1
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Eskiocak O, Chowdhury S, Shah V, Nnuji-John E, Chung C, Boyer JA, Harris AS, Habel J, Sadelain M, Beyaz S, Amor C. Senolytic CAR T cells reverse aging-associated defects in intestinal regeneration and fitness. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.19.585779. [PMID: 38529506 PMCID: PMC10962734 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.19.585779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) drive the rapid regeneration of the gut epithelium to maintain organismal homeostasis. Aging, however, significantly reduces intestinal regenerative capacity. While cellular senescence is a key feature of the aging process, little is known about the in vivo effects of senescent cells on intestinal fitness. Here, we identify the accumulation of senescent cells in the aging gut and, by harnessing senolytic CAR T cells to eliminate them, we uncover their detrimental impact on epithelial integrity and overall intestinal homeostasis in natural aging, injury and colitis. Ablation of intestinal senescent cells with senolytic CAR T cells in vivo or in vitro is sufficient to promote the regenerative potential of aged ISCs. This intervention improves epithelial integrity and mucosal immune function. Overall, these results highlight the ability of senolytic CAR T cells to rejuvenate the intestinal niche and demonstrate the potential of targeted cell therapies to promote tissue regeneration in aging organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Eskiocak
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University; NY, USA
| | | | - Vyom Shah
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Emmanuella Nnuji-John
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Charlie Chung
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Jacob A. Boyer
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University; Princeton, NJ, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton Branch, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Jill Habel
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Michel Sadelain
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Semir Beyaz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Corina Amor
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
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2
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Omrani O, Krepelova A, Rasa SMM, Sirvinskas D, Lu J, Annunziata F, Garside G, Bajwa S, Reinhardt S, Adam L, Käppel S, Ducano N, Donna D, Ori A, Oliviero S, Rudolph KL, Neri F. IFNγ-Stat1 axis drives aging-associated loss of intestinal tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6109. [PMID: 37777550 PMCID: PMC10542816 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41683-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of aging on intestinal stem cells and their niche can explain underlying causes for perturbation in their function observed during aging. Molecular mechanisms for such a decrease in the functionality of intestinal stem cells during aging remain largely undetermined. Using transcriptome-wide approaches, our study demonstrates that aging intestinal stem cells strongly upregulate antigen presenting pathway genes and over-express secretory lineage marker genes resulting in lineage skewed differentiation into the secretory lineage and strong upregulation of MHC class II antigens in the aged intestinal epithelium. Mechanistically, we identified an increase in proinflammatory cells in the lamina propria as the main source of elevated interferon gamma (IFNγ) in the aged intestine, that leads to the induction of Stat1 activity in intestinal stem cells thus priming the aberrant differentiation and elevated antigen presentation in epithelial cells. Of note, systemic inhibition of IFNγ-signaling completely reverses these aging phenotypes and reinstalls regenerative capacity of the aged intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Omrani
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Krepelova
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Dovydas Sirvinskas
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Jing Lu
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | | | - George Garside
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Seerat Bajwa
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Susanne Reinhardt
- Dresden-concept Genome Center, c/o Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Lisa Adam
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Käppel
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Nadia Ducano
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Donna
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ori
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Salvatore Oliviero
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Neri
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany.
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.
