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Yin T, Wang G, Wang L, Mudgal P, Wang E, Pan CC, Alexander PB, Wu H, Cao C, Liang Y, Tan L, Huang D, Chong M, Chen R, Lim BJW, Xiang K, Xue W, Wan L, Hu H, Loh YH, Wang XF, Li QJ. Breaking NGF-TrkA immunosuppression in melanoma sensitizes immunotherapy for durable memory T cell protection. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:268-281. [PMID: 38195702 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01723-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Melanoma cells, deriving from neuroectodermal melanocytes, may exploit the nervous system's immune privilege for growth. Here we show that nerve growth factor (NGF) has both melanoma cell intrinsic and extrinsic immunosuppressive functions. Autocrine NGF engages tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) on melanoma cells to desensitize interferon γ signaling, leading to T and natural killer cell exclusion. In effector T cells that upregulate surface TrkA expression upon T cell receptor activation, paracrine NGF dampens T cell receptor signaling and effector function. Inhibiting NGF, either through genetic modification or with the tropomyosin receptor kinase inhibitor larotrectinib, renders melanomas susceptible to immune checkpoint blockade therapy and fosters long-term immunity by activating memory T cells with low affinity. These results identify the NGF-TrkA axis as an important suppressor of anti-tumor immunity and suggest larotrectinib might be repurposed for immune sensitization. Moreover, by enlisting low-affinity T cells, anti-NGF reduces acquired resistance to immune checkpoint blockade and prevents melanoma recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yin
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guoping Wang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Liuyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Ergang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher C Pan
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yaosi Liang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lianmei Tan
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - De Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mengyang Chong
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Hervor Therapeutics, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bryan Jian Wei Lim
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kun Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wei Xue
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixin Wan
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Hailan Hu
- Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuin-Han Loh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiao-Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Qi-Jing Li
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
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[Gastrodin injection alleviates lung injury caused by focal cerebral ischemia in rats through NGF/TrkA pathway-mediated activation of the anti-inflammatory pathway]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2022; 42:116-122. [PMID: 35249878 PMCID: PMC8901390 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2022.01.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the therapeutic mechanism of gastrodin injection for alleviating lung injury caused by focal cerebral ischemia in rats and the role of the NGF-TrkA pathway in mediating this effect. METHODS Forty SD rats were equally randomized into normal group, sham-operated group, model group and gastrodin group, and in the latter two groups, rat models of focal cerebral ischemia were established by embolization of the right middle cerebral artery. After successful modeling, the rats were treated with intraperitoneal injection of gastrodin injection at the daily dose of 10 mg/kg for 14 days. After the treatment, the wet/dry weight ratio of the lung tissue was determined, the pathological changes in the lung tissue were observed using HE staining, and the levels of IL-10 and TNF-α in the arterial blood were detected with ELISA. The expressions of NF-κB p65 and TNF-α in the lung tissue were detected with Western blotting, and the expressions of NGF and TrkA were detected using immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting. RESULTS Compared with the normal control and sham-operated groups, the rats in the model group showed obvious inflammatory lung injury, significantly increased wet/ dry weight ratio of the lungs (P < 0.01), increased TNF-α level in arterial blood (P < 0.01), and significantly up-regulated protein expressions of NF-κB p65 (P < 0.01), TNF-α (P < 0.01), NGF (P < 0.05) and TrkA(P < 0.05) in the lung tissue. Treatment with gastrodin injection obviously alleviated lung inflammation, decreased the wet/dry weight ratio of the lungs (P < 0.05), and significantly lowered TNF-α level (P < 0.01) and increased IL-10 level in the arterial blood in the rat models (P < 0.01); gastrodin injection also significantly decreased the protein expressions of NF-κB p65 and TNF-α (P < 0.05) and up-regulated the expressions of NGF and TrkA in the lung tissue of the rats (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The NGF/TrkA pathway may participate in cerebral ischemia-induced inflammatory lung injury, which can be obviously alleviated by gastrodin through the activation of the anti-inflammatory pathway mediated by the NGF/TrkA pathway.
