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Kang HY, Lee JW, Papaccio F, Bellei B, Picardo M. Alterations of the pigmentation system in the aging process. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:800-813. [PMID: 34048137 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Human skin aging is a natural phenomenon that results from continuous exposure to intrinsic (time, genetic factors, hormones) as well as extrinsic factors (UV exposure, pollution, tobacco). In areas that are frequently exposed to the sun, photoaging blends with the process of intrinsic aging, resulting in an increased senescent cells number and consequently accelerating the aging process. The severity of photodamage depends on constitutional factors, including skin phototype (skin color, tanning capacity), intensity, and duration of sunlight/UV exposure. Aging affects nearly every aspect of cutaneous biology, including pigmentation. Clinically, the phenotype of age pigmented skin has a mottled, uneven color, primarily due to age spots, with or without hypopigmentation. Uneven pigmentation might be attributed to the hyperactivation of melanocytes, altered distribution of pigment, and turnover. In addition to direct damage to pigment-producing cells, photodamage alters the physiological crosstalk between keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and melanocytes responsible for natural pigmentation homeostasis. Interestingly, age-independent diffuse expression of senescence-associated markers in the dermal and epidermal compartment is also associated with vitiligo, suggesting that premature senescence plays an important role in the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Young Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jin Wook Lee
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Federica Papaccio
- Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Bellei
- Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Bellei B, Picardo M. Premature cell senescence in human skin: Dual face in chronic acquired pigmentary disorders. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 57:100981. [PMID: 31733332 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although senescence was originally described as an in vitro acquired cellular characteristic, it was recently recognized that senescence is physiologically and pathologically involved in aging and age-related diseases in vivo. The definition of cellular senescence has expanded to include the growth arrest caused by various cellular stresses, including DNA damage, inadequate mitochondria function, activated oncogene or tumor suppressor genes and oxidative stress. While senescence in normal aging involves various tissues over time and contributes to a decline in tissue function even with healthy aging, disease-induced premature senescence may be restricted to one or a few organs triggering a prolonged and more intense rate of accumulation of senescent cells than in normal aging. Organ-specific high senescence rate could lead to chronic diseases, especially in post-mitotic rich tissue. Recently, two opposite acquired pathological conditions related to skin pigmentation were described to be associated with premature senescence: vitiligo and melasma. In both cases, it was demonstrated that pathological dysfunctions are not restricted to melanocytes, the cell type responsible for melanin production and transport to surrounding keratinocytes. Similar to physiological melanogenesis, dermal and epidermal cells contribute directly and indirectly to deregulate skin pigmentation as a result of complex intercellular communication. Thus, despite senescence usually being reported as a uniform phenotype sharing the expression of characteristic markers, skin senescence involving mainly the dermal compartment and its paracrine function could be associated with the disappearance of melanocytes in vitiligo lesions and with the exacerbated activity of melanocytes in the hyperpigmentation spots of melasma. This suggests that the difference may arise in melanocyte intrinsic differences and/or in highly defined microenvironment peculiarities poorly explored at the current state of the art. A similar dualistic phenotype has been attributed to intratumoral stromal cells as cancer-associated fibroblasts presenting a senescent-like phenotype which influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. Here, we present a framework dissecting senescent-related molecular alterations shared by vitiligo and melasma patients and we also discuss disease-specific differences representing new challenges for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bellei
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center for Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center for Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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3