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3
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Hageb A, Thalheim T, Nattamai KJ, Möhrle B, Saçma M, Sakk V, Thielecke L, Cornils K, Grandy C, Port F, Gottschalk KE, Mallm JP, Glauche I, Galle J, Mulaw MA, Geiger H. Reduced adhesion of aged intestinal stem cells contributes to an accelerated clonal drift. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/8/e202201408. [PMID: 35487692 PMCID: PMC9057243 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of clonal dynamics of intestinal stem cells supports an accelerated clonal drift upon aging, likely because of reduced adhesion of aged ISCs because of reduced canonical Wnt signaling. Upon aging, the function of the intestinal epithelium declines with a concomitant increase in aging-related diseases. ISCs play an important role in this process. It is known that ISC clonal dynamics follow a neutral drift model. However, it is not clear whether the drift model is still valid in aged ISCs. Tracking of clonal dynamics by clonal tracing revealed that aged crypts drift into monoclonality substantially faster than young ones. However, ISC tracing experiments, in vivo and ex vivo, implied a similar clonal expansion ability of both young and aged ISCs. Single-cell RNA sequencing for 1,920 high Lgr5 ISCs from young and aged mice revealed increased heterogeneity among subgroups of aged ISCs. Genes associated with cell adhesion were down-regulated in aged ISCs. ISCs of aged mice indeed show weaker adhesion to the matrix. Simulations applying a single cell–based model of the small intestinal crypt demonstrated an accelerated clonal drift at reduced adhesion strength, implying a central role for reduced adhesion for affecting clonal dynamics upon aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hageb
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Torsten Thalheim
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kalpana J Nattamai
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bettina Möhrle
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mehmet Saçma
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Vadim Sakk
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lars Thielecke
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kerstin Cornils
- Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Grandy
- Institute for Experimental Physics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Fabian Port
- Institute for Experimental Physics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kay-E Gottschalk
- Institute for Experimental Physics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan-Philipp Mallm
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingmar Glauche
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jörg Galle
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Medhanie A Mulaw
- Central Unit Single Cell Sequencing, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hartmut Geiger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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4
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Larrick JW, Mendelsohn AR. Roads to the Fountain of Youth? Rejuvenating Intestinal Stem Cells. Rejuvenation Res 2020; 22:342-347. [PMID: 31364468 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2019.2251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal stem cells (ISCs) of old mice and humans exhibit a reduced capacity for regeneration and repair. Compromised intestinal function may play a key role in systemic aging-related changes: not only in the affected gut, but also in the nervous and cardiovascular systems. For example, progression of age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's has been linked to increased inflammation from gut microbiota in old mammals, which, in turn, may be linked bidirectionally with reduced ISC function. Intestinal organoid formation has been used to dissect the mechanisms of decline of ISC function. Alterations of the Wnt pathway, including downregulation of Wnt ligands in ISCs and upregulation of Wnt ligand inhibitor Notum in Paneth cells, and dysregulation of mTORC1 contribute to the observed age-related decline. Short-term fasting, caloric restriction, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonists have been reported to increase ISC function in adult mice. Moreover, the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, NAD+ precursor nicotinamide riboside, and ABC99, a small molecule Notum inhibitor, have all been reported to rejuvenate ISC function in old mice and thus may have promise in humans. However, there is some controversy over the key mechanisms involved in loss of function of ISCs, which likely results, in part, from differences in how the in vitro organoid assays are performed. Moreover, how the microbiome modulates the function of ISCs and vice versa remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Larrick
- 1Panorama Research Institute, Sunnyvale, California.,2Regenerative Sciences Institute, Sunnyvale, California
| | - Andrew R Mendelsohn
- 1Panorama Research Institute, Sunnyvale, California.,2Regenerative Sciences Institute, Sunnyvale, California
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5
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Xing PY, Pettersson S, Kundu P. Microbial Metabolites and Intestinal Stem Cells Tune Intestinal Homeostasis. Proteomics 2020; 20:e1800419. [PMID: 31994831 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms that colonize the gastrointestinal tract, collectively known as the gut microbiota, are known to produce small molecules and metabolites that significantly contribute to host intestinal development, functions, and homeostasis. Emerging insights from microbiome research reveal that gut microbiota-derived signals and molecules influence another key player maintaining intestinal homeostasis-the intestinal stem cell niche, which regulates epithelial self-renewal. In this review, the literature on gut microbiota-host crosstalk is surveyed, highlighting the effects of gut microbial metabolites on intestinal stem cells. The production of various classes of metabolites, their actions on intestinal stem cells are discussed and, finally, how the production and function of metabolites are modulated by aging and dietary intake is commented upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Yuli Xing
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.,Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, South Spine, Level B3, Block S2-B3a, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Sven Pettersson
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, SE, 17 177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Parag Kundu
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.,The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Laboratory for Microbiota-Host Interactions, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Life Science Research Building, Shanghai, 200031, China
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6
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Fasting Activates Fatty Acid Oxidation to Enhance Intestinal Stem Cell Function during Homeostasis and Aging. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 22:769-778.e4. [PMID: 29727683 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diet has a profound effect on tissue regeneration in diverse organisms, and low caloric states such as intermittent fasting have beneficial effects on organismal health and age-associated loss of tissue function. The role of adult stem and progenitor cells in responding to short-term fasting and whether such responses improve regeneration are not well studied. Here we show that a 24 hr fast augments intestinal stem cell (ISC) function in young and aged mice by inducing a fatty acid oxidation (FAO) program and that pharmacological activation of this program mimics many effects of fasting. Acute genetic disruption of Cpt1a, the rate-limiting enzyme in FAO, abrogates ISC-enhancing effects of fasting, but long-term Cpt1a deletion decreases ISC numbers and function, implicating a role for FAO in ISC maintenance. These findings highlight a role for FAO in mediating pro-regenerative effects of fasting in intestinal biology, and they may represent a viable strategy for enhancing intestinal regeneration.
