to perform regional segmentation on 3D single modality images and measure its volume is designed using a mixture of unsupervised and supervised artificial neural networks. Firstly, an unsupervised artificial neural network is used to estimate representative textures that appear in the images. The region of interest of the resultant images is selected by means of a multi-layer perceptron after a training using a single sample slice, which contains a central portion of the 3D region of interest. The method was applied to magnetic resonance imaging data collected from an experimental acute inflammatory model (T(2) weighted) and from a clinical study of human Alzheimer's disease (T(1) weighted) to evaluate the proposed method. In the first case, a high correlation and parallelism was registered between the volumetric measurements, of the injured and healthy tissue, by the proposed method with respect to the manual measurements (r = 0.82 and p < 0.05) and to the histopathological studies (r = 0.87 and p < 0.05). The method was also applied to the clinical studies, and similar results were derived of the manual and semi-automatic volumetric measurement of both hippocampus and the corpus callosum (0.95 and 0.88).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigoberto Pérez de Alejo
- Unidad de RMN & Departamento de Físico-Química II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Beckmann N, Tigani B, Mazzoni L, Fozard JR. Techniques: Magnetic resonance imaging of the lung provides potential for non-invasive preclinical evaluation of drugs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2003; 24:550-4. [PMID: 14559408 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2003.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolau Beckmann
- Discovery Technologies Center, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Lichtstrasse 35, WSJ-386.2.09, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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45
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Paturneau-Jouas M, Parzy E, Vidal G, Carlier PG, Wary C, Vilquin JT, de Kerviler E, Schwartz K, Leroy-Willig A. Electrotransfer at MR imaging: tool for optimization of gene transfer protocols--feasibility study in mice. Radiology 2003; 228:768-75. [PMID: 12881580 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2283020482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test, by using an electrotransfer protocol for the transfection of skeletal muscle with naked plasmid complementary DNA, whether in vivo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can help delineate either the spatial extent of the electric field when contrast agent is injected intraperitoneally or the transfection area when contrast agent is injected locally. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three groups of five mice each were examined at 4 T. Gadopentetate dimeglumine was injected intraperitoneally before electroporation in group 1 and after electroporation in group 2. In group 3, gadopentetate dimeglumine was coinjected in situ with plasmid pCMV-beta Gal in the gastrocnemius muscle before electroporation. MR imaging and muscle preparation for histologic examination were performed 3 days later. On T1-weighted images, increase of muscle signal intensity was determined in regions of interest (ROIs) of treated legs and compared with contralateral ROIs. Comparison of signal intensity increase between groups 1 and 2 was performed with Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS In groups 1 and 3, T1-weighted images of treated muscle showed zones of strongly increased signal intensity. In corresponding ROIs of groups 1, 2, and 3, the mean T1-weighted signal intensity increase at day 3 was 1.64 +/- 0.20 (SD), 1.16 +/- 0.06, and 1.58 +/- 0.17, respectively. The difference between groups 1 and 2 (ie, gadopentetate dimeglumine injected before and after electrotransfer) was significant (P <.001) both without and with correction for T2 variation (1.47 +/- 0.19 and 1.04 +/- 0.09, respectively). In group 3, after in situ coinjection of gadopentetate dimeglumine and plasmid, the area of increased signal intensity revealed at ex vivo MR imaging of the muscle showed a reasonable concordance with the transfected area revealed with beta-galactosidase on histologic sections. CONCLUSION In vivo and ex vivo results indicate that atraumatic visualization of the permeabilized and transfected area is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Paturneau-Jouas
- INSERM U 582, Institut de Myologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris, France
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46
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Leroy-Willig A, Fromes Y, Paturneau-Jouas M, Carlier P. Assessing gene and cell therapies applied in striated skeletal and cardiac muscle: is there a role for nuclear magnetic resonance? Neuromuscul Disord 2003; 13:397-407. [PMID: 12798795 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(03)00035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gene and cell therapies convey high hopes for treatment of skeletal and heart muscle diseases. In the experimental protocols under development as well as in the first clinical trials, longitudinal control by an atraumatic procedure is needed. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), via its two modalities, imaging or spectroscopy, should play a major role both for in vivo animal and human studies, because of the great number of parameters that can be measured, sequentially or simultaneously, and because of its aptitude to monitor several steps of protocols, in particular to detect physiological modifications induced by therapies. We review here the many possible applications of nuclear magnetic resonance in gene/cell therapies where muscle is the target organ, with emphasis on the application of nuclear magnetic resonance to functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Leroy-Willig
- NMR Laboratory (AFM-CEA), Institute of Myology, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris, France.