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Stozicka Z, Korenova M, Uhrinova I, Cubinkova V, Cente M, Kovacech B, Babindakova N, Matyasova K, Vargova G, Novak M, Novak P, Zilka N, Jadhav S. Environmental Enrichment Rescues Functional Deficit and Alters Neuroinflammation in a Transgenic Model of Tauopathy. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 74:951-964. [PMID: 32116255 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent neurodegenerative disorder, affecting over 44 million people worldwide. There are no effective pharmaco-therapeutic options for prevention and treatment of AD. Non-pharmacological approaches may help patients suffering from AD to significantly ameliorate disease progression. In this study, we exposed a transgenic rat model (tg) of human tauopathy to enriched environment for 3 months. Behavioral testing at 6 months of age revealed improvement in functional deficits of tg rats reared under enriched conditions, while sedentary tg rats remained severely impaired. Interestingly, enriched environment did not reduce tau pathology. Analysis of neurotrophic factors revealed an increase of nerve growth factor (NGF) levels in the hippocampus of both enriched groups (tg and non-tg rats), reflecting a known effect of enriched environment on the hippocampal formation. On the contrary, NGF levels decreased markedly in the brainstem of enriched groups. The non-pharmacological treatment also reduced levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 in the brainstem of transgenic rats. Expression analysis of inflammatory pathways revealed upregulation of microglial markers, such as MHC class II and Cd74, whereas levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines remained unaffected by enriched environment. Our results demonstrate that exposure to enriched environment can rescue functional impairment in tau transgenic rats without reducing tau pathology. We speculate that non-pharmacological treatment modulates the immune response to pathological tau protein inclusions, and thus reduces the damage caused by neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Stozicka
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, AD Centre, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Korenova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, AD Centre, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Uhrinova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, AD Centre, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Cubinkova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, AD Centre, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Cente
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, AD Centre, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Branislav Kovacech
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, AD Centre, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Axon Neuroscience R&D Services SE, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Nikoleta Babindakova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, AD Centre, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Matyasova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, AD Centre, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Greta Vargova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, AD Centre, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Novak
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, AD Centre, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Axon Neuroscience SE, Larnaca, Cyprus
| | - Petr Novak
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, AD Centre, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Axon Neuroscience CRM Services SE, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Norbert Zilka
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, AD Centre, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Axon Neuroscience R&D Services SE, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Santosh Jadhav
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, AD Centre, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Axon Neuroscience R&D Services SE, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Wang P, Pan J, Tian X, Dong X, Ju W, Wang Y, Zhong N. Transcriptomics-determined chemokine-cytokine pathway presents a common pathogenic mechanism in pregnancy loss and spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 86:e13398. [PMID: 33565696 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Various etiological factors, such as infection and inflammation, may induce the adverse outcomes of pregnancy of miscarriage, stillbirth, or preterm birth. The pathogenic mechanisms associated with these adverse pregnancies are yet unclear. We hypothesized that a common pathogenic mechanism may underlie variant adverse outcomes of pregnancy, which are induced by genetic-environmental factors. The specific objective of the current study is to uncover the common molecular mechanism(s) by identifying the specific transcripts that are present in variant subtypes of pregnancy loss and preterm birth. METHOD OF STUDY Transcriptomic profiling was performed with RNA expression microarray or RNA sequencing of placentas derived from pregnancy loss (which includes spontaneous miscarriage, recurrent miscarriage, and stillbirth) and spontaneous preterm birth, followed by bioinformatic analysis of multi-omic integration to identify pathogenic molecules and pathways involved in pathological pregnancies. RESULTS The enrichment of common differentially expressed genes between full-term birth and preterm birth and pregnancy loss of miscarriage and stillbirth revealed different pathophysiological pathway(s), including cytokine signaling dysregulated in spontaneous preterm birth, defense response, graft-versus-host disease, antigen processing and presentation, and T help cell differentiation in spontaneous miscarriage. Thirty-three genes shared between spontaneous preterm birth and spontaneous miscarriage were engaged in pathways of interferon gamma-mediated signaling and of antigen processing and presentation. For spontaneous miscarriage, immune response was enriched in the fetal tissue of chorionic villi and in the maternal facet of the placental sac. The transcript of nerve growth factor receptor was identified as the common molecule that is differentially expressed in all adverse pregnancies: spontaneous preterm birth, stillbirth, spontaneous miscarriage, and recurrent miscarriage. Superoxide dismutase 2 was up-regulated in all adverse outcomes of pregnancy except for recurrent miscarriage. Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction was the common pathway in spontaneous preterm birth and spontaneous miscarriage. Defense response was enriched in the fetal tissue of miscarriage and in the maternal tissue in spontaneous miscarriage. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that the chemokine-cytokine pathway may play important roles in and function as a common pathogenic mechanism associated with, the different adverse outcomes of pregnancy, which demonstrated that differentially expressed transcripts could result from a common pathogenic mechanism associated with pregnancy loss and spontaneous preterm birth, although individual pregnancy outcomes may differ from each other phenotypically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peirong Wang