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Furlan A, Adameyko I. Schwann cell precursor: a neural crest cell in disguise? Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S25-S35. [PMID: 29454705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Schwann cell precursors (SCPs) are multipotent embryonic progenitors covering all developing peripheral nerves. These nerves grow and navigate with unprecedented precision, delivering SCP progenitors to almost all locations in the embryonic body. Within specific developing tissues, SCPs detach from nerves and generate neuroendocrine cells, autonomic neurons, mature Schwann cells, melanocytes and other cell types. These properties of SCPs evoke resemblances between them and their parental population, namely, neural crest cells. Neural crest cells are incredibly multipotent migratory cells that revolutionized the course of evolution in the lineage of early chordate animals. Given this similarity and recent data, it is possible to hypothesize that proto-neural crest cells are similar to SCPs spreading along the nerves. Here, we review the multipotency of SCPs, the signals that govern them, their potential therapeutic value, SCP's embryonic origin and their evolutionary connections. We dedicate this article to the memory of Wilhelm His, the father of the microtome and "Zwischenstrang", currently known as the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Furlan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724 USA
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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4
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Luo C, Pietruska JR, Sheng J, Bronson RT, Hu MG, Cui R, Hinds PW. Expression of oncogenic BRAFV600E in melanocytes induces Schwannian differentiation in vivo. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:603-6. [PMID: 26036358 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Luo
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.,Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jodie R Pietruska
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinghao Sheng
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Roderick T Bronson
- Rodent Histopathology Core, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miaofen G Hu
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rutao Cui
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip W Hinds
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.,Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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5
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Ide F, Mishima K, Yamada H, Saito I, Tanaka A, Kusama K. Neurotized nevi of the oral mucosa: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis of nevic corpuscles. J Oral Pathol Med 2007; 36:505-10. [PMID: 17686011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nevic corpuscle (NC), a stacked lamellar structure reminiscent of Meissner corpuscle, is frequently observed in dermal melanocytic nevi. Although the heading 'neurotized' is classically used for these nevi, the exact neural nature of NC has been a topic of considerable debate. Neurotized nevi have received little attention in the dental literature, and there was no information on NC in oral melanocytic nevi. METHODS Six cases of oral intramucosal nevi with a significant number of NC (two completely and four partially neurotized nevi) were examined immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally. RESULTS NC was composed of closely piled laminar cells devoid of visible melanin. NC and associated spindle nevus cells were immunopositive for S-100 protein but negative for HMB-45, myelin basic protein and epithelial membrane antigen. Within NC, no reactivity for neurofilament protein, protein gene product 9.5 or peripherin was evident. Numerous CD34-positive dendritic cells were located between nevus cells and often encircled NC. Ultrastructurally, NC consisted of concentrically layered elongated cells with a slender lamellated cytoplasm rich in thin filaments and pinocytotic vesicles. Their cytoplasmic processes were focally covered by external basal lamina and continuous to spindle nevus cells. Occasional NC cells contained a few melanosomes. There was no interposed axon in NC. CONCLUSIONS Despite the close resemblance to Meissner corpuscle, NC showed no axonal supply. NC cells lacked terminal Schwannian differentiation and appeared to be modified melanocytes with some perineurial ultrastructural characteristics. The presence of CD34-positive cells, presumably corresponding to endoneurial fibroblasts, further supports an organizational relationship of NC and peripheral nerve sheath elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ide
- Division of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Saitama, Japan.
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Claessens N, Heymans O, Arrese JE, Garcia R, Oelbrandt B, Piérard GE. Cutaneous psammomatous melanotic schwannoma: non-recurrence with surgical excision. Am J Clin Dermatol 2003; 4:799-802. [PMID: 14572301 DOI: 10.2165/00128071-200304110-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanotic schwannoma is a pigmented nerve tumor that may be located in the skin and express local aggressivity. This tumor may occur singly. It may also be part of the Carney complex which consists of various, but specific, tumors. OBJECTIVE We report two cases of subcutaneous melanotic schwannoma localized on the trunk in two men aged 37 and 45 years. METHODS Conventional histology and immunohistochemistry were performed. RESULTS One melanotic schwannoma was associated with a cutaneous atypical myxoma and multiple melanocytic lesions, all being part of the Carney complex. The other case had no associated signs. In both cases, the melanotic schwannoma was completely excised and did not recur. CONCLUSION Melanotic schwannoma is rare and curable by surgery. It must not be confused with malignant melanoma and other pigmented neoplasms. The Carney complex should be carefully ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Claessens
- Department of Dermatopathology, University Hospital Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
