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Chen Y, Scully M. The Tumorigenicity of Breast Cancer Cells Is Reduced upon Treatment with Small Extracellular Vesicles Isolated from Heparin Treated Cell Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15736. [PMID: 37958720 PMCID: PMC10649933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a member of the HPSG family, heparin is often used as a specific probe of their role in cell physiology; indeed, we have previously shown a reduction in the tumorigenicity of breast cancer cells when cultured in its presence. However, a partial reversal of the anti-tumorigenic effect occurred when the treated cells were cultured in fresh medium without heparin, which led us to consider whether a more persistent effect could be achieved by treatment of the cells with small extracellular vesicles (sEV) from heparin-treated cells. The tumorigenicity was analyzed using sEV isolated from the culture medium of heparin-treated MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells (sEV-HT) or from conditioned medium following the termination of treatment (heparin discontinued, sEV-HD). Tumorigenicity was reduced in cells cultured in the presence of sEV-HT compared to that of cells cultured in the presence of sEV from untreated cells (sEV-Ctrl). sEV-HD were also observed to exert an anti-tumorigenic effect on the expression of pro-tumorigenic and cell cycle regulatory proteins, as well as signaling activities when added to fresh cultures of MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 cells. The anti-tumorigenic activity of the heparin-derived sEV may arise from observed changes in the miRNA content or from heparin, which was observed to be bound to the sEV. sEV may constitute a relatively stable reservoir of circulating heparin, allowing heparin activity to persist in the circulation even after therapy has been discontinued. These findings can be considered as a special additional pharmacological characteristic of heparin clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunliang Chen
- Thrombosis Research Institute, 1b Manresa Road, London SW3 6LR, UK;
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2
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Quan Y, He J, Zou Q, Zhang L, Sun Q, Huang H, Li W, Xie K, Wei F. Low molecular weight heparin synergistically enhances the efficacy of adoptive and anti-PD-1-based immunotherapy by increasing lymphocyte infiltration in colorectal cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e007080. [PMID: 37597850 PMCID: PMC10441131 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy, including adoptive cell therapy (ACT) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has a limited effect in most patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), and the efficacy is further limited in patients with liver metastasis. Lack of antitumor lymphocyte infiltration could be a major cause, and there remains an urgent need for more potent and safer therapies for CRC. METHODS In this study, the antitumoral synergism of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) combined with immunotherapy in the microsatellite stable (MSS) highly aggressive murine model of CRC was fully evaluated. RESULTS Dual LMWH and ACT objectively mediated the stagnation of tumor growth and inhibition of liver metastasis, neither LMWH nor ACT alone had any antitumoral activity on them. The combination of LMWH and ACT obviously increased the infiltration of intratumor CD8+ T cells, as revealed by multiplex immunohistochemistry, purified CD8+ T-cell transfer assay, and IVIM in vivo imaging. Mechanistically, evaluation of changes in the tumor microenvironment revealed that LMWH improved tumor vascular normalization and facilitated the trafficking of activated CD8+ T cells into tumors. Similarly, LMWH combined with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) therapy provided superior antitumor activity as compared with the single PD-1 blockade in murine CT26 tumor models. CONCLUSIONS LMWH could enhance ACT and ICIs-based immunotherapy by increasing lymphocyte infiltration into tumors, especially cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. These results indicate that combining LMWH with an immunotherapy strategy presents a promising and safe approach for CRC treatment, especially in MSS tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Quan
- Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital and The Second Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie He
- Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital and The Second Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Department of Immunology, The South China University of Technology School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zou
- Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital and The Second Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Department of Immunology, The South China University of Technology School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liuxi Zhang
- Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital and The Second Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Department of Immunology, The South China University of Technology School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihui Sun
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Department of Immunology, The South China University of Technology School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongli Huang
- Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital and The Second Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanglin Li
- Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital and The Second Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keping Xie
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Department of Immunology, The South China University of Technology School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital and The Second Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Department of Immunology, The South China University of Technology School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Bendahl PO, Belting M, Gezelius E. Longitudinal Assessment of Circulating Tumor Cells and Outcome in Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Sub-Study of RASTEN-A Randomized Trial with Low Molecular Weight Heparin. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3176. [PMID: 37370786 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may provide a liquid biopsy approach to disease monitoring in small cell lung cancer (SCLC), a particularly aggressive tumor subtype. Yet, the prognostic role of CTCs during and after treatment in relation to baseline remains ill-defined. Here, we assessed the value of longitudinal CTC analysis and the potential of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) to reduce CTC abundance in SCLC patients from a randomized trial (RASTEN). Blood samples were collected at baseline, before chemotherapy Cycle 3, and at 2-month follow-up from 42 patients in total, and CTCs were quantified using the FDA-approved CellSearch system. We found a gradual decline in CTC count during and after treatment, independently of the addition of LMWH to standard therapy. Detectable CTCs at baseline correlated significantly to reduced survival compared to undetectable CTCs (unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 2.75 (95% CI 1.05-7.20; p = 0.040)). Furthermore, a persistent CTC count at 2-month follow-up was associated with a HR of 4.22 (95% CI 1.20-14.91; p = 0.025). Our findings indicate that persistently detectable CTCs during and after completion of therapy offer further prognostic information in addition to baseline CTC, suggesting a role for CTC in the individualized management of SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pär-Ola Bendahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Division of Oncology, Lund University, Barngatan 4, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Belting
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Division of Oncology, Lund University, Barngatan 4, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Hematology, Radiophysics and Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lasarettsgatan 23A, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Pathology, and Genetics, Uppsala University, Rudbecklaboratoriet, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emelie Gezelius
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Division of Oncology, Lund University, Barngatan 4, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Lund University Hospital, Entrégatan 7, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
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4
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Hua SH, Viera M, Yip GW, Bay BH. Theranostic Applications of Glycosaminoglycans in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010266. [PMID: 36612261 PMCID: PMC9818616 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) makes up the majority of kidney cancers, with a poor prognosis for metastatic RCC (mRCC). Challenges faced in the management of mRCC, include a lack of reliable prognostic markers and biomarkers for precise monitoring of disease treatment, together with the potential risk of toxicity associated with more recent therapeutic options. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a class of carbohydrates that can be categorized into four main subclasses, viz., chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, heparan sulfate and keratan sulfate. GAGs are known to be closely associated with cancer progression and modulation of metastasis by modification of the tumor microenvironment. Alterations of expression, composition and spatiotemporal distribution of GAGs in the extracellular matrix (ECM), dysregulate ECM functions and drive cancer invasion. In this review, we focus on the clinical utility of GAGs as biomarkers for mRCC (which is important for risk stratification and strategizing effective treatment protocols), as well as potential therapeutic targets that could benefit patients afflicted with advanced RCC. Besides GAG-targeted therapies that holds promise in mRCC, other potential strategies include utilizing GAGs as drug carriers and their mimetics to counter cancer progression, and enhance immunotherapy through binding and transducing signals for immune mediators.
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5
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Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are an important component of the tumor microenvironment (TME). GAGs can interact with a variety of binding partners and thereby influence cancer progression on multiple levels. GAGs can modulate growth factor and chemokine signaling, invasion and metastasis formation. Moreover, GAGs are able to change the physical property of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Abnormalities in GAG abundance and structure (e.g., sulfation patterns and molecular weight) are found across various cancer types and show biomarker potential. Targeting GAGs, as well as the usage of GAGs and their mimetics, are promising approaches to interfere with cancer progression. In addition, GAGs can be used as drug and cytokine carriers to induce an anti-tumor response. In this review, we summarize the role of GAGs in cancer and the potential use of GAGs and GAG derivatives to target cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Wieboldt
- Laboratories for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Läubli
- Laboratories for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Division of Oncology, Department of Theragnostics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Levi M, Sivapalaratnam S. An overview of thrombotic complications of old and new anticancer drugs. Thromb Res 2021; 191 Suppl 1:S17-S21. [PMID: 32736772 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(20)30391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Thrombosis is a common complication of cancer with a mean prevalence of 15%. Most commonly, this presents as venous thromboembolism; however, other manifestations such as arterial thrombosis or thrombotic microangiopathy may occur. Cancer itself is not only associated with risk factors for thrombotic complications, including intrinsic biological effect of malignant cells, accompanying operations, or the presence of indwellingvascular catheters, but there is also an additional risk caused by anticancer agents including chemotherapy and immunotherapy. In most cases the underlying pathogenetic factor that contributes to the thrombotic risk associated with chemotherapy is endothelial cell injury (or loss of protection of endothelial integrity, for example by vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition). In addition, individual anticancer agents may have specific prothrombotic effects. As in recent years more intense anticancer drugs are administered, such as in myeloablative conditioning regimens preceding stem cell transplantation, thrombosis and in particular thrombotic microangiopathy are a more frequent complication in anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Levi
- Department of Medicine, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Cardiometabolic Programme-NIHR UCLH/UCL BRC, London, UK.
| | - Suthesh Sivapalaratnam
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Barts NHS Trust, London, UK; Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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7
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Ma SN, Mao ZX, Wu Y, Liang MX, Wang DD, Chen X, Chang PA, Zhang W, Tang JH. The anti-cancer properties of heparin and its derivatives: a review and prospect. Cell Adh Migr 2021; 14:118-128. [PMID: 32538273 PMCID: PMC7513850 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2020.1767489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin, including unfractionated heparin (UFH), low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) and heparin derivatives, are commonly used in venous thromboembolism treatment and reportedly have beneficial effects on cancer survival. Heparin can affect the proliferation, adhesion, angiogenesis, migration and invasion of cancer cells via multiple mechanisms. The main mechanisms involve inhibition of heparanase, P-/L-selectin, angiogenesis, and interference with the CXCL12-CXCR4 axis. Here we summarize the current experimental evidence regarding the anti-cancer role of heparin and its derivatives, and conclude that there is evidence to support heparin’s role in inhibiting cancer progression, making it a promising anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Nan Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University , Suqian, P.R.China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Mao
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wu
- Core Facility, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Xing Liang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xiu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Ping-An Chang
- Urinary Surgery, Dongtai People's Hospital , Dongtai, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Hai Tang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
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Lyman GH, Carrier M, Ay C, Di Nisio M, Hicks LK, Khorana AA, Leavitt AD, Lee AYY, Macbeth F, Morgan RL, Noble S, Sexton EA, Stenehjem D, Wiercioch W, Kahale LA, Alonso-Coello P. American Society of Hematology 2021 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: prevention and treatment in patients with cancer. Blood Adv 2021; 5:927-974. [PMID: 33570602 PMCID: PMC7903232 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common complication among patients with cancer. Patients with cancer and VTE are at a markedly increased risk for morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE These evidence-based guidelines of the American Society of Hematology (ASH) are intended to support patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals in their decisions about the prevention and treatment of VTE in patients with cancer. METHODS ASH formed a multidisciplinary guideline panel balanced to minimize potential bias from conflicts of interest. The guideline development process was supported by updated or new systematic evidence reviews. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to assess evidence and make recommendations. RESULTS Recommendations address mechanical and pharmacological prophylaxis in hospitalized medical patients with cancer, those undergoing a surgical procedure, and ambulatory patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. The recommendations also address the use of anticoagulation for the initial, short-term, and long-term treatment of VTE in patients with cancer. CONCLUSIONS Strong recommendations include not using thromboprophylaxis in ambulatory patients receiving cancer chemotherapy at low risk of VTE and to use low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) for initial treatment of VTE in patients with cancer. Conditional recommendations include using thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized medical patients with cancer, LMWH or fondaparinux for surgical patients with cancer, LMWH or direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) in ambulatory patients with cancer receiving systemic therapy at high risk of VTE and LMWH or DOAC for initial treatment of VTE, DOAC for the short-term treatment of VTE, and LMWH or DOAC for the long-term treatment of VTE in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary H Lyman
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Marc Carrier
- Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute at the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Cihan Ay
- Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcello Di Nisio
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Lisa K Hicks
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alok A Khorana
- Cleveland Clinic and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Andrew D Leavitt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Agnes Y Y Lee
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver site, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Rebecca L Morgan
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Simon Noble
- Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Wojtek Wiercioch
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Lara A Kahale
- American University of Beirut (AUB) Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and
| | - Pablo Alonso-Coello