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA.,Center for Medical Device Evaluation, National Medical Product Administration, 50 Qixiang Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jing Pan
- Sanya Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Hainan, China
| | - Xiujuan Tian
- Sanya Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Hainan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA.,Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weina Ju
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nanbert Zhong
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
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Nali LH, Olival GS, Sousa FTG, de Oliveira ACS, Montenegro H, da Silva IT, Dias-Neto E, Naya H, Spangenberg L, Penalva-de-Oliveira AC, Romano CM. Whole transcriptome analysis of multiple Sclerosis patients reveals active inflammatory profile in relapsing patients and downregulation of neurological repair pathways in secondary progressive cases. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 44:102243. [PMID: 32559700 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory autoimmune neurologic disease that causes progressive destruction of myelin sheath and axons. Affecting more than 2 million people worldwide, MS may presents distinct clinical courses. However, information regarding key gene expression and genic pathways related to each clinical form is still limited. OBJECTIVE To assess the whole transcriptome of blood leukocytes from patients with remittent-recurrent (RRMS) and secondary-progressive (SPMS) forms to explore the gene expression profile of each form. METHODS Total RNA was obtained and sequenced in Illumina HiSeq platform. Reads were aligned to human genome (GRCh38/hg38), BAM files were mapped and differential expression was obtained with DeSeq2. Up or downregulated pathways were obtained through Ingenuity IPA. Pro-inflammatory cytokines levels were also assessed. RESULTS The transcriptome was generated for nine patients (6 SPMS and 3 RRMS) and 5 healthy controls. A total of 731 and 435 differentially expressed genes were identified in SPMS and RRMS, respectively. RERE, IRS2, SIPA1L1, TANC2 and PLAGL1 were upregulated in both forms, whereas PAD2 and PAD4 were upregulated in RRMS and downregulated in SPMS. Inflammatory and neuronal repair pathways were upregulated in RRMS, which was also observed in cytokine analysis. Conversely, SPMS patients presented IL-8, IL-1, Neurothrophin and Neuregulin pathways down regulated. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the transcriptome of RRMS and SPMS clearly indicated distinct inflammatory profiles, where RRMS presented marked pro-inflammatory profile but SPMS did not. SPMS individuals also presented a decrease on expression of neuronal repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz H Nali
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, LIM-52 (LIMHC) Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil.; Post-graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University, Rua Prof. Enéas de Siqueira Neto, 340, São Paulo, 04829-300, Brazil
| | - Guilherme S Olival
- Departamento de Neurologia Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, R. Dr. Cesário Mota Júnior, 112, São Paulo, 01221-020 Brazil
| | - Francielle T G Sousa
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, LIM-52 (LIMHC) Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina S de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, LIM-52 (LIMHC) Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil
| | | | - Israel T da Silva
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, 01525-001, Brazil
| | - Emamnuel Dias-Neto
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, 01525-001, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Institute of Psychiatry, São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hugo Naya
- Unidad de Bioinformática Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Lucia Spangenberg
- Unidad de Bioinformática Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Augusto C Penalva-de-Oliveira
- Departamento de Neurologia Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, R. Dr. Cesário Mota Júnior, 112, São Paulo, 01221-020 Brazil; Departamento de Neurologia, Instituto de Infectologia Emilio Ribas, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 165, São Paulo, 01246-900, Brazil
| | - Camila M Romano
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, LIM-52 (LIMHC) Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil.; Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP (LIM52), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Delivanoglou N, Boziki M, Theotokis P, Kesidou E, Touloumi O, Dafi N, Nousiopoulou E, Lagoudaki R, Grigoriadis N, Charalampopoulos I, Simeonidou C. Spatio-temporal expression profile of NGF and the two-receptor system, TrkA and p75NTR, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:41. [PMID: 31996225 PMCID: PMC6990493 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-1708-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptors, tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) and pan-neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75NTR), are known to play bidirectional roles between the immune and nervous system. There are only few studies with inconclusive results concerning the expression pattern and role of NGF, TrkA, and p75NTR (NGF system) under the neuroinflammatory conditions in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its mouse model, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The aim of this study is to investigate the temporal expression in different cell types of NGF system in the central nervous system (CNS) during the EAE course. METHODS EAE was induced in C57BL/6 mice 6-8 weeks old. CNS tissue samples were collected on specific time points: day 10 (D10), days 20-22 (acute phase), and day 50 (chronic phase), compared to controls. Real-time PCR, Western Blot, histochemistry, and immunofluorescence were performed throughout the disease course for the detection of the spatio-temporal expression of the NGF system. RESULTS Our findings suggest that both NGF and its receptors, TrkA and p75NTR, are upregulated during acute and chronic phase of the EAE model in the inflammatory lesions in the spinal cord. NGF and its receptors were co-localized with NeuN+ cells, GAP-43+ axons, GFAP+ cells, Arginase1+ cells, and Mac3+ cells. Furthermore, TrkA and p75NTR were sparsely detected on CNPase+ cells within the inflammatory lesion. Of high importance is our observation that despite EAE being a T-mediated disease, only NGF and p75NTR were shown to be expressed by B lymphocytes (B220+ cells) and no expression on T lymphocytes was noticed. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the components of the NGF system are subjected to differential regulation during the EAE disease course. The expression pattern of NGF, TrkA, and p75NTR is described in detail, suggesting possible functional roles in neuroprotection, neuroregeneration, and remyelination by direct and indirect effects on the components of the immune system.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nerve Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptor, trkA/biosynthesis
- Receptor, trkA/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickoleta Delivanoglou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marina Boziki