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Huttenbach Y, Prieto VG, Reed JA. Desmoplastic and spindle cell melanomas express protein markers of the neural crest but not of later committed stages of Schwann cell differentiation. J Cutan Pathol 2002; 29:562-8. [PMID: 12358815 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0560.2002.290909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rare desmoplastic and spindle cell variants of malignant melanoma exhibit histological and biochemical features suggestive of early Schwann cell differentiation. These features include a spindle-shaped morphology, neurotropism, and the expression of the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor (p75NGFR). METHODS We evaluated by immunohistochemistry (using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues) nine desmoplastic and three spindle cell melanomas for the expression of peripherin, p75NGFR, neural cell adhesion molecule (CD56/N-CAM), and growth-associated phosphoprotein-43 (GAP-43). Peripherin is expressed in the neural crest and in neurons, but not in cells committed to the Schwann cell lineage. p75NGFR and CD56/N-CAM also are expressed in early neural crest cells, but persist in unmyelinated and early premyelinating Schwann cells. GAP-43 is expressed in unmyelinated Schwann cells, but is downregulated in the later premyelinating to promyelinating stages of cells committed to the Schwann cell lineage. RESULTS Peripherin was expressed in 7/12 (58%), p75NGFR in 4/12 (33%), and CD56/N-CAM in 6/12 (50%) of the desmoplastic and spindle cell melanomas. GAP-43 was not expressed (0%) in any of the 12 melanomas (chi2, p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Desmoplastic and spindle cell melanomas express protein markers common to cells of the neural crest and to neurons similar to the immunophenotype previously reported for epithelioid cell melanomas. The expression of peripherin and the lack of expression of GAP-43 further define that these rare subtypes of melanoma do not recapitulate the later committed stages of Schwann cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yve Huttenbach
- Section of Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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8
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Abstract
Features of peripheral nerve sheath differentiation such as neuroid cords, nerve corpuscles, fascicle-like structures, and, exceptionally, palisading have been reported in melanocytic nevi. We report an intradermal melanocytic nevus with prominent Verocay-like bodies. The upper portion of the neoplasm was composed of typical round intradermal nevus cells, many of which were pigmented. Within the deeper portion, there was a nonpigmented spindle cell proliferation with prominent Verocay bodies, simulating a neurilemmoma. Typical nevus nests merged with neurilemmoma-like areas. The entire lesion stained positively for S-100 and Mart-1 proteins and negatively for HMB-45 stain. Diffuse Mart-1 positivity excluded a collision of a melanocytic lesion with a neurilemmoma. The histopathologic features of this nevus further support a close relation between nevus cells and Schwann cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kroumpouzos
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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Fullen DR, Reed JA, Finnerty B, McNutt NS. S100A6 preferentially labels type C nevus cells and nevic corpuscles: additional support for Schwannian differentiation of intradermal nevi. J Cutan Pathol 2001; 28:393-9. [PMID: 11493376 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0560.2001.028008393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanocytic nevi typically show a morphologic sequence of maturation from epithelioid "type A" cells to fusiform, Schwann cell-like "type C" cells with dermal descent. Nevi may also produce Wagner-Meissner-like structures (nevic corpuscles). Previous studies have shown that this maturation of intradermal nevi recapitulates intermediate stages in Schwann cell development. In intradermal nevi, we have evaluated the pattern of S100A6 protein, a form of S100 found in Schwann cells. METHODS Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival tissues were evaluated by immunohistochemistry using antibodies specific for S100A6 and S100B in 38 intradermal nevi (IDN). Ten neurofibromas (NF), 3 Schwannomas (SCH), 2 palisaded and encapsulated neuromas (PEN), and 2 granular cell tumors (GCT) were included as positive controls since these lesions have large numbers of Schwann cells. RESULTS Melanocytic nevi demonstrated preferential anti-S100A6 staining of "type C" cells (36/38; 28 strong, 8 weak) and nevic corpuscles (25/38; 19 strong, 6 weak) compared to "type A" cells (17/38; 17 weak) and "type B" cells (17/38; 4 strong, 13 weak). All NF, SCH, and PEN stained strongly with anti-S100A6. Both GCT were negative with anti-S100A6 but positive with anti-S100B. CONCLUSIONS The pattern of S100A6 expression in intradermal nevi further supports the hypothesis that maturation in these lesions recapitulates features of Schwann cell differentiation. The lack of S100A6 expression by both GCT suggests that these lesions have lost this feature of Schwann cells, which may play a role in their peculiar phenotypic appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Fullen
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Hospitals, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0602, USA.