- Cochrane Iberoamérica, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau-CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Rutjes AW, Porreca E, Candeloro M, Valeriani E, Di Nisio M. Primary prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in ambulatory cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 12:CD008500. [PMID: 33337539 PMCID: PMC8829903 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008500.pub5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venous thromboembolism (VTE) often complicates the clinical course of cancer. The risk is further increased by chemotherapy, but the trade-off between safety and efficacy of primary thromboprophylaxis in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy is uncertain. This is the third update of a review first published in February 2012. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of primary thromboprophylaxis for VTE in ambulatory cancer patients receiving chemotherapy compared with placebo or no thromboprophylaxis, or an active control intervention. SEARCH METHODS For this update, the Cochrane Vascular Information Specialist searched the Cochrane Vascular, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase and CINAHL databases and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and ClinicalTrials.gov trials registers to 3 August 2020. We also searched the reference lists of identified studies and contacted content experts and trialists for relevant references. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials comparing any oral or parenteral anticoagulant or mechanical intervention to no thromboprophylaxis or placebo, or comparing two different anticoagulants. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We extracted data on risk of bias, participant characteristics, interventions, and outcomes including symptomatic VTE and major bleeding as the primary effectiveness and safety outcomes, respectively. We applied GRADE to assess the certainty of evidence. MAIN RESULTS We identified six additional randomised controlled trials (3326 participants) for this update, bringing the included study total to 32 (15,678 participants), all evaluating pharmacological interventions and performed mainly in people with locally advanced or metastatic cancer. The certainty of the evidence ranged from high to very low across the different outcomes and comparisons. The main limiting factors were imprecision and risk of bias. Thromboprophylaxis with direct oral anticoagulants (direct factor Xa inhibitors apixaban and rivaroxaban) may decrease the incidence of symptomatic VTE (risk ratio (RR) 0.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.18 to 1.06; 3 studies, 1526 participants; low-certainty evidence); and probably increases the risk of major bleeding compared with placebo (RR 1.74, 95% CI 0.82 to 3.68; 3 studies, 1494 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). When compared with no thromboprophylaxis, low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) reduced the incidence of symptomatic VTE (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.83; 11 studies, 3931 participants; high-certainty evidence); and probably increased the risk of major bleeding events (RR 1.63, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.35; 15 studies, 7282 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). In participants with multiple myeloma, LMWH resulted in lower symptomatic VTE compared with the vitamin K antagonist warfarin (RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.83; 1 study, 439 participants; high-certainty evidence), while LMWH probably lowers symptomatic VTE more than aspirin (RR 0.51, 95% CI 0.22 to 1.17; 2 studies, 781 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Major bleeding was observed in none of the participants with multiple myeloma treated with LMWH or warfarin and in less than 1% of those treated with aspirin. Only one study evaluated unfractionated heparin against no thromboprophylaxis, but did not report on VTE or major bleeding. When compared with placebo or no thromboprophylaxis, warfarin may importantly reduce symptomatic VTE (RR 0.15, 95% CI 0.02 to 1.20; 1 study, 311 participants; low-certainty evidence) and may result in a large increase in major bleeding (RR 3.82, 95% CI 0.97 to 15.04; 4 studies, 994 participants; low-certainty evidence). One study evaluated antithrombin versus no antithrombin in children. This study did not report on symptomatic VTE but did report any VTE (symptomatic and incidental VTE). The effect of antithrombin on any VTE and major bleeding is uncertain (any VTE: RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.41 to 1.73; major bleeding: RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.03 to 18.57; 1 study, 85 participants; very low-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS In ambulatory cancer patients, primary thromboprophylaxis with direct factor Xa inhibitors may reduce the incidence of symptomatic VTE (low-certainty evidence) and probably increases the risk of major bleeding (moderate-certainty evidence) when compared with placebo. LMWH decreases the incidence of symptomatic VTE (high-certainty evidence), but increases the risk of major bleeding (moderate-certainty evidence) when compared with placebo or no thromboprophylaxis. Evidence for the use of thromboprophylaxis with anticoagulants other than direct factor Xa inhibitors and LMWH is limited. More studies are warranted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of primary prophylaxis in specific types of chemotherapeutic agents and types of cancer, such as gastrointestinal or genitourinary cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Ws Rutjes
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ettore Porreca
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Matteo Candeloro
- Internal Medicine Unit, "University G. D'Annunzio" Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Emanuele Valeriani
- Internal Medicine Unit, "University G. D'Annunzio" Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marcello Di Nisio
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti Scalo, Italy
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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10
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Schünemann HJ, Ventresca M, Crowther M, Briel M, Zhou Q, Noble S, Macbeth F, Griffiths G, Garcia D, Lyman GH, Di Nisio M, Iorio A, Mbuagbaw L, Neumann I, van Es N, Brouwers M, Guyatt G, Streiff MB, Marcucci M, Baldeh T, Florez ID, Alma OG, Solh Z, Bossuyt PM, Kahale LA, Ageno W, Bozas G, Büller HR, Lebeau B, Lecumberri R, Loprinzi C, McBane R, Sideras K, Maraveyas A, Pelzer U, Perry J, Klerk C, Agnelli G, Akl EA. Evaluating prophylactic heparin in ambulatory patients with solid tumours: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. Lancet Haematol 2020; 7:e746-e755. [PMID: 32976752 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3026(20)30293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Study-level meta-analyses provide high-certainty evidence that heparin reduces the risk of symptomatic venous thromboembolism for patients with cancer; however, whether the benefits and harms associated with heparin differ by cancer type is unclear. This individual participant data meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials examines the effect of heparin on survival, venous thromboembolism, and bleeding in patients with cancer in general and by type. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis we searched MEDLINE, Embase, and The Cochrane Library for randomised controlled trials comparing parenteral anticoagulants with placebo or standard care in ambulatory patients with solid tumours and no indication for anticoagulation published from the inception of each database to January 14, 2017, and updated it on May 14, 2020, without language restrictions. We calculated the effect of parenteral anticoagulant administration on all-cause mortality, venous thromboembolism occurrence, and bleeding related outcomes through multivariable hierarchical models with patient-level variables as fixed effects and a categorical trial variable as a random effect, adjusting for age, cancer type, and metastatic status. Interaction terms were tested to investigate effects in predefined subgroups. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42013003526. FINDINGS We obtained individual participant data from 14 of 20 eligible randomised controlled trials (8278 [79%] of 10 431 participants; 4139 included in the low-molecular-weight heparin group and 4139 in the control group). Meta-analysis showed an adjusted relative risk (RR) of mortality at 1 year of 0·99 (95% CI 0·93-1·06) and a hazard ratio of 1·01 (95% CI 0·96-1·07). The number of patients with venous thromboembolic events was 158 (4·0%) of 3958 with available data in the low-molecular-weight heparin group compared with 279 (7·1%) of 3957 in the control group. Major bleeding events occurred in 71 (1·7%) of 4139 patients in the control population and 88 (2·1%) in the low-molecular-weight heparin group, and minor bleeding events in 478 (12·1%) of 3945 patients with available data in the control group and 652 (16·6%) of 3937 patients in the low-molecular-weight heparin group. The adjusted RR was 0·58 (95% CI 0·47-0·71) for venous thromboembolism, 1·27 (0·92-1·74) for major bleeding, and 1·34 (1·19-1·51) for minor bleeding. Prespecified subgroup analysis of venous thromboembolism occurrence by cancer type identified the most certain benefit from heparin treatment in patients with lung cancer (RR 0·59 [95% CI 0·42-0·81]), which dominated the overall reduction in venous thromboembolism. Certainty of the evidence for the outcomes ranged from moderate to high. INTERPRETATION Low-molecular-weight heparin reduces risk of venous thromboembolism without increasing risk of major bleeding compared with placebo or standard care in patients with solid tumours, but it does not improve survival. FUNDING Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger J Schünemann
- Michael G DeGroote Cochrane Canada and McGRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Matthew Ventresca
- Michael G DeGroote Cochrane Canada and McGRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Crowther
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Matthias Briel
- Michael G DeGroote Cochrane Canada and McGRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Clinical Research, Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Qi Zhou
- Michael G DeGroote Cochrane Canada and McGRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Simon Noble
- Marie Curie Palliative Care Research Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Fergus Macbeth
- Centre for Trials Research, College of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Centre for Trials Research, College of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - David Garcia
- Hutchinson Institute for Cancer Outcomes Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gary H Lyman
- Hutchinson Institute for Cancer Outcomes Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marcello Di Nisio
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, University G D'Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alfonso Iorio
- Michael G DeGroote Cochrane Canada and McGRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Division of Haematology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Division of Haematology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Lawrence Mbuagbaw
- Michael G DeGroote Cochrane Canada and McGRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Biostatistics Unit, Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre, St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ignacio Neumann
- Michael G DeGroote Cochrane Canada and McGRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nick van Es
- Michael G DeGroote Cochrane Canada and McGRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Melissa Brouwers
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Epidemiology and Public Heath, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gordon Guyatt
- Michael G DeGroote Cochrane Canada and McGRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michael B Streiff
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maura Marcucci
- Michael G DeGroote Cochrane Canada and McGRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Tejan Baldeh
- Michael G DeGroote Cochrane Canada and McGRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ivan D Florez
- Michael G DeGroote Cochrane Canada and McGRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | - Ziad Solh
- Transfusion Medicine Section, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick M Bossuyt
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lara A Kahale
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Walter Ageno
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - George Bozas
- Academic Department of Medical Oncology, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK
| | - Harry R Büller
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bernard Lebeau
- Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Ramon Lecumberri
- Haematology Service, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Charles Loprinzi
- Divisions of Cardiology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert McBane
- Divisions of Vascular Medicine and Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kostandinos Sideras
- Divisions of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Anthony Maraveyas
- Division of Cancer, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Uwe Pelzer
- Division of Haematology, Oncology and Tumour Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität - Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - James Perry
- Ontario Clinical Oncology Group and Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Clara Klerk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dijklanderziekenhuis, Hoorn, Netherlands
| | - Giancarlo Agnelli
- Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine-Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elie A Akl
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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11
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van Es N, Ventresca M, Di Nisio M, Zhou Q, Noble S, Crowther M, Briel M, Garcia D, Lyman GH, Macbeth F, Griffiths G, Iorio A, Mbuagbaw L, Neumann I, Brozek J, Guyatt G, Streiff MB, Baldeh T, Florez ID, Gurunlu Alma O, Agnelli G, Ageno W, Marcucci M, Bozas G, Zulian G, Maraveyas A, Lebeau B, Lecumberri R, Sideras K, Loprinzi C, McBane R, Pelzer U, Riess H, Solh Z, Perry J, Kahale LA, Bossuyt PM, Klerk C, Büller HR, Akl EA, Schünemann HJ. The Khorana score for prediction of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: An individual patient data meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:1940-1951. [PMID: 32336010 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncology guidelines suggest using the Khorana score to select ambulatory cancer patients receiving chemotherapy for primary venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevention, but its performance in different cancers remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE To examine the performance of the Khorana score in assessing 6-month VTE risk, and the efficacy and safety of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) among high-risk Khorana score patients. METHODS This individual patient data meta-analysis evaluated (ultra)-LMWH in patients with solid cancer using data from seven randomized controlled trials. RESULTS A total of 3293 patients from the control groups with an available Khorana score had lung (n = 1913; 58%), colorectal (n = 452; 14%), pancreatic (n = 264; 8%), gastric (n = 201; 6%), ovarian (n = 184; 56%), breast (n = 164; 5%), brain (n = 84; 3%), or bladder cancer (n = 31; 1%). The 6-month VTE incidence was 9.8% among high-risk Khorana score patients and 6.4% among low-to-intermediate-risk patients (odds ratio [OR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-2.2). The dichotomous Khorana score performed differently in lung cancer patients (OR 1.1; 95% CI, 0.72-1.7) than in the group with other cancer types (OR 3.2; 95% CI, 1.8-5.6; Pinteraction = .002). Among high-risk patients, LMWH decreased the risk of VTE by 64% compared with controls (OR 0.36; 95% CI, 0.22-0.58), without increasing the risk of major bleeding (OR 1.1; 95% CI, 0.59-2.1). CONCLUSION The Khorana score was unable to stratify patients with lung cancer based on their VTE risk. Among those with other cancer types, a high-risk score was associated with a three-fold increased risk of VTE compared with a low-to-intermediate risk score. Thromboprophylaxis was effective and safe in patients with a high-risk Khorana score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick van Es
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada and McGRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Matthew Ventresca
- Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada and McGRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Marcello Di Nisio
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Qi Zhou
- Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada and McGRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Simon Noble
- Marie Curie Palliative Care Research Centre, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Mark Crowther
- Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada and McGRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Matthias Briel
- Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada and McGRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Clinical Research, Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Garcia
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gary H Lyman
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Hutchinson Institute for Cancer Outcomes Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Fergus Macbeth
- Centre for Trials Research, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Centre for Trials Research, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Alfonso Iorio
- Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada and McGRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Lawrence Mbuagbaw
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biostatistics Unit, Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre, St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ignacio Neumann
- Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada and McGRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jan Brozek
- Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada and McGRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Gordon Guyatt
- Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada and McGRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Michael B Streiff
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tejan Baldeh
- Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada and McGRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Ivan D Florez
- Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada and McGRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | - Giancarlo Agnelli
- Internal Vascular and Emergency Medicine-Stroke Unit, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Walter Ageno
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Maura Marcucci
- Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada and McGRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - George Bozas
- Academic Department of Medical Oncology, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Cottingham, UK
| | - Gilbert Zulian
- Department of Readaptation and Palliative Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Maraveyas
- Division of Cancer-Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Bernard Lebeau
- Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Ramon Lecumberri
- Hematology Service, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Kostandinos Sideras
- Divisions of Medical Oncology, Cardiology and Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Charles Loprinzi
- Divisions of Medical Oncology, Cardiology and Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert McBane
- Divisions of Medical Oncology, Cardiology and Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Uwe Pelzer
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanno Riess
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité, University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ziad Solh
- Transfusion Medicine Section, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - James Perry
- Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ontario Clinical Oncology Group and Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Lara A Kahale
- Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada and McGRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Patrick M Bossuyt
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Clara Klerk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dijklanderziekenhuis, Hoorn, The Netherlands
| | - Harry R Büller
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elie A Akl
- Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada and McGRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Holger J Schünemann
- Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada and McGRADE Centres, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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12
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Santamaría A, Suito M. Antineoplastic effects of heparins. Med Clin (Barc) 2020; 154:398-399. [PMID: 32107043 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Santamaría
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario del Vinalopó y Torrevieja, Alicante, España.