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Kesidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olga Touloumi
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolina Dafi
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Nousiopoulou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Roza Lagoudaki
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Charalampopoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Constantina Simeonidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Fodelianaki G, Lansing F, Bhattarai P, Troullinaki M, Zeballos MA, Charalampopoulos I, Gravanis A, Mirtschink P, Chavakis T, Alexaki VI. Nerve Growth Factor modulates LPS - induced microglial glycolysis and inflammatory responses. Exp Cell Res 2019; 377:10-16. [PMID: 30817930 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the parenchymal immune cells of the central nervous system, orchestrate neuroinflammation in response to infection or damage, and promote tissue repair. However, aberrant microglial responses are integral to neurodegenerative diseases and critically contribute to disease progression. Thus, it is important to elucidate how microglia - mediated neuroinflammation is regulated by endogenous factors. Here, we explored the effect of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), an abundant neurotrophin, on microglial inflammatory responses. NGF, via its high affinity receptor TrkA, downregulated LPS - induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NO in primary mouse microglia and inhibited TLR4 - mediated activation of the NF-κB and JNK pathways. Furthermore, NGF attenuated the LPS - enhanced glycolytic activity in microglia, as suggested by reduced glucose uptake and decreased expression of the glycolytic enzymes Pfkβ3 and Ldhα. Consistently, 2DG - mediated glycolysis inhibition strongly downregulated LPS - induced cytokine production in microglial cells. Our findings demonstrate that NGF attenuates pro-inflammatory responses in microglia and may thereby contribute to regulation of microglia - mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Fodelianaki
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Lansing
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Prabesh Bhattarai
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria Troullinaki
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria Alejandra Zeballos
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Achille Gravanis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Peter Mirtschink
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Vasileia Ismini Alexaki
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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8
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Medelin M, Giacco V, Aldinucci A, Castronovo G, Bonechi E, Sibilla A, Tanturli M, Torcia M, Ballerini L, Cozzolino F, Ballerini C. Bridging pro-inflammatory signals, synaptic transmission and protection in spinal explants in vitro. Mol Brain 2018; 11:3. [PMID: 29334986 PMCID: PMC5769440 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-018-0347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is characterized by tissue atrophy involving the brain and the spinal cord, where reactive inflammation contributes to the neurodegenerative processes. Recently, the presence of synapse alterations induced by the inflammatory responses was suggested by experimental and clinical observations, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model and in patients, respectively. Further knowledge on the interplay between pro-inflammatory agents, neuroglia and synaptic dysfunction is crucial to the design of unconventional protective molecules. Here we report the effects, on spinal cord circuits, of a cytokine cocktail that partly mimics the signature of T lymphocytes sub population Th1. In embryonic mouse spinal organ-cultures, containing neuronal cells and neuroglia, cytokines induced inflammatory responses accompanied by a significant increase in spontaneous synaptic activity. We suggest that cytokines specifically altered signal integration in spinal networks by speeding the decay of GABAA responses. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that synapse protection by a non-peptidic NGF mimetic molecule prevented both the changes in the time course of GABA events and in network activity that were left unchanged by the cytokine production from astrocytes and microglia present in the cultured tissue. In conclusion, we developed an important tool for the study of synaptic alterations induced by inflammation, that takes into account the role of neuronal and not neuronal resident cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Medelin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - V Giacco
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - A Aldinucci
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - G Castronovo
- Department of DSBSC, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - E Bonechi
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - A Sibilla
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - M Tanturli
- Department of DSBSC, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - M Torcia
- Department of DMSC, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - L Ballerini
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), 34136, Trieste, Italy.
| | - F Cozzolino
- Department of DSBSC, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - C Ballerini
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy.
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NGF and Its Receptors in the Regulation of Inflammatory Response. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051028. [PMID: 28492466 PMCID: PMC5454940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in the complex relationship between the nervous and immune systems and how its alteration can affect homeostasis and result in the development of inflammatory diseases. A key mediator in cross-talk between the two systems is nerve growth factor (NGF), which can influence both neuronal cell function and immune cell activity. The up-regulation of NGF described in inflamed tissues of many diseases can regulate innervation and neuronal activity of peripheral neurons, inducing the release of immune-active neuropeptides and neurotransmitters, but can also directly influence innate and adaptive immune responses. Expression of the NGF receptors tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) and p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is dynamically regulated in immune cells, suggesting a varying requirement for NGF depending on their state of differentiation and functional activity. NGF has a variety of effects that can be either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory. This apparent contradiction can be explained by considering NGF as part of an endogenous mechanism that, while activating immune responses, also activates pathways necessary to dampen the inflammatory response and limit tissue damage. Decreases in TrkA expression, such as that recently demonstrated in immune cells of arthritis patients, might prevent the activation by NGF of regulatory feed-back mechanisms, thus contributing to the development and maintenance of chronic inflammation.