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7
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Pentinmikko N, Iqbal S, Mana M, Andersson S, Cognetta AB, Suciu RM, Roper J, Luopajärvi K, Markelin E, Gopalakrishnan S, Smolander OP, Naranjo S, Saarinen T, Juuti A, Pietiläinen K, Auvinen P, Ristimäki A, Gupta N, Tammela T, Jacks T, Sabatini DM, Cravatt BF, Yilmaz ÖH, Katajisto P. Notum produced by Paneth cells attenuates regeneration of aged intestinal epithelium. Nature 2019; 571:398-402. [PMID: 31292548 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A decline in stem cell function impairs tissue regeneration during ageing, but the role of the stem-cell-supporting niche in ageing is not well understood. The small intestine is maintained by actively cycling intestinal stem cells that are regulated by the Paneth cell niche1,2. Here we show that the regenerative potential of human and mouse intestinal epithelium diminishes with age owing to defects in both stem cells and their niche. The functional decline was caused by a decrease in stemness-maintaining Wnt signalling due to production of Notum, an extracellular Wnt inhibitor, in aged Paneth cells. Mechanistically, high activity of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in aged Paneth cells inhibits activity of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPAR-α)3, and lowered PPAR-α activity increased Notum expression. Genetic targeting of Notum or Wnt supplementation restored function of aged intestinal organoids. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of Notum in mice enhanced the regenerative capacity of aged stem cells and promoted recovery from chemotherapy-induced damage. Our results reveal a role of the stem cell niche in ageing and demonstrate that targeting of Notum can promote regeneration of aged tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalle Pentinmikko
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sharif Iqbal
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miyeko Mana
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Simon Andersson
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Armand B Cognetta
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Radu M Suciu
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jatin Roper
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kalle Luopajärvi
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eino Markelin
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Santiago Naranjo
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tuure Saarinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Juuti
- Abdominal Center, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Ristimäki
- Department of Pathology, Research Programs Unit and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nitin Gupta
- Atlanta Gastroenterology Associates, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tuomas Tammela
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tyler Jacks
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David M Sabatini
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ömer H Yilmaz
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pekka Katajisto
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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8
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Abstract
Intestinal homeostasis and regeneration are driven by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) lying in the crypt. In addition to the actively cycling ISCs that maintain daily homeostasis, accumulating evidence supports the existence of other pools of stem/progenitor cells with the capacity to repair damaged tissue and facilitate rapid restoration of intestinal integrity after injuries. Appropriate control of ISCs and other populations of intestinal epithelial cells with stem cell activity is essential for intestinal homeostasis and regeneration while their deregulation is implicated in colorectal tumorigenesis. In this review, we will summarize the recent findings about ISC identity and cellular plasticity in intestine, discuss regulatory mechanisms that control ISCs for intestinal homeostasis and regeneration, and put a particular emphasis on extrinsic niche-derived signaling and intrinsic epigenetic regulation. Moreover, we highlight several fundamental questions about the precise mechanisms conferring robust capacity for intestine to maintain physiological homeostasis and repair injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqing Hu
- Department of Cell Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Heping, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Heping, Tianjin, China
| | - Han Yan
- Department of Cell Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Heping, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi C He
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, USA
| | - Linheng Li
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, China
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9
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Moorefield EC, Andres SF, Blue RE, Van Landeghem L, Mah AT, Santoro MA, Ding S. Aging effects on intestinal homeostasis associated with expansion and dysfunction of intestinal epithelial stem cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2018; 9:1898-1915. [PMID: 28854151 PMCID: PMC5611984 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial stem cells (IESCs) are critical to maintain intestinal epithelial function and homeostasis. We tested the hypothesis that aging promotes IESC dysfunction using old (18-22 months) and young (2-4 month) Sox9-EGFP IESC reporter mice. Different levels of Sox9-EGFP permit analyses of active IESC (Sox9-EGFPLow), activatable reserve IESC and enteroendocrine cells (Sox9-EGFPHigh), Sox9-EGFPSublow progenitors, and Sox9-EGFPNegative differentiated lineages. Crypt-villus morphology, cellular composition and apoptosis were measured by histology. IESC function was assessed by crypt culture, and proliferation by flow cytometry and histology. Main findings were confirmed in Lgr5-EGFP and Lgr5-LacZ mice. Aging-associated gene expression changes were analyzed by Fluidigm mRNA profiling. Crypts culture from old mice yielded fewer and less complex enteroids. Histology revealed increased villus height and Paneth cells per crypt in old mice. Old mice showed increased numbers and hyperproliferation of Sox9-EGFPLow IESC and Sox9-EGFPHigh cells. Cleaved caspase-3 staining demonstrated increased apoptotic cells in crypts and villi of old mice. Gene expression profiling revealed aging-associated changes in mRNAs associated with cell cycle, oxidative stress and apoptosis specifically in IESC. These findings provide new, direct evidence for aging associated IESC dysfunction, and define potential biomarkers and targets for translational studies to assess and maintain IESC function during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Moorefield