| | - Milagros Suito
- Unidad de Hemostasia y Trombosis, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, España
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13
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Heparanase in Cancer Metastasis – Heparin as a Potential Inhibitor of Cell Adhesion Molecules. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:309-329. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Nasser NJ, Fox J, Agbarya A. Potential Mechanisms of Cancer-Related Hypercoagulability. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030566. [PMID: 32121387 PMCID: PMC7139427 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between cancer and thrombosis has been known for over a century and a half. However, the mechanisms that underlie this correlation are not fully characterized. Hypercoagulability in cancer patients can be classified into two main categories: Type I and Type II. Type I occurs when the balance of endogenous heparin production and degradation is disturbed, with increased degradation of endogenous heparin by tumor-secreted heparanase. Type II hypercoagulability includes all the other etiologies, with factors related to the patient, the tumor, and/or the treatment. Patients with poor performance status are at higher risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Tumors can result in VTE through direct pressure on blood vessels, resulting in stasis. Several medications for cancer are correlated with a high risk of thrombosis. These include hormonal therapy (e.g., tamoxifen), chemotherapy (e.g., cisplatin, thalidomide and asparaginase), molecular targeted therapy (e.g., lenvatinib, osimertinib), and anti-angiogenesis monoclonal antibodies (e.g., bevacizumab and ramucirumab).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J. Nasser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10467, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jana Fox
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10467, USA;
| | - Abed Agbarya
- Institute of Oncology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 31048, Israel;
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15
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Barbarawi M, Zayed Y, Kheiri B, Gakhal I, Barbarawi O, Bala A, Alabdouh A, Abdalla A, Rizk F, Bachuwa G, Katato K. The role of anticoagulation in venous thromboembolism primary prophylaxis in patients with malignancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Thromb Res 2019; 181:36-45. [PMID: 31349093 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with cancer. As such, we conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated anticoagulants as primary prophylaxis against VTE in cancer patients. METHODS Pubmed/MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were screened for all RCTs that used anticoagulation therapy in cancer patients for primary prevention of VTE. The primary outcomes were VTE events. Secondary outcomes included all-cause mortality, VTE-related mortality and major bleeding. A random effects model was used to report the risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and odds ratios (ORs) with Bayesian 95% credible intervals for both direct and network meta-analyses, respectively. RESULTS Twenty-four RCTs were included totaling 13,338 patients (7197 received anticoagulation and 6141 received placebo). The mean age ranged between 54.6 and 68.1 years, with 50.5% male. Compared with placebo, low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) or direct Xa inhibitors were associated with lower VTE events (RR 0.58; 95%CI 0.48-0.69, P < 0.001) and (RR 0.39; 95%CI 0.24-0.63, p < 0.001), respectively. LMWH was associated with decreased VTE and all-cause mortality when compared with placebo (P < 0.05). Regarding safety outcomes, LMWH and direct Xa inhibitors were not associated with increased risks of major bleeding (P > 0.05) when compared with placebo. Results regarding VTE events and major bleeding were consistent in both lung and pancreatic cancers. CONCLUSIONS Both LMWH and direct Xa inhibitors were associated with a lower VTE events compared with placebo. However, this potentially protective effect must be balanced against the possible increased risk of bleeding for some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Barbarawi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hurley Medical Center, Michigan State University, Flint, MI, USA.
| | - Yazan Zayed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hurley Medical Center, Michigan State University, Flint, MI, USA
| | - Babikir Kheiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hurley Medical Center, Michigan State University, Flint, MI, USA
| | - Inderdeep Gakhal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hurley Medical Center, Michigan State University, Flint, MI, USA
| | - Owais Barbarawi
- Department of Internal medicine, Mutah University, Al-Karak, Jordan
| | - Areeg Bala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hurley Medical Center, Michigan State University, Flint, MI, USA
| | - Ahmad Alabdouh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Agnes Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21229, USA
| | - Ahmed Abdalla
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, St. John Hospital, Grosse Pointe Woods, MI, USA
| | - Fatima Rizk
- Michigan State University, College of Osteopathic Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Ghassan Bachuwa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hurley Medical Center, Michigan State University, Flint, MI, USA
| | - Khalil Katato
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hurley Medical Center, Michigan State University, Flint, MI, USA
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16
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LMWH and its derivatives represent new rational for cancer therapy: construction strategies and combination therapy. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:2096-2104. [PMID: 31228613 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) has attracted increasing attention as a tumor treatment because of its board range of physiological functions. Over the past decade, diverse LMWH derivatives have increased the variety of antitumor strategies available, serving not only as anti-tumor agents, but also as drug delivery platforms. In this review, we introduce the basic strategy for structural modification of LMWH to attenuate its antitumor activity while reducing its risk of bleeding and immune responses, as well as highlighting current applications of LMWH and its derivatives in cancer therapy. We select representative drug delivery systems involving LMWH derivatives and discuss the construction principles and therapeutic effects associated with their use. We also analyze progress made in the development of antitumor combination therapies, in which LMWH has shown synergistic or combined effects with other treatment strategies.
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17
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Becattini C, Verso M, Muňoz A, Agnelli G. Updated meta-analysis on prevention of venous thromboembolism in ambulatory cancer patients. Haematologica 2019; 105:838-848. [PMID: 31171643 PMCID: PMC7049374 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.221424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Randomized clinical trials have evaluated the role of anticoagulants in the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in ambulatory cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. This meta-analysis is aimed at providing an updated evaluation of the efficacy and safety of anticoagulant prophylaxis in this clinical setting. Medline and Scopus were searched to retrieve randomized controlled trials on the prevention of VTE in ambulatory cancer patients. Two groups of trials were identified with VTE or death as the primary outcome, respectively. VTE was the primary outcome of this analysis. Anticoagulant prophylaxis reduced the incidence of VTE in studies in which the primary outcome was VTE [14 studies, 8,226 patients; odds ratio (OR)=0.45; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.36-0.56] or death (8 studies, 3,727 patients; OR=0.61; 95% CI: 0.47-0.81). When these studies were pooled together, VTE was reduced by 49% (95% CI: 0.43-0.61) with no significant increase in major bleeding (OR=1.30, 95% CI: 0.98-1.73). The risk of major bleeding was increased in studies with VTE as the primary outcome (OR=1.43, 95% CI: 1.01-2.04). Similar reductions of VTE were observed in studies with parenteral (OR=0.43, 95% CI: 0.33-0.56) or oral anticoagulants (OR=0.49, 95% CI: 0.33-0.74). The reduction in VTE was confirmed in patients with lung (OR=0.42, 95% CI: 0.26-0.67) or pancreatic cancer (OR=0.26, 95% CI: 0.14-0.48), in estimated high-risk patients, in high-quality studies and with respect to symptomatic VTE. In conclusion, prophylaxis with oral or parenteral anticoagulants reduces the risk of VTE in ambulatory cancer patients, with an acceptable increase in major bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Becattini
- Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine - Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Melina Verso
- Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine - Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andres Muňoz
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giancarlo Agnelli
- Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine - Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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18
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Gezelius E, Belting M. Biomarkers of venous thromboembolism in cancer: a silent echo from local events? Biomark Med 2019; 13:507-509. [PMID: 31140831 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2019-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Gezelius
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Oncology, Barngatan 4, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Belting
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Oncology, Barngatan 4, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Pathology, & Genetics, Uppsala University, Rudbecklaboratoriet, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
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19
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Grandoni F, Alberio L. Direct Oral Anticoagulant Drugs: On the Treatment of Cancer-Related Venous Thromboembolism and their Potential Anti-Neoplastic Effect. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11010046. [PMID: 30621261 PMCID: PMC6356803 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer patients develop a hypercoagulable state with a four- to seven-fold higher thromboembolic risk compared to non-cancer patients. Thromboembolic events can precede the diagnosis of cancer, but they more often occur at diagnosis or during treatment. After malignancy itself, they represent the second cause of death. Low molecular weight heparins are the backbone of the treatment of cancer-associated thromboembolism. This treatment paradigm is possibly changing, as direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) may prove to be an alternative therapeutic option. The currently available DOACs were approved during the first and second decades of the 21st century for various clinical indications. Three molecules (apixaban, edoxaban and rivaroxaban) are targeting the activated factor X and one (dabigatran) is directed against the activated factor II, thrombin. The major trials analyzed the effect of these agents in the general population, with only a small proportion of cancer patients. Two published and several ongoing studies are specifically investigating the use of DOACs in cancer-associated thromboembolism. This article will review the current available literature on the use of DOACs in cancer patients. Furthermore, we will discuss published data suggesting potential anti-cancer actions exerted by non-anticoagulant effects of DOACs. As soon as more prospective data becomes available, DOACs are likely to be considered as a potential new therapeutic option in the armamentarium for patients suffering of cancer-associated thromboembolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Grandoni
- Division of Haematology and Haematology Central Laboratory, CHUV, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Lorenzo Alberio
- Division of Haematology and Haematology Central Laboratory, CHUV, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Coagulation biomarkers and prediction of venous thromboembolism and survival in small cell lung cancer: A sub-study of RASTEN - A randomized trial with low molecular weight heparin. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207387. [PMID: 30412630 PMCID: PMC6226210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulation activation and venous thromboembolism (VTE) are hallmarks of cancer; however, there is an unmet need of improved biomarkers for individualized anticoagulant treatment. The present sub-study of the RASTEN trial was designed to explore the role of coagulation biomarkers in predicting VTE risk and outcome in a homogenous cancer patient population. RASTEN is a multicenter, randomized phase-3 trial investigating the survival effect of low molecular weight heparin enoxaparin when added to standard treatment in newly diagnosed small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients. Plasma collected at baseline, during treatment, and at follow-up was used in this ad hoc sub-study (N = 242). Systemic coagulation was assessed using four assays reflecting various facets of the coagulation system: Total tissue factor (TF); extracellular vesicle associated TF (EV-TF); procoagulant phospholipids (PPL); and thrombin generation (TG). We found small variations of biomarker levels between baseline, during treatment and at follow-up, and appeared independent on low molecular weight heparin treatment. Overall, none of the measured biomarkers at any time-point did significantly associate with VTE incidence, although increased total TF at baseline showed significant association in control patients not receiving low molecular weight heparin (P = 0.03). Increased TG-Peak was significantly associated with decreased overall survival (OS; P = 0.03), especially in patients with extensive disease. Low baseline EV-TF predicted a worse survival in the low molecular weight heparin as compared with the control group (HR 1.42; 95% CI 1.04–1.95; P = 0.03; P for interaction = 0.12). We conclude that the value of the analyzed coagulation biomarkers for the prediction of VTE risk was very limited in SCLC patients. The associations between TG-Peak and EV-TF with patient survival and response to low molecular weight heparin therapy, respectively, warrant further studies on the role of coagulation activation in SCLC aggressiveness.