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Berkovich R, Bakshi R, Amezcua L, Axtell RC, Cen SY, Tauhid S, Neema M, Steinman L. Adrenocorticotropic hormone versus methylprednisolone added to interferon β in patients with multiple sclerosis experiencing breakthrough disease: a randomized, rater-blinded trial. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2017; 10:3-17. [PMID: 28450891 PMCID: PMC5400152 DOI: 10.1177/1756285616670060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate monthly intramuscular adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) gel versus intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) add-on therapy to interferon β for breakthrough disease in patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. METHODS This was a prospective, open-label, examiner-blinded, 15-month pilot study evaluating patients with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score 3.0-6.5 and at least one clinical relapse or new T2 or gadolinium-enhanced lesion in the previous year. Twenty-three patients were randomized to ACTH (n = 12) or IVMP (n = 11) and completed the study. The primary outcome measure was the cumulative number of relapses. Secondary outcomes included EDSS, Mental Health Inventory (MHI), plasma cytokines, MS Functional Composite (MSFC), Quality-of-Life (MS-QOL) score, bone mineral density (BMD), and new or worsened psychiatric symptoms per month. Brain magnetic resonance imaging was analyzed post hoc. This was a preliminary and small-scale study. RESULTS Relapse rates differed significantly [ACTH 0.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.01-0.54 versus IVMP 0.80, 95% CI 0.36-1.75; rate ratio, IVMP versus ACTH: 9.56, 95% CI 1.23-74.6; p = 0.03]. ACTH improved (p = 0.03) MHI (slope 0.95 ± 0.38 points/month; p = 0.02 versus slope -0.38 ± 0.43 points/month; p = 0.39). On-study decreases (all p < 0.05) in eight cytokine levels occurred only in the ACTH group. However, on-study EDSS, MSFC, MS-QOL, BMD, and MRI lesion changes were not significant between groups. Psychiatric symptoms per patient were greater with IVMP than ACTH (0.55, 95% CI 0.12-2.6 versus 0; p < 0.0001). Other common adverse events were insomnia and urinary tract infections (IVMP, seven events each) and fatigue or flu symptoms (ACTH, five events each). CONCLUSIONS This study provided class II evidence that ACTH produced better examiner-assessed cumulative rates of relapses per patient than IVMP in the adjunctive treatment of breakthrough disease in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Berkovich
- USC MS Comprehensive Care Center and Research Group, 1520 San Pablo Street, Suite 3000, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Rohit Bakshi
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lilyana Amezcua
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Steven Y. Cen
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shahamat Tauhid
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohit Neema
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Carito V, Nicolò SD, Fiore M, Maccarone M, Tirassa P. Ocular nerve growth factor administration (oNGF) affects disease severity and inflammatory response in the brain of rats with experimental allergic encephalitis (EAE). Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 94:177-184. [PMID: 26629995 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The rat acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model was used to investigate the effects of ocularly administered nerve growth factor (oNGF) on disease development and brain inflammation. It was found that oNGF affects clinical scores. However, EAE rats receiving oNGF treatment showed reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the cerebellum and the hippocampus, but not in the frontal cortex. These data confirm the ability of oNGF to counteract the effects of EAE in the brain and suggest a role for oNGF in the regulation of local inflammatory responses observed in the acute phase of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Carito
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council (CNR/IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64 (00143) Rome, Italy.,Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council (CNR/IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64 (00143) Rome, Italy
| | - Sara De Nicolò
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council (CNR/IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64 (00143) Rome, Italy.,Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council (CNR/IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64 (00143) Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Fiore
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council (CNR/IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64 (00143) Rome, Italy.,Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council (CNR/IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64 (00143) Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Maccarone
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council (CNR/IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64 (00143) Rome, Italy.,Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council (CNR/IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64 (00143) Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Tirassa
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council (CNR/IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64 (00143) Rome, Italy.,Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council (CNR/IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64 (00143) Rome, Italy
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12
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NGF in Early Embryogenesis, Differentiation, and Pathology in the Nervous and Immune Systems. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 29:125-152. [PMID: 26695167 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2015_420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The physiology of NGF is extremely complex, and although the study of this neurotrophin began more than 60 years ago, it is far from being concluded. NGF, its precursor molecule pro-NGF, and their different receptor systems (i.e., TrkA, p75NTR, and sortilin) have key roles in the development and adult physiology of both the nervous and immune systems. Although the NGF receptor system and the pathways activated are similar for all types of cells sensitive to NGF, the effects exerted during embryonic differentiation and in committed mature cells are strikingly different and sometimes opposite. Bearing in mind the pleiotropic effects of NGF, alterations in its expression and synthesis, as well as variations in the types of receptor available and in their respective levels of expression, may have profound effects and play multiple roles in the development and progression of several diseases. In recent years, the use of NGF or of inhibitors of its receptors has been prospected as a therapeutic tool in a variety of neurological diseases and injuries. In this review, we outline the different roles played by the NGF system in various moments of nervous and immune system differentiation and physiology, from embryonic development to aging. The data collected over the past decades indicate that NGF activities are highly integrated among systems and are necessary for the maintenance of homeostasis. Further, more integrated and multidisciplinary studies should take into consideration these multiple and interactive aspects of NGF physiology in order to design new therapeutic strategies based on the manipulation of NGF and its intracellular pathways.