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sarah F Andres
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - R Eric Blue
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Laurianne Van Landeghem
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Amanda T Mah
- Department of Hematology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M Agostina Santoro
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shengli Ding
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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10
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Abstract
Until recently, there was broad consensus in the stem cell aging field that the phenotype of aged hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is fixed-dominated by cell-intrinsic regulatory mechanisms that cannot be altered by pharmacological or genetic means. The conventional thinking was that HSC aging could not be reverted by therapeutic intervention. This paradigm has started to shift dramatically, primarily because hallmarks of aged HSCs have been successfully reverted by distinct experimental approaches by multiple laboratories. We will discuss in this review these hallmarks of HSCs aging and the novel approaches that successfully ameliorated or even reverted aging-associated hallmarks of aged HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novella Guidi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Geiger
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Aging Research Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
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11
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Niwa O, Barcellos-Hoff MH, Globus RK, Harrison JD, Hendry JH, Jacob P, Martin MT, Seed TM, Shay JW, Story MD, Suzuki K, Yamashita S. ICRP Publication 131: Stem Cell Biology with Respect to Carcinogenesis Aspects of Radiological Protection. Ann ICRP 2016; 44:7-357. [PMID: 26637346 DOI: 10.1177/0146645315595585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This report provides a review of stem cells/progenitor cells and their responses to ionising radiation in relation to issues relevant to stochastic effects of radiation that form a major part of the International Commission on Radiological Protection's system of radiological protection. Current information on stem cell characteristics, maintenance and renewal, evolution with age, location in stem cell 'niches', and radiosensitivity to acute and protracted exposures is presented in a series of substantial reviews as annexes concerning haematopoietic tissue, mammary gland, thyroid, digestive tract, lung, skin, and bone. This foundation of knowledge of stem cells is used in the main text of the report to provide a biological insight into issues such as the linear-no-threshold (LNT) model, cancer risk among tissues, dose-rate effects, and changes in the risk of radiation carcinogenesis by age at exposure and attained age. Knowledge of the biology and associated radiation biology of stem cells and progenitor cells is more developed in tissues that renew fairly rapidly, such as haematopoietic tissue, intestinal mucosa, and epidermis, although all the tissues considered here possess stem cell populations. Important features of stem cell maintenance, renewal, and response are the microenvironmental signals operating in the niche residence, for which a well-defined spatial location has been identified in some tissues. The identity of the target cell for carcinogenesis continues to point to the more primitive stem cell population that is mostly quiescent, and hence able to accumulate the protracted sequence of mutations necessary to result in malignancy. In addition, there is some potential for daughter progenitor cells to be target cells in particular cases, such as in haematopoietic tissue and in skin. Several biological processes could contribute to protecting stem cells from mutation accumulation: (a) accurate DNA repair; (b) rapidly induced death of injured stem cells; (c) retention of the DNA parental template strand during divisions in some tissue systems, so that mutations are passed to the daughter differentiating cells and not retained in the parental cell; and (d) stem cell competition, whereby undamaged stem cells outcompete damaged stem cells for residence in the niche. DNA repair mainly occurs within a few days of irradiation, while stem cell competition requires weeks or many months depending on the tissue type. The aforementioned processes may contribute to the differences in carcinogenic radiation risk values between tissues, and may help to explain why a rapidly replicating tissue such as small intestine is less prone to such risk. The processes also provide a mechanistic insight relevant to the LNT model, and the relative and absolute risk models. The radiobiological knowledge also provides a scientific insight into discussions of the dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor currently used in radiological protection guidelines. In addition, the biological information contributes potential reasons for the age-dependent sensitivity to radiation carcinogenesis, including the effects of in-utero exposure.