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rudin
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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48
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Abstract
The main aim of this review is to describe some of the many animal models that have proved to be valuable from a neuroimaging perspective. This paper complements other articles in this volume, with a focus on animal models of the pathology of human brain disorders for investigations with modern non-invasive neuroimaging techniques. The use of animal model systems forms a fundamental part of neuroscience research efforts to improve the prevention, diagnosis, understanding and treatment of neurological conditions. Without such models it would be impossible to investigate such topics as the underlying mechanisms of neuronal cell damage and death, or to screen compounds for possible anticonvulsant properties. The adequacy of any one particular model depends on the suitability of information gained during experimental conditions. It is important, therefore, to understand the various types of animal model available and choose an appropriate model for the research question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Lythgoe
- RCS Unit of Biophysics, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
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Benveniste H, Blackband S. MR microscopy and high resolution small animal MRI: applications in neuroscience research. Prog Neurobiol 2002; 67:393-420. [PMID: 12234501 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0082(02)00020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The application of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in the study of human disease using small animals has steadily evolved over the past two decades and strongly established the fields of "small animal MR imaging" and "MR microscopy." An increasing number of neuroscience related investigations now implement MR microscopy in their experiments. Research areas of growth pertaining to MR microscopy studies are focused on (1). phenotyping of genetically engineered mice models of human neurological diseases and (2). rodent brain atlases. MR microscopy can be performed in vitro on tissue specimens, ex vivo on brain slice preparations and in vivo (typically on rodents). Like most new imaging technologies, MR microscopy is technologically demanding and requires broad expertise. Uniform guidelines or "standards" of a given MR microscopy experiment are non-existent. The main focus therefore of this review will be on biological applications of MR microscopy and the experimental requirements. We also take a critical look at the biological information that small animal (rodent) MR imaging has provided in neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Benveniste
- Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 490, 30 Bell Avenue, Upton, NY 11793, USA.
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Reese T, Bochelen D, Baumann D, Rausch M, Sauter A, Rudin M. Impaired functionality of reperfused brain tissue following short transient focal ischemia in rats. Magn Reson Imaging 2002; 20:447-54. [PMID: 12361791 DOI: 10.1016/s0730-725x(02)00523-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been applied to study the consequences of transient focal ischemia on neuronal excitability in the rat brain. The experimental paradigm consisted of measuring the changes in local cerebral blood volume (CBV) induced by systemic infusion of the GABA(A) antagonist bicuculline after occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) for durations of 5, 15, 30 and 60 min using the intraluminal thread model. fMRI studies were carried out 60 min after successful reperfusion of the ischemic territory. Bicuculline-induced dynamic changes in local CBV were assessed in three brain regions: Parietal cortex, caudate putamen and thalamus. The measured CBV response was negatively correlated with the ischemia duration. Additionally, the three regions showed different vulnerability to the transient MCA occlusion, caudate being the most susceptible followed by parietal cortex and thalamus. The fMRI signals weakly correlated with basal CBF and CBV following reperfusion. Our results indicate that fMRI is a sensitive method to assess functional integrity of the brain. Activation maps allow to quantitatively assess the functionally compromized territory at an early stage following the ischemic event prior to the manifestation of pathomorphological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Reese
- Central Technologies, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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