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13
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Vargas-Caraveo A, Pérez-Ishiwara DG, Martínez-Martínez A. Chronic Psychological Distress as an Inducer of Microglial Activation and Leukocyte Recruitment into the Area Postrema. Neuroimmunomodulation 2015; 22:311-21. [PMID: 25765708 DOI: 10.1159/000369350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic psychological distress can cause neuroinflammation, but the involvement of leukocytes in this inflammatory response remains unclear. The area postrema (AP) is considered a neural-immune interface because it lacks a blood-brain barrier and a site for leukocyte recruitment in neuroinflammatory conditions induced by immunological insults, but its role in chronic psychological distress has not been explored. OBJECTIVE To determine leukocyte recruitment to the AP after chronic psychological distress. METHODS Rats were exposed to cat odor for 5 consecutive days to induce distress, and, on the 6th day, their brains were dissected to perform immunohistofluorescence studies of the AP. Immune cells were identified and quantified with CD45 and CD11b markers. The distribution of neurons and immune cells was determined using TrkA and CD45 markers, respectively. RESULTS Distress induced a significant increase in CD45(+) and CD11b(+) cells in the AP. Three immunophenotypes were determined in the control and distress groups: CD45(+)/CD11b(-), CD45(+)/CD11b(+) and CD45(-)/CD11b(+). CD expression, morphology and fluorescence intensity enabled the identification of different immune cell types: starting from longitudinal ramified microglia (mainly in the control group) to amoeboid microglia, monocytes and lymphocytes (mostly in the distressed group). TrkA and CD45 expression in the AP revealed the proximity between soma neurons and leukocytes. Interestingly, some CD45(+) cells expressed TrkA, with increased expression in the distressed group. CONCLUSIONS The identification of microglial activation, leukocyte recruitment and the close proximity between neurons and leukocytes in the AP after chronic psychological distress exposure suggests the AP as a site for distress-induced immune responses and engraftment of leukocytes infiltrating the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Vargas-Caraveo
- Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, and Centro de Investigación en Biotecnologia Aplicada del IPN, México, México
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14
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Frank P, Barrientos G, Tirado-González I, Cohen M, Moschansky P, Peters EM, Klapp BF, Rose M, Tometten M, Blois SM. Balanced levels of nerve growth factor are required for normal pregnancy progression. Reproduction 2014; 148:179-89. [PMID: 24825909 DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF), the first identified member of the family of neurotrophins, is thought to play a critical role in the initiation of the decidual response in stress-challenged pregnant mice. However, the contribution of this pathway to physiological events during the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy remains largely elusive. Using NGF depletion and supplementation strategies alternatively, in this study, we demonstrated that a successful pregnancy is sensitive to disturbances in NGF levels in mice. Treatment with NGF further boosted fetal loss rates in the high-abortion rate CBA/J x DBA/2J mouse model by amplifying a local inflammatory response through recruitment of NGF-expressing immune cells, increased decidual innervation with substance P(+) nerve fibres and a Th1 cytokine shift. Similarly, treatment with a NGF-neutralising antibody in BALB/c-mated CBA/J mice, a normal-pregnancy model, also induced abortions associated with increased infiltration of tropomyosin kinase receptor A-expressing NK cells to the decidua. Importantly, in neither of the models, pregnancy loss was associated with defective ovarian function, angiogenesis or placental development. We further demonstrated that spontaneous abortion in humans is associated with up-regulated synthesis and an aberrant distribution of NGF in placental tissue. Thus, a local threshold of NGF expression seems to be necessary to ensure maternal tolerance in healthy pregnancies, but when surpassed may result in fetal rejection due to exacerbated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Frank
- Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineDepartment of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Charité Centre 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Medicine University of Berlin, Berlin, GermanyLaboratoire d'HormonologieDepartment of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Geneva, SwitzerlandDepartment of Psychosomatic MedicinePsycho-Neuro-Immunology, University Giessen, Giessen, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyWest German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Barrientos
- Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineDepartment of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Charité Centre 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Medicine University of Berlin, Berlin, GermanyLaboratoire d'HormonologieDepartment of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Geneva, SwitzerlandDepartment of Psychosomatic MedicinePsycho-Neuro-Immunology, University Giessen, Giessen, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyWest German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Irene Tirado-González
- Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineDepartment of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Charité Centre 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Medicine University of Berlin, Berlin, GermanyLaboratoire d'HormonologieDepartment of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Geneva, SwitzerlandDepartment of Psychosomatic MedicinePsycho-Neuro-Immunology, University Giessen, Giessen, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyWest German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marie Cohen
- Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineDepartment of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Charité Centre 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Medicine University of Berlin, Berlin, GermanyLaboratoire d'HormonologieDepartment of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Geneva, SwitzerlandDepartment of Psychosomatic MedicinePsycho-Neuro-Immunology, University Giessen, Giessen, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyWest German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Petra Moschansky
- Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineDepartment of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Charité Centre 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Medicine University of Berlin, Berlin, GermanyLaboratoire d'HormonologieDepartment of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Geneva, SwitzerlandDepartment of Psychosomatic MedicinePsycho-Neuro-Immunology, University Giessen, Giessen, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyWest German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Eva M Peters
- Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineDepartment of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Charité Centre 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Medicine University of Berlin, Berlin, GermanyLaboratoire d'HormonologieDepartment of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Geneva, SwitzerlandDepartment of Psychosomatic MedicinePsycho-Neuro-Immunology, University Giessen, Giessen, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyWest German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, GermanyLaboratory of Reproductive MedicineDepartment of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Charité Centre 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Medicine University of Berlin, Berlin, GermanyLaboratoire d'HormonologieDepartment of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Geneva, SwitzerlandDepartment of Psychosomatic MedicinePsycho-Neuro-Immunology, University Giessen, Giessen, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyWest German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Burghard F Klapp
- Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineDepartment of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Charité Centre 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Medicine University of Berlin, Berlin, GermanyLaboratoire d'HormonologieDepartment of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Geneva, SwitzerlandDepartment of Psychosomatic MedicinePsycho-Neuro-Immunology, University Giessen, Giessen, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyWest German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Rose
- Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineDepartment of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Charité Centre 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Medicine University of Berlin, Berlin, GermanyLaboratoire d'HormonologieDepartment of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Geneva, SwitzerlandDepartment of Psychosomatic MedicinePsycho-Neuro-Immunology, University Giessen, Giessen, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyWest German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mareike Tometten
- Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineDepartment of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Charité Centre 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Medicine University of Berlin, Berlin, GermanyLaboratoire d'HormonologieDepartment of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Geneva, SwitzerlandDepartment of Psychosomatic MedicinePsycho-Neuro-Immunology, University Giessen, Giessen, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyWest German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sandra M Blois
- Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineDepartment of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Charité Centre 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Medicine University of Berlin, Berlin, GermanyLaboratoire d'HormonologieDepartment of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Geneva, SwitzerlandDepartment of Psychosomatic MedicinePsycho-Neuro-Immunology, University Giessen, Giessen, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyWest German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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15
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Zhu D, Liu M, Yang Y, Ma L, Jiang Y, Zhou L, Huang Q, Pi R, Chen X. Ginsenoside Rd ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1217-26. [PMID: 24798871 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Zhu
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou; Guangdong China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou; Guangdong China
| | - Yaowu Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine; The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou; Guangdong China
| | - Lili Ma
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou; Guangdong China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou; Guangdong China
| | - Linli Zhou
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou; Guangdong China
| | - Qiling Huang
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou; Guangdong China
| | - Rongbiao Pi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou; Guangdong China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou; Guangdong China
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16
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Prencipe G, Minnone G, Strippoli R, De Pasquale L, Petrini S, Caiello I, Manni L, De Benedetti F, Bracci-Laudiero L. Nerve growth factor downregulates inflammatory response in human monocytes through TrkA. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3345-54. [PMID: 24585880 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) levels are highly increased in inflamed tissues, but their role is unclear. We show that NGF is part of a regulatory loop in monocytes: inflammatory stimuli, while activating a proinflammatory response through TLRs, upregulate the expression of the NGF receptor TrkA. In turn, NGF, by binding to TrkA, interferes with TLR responses. In TLR-activated monocytes, NGF reduces inflammatory cytokine production (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8) while inducing the release of anti-inflammatory mediators (IL-10 and IL-1 receptor antagonist). NGF binding to TrkA affects TLR signaling, favoring pathways that mediate inhibition of inflammatory responses: it increases Akt phosphorylation, inhibits glycogen synthase kinase 3 activity, reduces IκB phosphorylation and p65 NF-κB translocation, and increases nuclear p50 NF-κB binding activity. Use of TrkA inhibitors in TLR-activated monocytes abolishes the effects of NGF on the activation of anti-inflammatory signaling pathways, thus increasing NF-κB pathway activation and inflammatory cytokine production while reducing IL-10 production. PBMC and mononuclear cells obtained from the synovial fluid of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis show marked downregulation of TrkA expression. In ex vivo experiments, the addition of NGF to LPS-activated juvenile idiopathic arthritis to both mononuclear cells from synovial fluid and PBMC fails to reduce the production of IL-6 that, in contrast, is observed in healthy donors. This suggests that defective TrkA expression may facilitate proinflammatory mechanisms, contributing to chronic tissue inflammation and damage. In conclusion, this study identifies a novel regulatory mechanism of inflammatory responses through NGF and its receptor TrkA, for which abnormality may have pathogenic implications for chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusi Prencipe
- Research Laboratories, Unit of Rheumatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy
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17
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Jiang Y, Zou Y, Chen S, Zhu C, Wu A, Liu Y, Ma L, Zhu D, Ma X, Liu M, Kang Z, Pi R, Peng F, Wang Q, Chen X. The anti-inflammatory effect of donepezil on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57 BL/6 mice. Neuropharmacology 2013; 73:415-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chavarría A, Cárdenas G. Neuronal influence behind the central nervous system regulation of the immune cells. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 7:64. [PMID: 24032006 PMCID: PMC3759003 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) has a highly specialized microenvironment, and despite being initially considered an immune privileged site, this immune status is far from absolute because it varies with age and brain topography. The brain monitors immune responses by several means that act in parallel; one pathway involves afferent nerves (vagal nerve) and the other resident cells (neurons and glia). These cell populations exert a strong role in the regulation of the immune system, favoring an immune-modulatory environment in the CNS. Neurons control glial cell and infiltrated T-cells by contact-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Contact-dependent mechanisms are provided by several membrane immune modulating molecules such as Sema-7A, CD95L, CD22, CD200, CD47, NCAM, ICAM-5, and cadherins; which can inhibit the expression of microglial inflammatory cytokines, induce apoptosis or inactivate infiltrated T-cells. On the other hand, soluble neuronal factors like Sema-3A, cytokines, neurotrophins, neuropeptides, and neurotransmitters attenuate microglial and/or T-cell activation. In this review, we focused on all known mechanism driven only by neurons in order to control the local immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahí Chavarría
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México City, México
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Immune privilege as an intrinsic CNS property: astrocytes protect the CNS against T-cell-mediated neuroinflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:320519. [PMID: 24023412 PMCID: PMC3760105 DOI: 10.1155/2013/320519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes have many functions in the central nervous system (CNS). They support differentiation and homeostasis of neurons and influence synaptic activity. They are responsible for formation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and make up the glia limitans. Here, we review their contribution to neuroimmune interactions and in particular to those induced by the invasion of activated T cells. We discuss the mechanisms by which astrocytes regulate pro- and anti-inflammatory aspects of T-cell responses within the CNS. Depending on the microenvironment, they may become potent antigen-presenting cells for T cells and they may contribute to inflammatory processes. They are also able to abrogate or reprogram T-cell responses by inducing apoptosis or secreting inhibitory mediators. We consider apparently contradictory functions of astrocytes in health and disease, particularly in their interaction with lymphocytes, which may either aggravate or suppress neuroinflammation.