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12
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Characterization of mammary epithelial stem/progenitor cells and their changes with aging in common marmosets. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32190. [PMID: 27558284 PMCID: PMC4997341 DOI: 10.1038/srep32190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is the number one risk factor for breast cancer, yet the underlying mechanisms are unexplored. Age-associated mammary stem cell (MaSC) dysfunction is thought to play an important role in breast cancer carcinogenesis. Non-human primates with their close phylogenetic relationship to humans provide a powerful model system to study the effects of aging on human MaSC. In particular, the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) with a relatively short life span is an ideal model for aging research. In the present study, we characterized for the first time the mammary epithelial stem/progenitor cells in the common marmoset. The MaSC-enriched cells formed four major types of morphologically distinct colonies when cultured on plates pre-seeded with irradiated NIH3T3 fibroblasts, and were also capable of forming mammospheres in suspension culture and subsequent formation of 3D organoids in Matrigel culture. Most importantly, these 3D organoids were found to contain stem/progenitor cells that can undergo self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. We also observed a significant decrease of luminal-restricted progenitors with age. Our findings demonstrate that common marmoset mammary stem/progenitor cells can be isolated and quantified with established in vitro and in vivo assays used for mouse and human studies.
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Sanada F, Kim J, Czarna A, Chan NYK, Signore S, Ogórek B, Isobe K, Wybieralska E, Borghetti G, Pesapane A, Sorrentino A, Mangano E, Cappetta D, Mangiaracina C, Ricciardi M, Cimini M, Ifedigbo E, Perrella MA, Goichberg P, Choi AM, Kajstura J, Hosoda T, Rota M, Anversa P, Leri A. c-Kit-positive cardiac stem cells nested in hypoxic niches are activated by stem cell factor reversing the aging myopathy. Circ Res 2013; 114:41-55. [PMID: 24170267 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.302500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Hypoxia favors stem cell quiescence, whereas normoxia is required for stem cell activation, but whether cardiac stem cell (CSC) function is regulated by the hypoxic/normoxic state of the cell is currently unknown. OBJECTIVE A balance between hypoxic and normoxic CSCs may be present in the young heart, although this homeostatic control may be disrupted with aging. Defects in tissue oxygenation occur in the old myocardium, and this phenomenon may expand the pool of hypoxic CSCs, which are no longer involved in myocyte renewal. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we show that the senescent heart is characterized by an increased number of quiescent CSCs with intact telomeres that cannot re-enter the cell cycle and form a differentiated progeny. Conversely, myocyte replacement is controlled only by frequently dividing CSCs with shortened telomeres; these CSCs generate a myocyte population that is chronologically young but phenotypically old. Telomere dysfunction dictates their actual age and mechanical behavior. However, the residual subset of quiescent young CSCs can be stimulated in situ by stem cell factor reversing the aging myopathy. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the notion that strategies targeting CSC activation and growth interfere with the manifestations of myocardial aging in an animal model. Although caution has to be exercised in the translation of animal studies to human beings, our data strongly suggest that a pool of functionally competent CSCs persists in the senescent heart and that this stem cell compartment can promote myocyte regeneration effectively, partly correcting the aging myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Sanada
- From the Departments of Anesthesia (F.S., J.K., A.M.C., N.Y.-.K.C., S.S., B.O., K.I., E.W., G.B., A.P., A.S., E.M., D.C., C.M., M. Ricciardi, M.C., P.G., J.K., T.H., M. Rota, P.A., A.L.) and Medicine (F.S., J.K., A.M.C., N.Y.-.K.C., S.S., B.O., K.I., E.W., G.B., A.P., A.S., E.M., D.C., C.M., M. Ricciardi, M.C., E.I., M.A.P., P.G., J.K., T.H., M. Rota, P.A., A.L.), and Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., J.K., A.M.C., N.Y.-.K.C., S.S., B.O., K.I., E.W., G.B., A.P., A.S., E.M., D.C., C.M., M. Ricciardi, M.C., P.G., J.K., T.H., M. Rota, P.A., A.L.), Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (E.I., M.A.P., A.M.C.), and Newborn Medicine (M.A.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) continuously provide mature blood cells during the lifespan of a mammal. The functional decline in hematopoiesis in the elderly, which involves a progressive reduction in the immune response and an increased incidence of myeloid malignancy, is partly linked to HSC aging. Molecular mechanisms of HSC aging remain unclear, hindering rational approaches to slow or reverse the decline of HSC function with age. Identifying conditions under which aged HSCs become equivalent to young stem cells might result in treatments for age-associated imbalances in lymphopoiesis and myelopoiesis and in blood regeneration. RECENT FINDINGS Aging of HSCs has been for a long time thought to be an irreversible process imprinted in stem cells due to the intrinsic nature of HSC aging. Mouse model studies have found that aging is associated with elevated activity of the Rho GTPase Cdc42 in HSCs that is causative for loss of polarity, altered epigenetic modifications and functional deficits of aged HSCs. The work suggests that inhibition of Cdc42 activity in aged HSCs may reverse a number of phenotypes associated with HSC aging. SUMMARY Maintaining the regenerative capacity of organs or organ systems may be a useful way to ensure healthy aging. A defined set of features phenotypically separate young from aged HSCs. Aging of HSCs has been thought to be irreversible. Recent findings support the hypothesis that functional decline of aged HSCs may be reversible by pharmacological intervention of age altered signaling pathways and epigenetic modifications.