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10
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Misago N. The relationship between melanocytes and peripheral nerve sheath cells (Part I): melanocytic nevus (excluding so-called "blue nevus") with peripheral nerve sheath differentiation. Am J Dermatopathol 2000; 22:217-29. [PMID: 10871064 DOI: 10.1097/00000372-200006000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Among thousands of specimens of melanocytic nevi, not including giant congenital melanocytic nevus or blue nevus, 42 melanocytic nevi that showed peripheral nerve sheath differentiation were collected. The patterns of melanocytic nevi with peripheral nerve sheath differentiation may be classified into three groups: 1) "neurotized and neural nevi" with nests of "neuroid cords" and "nevic corpuscles" (the most common pattern); 2) nerve fascicle-like structures with no relation to neurotized and neural nevi; and 3) palisading melanocytes of a nevus in nests of conventional melanocytic nevi (a rare pattern). Each pattern may represent a different expression of nerve sheath differentiation in melanocytic nevi. Some melanocytic nevi with nerve fascicle-like structures show discrete structures closely resembling authentic nerve fascicles, confirming a close relationship between melanocytes and peripheral nerve sheath cells (Schwann cells and probably perineurial cells in part) and suggesting derivation of the two types of cells from common precursor cells of the neural crest and their de novo development in the dermis rather than by Abtropfung of melanocytes from the epidermis. In addition, the high prevalence of Unna, Miescher, and superficial congenital nevi in melanocytic nevi with peripheral nerve sheath differentiation suggests a different character or process for these congenital melanocytic nevi than for Clark and Spitz nevi (junctional and compound types).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Misago
- Institute for Dermatopathology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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Reed JA, Finnerty B, Albino AP. Divergent cellular differentiation pathways during the invasive stage of cutaneous malignant melanoma progression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1999; 155:549-55. [PMID: 10433947 PMCID: PMC1866874 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Melanocytic nevus cells in the dermis adopt many morphological features of Schwann cells. These differentiation-related changes typically are not observed in melanomas. However, nevus cells do not fully recapitulate a Schwann cell phenotype, because they lack expression of mature myelin-associated proteins. In this study, melanocytic nevi and malignant melanomas were examined by immunohistochemistry for expression of low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (p75NGFR), neural cell adhesion molecule (CD56/N-CAM), and growth-associated phosphoprotein-43 (GAP-43). These three proteins define the earliest stages of Schwann cell development but are not expressed in myelinated Schwann cells or normal melanocytes. p75NGFR was expressed in 25 of 25 (100%) and CD56/N-CAM and GAP-43 in 23 of 25 (92%) nevi, predominantly in type C nevus cells and nevic corpuscles. Most (84%) of the nevi expressed all three proteins. In primary invasive and metastatic melanoma, expression of each of the three proteins was limited to </=20% of lesions but was not observed in any melanoma in situ (chi(2 )P < 0.0001). None of the melanomas expressed all three proteins (ANOVA P < 0.0001). These data confirm and extend earlier studies by showing that terminal differentiation of melanocytes in the dermis recapitulates some aspects observed in the earliest stages of Schwann cell development and that invasive melanomas follow a divergent pathway. Studying these early differentiation events may help to identify specific defects in the relevant signaling pathways and establish tenable targets for therapy of advanced-stage melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Reed
- Section of Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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12
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Abstract
The nature of Spitz nevi is poorly understood, and their distinction from malignant melanoma can be difficult. Although there is general agreement on the diagnostic criteria, experts continue to have some differences, and controversial cases are not rare. A major obstacle to progress in this area is the lack of basic knowledge about melanocyte differentiation in Spitz nevi, as compared with ordinary nevi and malignant melanomas. Based on the hypothesis that normal melanocytes may have a differentiation pathway with discrete stages, it is suggested that the features of Spitz nevi may reflect homeostatic mechanisms governing maturation in the melanocyte differentiation pathway, whereas those of malignant melanomas may reflect carcinogen-induced aberrations. This perspective may be helpful in the continuing effort to develop optimal criteria for the differential diagnosis of Spitz nevi from malignant melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Cramer