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Ponert JM, Gockel LM, Henze S, Schlesinger M. Unfractionated and Low Molecular Weight Heparin Reduce Platelet Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Pancreatic and Prostate Cancer Cells. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102690. [PMID: 30347648 PMCID: PMC6222876 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction with platelets is of crucial importance for tumor cells passing through hematogenous metastasis. Platelets protect cancer cells from immune surveillance and exhibit many other prometastatic effects. Notably, platelets can change the epithelial tumor phenotype, a process termed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which confers stem cell-like properties onto tumor cells associated with an increased motility and drug resistance. The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of heparin on the platelet induced EMT program in pancreatic and prostate tumor cells. Platelet activation and interaction with cancer cells were determined by static adhesion assays. Applying ELISAs, the platelet release of EMT inducing mediators was quantified. EMT marker protein expression by tumor cells was explored by western blot and qPCR. Our data show that different tumor cell entities have different platelet binding capacities and also that a weak interaction is sufficient to change tumor cell phenotype. Additionally, unfractionated heparin (UFH) as well as low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) reduced tumor cell platelet interaction. Subsequently, attenuated platelet-derived mediator release resulted in reduced EMT marker protein and transcription factor expression by the cancer cells and decreased cell migration. These data suggest that heparin reduces platelet induced EMT program and prevents the formation of cancer cells with stem cell-like properties. This additional mechanism argues for the use of heparin in oncological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Moritz Ponert
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Lukas Maria Gockel
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Svenja Henze
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Martin Schlesinger
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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Meyer G, Besse B, Doubre H, Charles-Nelson A, Aquilanti S, Izadifar A, Azarian R, Monnet I, Lamour C, Descourt R, Oliviero G, Taillade L, Chouaid C, Giraud F, Falcoz PE, Revel MP, Westeel V, Dixmier A, Tredaniel J, Dehette S, Decroisette C, Prevost A, Pichon E, Fabre E, Soria JC, Friard S, Stern JB, Jabot L, Dennewald G, Pavy G, Petitpretz P, Tourani JM, Alifano M, Chatellier G, Girard P. Anti-tumour effect of low molecular weight heparin in localised lung cancer: a phase III clinical trial. Eur Respir J 2018; 52:13993003.01220-2018. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01220-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The anti-tumour and anti-metastatic properties of heparins have not been tested in patients with early stage cancer. Whether adjuvant low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) tinzaparin impacts the survival of patients with resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was investigated.Patients with completely resected stage I, II or IIIA NSCLC were randomly allocated to receive subcutaneous tinzaparin 100 IU·kg−1 once a day for 12 weeks or no treatment in addition to standard of care. The trial was open-label with blinded central adjudication of study outcomes. The primary outcome was overall survival.In 549 patients randomised to tinzaparin (n=269) or control (n=280), mean±sd age was 61.6±8.9 years, 190 (34.6%) patients had stage II−III disease, and 220 (40.1%) patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. Median follow-up was 5.7 years. There was no significant difference in overall survival between groups (hazard ratio (HR) 1.24, 95% CI 0.92–1.68; p=0.17). There was no difference in the cumulative incidence of recurrence between groups (subdistribution HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.68–1.30; p=0.70).Adjuvant tinzaparin had no detectable impact on overall and recurrence-free survival of patients with completely resected stage I−IIIA NSCLC. These results do not support further clinical evaluation of LMWHs as anti-tumour agents.
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Paderi J, Prestwich GD, Panitch A, Boone T, Stuart K. Glycan Therapeutics: Resurrecting an Almost Pharma‐Forgotten Drug Class. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Paderi
- Symic Bio, Inc. 5980 Horton St. 94608 Emeryville CA USA
| | - Glenn D. Prestwich
- Symic Bio, Inc. 5980 Horton St. 94608 Emeryville CA USA
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of Utah 84112 Salt Lake City UT USA
- Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane 99210 Spokane WA USA
| | - Alyssa Panitch
- Symic Bio, Inc. 5980 Horton St. 94608 Emeryville CA USA
- University of California 95616 Davis CA USA
| | - Tom Boone
- Symic Bio, Inc. 5980 Horton St. 94608 Emeryville CA USA
| | - Kate Stuart
- Symic Bio, Inc. 5980 Horton St. 94608 Emeryville CA USA
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Li Y, Shang Y, Wang W, Ning S, Chen H. Lung Cancer and Pulmonary Embolism: What Is the Relationship? A Review. J Cancer 2018; 9:3046-3057. [PMID: 30210627 PMCID: PMC6134828 DOI: 10.7150/jca.26008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is gradually considered to be the third most common disease in the vascular disease category. Lung cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among males worldwide. Although initially appearing as distinct entities, lung cancer is a great risk factor for the development of PE. Pulmonary embolism is common in lung cancer patients, with a pooled incidence of 3.7%, and unsuspected pulmonary embolism (UPE) is also non-negligible with a rough rate ranging from 29.4% to 63%. Many risk factors of PE have been detected and could be classified into three categories: lung cancer-related, patient-related, and treatment-related factors. Decreased mean survival time could be significantly observed in lung cancer patients with PE or UPE compared to those only, but suspected PE has higher mortality than UPE. Prophylactic anticoagulant therapy benefit might be highest in patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or limited small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and heparin seems superior to warfarin for thrombotic prophylaxis. Periodically reassessing the risk-benefit ratio of anticoagulant treatment will be an efficient treatment strategy in lung cancer patients with PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Li
- Department of Respiration, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.,Drs Yupeng Li and Yu Shang contribute equally to this article
| | - Yu Shang
- Department of Respiration, First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin 150081, China.,Drs Yupeng Li and Yu Shang contribute equally to this article
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Department of Respiration, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Shangwei Ning
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Respiration, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
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Tromboembolismo venoso e cancro: Cosa si fa e cosa si dovrebbe fare. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/030089160208800471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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García-Escobar I, Beato-Zambrano C, Muñoz Langa J, Brozos Vázquez E, Obispo Portero B, Gutiérrez-Abad D, Muñoz Martín AJ. Pleiotropic effects of heparins: does anticoagulant treatment increase survival in cancer patients? Clin Transl Oncol 2018; 20:1097-1108. [PMID: 29470777 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-018-1835-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The association between venous thromboembolism (VTE) and cancer has been recognized for more than 100 years. Numerous studies have been performed to investigate strategies to decrease VTE incidence and to establish whether treating VTE impacts cancer progression and overall survival. Accordingly, it is important to understand the role of the hemostatic system in tumorigenesis and progression, as there is abundant evidence associating it with cell survival and proliferation, tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and dissemination, and metastasis formation. In attempts to further the scientific evidence, several studies examine survival benefits in cancer patients treated with anticoagulant therapy, specifically treatment with vitamin K antagonists, unfractionated heparin, and low-molecular-weight heparin. Several studies and meta-analyses have been conducted with a special focus on brain tumors. However, no definitive conclusions have been obtained, and more well-designed clinical trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I García-Escobar
- Medical Oncology, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - C Beato-Zambrano
- Medical Oncology GU and Breast Cancer Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
| | - J Muñoz Langa
- Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - E Brozos Vázquez
- Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - B Obispo Portero
- Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Gutiérrez-Abad
- Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain
| | - A J Muñoz Martín
- Medical Oncology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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Ek L, Gezelius E, Bergman B, Bendahl PO, Anderson H, Sundberg J, Wallberg M, Falkmer U, Verma S, Belting M. Randomized phase III trial of low-molecular-weight heparin enoxaparin in addition to standard treatment in small-cell lung cancer: the RASTEN trial. Ann Oncol 2018; 29:398-404. [PMID: 29106448 PMCID: PMC5834130 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coagulation activation and venous thromboembolism (VTE) are hallmarks of malignant disease and represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer. Coagulation inhibition with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) may improve survival specifically in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients by preventing VTE and tumor progression; however, randomized trials with well-defined patient populations are needed to obtain conclusive data. The aim of RASTEN was to investigate the survival effect of LMWH enoxaparin in a homogenous population of SCLC patients. Patients and methods We carried out a randomized, multicenter, open-label trial to investigate the addition of enoxaparin at a supraprophylactic dose (1 mg/kg) to standard treatment in patients with newly diagnosed SCLC. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS), and secondary outcomes were progression-free survival (PFS), incidence of VTE and hemorrhagic events. Results In RASTEN, 390 patients were randomized over an 8-year period (2008-2016), of whom 186 and 191 were included in the final analysis in the LMWH and control arm, respectively. We found no evidence of a difference in OS or PFS by the addition of enoxaparin [hazard ratio (HR), 1.11; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.89-1.38; P = 0.36 and HR, 1.18; 95% CI 0.95-1.46; P = 0.14, respectively]. Subgroup analysis of patients with limited and extensive disease did not show reduced mortality by enoxaparin. The incidence of VTE was significantly reduced in the LMWH arm (HR, 0.31; 95% CI 0.11-0.84; P = 0.02). Hemorrhagic events were more frequent in the LMWH-treated group but fatal bleedings occurred in both arms. Conclusion LMWH enoxaparin in addition to standard therapy did not improve OS in SCLC patients despite being administered at a supraprophylactic dose and despite resulting in a significant reduction in VTE incidence. Addition of LMWH cannot be generally recommended in the management of SCLC patients, and predictive biomarkers of VTE and LMWH-associated bleeding in cancer patients are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ek
- Department of Heart and Lung Disease, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - E Gezelius
- Department of Hematology, Radiophysics and Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Section of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - B Bergman
- Department of Lung Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - P O Bendahl
- Department of Section of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - H Anderson
- Section of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - J Sundberg
- Department of Hematology, Radiophysics and Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Wallberg
- Department of Heart and Lung Disease, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - U Falkmer
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - S Verma
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - M Belting
- Department of Hematology, Radiophysics and Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Section of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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O'Reilly EM, Roach J, Miller P, Yu KH, Tjan C, Rosano M, Krause S, Avery W, Wolf J, Flaherty K, Nix D, Ryan DP. Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Antitumor Activity of Necuparanib Combined with Nab-Paclitaxel and Gemcitabine in Patients with Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer: Phase I Results. Oncologist 2017; 22:1429-e139. [PMID: 29158367 PMCID: PMC5728039 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
LESSONS LEARNED Despite the compelling preclinical rationale of evaluating the genetically engineered heparin derivative, necuparanib, combined with standard therapy in metastatic pancreas adenocarcinoma, the results were ultimately disappointing.Safety was documented, although dose escalation was limited by the number of subcutaneous injections, the potential for skin toxicity (cellulitis), and low-level anticoagulant effect. Nonetheless, the hypothesis of targeting prothrombotic pathways in pancreas adenocarcinoma remains compelling. BACKGROUND Necuparanib is derived from unfractionated heparin and engineered for reduced anticoagulant activity while preserving known heparin-associated antitumor properties. This trial assessed the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics, and initial efficacy of necuparanib combined with gemcitabine ± nab-paclitaxel in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. METHODS Patients received escalating daily subcutaneous doses of necuparanib plus 1,000 mg/m2 gemcitabine (days 1, 8, 15, and every 28 days). The protocol was amended to include 125 mg/m2 nab-paclitaxel after two cohorts (following release of the phase III MPACT data). The necuparanib starting dose was 0.5 mg/kg, with escalation via a modified 3 + 3 design until the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was determined. RESULTS Thirty-nine patients were enrolled into seven cohorts (necuparanib 0.5, 1 mg/kg + gemcitabine; necuparanib 1, 2, 4, 6, and 5 mg/kg + nab-paclitaxel + gemcitabine). The most common adverse events were anemia (56%), fatigue (51%), neutropenia (51%), leukopenia (41%), and thrombocytopenia (41%). No deaths and two serious adverse events were potentially related to necuparanib. Measurable levels of necuparanib were seen starting at the 2 mg/kg dose. Of 24 patients who received at least one dose of necuparanib + nab-paclitaxel + gemcitabine, 9 (38%) achieved a partial response and 6 (25%) achieved stable disease (63% disease control rate). Given a cellulitis event and mild activated partial thromboplastin time increases at 6 mg/kg, the 5 mg/kg dose was considered the MTD and selected for further assessment in phase II. CONCLUSION Acceptable safety and encouraging signals of activity in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer receiving necuparanib, nab-paclitaxel, and gemcitabine were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M O'Reilly
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - James Roach
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul Miller
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kenneth H Yu
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Catherine Tjan
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Molly Rosano
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Silva Krause
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William Avery
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julie Wolf
- Novella Clinical, Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Keith Flaherty
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Darrell Nix
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David P Ryan
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Akl EA, Kahale LA, Hakoum MB, Matar CF, Sperati F, Barba M, Yosuico VED, Terrenato I, Synnot A, Schünemann H. Parenteral anticoagulation in ambulatory patients with cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 9:CD006652. [PMID: 28892556 PMCID: PMC6419241 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006652.pub5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anticoagulation may improve survival in patients with cancer through a speculated anti-tumour effect, in addition to the antithrombotic effect, although may increase the risk of bleeding. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy and safety of parenteral anticoagulants in ambulatory patients with cancer who, typically, are undergoing chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy or radiotherapy, but otherwise have no standard therapeutic or prophylactic indication for anticoagulation. SEARCH METHODS A comprehensive search included (1) a major electronic search (February 2016) of the following databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (2016, Issue 1), MEDLINE (1946 to February 2016; accessed via OVID) and Embase (1980 to February 2016; accessed via OVID); (2) handsearching of conference proceedings; (3) checking of references of included studies; (4) use of the 'related citation' feature in PubMed and (5) a search for ongoing studies in trial registries. As part of the living systematic review approach, we are running searches continually and we will incorporate new evidence rapidly after it is identified. This update of the systematic review is based on the findings of a literature search conducted on 14 August, 2017. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the benefits and harms of parenteral anticoagulation in ambulatory patients with cancer. Typically, these patients are undergoing chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy or radiotherapy, but otherwise have no standard therapeutic or prophylactic indication for anticoagulation. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Using a standardized form we extracted data in duplicate on study design, participants, interventions outcomes of interest, and risk of bias. Outcomes of interested included all-cause mortality, symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE), symptomatic deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), major bleeding, minor bleeding, and quality of life. We assessed the certainty of evidence for each outcome using the GRADE approach (GRADE handbook). MAIN RESULTS Of 6947 identified citations, 18 RCTs fulfilled the eligibility criteria. These trials enrolled 9575 participants. Trial registries' searches identified nine registered but unpublished trials, two of which were labeled as 'ongoing trials'. In all included RCTs, the intervention consisted of heparin (either unfractionated heparin or low molecular weight heparin). Overall, heparin appears to have no effect on mortality at 12 months (risk ratio (RR) 0.98; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93 to 1.03; risk difference (RD) 10 fewer per 1000; 95% CI 35 fewer to 15 more; moderate certainty of evidence) and mortality at 24 months (RR 0.99; 95% CI 0.96 to 1.01; RD 8 fewer per 1000; 95% CI 31 fewer to 8 more; moderate certainty of evidence). Heparin therapy reduces the risk of symptomatic VTE (RR 0.56; 95% CI 0.47 to 0.68; RD 30 fewer per 1000; 95% CI 36 fewer to 22 fewer; high certainty of evidence), while it increases in the risks of major bleeding (RR 1.30; 95% 0.94 to 1.79; RD 4 more per 1000; 95% CI 1 fewer to 11 more; moderate certainty of evidence) and minor bleeding (RR 1.70; 95% 1.13 to 2.55; RD 17 more per 1000; 95% CI 3 more to 37 more; high certainty of evidence). Results failed to confirm or to exclude a beneficial or detrimental effect of heparin on thrombocytopenia (RR 0.69; 95% CI 0.37 to 1.27; RD 33 fewer per 1000; 95% CI 66 fewer to 28 more; moderate certainty of evidence); quality of life (moderate certainty of evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Heparin appears to have no effect on mortality at 12 months and 24 months. It reduces symptomatic VTE and likely increases major and minor bleeding. Future research should further investigate the survival benefit of different types of anticoagulants in patients with different types and stages of cancer. The decision for a patient with cancer to start heparin therapy should balance the benefits and downsides, and should integrate the patient's values and preferences.Editorial note:This is a living systematic review. Living systematic reviews offer a new approach to review updating in which the review is continually updated, incorporating relevant new evidence, as it becomes available. Please refer to the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for the current status of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie A Akl