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Zhang Y, Huang X. Investigation of doublecortin and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-like-1-expressing cells in the mouse stomach. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25:576-82. [PMID: 20074165 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS For lack of a definite stem cell marker, there is limited knowledge of the precise location and fate of stem cells after injury. Doublecortin and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-like-1 (DCAMKL-1) is a putative intestinal and colon stem cell marker. Our aim was to identify DCAMKL-1-expressing cells in the gastric epithelium and to analyze the fate of DCAMKL-1-expressing cells during gastric mucosal injury and repair. METHODS Acidified ethanol was administered to wild-type mice. DCAMKL-1 expression were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. RESULTS There were some DCAMKL-1-expressing cells in normal mouse stomachs. All the cells were located in the gastric isthmus region. All DCAMKL-1-expressing cells were double stained with Dolichos biflorus lectin-expressing parietal cells and Musashi-1-expressing cells. The DCAMKL-1 antigen expression decreased 12 h after injury and gradually increased to normal 4 d after injury. CONCLUSION Using DCAMKL-1 as a marker for stomach stem cells, we could describe the expression pattern of stomach stem cells during mucosal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China.
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Borrás C, Stvolinsky S, López-Grueso R, Fedorova T, Gambini J, Boldyrev A, Viña J. Low in vivo brain glucose consumption and high oxidative stress in accelerated aging. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:2287-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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The drug monosodium luminol (GVT) preserves crypt-villus epithelial organization and allows survival of intestinal T cells in mice infected with the ts1 retrovirus. Immunol Lett 2009; 122:150-8. [PMID: 19186189 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Of the cytopathic retroviruses that affect mammals, including HIV-1, many selectively infect CD4+ T cells and cause immunosuppressive syndromes. These diseases destroy both the thymus and the small and large intestines, after infecting and killing T-lineage cells in both tissues. A mutant of the murine leukemia retrovirus MoMuLV-TB, called ts1, causes this syndrome in susceptible strains of mice. In FVB/N strain mice that are infected at birth, thymic atrophy, CD4+ T cell loss, intestinal collapse, body wasting, and death occur by approximately 30-40 days postinfection (dpi). Apoptosis of ts1-infected T-lineage cells, in the thymus, peripheral lymphoid system and intestines is caused by accumulation of the ts1 mutant viral envelope preprotein gPr80(env), which is inefficiently cleaved into the mature viral proteins gp70 and PrP15E. We show here that ts1 infection in the small intestine is followed by loss of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and cell cycling gradients (along the crypt-villus axes), accumulation of gPr80(env) in intestinal cells, apoptosis of developing T cells in the lamina propria (LP), and intestinal collapse by approximately 30 dpi. In infected mice treated with the antioxidant drug monosodium luminol (GVT), however, normal intestinal epithelial cell gradients are still in place at 30 dpi, and IECs covering both the crypts and villi contain large amounts of the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2. In addition, no apoptotic cells are present, and accumulated gpr80(env) is absent from the tissue at this time. We conclude that GVT treatment can make ts1 a noncytopathic virus for intestinal lymphoid cells, as it does for thymocytes [25]. As in the thymus, GVT may protect the intestine by reducing oxidant stress in infected intestinal T cells, perhaps by prevention of gPr80(env) accumulation via Nrf2 upregulation in the IECs. These results identify GVT as a potential therapy for intestinal diseases or inflammatory conditions, including HIV-AIDS, in which oxidative stress is a triggering or exacerbating factor.
