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Hillman T. A Predictive Model for Identifying the Most Effective Anti-CCR5 Monoclonal Antibody. Arch Pharm Pract 2023. [DOI: 10.51847/d9m2zufqr4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Dowarah J, Marak BN, Yadav UCS, Singh VP. Potential drug development and therapeutic approaches for clinical intervention in COVID-19. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105016. [PMID: 34144277 PMCID: PMC8143914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
While the vaccination is now available to many countries and will slowly dissipate to others, effective therapeutics for COVID-19 is still illusive. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has posed an unprecedented challenge to researchers, scientists, and clinicians and affected the wellbeing of millions of people worldwide. Since the beginning of the pandemic, a multitude of existing anti-viral, antibiotic, antimalarial, and anticancer drugs have been tested, and some have shown potency in the treatment and management of COVID-19, albeit others failed to leave any positive impact and a few also became controversial as they showed mixed clinical outcomes. In the present article, we have brought together some of the candidate therapeutic drugs being repurposed or used in the clinical trials and discussed their clinical efficacy and safety for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Dowarah
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, India
| | - Brilliant N Marak
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, India
| | | | - Ved Prakash Singh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, India; Department of Industrial Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, India.
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Chan C, Foster ST, Chan KG, Cacace MJ, Ladd SL, Sandum CT, Wright PT, Volmert B, Yang W, Aguirre A, Li W, Wright NT. Repositioned Drugs for COVID-19-the Impact on Multiple Organs. SN Compr Clin Med 2021; 3:1484-1501. [PMID: 33898925 PMCID: PMC8057921 DOI: 10.1007/s42399-021-00874-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes published findings of the beneficial and harmful effects on the heart, lungs, immune system, kidney, liver, and central nervous system of 47 drugs that have been proposed to treat COVID-19. Many of the repurposed drugs were chosen for their benefits to the pulmonary system, as well as immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects. However, these drugs have mixed effects on the heart, liver, kidney, and central nervous system. Drug treatments are critical in the fight against COVID-19, along with vaccines and public health protocols. Drug treatments are particularly needed as variants of the SARS-Cov-2 virus emerge with some mutations that could diminish the efficacy of the vaccines. Patients with comorbidities are more likely to require hospitalization and greater interventions. The combination of treating severe COVID-19 symptoms in the presence of comorbidities underscores the importance of understanding the effects of potential COVID-19 treatments on other organs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42399-021-00874-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, Michigan State University, 428 S. Shaw Lane, Room 2100 EB, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA ,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA ,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA ,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Sean T. Foster
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, Michigan State University, 428 S. Shaw Lane, Room 2100 EB, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Kayla G. Chan
- Integrative Neuroscience Program, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY USA
| | - Matthew J. Cacace
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - Shay L. Ladd
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, Michigan State University, 428 S. Shaw Lane, Room 2100 EB, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Caleb T. Sandum
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, Michigan State University, 428 S. Shaw Lane, Room 2100 EB, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Paul T. Wright
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Brett Volmert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA ,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Weiyang Yang
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA ,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Aitor Aguirre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA ,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Wen Li
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA ,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Neil T. Wright
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
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Fantuzzi L, Tagliamonte M, Gauzzi MC, Lopalco L. Dual CCR5/CCR2 targeting: opportunities for the cure of complex disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4869-4886. [PMID: 31377844 PMCID: PMC6892368 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine system mediates acute inflammation by driving leukocyte migration to damaged or infected tissues. However, elevated expression of chemokines and their receptors can contribute to chronic inflammation and malignancy. Thus, great effort has been taken to target these molecules. The first hint of the druggability of the chemokine system was derived from the role of chemokine receptors in HIV infection. CCR5 and CXCR4 function as essential co-receptors for HIV entry, with the former accounting for most new HIV infections worldwide. Not by chance, an anti-CCR5 compound, maraviroc, was the first FDA-approved chemokine receptor-targeting drug. CCR5, by directing leukocytes to sites of inflammation and regulating their activation, also represents an important player in the inflammatory response. This function is shared with CCR2 and its selective ligand CCL2, which constitute the primary chemokine axis driving the recruitment of monocytes/macrophages to inflammatory sites. Both receptors are indeed involved in the pathogenesis of several immune-mediated diseases, and dual CCR5/CCR2 targeting is emerging as a more efficacious strategy than targeting either receptor alone in the treatment of complex human disorders. In this review, we focus on the distinctive and complementary contributions of CCR5 and CCR2/CCL2 in HIV infection, multiple sclerosis, liver fibrosis and associated hepatocellular carcinoma. The emerging therapeutic approaches based on the inhibition of these chemokine axes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fantuzzi