- Department of Pathology, Rochester General Hospital, University of Rochester School of Medicine, New York 14621, USA
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Rytina ER, Ball RY. Transformation of recurrent dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans to its pigmented variant (Bednar tumour). Histopathology 1998; 32:384-5. [PMID: 9602345 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.1998.0401i.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Prieto VG, McNutt NS, Lugo J, Reed JA. Differential expression of the intermediate filament peripherin in cutaneous neural lesions and neurotized melanocytic nevi. Am J Surg Pathol 1997; 21:1450-4. [PMID: 9414188 DOI: 10.1097/00000478-199712000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Peripherin is an intermediate filament involved in growth and development of the peripheral nervous system, and is produced by neurons and the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. Recently, malignant melanomas and some melanocytic nevi have been shown to express peripherin. It is unknown if Schwann cells, also derived from the neural crest, express peripherin. Expression of peripherin was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in cutaneous lesions characterized by a prominent Schwann cell component including 26 neurofibromas (NF), 10 schwannomas (SCH), seven granular cell tumors, and five palisaded encapsulated neuromas (PEN); 13 neurotized melanocytic nevi (NMN) also were evaluated because these lesions contain Wagner-Meissnerlike structures and type C nevus cells, which exhibit a "schwannian" phenotype. Peripherin was detected in the axons of normal peripheral nerves. NF and PEN contained numerous axons dispersed throughout the lesions, whereas only scattered small nerves were seen in GCT. In SCH, only rare axons were labeled, mostly at the periphery of the lesions. All other cells in these four types of lesions, therefore including Schwann cells, were not labeled. In most NMN, labeled axons were identified within the lesions. In a few cases, rare epithelioid melanocytes within the superficial portions of the nevi were labeled. The Wagner-Meissnerlike structures and type C nevus cells (schwannian) were not labeled in any lesion; however, numerous labeled axons invested these areas. Because there are different relative numbers of peripherin-labeled axons throughout NF, PEN, some nevi, and SCH, analysis of peripherin expression may be helpful in the diagnosis of these lesions. Neurons and some epithelioid melanocytes, in contrast to type C nevus cells and Schwann cells of NF and SCH, express peripherin, providing further evidence for a transition from a more neuronal to a more schwannian phenotype during the normal maturation sequence of melanocytes in nevi.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Prieto
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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15
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Prieto VG, McNutt NS, Lugo J, Reed JA. The intermediate filament peripherin is expressed in cutaneous melanocytic lesions. J Cutan Pathol 1997; 24:145-50. [PMID: 9085149 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.1997.tb01568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Peripherin is an intermediate filament involved in growth and development of the peripheral nervous system and is localized to neurons, some other cells derived from neural tube and neural crest, and some neuroendocrine cells (e.g. beta cells of islets of Langerhans). Peripherin also has been demonstrated in neuroblastomas and cutaneous neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinomas. The expression of peripherin by other cells derived from the neural crest is unknown. We evaluated by immunohistochemistry 74 cutaneous melanocytic lesions including primary invasive malignant melanoma (IMM), melanoma in situ (MIS), atypical nevus (nevus with architectural disorder and cytologic atypia of melanocytes) (AN), spindle and epithelioid cell nevus (Spitz nevus) (SN), blue nevus (BN), and common intradermal benign melanocytic nevus (BMN) for expression of peripherin. Peripherin was detected in a cytoplasmic distribution within tumor cells in 14/14 IMM and 8/10 MIS. For IMM, peripherin localized to both the intraepidermal and invasive dermal components. Peripherin was detected in 10/10 AN and 9/9 SN, being localized to the intraepidermal component and, focally, to the superficial dermal component of the lesions. The dendritic nevus cells in 15/15 BN also expressed peripherin. For most of the BMN, expression of peripherin was absent or limited to rare, scattered cells in the superficial portion of the lesions. Melanocytes in adjacent normal skin were not labeled in any of the lesions studied. These results indicate that expression of peripherin is common in both benign and malignant melanocytic lesions, but not in normal resting adult melanocytes. Among benign lesions, expression of peripherin in the dermal component is rare except in the dendritic cells of BN. These findings provide evidence that the expression of peripherin, a marker of neuronal differentiation, is maintained by IMM, MIS, and BN, but is lost in the normal maturational sequence of the dermal component of other melanocytic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Prieto