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Bickenbach JR, Stern MM. Plasticity of epidermal stem cells: survival in various environments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 1:71-7. [PMID: 17132878 DOI: 10.1385/scr:1:1:071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The keratinocyte cell compartment in the continuously renewing epidermis of the skin is maintained by undifferentiated, self-renewing stem cells. We show that a small subpopulation of epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) have the capacity to integrate into multiple tissues. These EpiSCs can change their phenotype in direct response of changes in cytokines in vitro, changes in cocultured cells, after injection into damaged environments in vivo. These changes appear to be unrelated to the age of the EpiSC. Even though we can isolate these cells and show that the age of thses cells appears to be irrelevant to this multipotent function, we still do not know how such cells are defined within a tissue or what the life span of a multipotent stem cell is.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie R Bickenbach
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Wodarz D. Effect of stem cell turnover rates on protection against cancer and aging. J Theor Biol 2006; 245:449-58. [PMID: 17178130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Revised: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue stem cells are responsible for replenishing and maintaining a population of cells which make up a functioning organ. They divide by asymmetric cell division where one daughter remains a stem cell while the other daughter becomes a transit cell, which divides a defined number of times and differentiates. A fully differentiated cell has a finite life-span. A tissue can be maintained by various strategies. Stem cells can divide often and differentiated cells die often (fast turnover). Alternatively, stem cells can divide infrequently, and the differentiated cells are long lived (slow turnover). Genetic alterations and mutations can interfere with tissue homoeostasis. Mutations can induce senescence and apoptosis, and this can result in a reduction of the number of functioning tissue cells which could correlate with tissue aging. Alternatively, mutations can result in the carcinogenic transformation of cells and the formation of a tumour. Using mathematical models, I find that the cellular turnover rate affects the ability of genetic alterations to induce aging and the development of cancer. If mutations occur as a result of errors during cell division, the model suggests that a low cellular turnover rate protects both against aging and the development of cancer. On the other hand, if mutations occur independent from cell division (e.g. if DNA is hit by damaging agents), I find that a high cellular turnover rate protects against aging, while it promotes the development of cancer. Implications for optimal tissue design are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wodarz
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, 321 Steinhaus Hall, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Mandir N, FitzGerald AJ, Goodlad RA. Differences in the effects of age on intestinal proliferation, crypt fission and apoptosis on the small intestine and the colon of the rat. Int J Exp Pathol 2005; 86:125-30. [PMID: 15810984 PMCID: PMC2517404 DOI: 10.1111/j.0959-9673.2005.00422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in gastrointestinal epithelial tissue mass and the development of the gut can occur through three main mechanisms, namely elevated cell production from the intestinal crypts, by raised crypt number, which occurs through the process of crypt fission or by altered apoptosis. The small bowel and the colon have various rates of these, which were studied in rats of various ages. Wistar rats were fed ad libitum, and were killed at 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 26 and 48 weeks of age. Tissue was later stained and microdissected and the number of native mitoses and apoptotic figures per crypt and the percentage of crypts in fission were determined. There was an almost linear increase in body weight from 3 to 9 weeks, followed by a more gradual rise until 18 weeks. The weight of the stomach and the small intestine reached maximum values at 9 weeks, whereas the caecum and the colon approached this at 12 weeks. Mitotic activity per crypt in the small intestine increased from 3.8 +/- 0.1 at 3 weeks to 7.8 +/- 0.4 mitoses per crypt (P < 0.001) at 9 weeks and then decreased slightly; crypt fission increased from 4.6% +/- 0.8 at 3 weeks to 8.4 +/- 0.9% at 6 weeks and then decreased gradually reaching a value of 1.5 +/- 0.4% at 48 weeks. Apoptosis also peaked at 6 weeks and was then very low. In the colon, the proliferation decreased from 4.2 +/- 0.2 mitoses per crypt in the young (3 weeks) rat and reached a plateau by 9 weeks (2.5 +/- 0.1 mitoses per crypt, P < 0.001). Crypt fission also declined rapidly in the first 9 weeks (from 67.6 +/- 4.2 to 23.1 +/- 4.6%, P < 0.01) and then continued to decline, although at a lower rate. The crypt fission index at 48 weeks was 9.8 +/- 1.0. Apoptosis in the colon persisted throughout the duration of the study, 0.19 +/- 0.06 apoptotic bodies per crypt were seen at week 48. The development of the small intestine is more dependent on cell proliferation, whereas in the colon crypt fission is far more predominant, with the colon having fission indices approximately six times greater than those of the small intestine. Proliferative activity in the colon was approximately half that of the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Mandir