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Tagliamonte
- Cancer Immunoregulation Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-"Fond G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Lopalco
- Immunobiology of HIV Unit, Division Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
The CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is responsible for immune and inflammatory responses by mediation of chemotactic activity in leukocytes, although it is expressed on different cell types. It has been shown to act as co-receptor for the human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV). Natural reactive antibodies (Abs) recognizing first loop (ECL1) of CCR5 have been detected in several pools of immunoglobulins from healthy donors and from several cohorts of either HIV-exposed but uninfected subjects (ESN) or HIV-infected individuals who control disease progression (LTNP) as well. The reason of development of anti-CCR5 Abs in the absence of autoimmune disease is still unknown; however, the presence of these Abs specific for CCR5 or for other immune receptors and mediators probably is related to homeostasis maintenance. The majority of anti-CCR5 Abs is directed to HIV binding site (N-terminus and ECL2) of the receptor. Conversely, it is well known that ECL1 of CCR5 does not bind HIV; thus, the anti-CCR5 Abs directed to ECL1 elicit a long-lasting internalization of CCR5 but not interfere with HIV binding directly; these Abs block HIV infection in either epithelial cells or CD4+ T lymphocytes and the mechanism differs from those ones described for all other CCR5-specific ligands. The Ab-mediated CCR5 internalization allows the formation of a stable signalosome by interaction of CCR5, β-arrestin2 and ERK1 proteins. The signalosome degradation and the subsequent de novo proteins synthesis determine the CCR5 reappearance on the cell membrane with a very long-lasting kinetics (8 days). The use of monoclonal Abs to CCR5 with particular characteristics and mode of action may represent a novel mode to fight viral infection in either vaccinal or therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Venuti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, DIBIT - San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Pastori
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, DIBIT - San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Lopalco
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, DIBIT - San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Chain B, Arnold J, Akthar S, Brandt M, Davis D, Noursadeghi M, Lapp T, Ji C, Sankuratri S, Zhang Y, Govada L, Saridakis E, Chayen N. A Linear Epitope in the N-Terminal Domain of CCR5 and Its Interaction with Antibody. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128381. [PMID: 26030924 PMCID: PMC4451072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCR5 receptor plays a role in several key physiological and pathological processes and is an important therapeutic target. Inhibition of the CCR5 axis by passive or active immunisation offers one very selective strategy for intervention. In this study we define a new linear epitope within the extracellular domain of CCR5 recognised by two independently produced monoclonal antibodies. A short peptide encoding the linear epitope can induce antibodies which recognise the intact receptor when administered colinear with a tetanus toxoid helper T cell epitope. The monoclonal antibody RoAb 13 is shown to bind to both cells and peptide with moderate to high affinity (6x10^8 and 1.2x107 M-1 respectively), and binding to the peptide is enhanced by sulfation of tyrosines at positions 10 and 14. RoAb13, which has previously been shown to block HIV infection, also blocks migration of monocytes in response to CCR5 binding chemokines and to inflammatory macrophage conditioned medium. A Fab fragment of RoAb13 has been crystallised and a structure of the antibody is reported to 2.1 angstrom resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny Chain
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, Gower St., London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Jack Arnold
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, Gower St., London, United Kingdom
| | - Samia Akthar
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, Gower St., London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Brandt
- Virology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Nutley, 340 Kingsland Street Nutley, NJ 07110, United States of America
| | - David Davis
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, Gower St., London, United Kingdom
| | - Thabo Lapp
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, Gower St., London, United Kingdom
| | - Changhua Ji
- Virology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Nutley, 340 Kingsland Street Nutley, NJ 07110, United States of America
| | - Surya Sankuratri
- Virology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Nutley, 340 Kingsland Street Nutley, NJ 07110, United States of America
| | - Yanjing Zhang
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, Gower St., London, United Kingdom
| | - Lata Govada
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Saridakis
- Laboratory of Structural and Supramolecular Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, National Centre for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', Athens, Greece
| | - Naomi Chayen
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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