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El Solh St, Beirut, Lebanon
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Pfankuchen DB, Baltes F, Batool T, Li JP, Schlesinger M, Bendas G. Heparin antagonizes cisplatin resistance of A2780 ovarian cancer cells by affecting the Wnt signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:67553-67566. [PMID: 28978053 PMCID: PMC5620193 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), the guideline based drug for prophylaxis and treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis, was recently shown to sensitize cisplatin resistant A2780cis human ovarian cancer cells for cisplatin cytotoxicity upon 24 h pretreatment with 50 μg × mL−1 of the LMWH tinzaparin in vitro, equivalent to a therapeutic dosage. Thereby, LMWH induced sensitization by transcriptional reprogramming of A2780cis cells via not yet elucidated mechanisms that depend on cellular proteoglycans. Here we aim to illuminate the underlying molecular mechanisms of LMWH in sensitizing A2780cis cells for cisplatin. Using TCF/LEF luciferase promotor assay (Top/Flash) we show that resistant A2780cis cells possess a threefold higher Wnt signaling activity compared to A2780 cells. Furthermore, Wnt pathway blockade by FH535 leads to higher cisplatin sensitivity of A2780cis cells. Glypican-3 (GPC3) is upregulated in A2780cis cells in response to LMWH treatment, probably as counter-regulation to sustain the high Wnt activity against LMWH. Hence, LMWH reduces the cisplatin-induced rise in Wnt activity and TCF-4 expression in A2780cis cells, but keeps sensitive A2780 cells unaffected. Consequently, Wnt signaling pathway appears as primary target of LMWH in sensitizing A2780cis cells for cisplatin toxicity. Considering the outstanding role of LMWH in clinical oncology, this finding appears as promising therapeutic option to hamper chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabian Baltes
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tahira Batool
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, SciLifeLab, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, SciLifeLab, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Schlesinger
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gerd Bendas
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Meta-analysis on anticoagulation and prevention of thrombosis and mortality among patients with lung cancer. Thromb Res 2017; 154:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Di Nisio M, Porreca E, Candeloro M, De Tursi M, Russi I, Rutjes AWS. Primary prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in ambulatory cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 12:CD008500. [PMID: 27906452 PMCID: PMC6463937 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008500.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venous thromboembolism (VTE) often complicates the clinical course of cancer. The risk is further increased by chemotherapy, but the trade-off between safety and efficacy of primary thromboprophylaxis in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy is uncertain. This is the second update of a review first published in February 2012. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of primary thromboprophylaxis for VTE in ambulatory cancer patients receiving chemotherapy compared with placebo or no thromboprophylaxis. SEARCH METHODS For this update the Cochrane Vascular Information Specialist searched the Cochrane Vascular Group Specialised Register (June 2016). In addition, the Information Specialist searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (2016, Issue 5). Clinical trials registries were searched up to June 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials comparing any oral or parenteral anticoagulant or mechanical intervention to no thromboprophylaxis or placebo, or comparing two different anticoagulants. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We extracted data on methodological quality, participant characteristics, interventions, and outcomes including symptomatic VTE and major bleeding as the primary effectiveness and safety outcomes, respectively. MAIN RESULTS We identified five additional randomised controlled trials (2491 participants) in the updated search, considering in this update 26 trials with a total of 12,352 participants, all evaluating pharmacological interventions and performed mainly in people with locally advanced or metastatic cancer. The quality of the evidence ranged from high to very low across the different outcomes and comparisons. The main limiting factors were imprecision and risk of bias. One large trial of 3212 participants found a 64% (risk ratio (RR) 0.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.22 to 0.60) reduction of symptomatic VTE with the ultra-low molecular weight heparin (uLMWH) semuloparin relative to placebo, with no apparent difference in major bleeding (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.55 to 2.00). When compared with no thromboprophylaxis, LMWH significantly reduced the incidence of symptomatic VTE (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.75; no heterogeneity, Tau2 = 0.00%) with a non-statistically significant 44% higher risk of major bleeding events (RR 1.44, 95% CI 0.98 to 2.11). In participants with multiple myeloma, LMWH was associated with a significant reduction in symptomatic VTE compared with the vitamin K antagonist warfarin (RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.83), while the difference between LMWH and aspirin was not statistically significant (RR 0.51, 95% CI 0.22 to 1.17). Major bleeding was observed in none of the participants treated with LMWH or warfarin and in less than 1% of those treated with aspirin. Only one study evaluated unfractionated heparin against no thromboprophylaxis but did not report on VTE or major bleeding. When compared with placebo, warfarin was associated with a non-statistically significant reduction of symptomatic VTE (RR 0.15, 95% CI 0.02 to 1.20). Antithrombin, evaluated in one study involving paediatric patients, had no significant effect on VTE or on major bleeding when compared with no antithrombin. The direct oral factor Xa inhibitor apixaban was evaluated in a phase II dose-finding study that suggested a low rate of major bleeding (2.1% versus 3.4%) and symptomatic VTE (1.1% versus 13.8%) in comparison with placebo. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS In this second update, we confirmed that primary thromboprophylaxis with LMWH significantly reduced the incidence of symptomatic VTE in ambulatory cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. In addition, the uLMWH semuloparin, which is not commercially available, significantly reduced the incidence of symptomatic VTE. The risk of major bleeding associated with LMWH, while not reaching statistical significance, suggest caution and mandate additional studies to determine the risk-to-benefit ratio of LMWH in this setting. Despite the encouraging results of this review, routine prophylaxis in ambulatory cancer patients cannot be recommended before safety issues are adequately addressed. We need additional studies investigating targeted primary prophylaxis in people with specific types or stages of cancer associated with a higher risk of VTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Di Nisio
- University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti‐PescaraDepartment of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciencesvia dei Vestini 31ChietiItaly66013
- Academic Medical CenterDepartment of Vascular MedicineAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Ettore Porreca
- University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti‐PescaraDepartment of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciencesvia dei Vestini 31ChietiItaly66013
| | - Matteo Candeloro
- "University G. D'Annunzio" FoundationInternal Medicine UnitChietiItaly
| | - Michele De Tursi
- "University G. D'Annunzio" FoundationInternal Medicine UnitChietiItaly
| | - Ilaria Russi
- University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti‐PescaraDepartment of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciencesvia dei Vestini 31ChietiItaly66013
| | - Anne WS Rutjes
- Fondazione "Università G. D'Annunzio"Centre for Systematic ReviewsVia dei Vestini 31ChietiChietiItaly66100
- University of BernCTU BernBernBernSwitzerland3012
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Wang J, Zhu C. Anticoagulation in combination with antiangiogenesis and chemotherapy for cancer patients: evidence and hypothesis. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:4737-46. [PMID: 27536135 PMCID: PMC4973715 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s103184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercoagulable state and disorganized angiogenesis are two conspicuous characteristics during tumor progression. There are a considerable number of clinical trials focusing on the effects of anticoagulant and antiangiogenic drugs on the survival of cancer patients. Favorable outcomes have been observed. Excessive blood coagulation not only causes cancer-associated thrombosis, which is a common complication and is the second leading cause of death in patients, but also decreases intratumoral perfusion rates and drug delivery by reducing the effective cross-sectional area of blood vessels. Meanwhile, structural and functional abnormalities of the tumor microvasculature also compromise convective drug transport and create a hypoxic and acidic microenvironment. Vascular normalization strategy can temporarily recover the abnormal state of tumor vasculature by improving blood density, dilation, and leakiness, resulting in enhanced penetration of chemotherapies and oxygen within a short time window. In this article, we first review the evidence to support the opinion that anticoagulant and antiangiogenic therapy can improve cancer survival through several underlying mechanisms. Next, we speculate on the feasibility and value of the combined strategy and discuss whether such a combination has a synergistic antineoplastic effect in cancer patients by way of increasing blood vessel perfusion and drug distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengchu Zhu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Xu XR, Zhang D, Oswald BE, Carrim N, Wang X, Hou Y, Zhang Q, Lavalle C, McKeown T, Marshall AH, Ni H. Platelets are versatile cells: New discoveries in hemostasis, thrombosis, immune responses, tumor metastasis and beyond. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2016; 53:409-30. [PMID: 27282765 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2016.1200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Platelets are small anucleate blood cells generated from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and cleared in the reticuloendothelial system. At the site of vascular injury, platelet adhesion, activation and aggregation constitute the first wave of hemostasis. Blood coagulation, which is initiated by the intrinsic or extrinsic coagulation cascades, is the second wave of hemostasis. Activated platelets can also provide negatively-charged surfaces that harbor coagulation factors and markedly potentiate cell-based thrombin generation. Recently, deposition of plasma fibronectin, and likely other plasma proteins, onto the injured vessel wall has been identified as a new "protein wave of hemostasis" that may occur even earlier than the first wave of hemostasis, platelet accumulation. Although no experimental evidence currently exists, it is conceivable that platelets may also contribute to this protein wave of hemostasis by releasing their granule fibronectin and other proteins that may facilitate fibronectin self- and non-self-assembly on the vessel wall. Thus, platelets may contribute to all three waves of hemostasis and are central players in this critical physiological process to prevent bleeding. Low platelet counts in blood caused by enhanced platelet clearance and/or impaired platelet production are usually associated with hemorrhage. Auto- and allo-immune thrombocytopenias such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia may cause life-threatening bleeding such as intracranial hemorrhage. When triggered under pathological conditions such as rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, excessive platelet activation and aggregation may result in thrombosis and vessel occlusion. This may lead to myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke, the major causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Platelets are also involved in deep vein thrombosis and thromboembolism, another leading cause of mortality. Although fibrinogen has been documented for more than half a century as essential for platelet aggregation, recent studies demonstrated that fibrinogen-independent platelet aggregation occurs in both gene deficient animals and human patients under physiological and pathological conditions (non-anti-coagulated blood). This indicates that other unidentified platelet ligands may play important roles in thrombosis and might be novel antithrombotic targets. In addition to their critical roles in hemostasis and thrombosis, emerging evidence indicates that platelets are versatile cells involved in many other pathophysiological processes such as innate and adaptive immune responses, atherosclerosis, angiogenesis, lymphatic vessel development, liver regeneration and tumor metastasis. This review summarizes the current knowledge of platelet biology, highlights recent advances in the understanding of platelet production and clearance, molecular and cellular events of thrombosis and hemostasis, and introduces the emerging roles of platelets in the immune system, vascular biology and tumorigenesis. The clinical implications of these basic science and translational research findings will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Ruby Xu
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada .,b Department of Laboratory Medicine , Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada .,c Department of Medicine , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , P.R. China
| | - Dan Zhang
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada .,c Department of Medicine , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , P.R. China
| | - Brigitta Elaine Oswald
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada .,d Canadian Blood Services , Toronto , ON , Canada .,e Department of Physiology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Naadiya Carrim
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada .,b Department of Laboratory Medicine , Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada .,d Canadian Blood Services , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Xiaozhong Wang
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada .,f The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang , Jiangxi , P.R. China
| | - Yan Hou
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada .,g Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Changchun , Jilin , P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada .,h State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , P.R. China , and
| | - Christopher Lavalle
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada .,e Department of Physiology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Thomas McKeown
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Alexandra H Marshall
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Heyu Ni
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada .,b Department of Laboratory Medicine , Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada .,d Canadian Blood Services , Toronto , ON , Canada .,e Department of Physiology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada .,i Department of Medicine , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
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Macbeth F, Carter B, Noble S, Hood K. Further results of the FRAGMATIC trial of thromboprophylaxis in lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2016; 5:347-9. [PMID: 27413715 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2016.05.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fergus Macbeth
- 1 Wales Cancer Trials Unit, Centre for Trials Research, 2 Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK ; 3 Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ben Carter
- 1 Wales Cancer Trials Unit, Centre for Trials Research, 2 Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK ; 3 Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Simon Noble
- 1 Wales Cancer Trials Unit, Centre for Trials Research, 2 Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK ; 3 Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kerenza Hood
- 1 Wales Cancer Trials Unit, Centre for Trials Research, 2 Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK ; 3 Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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Zacharski LR. Anticoagulation, ferrotoxicity and the future of translational lung cancer research. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2016; 5:280-7. [PMID: 27413710 PMCID: PMC4931137 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2016.05.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that elements of coagulation reactions mediate tumor cell proliferation, motility (invasiveness), tissue remodeling and metastasis. Coagulation activation is virtually a universal feature of human malignancy that differs from the clotting response to injury in that it is self-perpetuating rather than self-attenuating. Coagulation activation participates in tumor matrix deposition and local inflammation, and predicts subsequent cancer risk and adverse cancer outcomes. Several clinical trials of anticoagulants have shown improved outcomes in small cell carcinoma of the lung (SCCL) that have been correlated with assembly on the tumor cells of an intact coagulation pathway. However, variable efficacy of anticoagulant therapy has raised doubts about the coagulation hypothesis. Recently, initiators of coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways have been identified that mediate tumor inception and progression. Notable among these is oxidative stress driven by iron-catalyzed reactive oxygen species that may be the basis for local coagulation activation, tumor matrix deposition, inflammation and aberrant properties characteristic of the malignant phenotype. Recognition of important biological characteristics of individual tumor types, disease stage, choice of standard therapy including chemotherapy and the iron status of the host may clarify mechanisms. All of these are subject to modification based on controlled clinical trial design. Further tests of the coagulation hypothesis may lead to novel, low cost and relatively non-toxic approaches to treatment of malignancy including lung cancer that contrast with certain current cancer treatment paradigms.