- Histopathology Department, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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Mammen JMV, Song JC, Yoo J, Kim PS, Davis HW, Calvo MI, Worrell RT, Matlin KS, Matthews JB. Differential subcellular targeting of PKC-epsilon in response to pharmacological or ischemic stimuli in intestinal epithelia. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 288:G135-42. [PMID: 15358594 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00139.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia is the central pathogenic factor underlying a spectrum of intestinal disorders. The study of the cellular signaling responses to ischemic stress in nonepithelial cells has progressed substantially in the previous several years, but little is known about the response in epithelial cells. Unique features of the epithelial response to ischemic stress suggest differential regulation with regards to signaling. The PKC family of proteins has been implicated in ischemic stress in nonepithelial systems. The role of PKC isoforms in chemical ischemia in intestinal epithelial cells is evaluated in this study. Additionally, the phosphorylation of the F-actin cross-linking protein myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) is also studied. Chemical ischemia resulted in the transient activation of only the isoform PKC-epsilon as detected by translocation employing the subcellular fractionation technique. The pharmacological agonists phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and carbachol also led to the translocation of PKC-epsilon. By immunofluoresence, MARCKS is noted to be located at the lateral membrane under control conditions. In response to carbachol, MARCKS translocates to the cytosol, indicating its phosphorylation, which is additionally confirmed biochemically. Consistent with this observation, carbachol induces the translocation of PKC-epsilon to proximity with MARCKS at the lateral membrane. In response to chemical ischemia, MARCKS fails to translocate and phosphorylation does not increase. Additionally, the translocation of PKC-epsilon is not to the lateral membrane but rather basally. The data suggest that the differential translocation of PKC-epsilon in response to pharmacological agonists versus ischemic stress may lead to different effects on downstream targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M V Mammen
- Epithelial Pathobiology Research Group, Dept. of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, PO Box 670558, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0558, USA
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Potten CS. Radiation, the ideal cytotoxic agent for studying the cell biology of tissues such as the small intestine. Radiat Res 2004; 161:123-36. [PMID: 14731078 DOI: 10.1667/rr3104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial tissues are highly polarized, with the proliferative compartment subdivided into units of proliferation in many instances. My interests have been in trying to understand how many cellular constituents exist, what their function is, and what the intercommunicants are that ensure appropriate steady-state cell replacement rates. Radiation has proven to be a valuable tool to induce cell death, reproductive sterilization, and regenerative proliferation in these systems, the responses to which can provide information on the number of regenerative cells (a function associated with stem cells). Such studies have helped define the epidermal proliferative units and the structurally similar units on the dorsal surface of the tongue. The radiation responses considered in conjunction with a wide range of cell kinetic, lineage tracking and somatic mutation studies together with complex mathematical modeling provide insights into the functioning of the proliferative units (crypts) of the small intestine. Comparative studies have then been undertaken with the crypts in the large bowel. In the small intestine, in which cancer rarely develops, various protective mechanisms have evolved to ensure the genetic integrity of the stem cell compartment. Stem cells in the small intestinal crypts are intolerant of genotoxic damage (including that induced by very low doses of radiation); they do not undergo cell cycle arrest and repair but commit an altruistic TP53-dependent cell suicide (apoptosis). This process is compromised in the large bowel by BCL2 expression. Recent studies have suggested a second genome protection mechanism operating in the stem cells of the small intestinal crypts that may also have a TP53 dependence. Such studies have allowed the cell lineages and genome protection mechanisms operating the small intestinal crypts to be defined.
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Smith GH, Boulanger CA. Mammary stem cell repertoire: new insights in aging epithelial populations. Mech Ageing Dev 2002; 123:1505-19. [PMID: 12425957 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(02)00114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The proliferative lifespan of mammary stem cells was examined in serially transplanted clonal-dominant epithelial populations. Five successive transplant generations were done. The epithelial cell number in each outgrowth expands approximately 500-fold in nulliparous hosts and approximately 10000-fold in impregnated hosts. Despite this, all resulting mammary outgrowths showed lineal identity with the original. Growth senescence was observed in some implants beginning at the third generation in impregnated recipients. The ability of an individual implant to support ductal morphogenesis and also secretory lobule development decayed at independent rates. Individual implants from a single clonal-dominant outgrowth occasionally gave rise to markedly different ductal development within the same host indicating an epithelial cell autonomous mechanism in ductal patterning. Both premalignant and malignant populations appeared focally within the aging transplants. These populations were also lineally related to the original outgrowth supporting the conclusion that the primary growth was derived clonally from one or a few lineally related antecedents. The premalignant and malignant descendant populations no longer exhibit growth senescence suggesting that they are supported by a perpetually self-renewing progenitor. Our evidence indicates that a single mammary cell may have the capacity to self-renew through five transplant generations. Even some sixth generation implants show vigorous growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert H Smith
- Mammary Biology Group, Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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