- Department of Pathology, New York-Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York 10021, USA
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16
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Argenyi ZB, Rodgers J, Wick M. Expression of nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor receptors in neural nevi with nevic corpuscles. Am J Dermatopathol 1996; 18:460-4. [PMID: 8902091 DOI: 10.1097/00000372-199610000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The histogenesis of "nevic corpuscles" (NCs) in neural nevi is still controversial. Recent studies have revealed that nerve growth factors (NGFs) and other growth factors [that is, epidermal growth factor (EGF)] could have various paracrine and autocrine functions on Schwann cells and melanocytes. We examined the immunohistochemical expression of NGF and EGF receptors (r) in 15 cases of neural nevi containing NCs along with 37 cases of other benign and malignant melanocytic lesions without neural differentiation (total, 52). Section were prepared from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues. Monoclonal antibodies to NGFr and EGFr were used with the Avidin-biotin-complex (ABC) technique. We found strong reactivity for NGFr in 14 of 15 neural nevi with a predilection for NCs, but only eight of 37 were positive in the other group of melanocytic lesions without neural differentiation (four Spitz nevi, two melanomas, and two compound nevi). EGFr expression was limited mainly to NCs in four cases of neural nevi. We conclude that neural differentiation and NC formation are associated with NGFr overexpression, whereas EGFr expression is only limited. The relative paucity of NGFr expression in other type of benign and malignant melanocytic lesions supports the view that neural "differentiation" is a distinct process in certain long-standing melanocytic nevi. We postulate that NGFr overexpression may be the result of the reactivation of oncofetal genes that could become manifest in either abnormal schwannian differentiation (as seen in neural nevi), in a neoplastic context (as seen in neural and melanocytic tumors).
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Affiliation(s)
- Z B Argenyi
- Dermatopathology Unit, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City 52242, USA
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Yang P, Hirose T, Hasegawa T, Seki K, Nakanishi H, Hizawa K. Ultrastructural heterogeneity of acquired intradermal melanocytic nevus cells. Ultrastruct Pathol 1996; 20:255-61. [PMID: 8727069 DOI: 10.3109/01913129609016323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The present ultrastructural evaluation of 12 acquired intradermal melanocytic nevi revealed that in contrast to the nested epithelioid melanocytic nevus cells of the upper dermis, the spindle nevus cells of the deep dermis showed perineurial differentiation, exhibiting a spindly configuration characterized by a melanosome-free cytoplasm that showed extremely slender bipolar contour and contained abundant intermediate filaments, a decreased number of cytoplasmic organelles, and, significantly, a fair number of plasmalemmal pinocytotic vesicles. The nevic corpuscles were found to consist of laminated slender cytoplasm showing subcellular conformation similar to that of the spindle nevus cells. By immunohistochemistry, many spindle nevus cells and nevic corpuscles were immunoreactive for nerve growth factor receptor. All the nevus cells were immunoreactive for vimentin and S-100 protein, and negative for protein gene product 9.5, epithelial membrane antigen, Leu-7, and myelin basic protein. Characteristically, protein gene product 9.5 immunohistochemistry revealed numerous immunoreactive axons intermingled with the spindle nevus cells in the deep portion. All the PGP9.5-immunoreactive axons were observed by immunoelectron microscope to be unmyelinated and always ensheathed by a thin cytoplasmic process of Schwann cells but not nevus cells. These findings indicate that differentiation plasticity exists in the various nevus cells, with the epithelioid nevus cells and the spindle nevus cells displaying more ultrastructural and immunophenotypical characteristics of melanocyte and perineurial cells, respectively, suggesting that a pluripotential cell of neural crest origin accounts for the histogenesis of this lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Yang