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Schünemann HJ, Ventresca M, Crowther M, Briel M, Zhou Q, Garcia D, Lyman G, Noble S, Macbeth F, Griffiths G, DiNisio M, Iorio A, Beyene J, Mbuagbaw L, Neumann I, Van Es N, Brouwers M, Brozek J, Guyatt G, Levine M, Moll S, Santesso N, Streiff M, Baldeh T, Florez I, Gurunlu Alma O, Solh Z, Ageno W, Marcucci M, Bozas G, Zulian G, Maraveyas A, Lebeau B, Buller H, Evans J, McBane R, Bleker S, Pelzer U, Akl EA. Use of heparins in patients with cancer: individual participant data meta-analysis of randomised trials study protocol. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010569. [PMID: 27130164 PMCID: PMC4853971 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parenteral anticoagulants may improve outcomes in patients with cancer by reducing risk of venous thromboembolic disease and through a direct antitumour effect. Study-level systematic reviews indicate a reduction in venous thromboembolism and provide moderate confidence that a small survival benefit exists. It remains unclear if any patient subgroups experience potential benefits. METHODS AND ANALYSIS First, we will perform a comprehensive systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library, hand search scientific conference abstracts and check clinical trials registries for randomised control trials of participants with solid cancers who are administered parenteral anticoagulants. We anticipate identifying at least 15 trials, exceeding 9000 participants. Second, we will perform an individual participant data meta-analysis to explore the magnitude of survival benefit and address whether subgroups of patients are more likely to benefit from parenteral anticoagulants. All analyses will follow the intention-to-treat principle. For our primary outcome, mortality, we will use multivariable hierarchical models with patient-level variables as fixed effects and a categorical trial variable as a random effect. We will adjust analysis for important prognostic characteristics. To investigate whether intervention effects vary by predefined subgroups of patients, we will test interaction terms in the statistical model. Furthermore, we will develop a risk-prediction model for venous thromboembolism, with a focus on control patients of randomised trials. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Aside from maintaining participant anonymity, there are no major ethical concerns. This will be the first individual participant data meta-analysis addressing heparin use among patients with cancer and will directly influence recommendations in clinical practice guidelines. Major cancer guideline development organisations will use eventual results to inform their guideline recommendations. Several knowledge users will disseminate results through presentations at clinical rounds as well as national and international conferences. We will prepare an evidence brief and facilitate dialogue to engage policymakers and stakeholders in acting on findings. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO CRD42013003526.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger J Schünemann
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Ventresca
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Department of Community Health Studies, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Crowther
- St Joseph's Hospital, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthias Briel
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University Hospital Basel CH, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Garcia
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gary Lyman
- Hutchinson Institute for Cancer Outcomes Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Simon Noble
- Marie Curie Palliative Care Research Centre, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Fergus Macbeth
- Wales Cancer Trials Unit, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Wales Cancer Trials Unit, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, UK Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Marcello DiNisio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alfonso Iorio
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Beyene
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrance Mbuagbaw
- Biostatistics Unit, Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre, St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ignacio Neumann
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nick Van Es
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melissa Brouwers
- Department of Oncology, Escarpment Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan Brozek
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gordon Guyatt
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Levine
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephan Moll
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nancy Santesso
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Streiff
- Department of Hematology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tejan Baldeh
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ivan Florez
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Department of Paediatrics, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | - Ziad Solh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Walter Ageno
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Maura Marcucci
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan & Geriatrics, Fondazione-IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - George Bozas
- Academic Department of Medical Oncology, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - Gilbert Zulian
- Department of Readaptation and Palliative Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Maraveyas
- Division of Cancer-Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Bernard Lebeau
- Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Harry Buller
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Evans
- Wales Cancer Trials Unit, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Robert McBane
- Cardiology and Hematology Departments, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Suzanne Bleker
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe Pelzer
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Medical Department, Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elie A Akl
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
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Mei L, Liu Y, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Gao H, He Q. Antitumor and Antimetastasis Activities of Heparin-based Micelle Served As Both Carrier and Drug. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:9577-9589. [PMID: 27058058 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Effective treatments for tumors are not easy to achieve due to the existence of metastases, which are responsible for most tumor death. Hence, a new drug delivery system is a pressing need, which should be biocompatible, stimuli-responsive, and multifunctional, including antitumor, antimetastasis, and antiangiogenesis effects. However, it is challenging to achieve all of these properties in one drug delivery system. Here, we developed a system of drug DOX and heparin into one self-assemble nanoparticle via pH-sensitive hydrazone bond and hydrophobic groups, deoxycholate. In the process, heparin itself was not only as the hydrophilic segments of the carrier, but also processed multiple biological functions such as antiangiogenesis and antimetastasis effect. The micelle nanoparticle HD-DOX processed good stability and acidic pH-triggered drug release property. After systemic administration, heparin-based micelle nanoparticle showed longer half-time and enhanced accumulation of DOX in tumors through the enhanced permeability and retention effect, leading to more efficient antitumor effects. In addition, heparin could hinder platelet-induced tumor cells epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and partially affect cell actin cytoskeletal arrangement, resulting in the disorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Therefore, HD-DOX exhibited significant inhibitory effect on the metastasis in melanoma animal model in C57BL/6 mouse. Meanwhile, benefited from the antiangiogenesis effect of heparin, tube formations in endothelial cells were effectively inhibited and tumor vascular density was decreased by HD-DOX. Taken together, our study developed a self-assembly nanoplatform that both the drug and carrier had therapeutic effects with ideal antitumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Mei
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University . No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yayuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University . No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - HuaJin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University . No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University . No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University . No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qin He
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University . No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
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Macbeth F, Noble S, Evans J, Ahmed S, Cohen D, Hood K, Knoyle D, Linnane S, Longo M, Moore B, Woll PJ, Appel W, Dickson J, Ferry D, Brammer C, Griffiths G. Randomized Phase III Trial of Standard Therapy Plus Low Molecular Weight Heparin in Patients With Lung Cancer: FRAGMATIC Trial. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34:488-94. [PMID: 26700124 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.64.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is common in cancer patients. Evidence has suggested that low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) might improve survival in patients with cancer by preventing both VTE and the progression of metastases. No trial in a single cancer type has been powered to demonstrate a clinically significant survival difference. The aim of this trial was to investigate this question in patients with lung cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a multicenter, open-label, randomized trial to evaluate the addition of a primary prophylactic dose of LMWH for 24 weeks to standard treatment in patients with newly diagnosed lung cancer of any stage and histology. The primary outcome was 1-year survival. Secondary outcomes included metastasis-free survival, VTE-free survival, toxicity, and quality of life. RESULTS For this trial, 2,202 patients were randomly assigned to the two treatment arms over 4 years. The trial did not reach its intended number of events for the primary analysis (2,047 deaths), and data were analyzed after 2,013 deaths after discussion with the independent data monitoring committee. There was no evidence of a difference in overall or metastasis-free survival between the two arms (hazard ratio [HR], 1.01; 95% CI, 0.93 to 1.10; P = .814; and HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.91 to 1.08; P = .864, respectively). There was a reduction in the risk of VTE from 9.7% to 5.5% (HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.79; P = .001) in the LMWH arm and no difference in major bleeding events but evidence of an increase in the composite of major and clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding in the LMWH arm. CONCLUSION LMWH did not improve overall survival in the patients with lung cancer in this trial. A significant reduction in VTE is associated with an increase in clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding. Strategies to target those at greatest risk of VTE are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergus Macbeth
- Fergus Macbeth, Jessica Evans, Sheikh Ahmed, and Gareth Griffiths, Wales Cancer Trials Unit; Simon Noble and Kerenza Hood, Cardiff University; David Cohen and Mirella Longo, University of South Wales; Barbara Moore, National Institute for Social Care and Health Research Clinical Research Centre, Cardiff; Gareth Griffiths, University of Southampton, Southampton; Dana Knoyle, Prince Charles Hospital, Merthyr Tydfil; Penella J. Woll, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield; Wiebke Appel, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston; Jeanette Dickson, Mount Vernon Cancer Center, Northwood; David Ferry, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Wolverhampton; Caroline Brammer, Mid Staffordshire Hospital, Stafford, United Kingdom; and Seamus Linnane, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Simon Noble
- Fergus Macbeth, Jessica Evans, Sheikh Ahmed, and Gareth Griffiths, Wales Cancer Trials Unit; Simon Noble and Kerenza Hood, Cardiff University; David Cohen and Mirella Longo, University of South Wales; Barbara Moore, National Institute for Social Care and Health Research Clinical Research Centre, Cardiff; Gareth Griffiths, University of Southampton, Southampton; Dana Knoyle, Prince Charles Hospital, Merthyr Tydfil; Penella J. Woll, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield; Wiebke Appel, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston; Jeanette Dickson, Mount Vernon Cancer Center, Northwood; David Ferry, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Wolverhampton; Caroline Brammer, Mid Staffordshire Hospital, Stafford, United Kingdom; and Seamus Linnane, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jessica Evans
- Fergus Macbeth, Jessica Evans, Sheikh Ahmed, and Gareth Griffiths, Wales Cancer Trials Unit; Simon Noble and Kerenza Hood, Cardiff University; David Cohen and Mirella Longo, University of South Wales; Barbara Moore, National Institute for Social Care and Health Research Clinical Research Centre, Cardiff; Gareth Griffiths, University of Southampton, Southampton; Dana Knoyle, Prince Charles Hospital, Merthyr Tydfil; Penella J. Woll, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield; Wiebke Appel, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston; Jeanette Dickson, Mount Vernon Cancer Center, Northwood; David Ferry, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Wolverhampton; Caroline Brammer, Mid Staffordshire Hospital, Stafford, United Kingdom; and Seamus Linnane, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sheikh Ahmed
- Fergus Macbeth, Jessica Evans, Sheikh Ahmed, and Gareth Griffiths, Wales Cancer Trials Unit; Simon Noble and Kerenza Hood, Cardiff University; David Cohen and Mirella Longo, University of South Wales; Barbara Moore, National Institute for Social Care and Health Research Clinical Research Centre, Cardiff; Gareth Griffiths, University of Southampton, Southampton; Dana Knoyle, Prince Charles Hospital, Merthyr Tydfil; Penella J. Woll, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield; Wiebke Appel, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston; Jeanette Dickson, Mount Vernon Cancer Center, Northwood; David Ferry, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Wolverhampton; Caroline Brammer, Mid Staffordshire Hospital, Stafford, United Kingdom; and Seamus Linnane, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Cohen
- Fergus Macbeth, Jessica Evans, Sheikh Ahmed, and Gareth Griffiths, Wales Cancer Trials Unit; Simon Noble and Kerenza Hood, Cardiff University; David Cohen and Mirella Longo, University of South Wales; Barbara Moore, National Institute for Social Care and Health Research Clinical Research Centre, Cardiff; Gareth Griffiths, University of Southampton, Southampton; Dana Knoyle, Prince Charles Hospital, Merthyr Tydfil; Penella J. Woll, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield; Wiebke Appel, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston; Jeanette Dickson, Mount Vernon Cancer Center, Northwood; David Ferry, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Wolverhampton; Caroline Brammer, Mid Staffordshire Hospital, Stafford, United Kingdom; and Seamus Linnane, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kerenza Hood
- Fergus Macbeth, Jessica Evans, Sheikh Ahmed, and Gareth Griffiths, Wales Cancer Trials Unit; Simon Noble and Kerenza Hood, Cardiff University; David Cohen and Mirella Longo, University of South Wales; Barbara Moore, National Institute for Social Care and Health Research Clinical Research Centre, Cardiff; Gareth Griffiths, University of Southampton, Southampton; Dana Knoyle, Prince Charles Hospital, Merthyr Tydfil; Penella J. Woll, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield; Wiebke Appel, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston; Jeanette Dickson, Mount Vernon Cancer Center, Northwood; David Ferry, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Wolverhampton; Caroline Brammer, Mid Staffordshire Hospital, Stafford, United Kingdom; and Seamus Linnane, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dana Knoyle
- Fergus Macbeth, Jessica Evans, Sheikh Ahmed, and Gareth Griffiths, Wales Cancer Trials Unit; Simon Noble and Kerenza Hood, Cardiff University; David Cohen and Mirella Longo, University of South Wales; Barbara Moore, National Institute for Social Care and Health Research Clinical Research Centre, Cardiff; Gareth Griffiths, University of Southampton, Southampton; Dana Knoyle, Prince Charles Hospital, Merthyr Tydfil; Penella J. Woll, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield; Wiebke Appel, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston; Jeanette Dickson, Mount Vernon Cancer Center, Northwood; David Ferry, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Wolverhampton; Caroline Brammer, Mid Staffordshire Hospital, Stafford, United Kingdom; and Seamus Linnane, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Seamus Linnane
- Fergus Macbeth, Jessica Evans, Sheikh Ahmed, and Gareth Griffiths, Wales Cancer Trials Unit; Simon Noble and Kerenza Hood, Cardiff University; David Cohen and Mirella Longo, University of South Wales; Barbara Moore, National Institute for Social Care and Health Research Clinical Research Centre, Cardiff; Gareth Griffiths, University of Southampton, Southampton; Dana Knoyle, Prince Charles Hospital, Merthyr Tydfil; Penella J. Woll, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield; Wiebke Appel, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston; Jeanette Dickson, Mount Vernon Cancer Center, Northwood; David Ferry, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Wolverhampton; Caroline Brammer, Mid Staffordshire Hospital, Stafford, United Kingdom; and Seamus Linnane, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mirella Longo
- Fergus Macbeth, Jessica Evans, Sheikh Ahmed, and Gareth Griffiths, Wales Cancer Trials Unit; Simon Noble and Kerenza Hood, Cardiff University; David Cohen and Mirella Longo, University of South Wales; Barbara Moore, National Institute for Social Care and Health Research Clinical Research Centre, Cardiff; Gareth Griffiths, University of Southampton, Southampton; Dana Knoyle, Prince Charles Hospital, Merthyr Tydfil; Penella J. Woll, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield; Wiebke Appel, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston; Jeanette Dickson, Mount Vernon Cancer Center, Northwood; David Ferry, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Wolverhampton; Caroline Brammer, Mid Staffordshire Hospital, Stafford, United Kingdom; and Seamus Linnane, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Barbara Moore
- Fergus Macbeth, Jessica Evans, Sheikh Ahmed, and Gareth Griffiths, Wales Cancer Trials Unit; Simon Noble and Kerenza Hood, Cardiff University; David Cohen and Mirella Longo, University of South Wales; Barbara Moore, National Institute for Social Care and Health Research Clinical Research Centre, Cardiff; Gareth Griffiths, University of Southampton, Southampton; Dana Knoyle, Prince Charles Hospital, Merthyr Tydfil; Penella J. Woll, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield; Wiebke Appel, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston; Jeanette Dickson, Mount Vernon Cancer Center, Northwood; David Ferry, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Wolverhampton; Caroline Brammer, Mid Staffordshire Hospital, Stafford, United Kingdom; and Seamus Linnane, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Penella J Woll
- Fergus Macbeth, Jessica Evans, Sheikh Ahmed, and Gareth Griffiths, Wales Cancer Trials Unit; Simon Noble and Kerenza Hood, Cardiff University; David Cohen and Mirella Longo, University of South Wales; Barbara Moore, National Institute for Social Care and Health Research Clinical Research Centre, Cardiff; Gareth Griffiths, University of Southampton, Southampton; Dana Knoyle, Prince Charles Hospital, Merthyr Tydfil; Penella J. Woll, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield; Wiebke Appel, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston; Jeanette Dickson, Mount Vernon Cancer Center, Northwood; David Ferry, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Wolverhampton; Caroline Brammer, Mid Staffordshire Hospital, Stafford, United Kingdom; and Seamus Linnane, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wiebke Appel
- Fergus Macbeth, Jessica Evans, Sheikh Ahmed, and Gareth Griffiths, Wales Cancer Trials Unit; Simon Noble and Kerenza Hood, Cardiff University; David Cohen and Mirella Longo, University of South Wales; Barbara Moore, National Institute for Social Care and Health Research Clinical Research Centre, Cardiff; Gareth Griffiths, University of Southampton, Southampton; Dana Knoyle, Prince Charles Hospital, Merthyr Tydfil; Penella J. Woll, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield; Wiebke Appel, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston; Jeanette Dickson, Mount Vernon Cancer Center, Northwood; David Ferry, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Wolverhampton; Caroline Brammer, Mid Staffordshire Hospital, Stafford, United Kingdom; and Seamus Linnane, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jeanette Dickson
- Fergus Macbeth, Jessica Evans, Sheikh Ahmed, and Gareth Griffiths, Wales Cancer Trials Unit; Simon Noble and Kerenza Hood, Cardiff University; David Cohen and Mirella Longo, University of South Wales; Barbara Moore, National Institute for Social Care and Health Research Clinical Research Centre, Cardiff; Gareth Griffiths, University of Southampton, Southampton; Dana Knoyle, Prince Charles Hospital, Merthyr Tydfil; Penella J. Woll, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield; Wiebke Appel, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston; Jeanette Dickson, Mount Vernon Cancer Center, Northwood; David Ferry, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Wolverhampton; Caroline Brammer, Mid Staffordshire Hospital, Stafford, United Kingdom; and Seamus Linnane, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Ferry
- Fergus Macbeth, Jessica Evans, Sheikh Ahmed, and Gareth Griffiths, Wales Cancer Trials Unit; Simon Noble and Kerenza Hood, Cardiff University; David Cohen and Mirella Longo, University of South Wales; Barbara Moore, National Institute for Social Care and Health Research Clinical Research Centre, Cardiff; Gareth Griffiths, University of Southampton, Southampton; Dana Knoyle, Prince Charles Hospital, Merthyr Tydfil; Penella J. Woll, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield; Wiebke Appel, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston; Jeanette Dickson, Mount Vernon Cancer Center, Northwood; David Ferry, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Wolverhampton; Caroline Brammer, Mid Staffordshire Hospital, Stafford, United Kingdom; and Seamus Linnane, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caroline Brammer
- Fergus Macbeth, Jessica Evans, Sheikh Ahmed, and Gareth Griffiths, Wales Cancer Trials Unit; Simon Noble and Kerenza Hood, Cardiff University; David Cohen and Mirella Longo, University of South Wales; Barbara Moore, National Institute for Social Care and Health Research Clinical Research Centre, Cardiff; Gareth Griffiths, University of Southampton, Southampton; Dana Knoyle, Prince Charles Hospital, Merthyr Tydfil; Penella J. Woll, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield; Wiebke Appel, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston; Jeanette Dickson, Mount Vernon Cancer Center, Northwood; David Ferry, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Wolverhampton; Caroline Brammer, Mid Staffordshire Hospital, Stafford, United Kingdom; and Seamus Linnane, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Fergus Macbeth, Jessica Evans, Sheikh Ahmed, and Gareth Griffiths, Wales Cancer Trials Unit; Simon Noble and Kerenza Hood, Cardiff University; David Cohen and Mirella Longo, University of South Wales; Barbara Moore, National Institute for Social Care and Health Research Clinical Research Centre, Cardiff; Gareth Griffiths, University of Southampton, Southampton; Dana Knoyle, Prince Charles Hospital, Merthyr Tydfil; Penella J. Woll, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield; Wiebke Appel, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston; Jeanette Dickson, Mount Vernon Cancer Center, Northwood; David Ferry, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Wolverhampton; Caroline Brammer, Mid Staffordshire Hospital, Stafford, United Kingdom; and Seamus Linnane, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Pfankuchen DB, Stölting DP, Schlesinger M, Royer HD, Bendas G. Low molecular weight heparin tinzaparin antagonizes cisplatin resistance of ovarian cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 97:147-57. [PMID: 26239805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is routinely used for antithrombotic treatment of cancer patients. Preclinical- and clinical data suggest that LMWH has beneficial effects for cancer patients beyond the prevention of thrombosis, i.e. by inhibiting metastasis. It is, however, unclear whether heparin has an impact on the efficiency of chemotherapy in cancer patients. Here we show that a therapeutic dosage of LMWH tinzaparin reverses cisplatin resistance of A2780cis human ovarian cancer cells to the level of sensitive cells. This novel activity of tinzaparin is associated with intense transcriptional reprogramming. Our gene expression profiling experiments revealed that 3776 genes responded to tinzaparin treatment. For this reason tinzaparin has a complex impact on diverse biological processes. We discovered that tinzaparin inhibits the expression of genes that mediate cisplatin resistance of A2780cis cells. In contrast tinzaparin induced the expression of genes that antagonize drug resistance. This activity of tinzaparin is mediated by cell surface proteoglycans, since enzymatic cleavage of heparan sulfates prevented the reversal of cisplatin resistance. These data indicate that cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans play an important role for chemotherapy resistance. The results of this study shed a new light on LMWH application in cancer therapy and suggest tinzaparin as promising treatment option of ovarian cancer patients in combination with anticancer drugs. Future clinical trials are needed to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bastian Pfankuchen
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Daniel Philipp Stölting
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Martin Schlesinger
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Hans-Dieter Royer
- Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr.1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Gerd Bendas
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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Khalil J, Bensaid B, Elkacemi H, Afif M, Bensaid Y, Kebdani T, Benjaafar N. Venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: an underestimated major health problem. World J Surg Oncol 2015; 13:204. [PMID: 26092573 PMCID: PMC4486121 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-015-0592-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major health problem among patients with cancer, its incidence in this particular population is widely increasing. Although VTE is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity in cancer patients, its severity is still underestimated by many oncologists. Thromboprophylaxis of VTE now considered as a standard of care is still not prescribed in many institutions; the appropriate treatment of an established VTE is not yet well known by many physicians and nurses in the cancer field. Patients are also not well informed about VTE and its consequences. Many studies and meta-analyses have addressed this question so have many guidelines that dedicated a whole chapter to clarify and expose different treatment strategies adapted to this particular population. There is a general belief that the prevention and treatment of VTE cannot be optimized without a complete awareness by oncologists and patients. The aim of this article is to make VTE a more clear and understood subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihane Khalil
- Radiation Oncology Department, National Institute of Oncology, Hay Riad, Rabat, 10000, Morocco.
| | - Badr Bensaid
- Vascular Surgery Department, Ibn Sina Hospital, Souissi, Rabat, 10000, Morocco.
| | - Hanan Elkacemi
- Radiation Oncology Department, National Institute of Oncology, Hay Riad, Rabat, 10000, Morocco.
| | - Mohamed Afif
- Radiation Oncology Department, National Institute of Oncology, Hay Riad, Rabat, 10000, Morocco.
| | - Younes Bensaid
- Vascular Surgery Department, Ibn Sina Hospital, Souissi, Rabat, 10000, Morocco.
| | - Tayeb Kebdani
- Radiation Oncology Department, National Institute of Oncology, Hay Riad, Rabat, 10000, Morocco.
| | - Noureddine Benjaafar
- Radiation Oncology Department, National Institute of Oncology, Hay Riad, Rabat, 10000, Morocco.