- First Department of Pathology, University of Tokushima School of Medicine, Japan
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Schadendorf D, Haas N, Worm M, Ostmeier H, Kohlmus C, Gottschalk J, Algermissen B, Jautzke G, Czarnetzki BM. Amelanotic malignant melanoma presenting as malignant schwannoma. Br J Dermatol 1993; 129:609-14. [PMID: 8251363 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1993.tb00496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A 78-year-old woman presented with a 14-month history of a nodule on the sole of her left foot. It had been increasing in size, and had become ulcerated. Histological, immunochemical and ultrastructural studies of the primary tumour revealed melanocytic and Schwannian characteristics, and posed diagnostic difficulties. The final diagnosis of a malignant melanoma with Schwannian differentiation was established on the basis of the clinical course, with the development of metastases in the subcutis, lymph nodes, liver and brain, as well as a shift in differentiation of the metastases towards cells containing giant melanosomes, typical of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Rudolf Virchow, Berlin, Germany
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Valyi-Nagy I, Shih IM, Györfi T, Greenstein D, Juhasz I, Elder DE, Herlyn M. Spontaneous and induced differentiation of human melanoma cells. Int J Cancer 1993; 54:159-65. [PMID: 8478142 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910540125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma cells can differentiate spontaneously in vivo and in vitro into cells with a finite lifespan. Analysis of differentiating cells from primary melanomas in culture revealed a flat, fibroblast-like morphology and expression of the fibroblast-associated marker leucine aminopeptidase (LAP). Differentiation was also observed in a minor sub-population of permanent cell lines derived from metastatic lesions. An experimental model of melanoma cell differentiation was then developed, using the pyrimidine analog bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR). BUdR-treated cells had a flat morphology, were contact-inhibited, had up to 20-fold increased surface area, expressed LAP, no longer proliferated anchorage-independently in soft agar, and 3 out of 4 cell lines were non-tumorigenic in athymic nude mice. Our results show that models of differentiation of melanoma cells can be established that help to define pathways of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Valyi-Nagy
- Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Lazzaro B, Elder DE, Rebers A, Power L, Herlyn M, Menrad A, Johnson B. Immunophenotyping of compound and spitz nevi and vertical growth-phase melanomas using a panel of monoclonal antibodies reactive in paraffin sections. J Invest Dermatol 1993; 100:313S-317S. [PMID: 8440911 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12470206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Lazzaro
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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21
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Abstract
The nature of neoplasia and its sometime end result, cancer, has been studied by exposition and explanation of the sequential lesions of tumour progression. Neoplastic lesions were divided into four classes on the basis of growth characteristics and whether lesional growth is confined to one or more tissue compartments. Class IA, the initial lesion, an orderly, probably clonal growth, usually differentiates and disappears. Class IB: Failure to differentiate accompanied by disorderly growth. Class IC: Randomly dispersed atypical cells, constituting a precursor state. Class II, intermediate lesions, apparently arising from the atypical cells, show temporally unrestricted growth within the tissue compartment of origin. Class III lesions, primary invasive cancers, show temporally unrestricted growth in two or more tissue compartments and metastasise along different paths, a property associated with extracellular matrix interaction. The metastatic pathways may result from different subsets of cells in the primary cancer. Class IV lesions are the metastases. It was concluded that, all neoplasms develop in the same way, have the same general behavioural characteristics, and, when malignant, all interact with the extracellular matrix of the primary and the secondary sites. The origins and development of cancer are considered to be pluralistic and not due to a discrete change in a cell, whose progeny, as a result of that discrete change, carries all of the information required to explain the almost limitless events of a neoplastic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Clark
- Pigmented Lesion Study Group, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia
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