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Beksac M, Waage A, Bringhen S, Kristinsson SY, Sucak GT, Gimsing P, Lupparelli G, Fıratlı-Tuğlular T, Juliusson G, Turesson I, Palumbo A. Does low-molecular-weight heparin influence the antimyeloma effects of thalidomide? A retrospective analysis of data from the GIMEMA, Nordic and Turkish myeloma study groups. Acta Haematol 2015; 133:372-380. [PMID: 25824293 DOI: 10.1159/000370023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) has been shown to prolong survival among patients with solid tumors, but its role among myeloma patients is unknown. PATIENTS Data from the GIMEMA (Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto), Nordic and Turkish myeloma study groups comparing melphalan and prednisolone with (MPT, n: 404) or without thalidomide (MP, n: 393) are analyzed for effects of LMWH. Forty percent (159/394) of the patients on MPT and 7.4% (29/390) in the MP arm received LMWH. RESULTS Thalidomide improved response and progression-free survival (PFS). Regardless of thalidomide treatment, response rate was higher among those receiving LMWH vs. none vs. other anticoagulants (58.1 vs. 44.9 vs. 50.4%, p = 0.01). PFS was significantly longer (median 32 vs. 21 and 17 vs. 17 months, p = 0.004) only among international scoring system (ISS) I patients receiving MPT ± LMWH vs. MP ± LMWH. The group of MPT patients who also received LMWH had a better OS compared to those who did not [45 months, 95% confidence interval (CI) 27.7-62.3, vs. 32 months, 95% CI 26.1-37.9; p = 0.034]. When multivariate analysis was repeated in subgroups, thalidomide was no longer a significant factor (response, PFS) among those receiving LMWH. CONCLUSION Addition of LMWH to MPT, in particular in patients with low ISS, suggests additive effects, but the results are limited by the retrospective design of our study.
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Abstract
Studies aimed at the identification of biomarkers and treatment targets of cancer have focused on mRNAs, miRNAs, and proteins expressed by malignant cells, while glycoproteins mainly produced by stromal cells remain relatively unexplored. Glycans lack a given template for their biosynthesis that involves the concerted action of several, sometimes >15 different enzymes. This fact complicates the analysis at the genomic level of the role of glycoproteins in clinical oncology. The glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) stand out as highly polyanionic components at the surface of malignant and stromal tumor cells as well as their surrounding matrix. Published data thus describe a multifaceted regulatory role of GAGs and GAG-conjugated proteins, proteoglycans, in e.g. tumor associated angiogenesis, coagulation, invasion, and metastasis. Relatively small, randomized clinical trials suggest that heparin, an over-sulfated variant of the GAG heparan sulfate, may have direct, anti-tumor effects. Several ongoing trials aim at establishing whether heparin and its derivatives should be added to standard treatment of cancer patients or not, based on progression free- and overall survival end-point data. Given the potential bleeding complications with this treatment, other strategies to block GAG function should provide interesting alternatives. In the emerging era of personalized medicine, one can foresee the development of predictive biomarkers to select patients that may benefit from GAG-targeted treatments, aiming at individualized prevention of thromboembolic complications as well as inhibition of tumor development and progression. Here, the role of GAGs as targets and vehicles of cancer treatment is discussed with special emphasis on angiogenesis and coagulation associated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Belting
- Lund University Cancer Center (LUCC), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology-Pathology, Barngatan 2B, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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Kuderer NM, Lyman GH. Guidelines for treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism among patients with cancer. Thromb Res 2015; 133 Suppl 2:S122-7. [PMID: 24862132 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(14)50021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The association between cancer and thrombosis has been recognized for more than 150 years. Not only are patients with cancer at a substantially increased risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE), the link between several coagulation factors and tumor growth, invasion, and the development of metastases has been established. Reported rates of VTE in patients with cancer have increased in recent years likely reflecting, in part, improved diagnosis with sophisticated imaging techniques as well as the impact of more aggressive cancer diagnosis, staging, and treatment. Various therapeutic interventions, such as surgery, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapeutic strategies as well as the frequent use of indwelling catheters and other invasive procedures also place cancer patients at increased risk of VTE. The increasing risk of VTE, the multitude of risk factors, and the greater risk of VTE recurrence and death among patients with cancer represent considerable challenges in modern clinical oncology. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) originally developed guidelines for VTE in patients with cancer in 2007. ASCO recently updated clinical practice guidelines on the treatment and prevention of VTE in patients with cancer following an extensive systematic review of the literature. Revised 2013 guidelines have now been presented and will be discussed in this review. Although several new studies were identified and considered, many important questions remain regarding the relationship between thrombosis and cancer and the optimal care of patients at risk for VTE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary H Lyman
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA.
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Park JC, Pratz CF, Tesfaye A, Brodsky RA, Antonarakis ES. The effect of therapeutic anticoagulation on overall survival in men receiving first-line docetaxel chemotherapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2015; 13:32-8. [PMID: 24999166 PMCID: PMC4332782 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anticoagulants have been postulated to possess antitumor activity, although clinical data supporting this claim are conflicting. No definitive data exist on the clinical impact of anticoagulation therapy in patients with prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between therapeutic anticoagulant use and survival in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) receiving docetaxel chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of 247 consecutive patients with mCRPC who received first-line docetaxel chemotherapy between 1998 and 2010 at a single institution. Among them, 29 patients (11.7 %) received therapeutic anticoagulation (low-molecular-weight heparin [LMWH] or warfarin) for the treatment of venous thromboembolism. Univariate and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to investigate the effect of anticoagulant use on overall survival. RESULTS In univariate analysis, anticoagulant use was associated with improved survival (hazard ratio [HR], 0.61; P = .024). Median survival was 20.9 months in the anticoagulation group versus 17.1 months in the control group (P = .024). In multivariable analysis, anticoagulant use remained a significant predictor of survival after adjusting for other baseline prognostic factors (HR, 0.49; P = .023). When each anticoagulant was considered separately in the multivariable model, LMWH remained significantly prognostic for survival (HR, 0.48; P = .035), whereas warfarin use did not. CONCLUSIONS Anticoagulant use (LMWH in particular) is an independent predictor of improved survival in men with mCRPC receiving docetaxel. These data provide the impetus to further explore the antitumor properties of anticoagulants in patients with prostate cancer and warrant validation in prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Chul Park
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Caroline F Pratz
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Anteneh Tesfaye
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Robert A Brodsky
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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Significantly inhibitory effects of low molecular weight heparin (Fraxiparine) on the motility of lung cancer cells and its related mechanism. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:4689-97. [PMID: 25619477 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) improving the cancer survival has been attracting attention for many years. Our previous study found that LMWH (Fraxiparine) strongly downregulated the invasive, migratory, and adhesive ability of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Here, we aimed to further identify the antitumor effects and possible mechanisms of Fraxiparine on A549 cells and human highly metastatic lung cancer 95D cells. The ability of cell invasion, migration, and adhesion were measured by Transwell, Millicell, and MTT assays. FITC-labeled phalloidin was used to detect F-actin bundles in cells. Chemotactic migration was analyzed in a modified Transwell assay. Measurement of protein expression and phosphorylation activity of PI3K, Akt, and mTOR was performed with Western blot. Our studies found that Fraxiparine significantly inhibited the invasive, migratory, and adhesive characteristics of A549 and 95D cells after 24 h incubation and showed a dose-dependent manner. Fraxiparine influenced the actin cytoskeleton rearrangement of A549 and 95D cells by preventing F-actin polymerization. Moreover, Fraxiparine could significantly inhibit CXCL12-mediated chemotactic migration of A549 and 95D cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, Fraxiparine might destroy the interaction between CXCL12-CXCR4 axis, then suppress the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway in lung cancer cells. For the first time, our data indicated that Fraxiparine could significantly inhibit the motility of lung cancer cells by restraining the actin cytoskeleton reorganization, and its related mechanism might be through inhibiting PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway mediated by CXCL12-CXCR4 axis. Therefore, Fraxiparine would be a potential drug for lung cancer metastasis therapy.
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Pharmacokinetics of low molecular weight heparin in patients with malignant tumors. Anticancer Drugs 2015; 26:106-11. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Alyahya R, Sudha T, Racz M, Stain SC, Mousa SA. Anti-metastasis efficacy and safety of non-anticoagulant heparin derivative versus low molecular weight heparin in surgical pancreatic cancer models. Int J Oncol 2014; 46:1225-31. [PMID: 25530018 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin and its derivatives are known to attenuate cancer metastasis in preclinical models, but have not been used clinically due to adverse bleeding effects. This study compared the efficacy of S-NACH (a sulfated non-anticoagulant heparin) versus tinzaparin (a low molecular weight heparin) in inhibiting metastasis of a growing primary tumor and following surgical excision of primary tumor in a pancreatic cancer mouse model. The efficacy of S-NACH versus tinzaparin on metastasis of the primary tumor was evaluated in each experiment using IVIS imaging. Athymic female mice were treated with S-NACH or tinzaparin, and 30 min later luciferase-transfected pancreatic cancer cells (Mpanc96) were implanted into the spleen; treatment was continued daily until termination. Next we studied the effect of S-NACH versus tinzaparin on metastasis after surgical excision of the primary tumor after 3 weeks of daily treatment with S-NACH or tinzaparin. S-NACH reduced surgically induced metastasis (p<0.01) and tumor recurrence (p<0.05) relative to control. Histopathological studies demonstrated significant increase in tumor necrosis mediated by S-NACH and to lesser extent by tinzaparin as compared to control group. Furthermore, either S-NACH or tinzaparin upregulated the expression of the junctional adhesion molecule E-cadherin in pancreatic cancer cells where its low expression enhances cancer cell migration and invasion. In terms of bleeding time (BT), S-NACH did not affect BT as compared to tinzaparin, which doubled BT. These data suggest that S-NACH is an effective and safe anti-metastatic agent and warrants further clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Alyahya
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Thangirala Sudha
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Michael Racz
- Department of Basic and Social Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Steven C Stain
- Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, USA
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Akl EA, Kahale LA, Ballout RA, Barba M, Yosuico VED, van Doormaal FF, Middeldorp S, Bryant A, Schünemann H. Parenteral anticoagulation in ambulatory patients with cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014:CD006652. [PMID: 25491949 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006652.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anticoagulation may improve survival in patients with cancer through an antitumor effect in addition to the perceived antithrombotic effect. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy and safety of parenteral anticoagulants in ambulatory patients with cancer who, typically, are undergoing chemotherapy, hormonal therapy or radiotherapy, but otherwise have no standard therapeutic or prophylactic indication for anticoagulation. SEARCH METHODS A comprehensive search included (1) an electronic search (February 2013) of the following databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (2013, Issue 1), MEDLINE (1966 to February 2013; accessed via OVID) and EMBASE(1980 to February 2013; accessed via OVID); (2) handsearching of conference proceedings; (3) checking of references of included studies; (4) use of the 'related citation' feature in PubMed and (5) a search for ongoing studies. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the benefits and harms of parenteral anticoagulation in ambulatory patients with cancer. Typically, these patients are undergoing chemotherapy, hormonal therapy or radiotherapy, but otherwise have no standard therapeutic or prophylactic indication for anticoagulation. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Using a standardized form we extracted data in duplicate on methodological quality, participants, interventions and outcomes of interest including all-cause mortality, symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE), symptomatic deep vein thrombosis (DVT), symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE), arterial thrombosis (e.g. stroke, myocardial infarction), major bleeding, minor bleeding and quality of life. MAIN RESULTS Of 9559 identified citations, 15 RCTs fulfilled the eligibility criteria. These trials enrolled 7622 participants for whom follow-up data were available. In all included RCTs the intervention consisted of heparin (either unfractionated heparin or low molecular weight heparin). Overall, heparin may have a small effect on mortality at 12 months and 24 months (risk ratio (RR) 0.97; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.92 to 1.01 and RR 0.95; 95% CI 0.90 to 1.00, respectively). Heparin therapy was associated with a statistically and clinically important reduction in venous thromboembolism (RR 0.56; 95% CI 0.42 to 0.74) and a clinically important increase in the risk of minor bleeding (RR 1.32; 95% 1.02 to 1.71). Results failed to show or to exclude a beneficial or detrimental effect of heparin on major bleeding (RR 1.14; 95% CI 0.70 to 1.85) or quality of life. Our confidence in the effect estimates (i.e. quality of evidence) was high for symptomatic venous thromboembolism, moderate for mortality, major bleeding and minor bleeding, and low for quality of life. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Heparin may have a small effect on mortality at 12 months and 24 months. It is associated with a reduction in venous thromboembolism and a likely increase in minor bleeding. Future research should further investigate the survival benefit of different types of anticoagulants in patients with different types and stages of cancer. The decision for a patient with cancer to start heparin therapy for survival benefit should balance the benefits and downsides, and should integrate the patient's values and preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie A Akl
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh St, Beirut, Lebanon.
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