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Blockage of nerve growth factor modulates T cell responses and inhibits allergic inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:1369-78. [PMID: 22871964 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0538-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Blockage of nerve growth factor (NGF) by anti-NGF antibodies can inhibit allergic airway hyper-responsiveness in mice. This study was aimed at determining the mechanisms underlying the action of anti-NGF in vivo. METHODS BALB/c mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and treated with anti-NGF. At 1 day after the last challenge, their airway responsiveness and inflammation were examined and the levels of cytokine and transcription factor mRNA transcripts in the lungs and cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were determined. The frequency of different functional T cells and the levels of serum OVA-specific antibodies were measured. RESULTS OVA challenge induced severe airway resistance, inflammation, higher levels of IL-4, TNFα, IL-17A, TGFβ, GATA-3 and RORγT expression and increased Th2 and Th17 cells and IgE responses, but decreased IFNγ and IL-10 responses, T-bet and Foxp3 expression and Th1 and Tregs. Treatment with anti-NGF significantly reduced allergic airway resistance and inflammation, up-regulated IFNγ, IL-10, TGFβ, T-bet, and Foxp3 expression, increased Th1 and Tregs, but down-regulated IL-4, TNFα, IL-17A, RORγT and GATA-3 expression and reduced Th2 and Th17 cells, accompanied by increased serum IgG2a. CONCLUSIONS Anti-NGF inhibits allergic airway inflammation by modulating the balance of pro- and anti-asthmatic T cell responses in the lungs of mice.
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Chen X, Ma L, Jiang Y, Chen S, Zhu C, Liu M, Ma X, Zhu D, Liu Y, Peng F, Wang Q, Pi R. Minocycline up-regulates the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 686:124-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Le Hericium erinaceus: des propriétés essentiellement dépendantes du neuronal growth factor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10298-010-0601-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Iwama S, Sugimura Y, Suzuki H, Suzuki H, Murase T, Ozaki N, Nagasaki H, Arima H, Murata Y, Sawada M, Oiso Y. Time-dependent changes in proinflammatory and neurotrophic responses of microglia and astrocytes in a rat model of osmotic demyelination syndrome. Glia 2010; 59:452-62. [PMID: 21264951 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) is a serious demyelinating disease in the central nervous system usually caused by rapid correction of hyponatremia. In an animal model of ODS, we previously reported microglial accumulation expressing proinflammatory cytokines. Microglia and astrocytes secreting proinflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors are reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of demyelinative diseases. Therefore, to clarify the role of microglial and astrocytic function in ODS, we examined the time-dependent changes in distribution, morphology, proliferation, and mRNA/protein expression of proinflammatory cytokines, neurotrophic factors, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) in microglia and astrocytes 2 days (early phase) and 5 days (late phase) after the rapid correction of hyponatremia in ODS rats. The number of microglia time dependently increased at demyelinative lesion sites, proliferated, and expressed tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and MMP2, 9, and 12 at the early phase. Microglia also expressed leukemia inhibitory factor (a neurotrophic factor) and phagocytosed myelin debris at the late phase. The number of astrocytes time dependently increased around demyelinative lesions, extended processes to lesions, proliferated, and expressed nerve growth factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor at the late phase. Moreover, treatment with infliximab, a monoclonal antibody against TNF-α, significantly attenuated neurological impairments. Our results suggest that the role of microglia in ODS is time dependently shifted from detrimental to protective and that astrocytes play a protective role at the late phase. Modulation of excessive proinflammatory responses in microglia during the early phase after rapid correction may represent a therapeutic target for ODS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Iwama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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24
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Ralainirina N, Brons NHC, Ammerlaan W, Hoffmann C, Hentges F, Zimmer J. Mouse natural killer (NK) cells express the nerve growth factor receptor TrkA, which is dynamically regulated. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15053. [PMID: 21152021 PMCID: PMC2995740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophin crucial for the development and survival of neurons. It also acts on cells of the immune system which express the NGF receptors TrkA and p75(NTR) and can be produced by them. However, mouse NK cells have not yet been studied in this context. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We used cell culture, flow cytometry, confocal microscopy and ELISA assays to investigate the expression of NGF receptors by NK cells and their secretion of NGF. We show that resting NK cells express TrkA and that the expression is different on NK cell subpopulations defined by the relative presence of CD27 and CD11b. Expression of TrkA is dramatically increased in IL-2-activated NK cells. The p75(NTR) is expressed only on a very low percentage of NK cells. Functionally, NGF moderately inhibits NK cell degranulation, but does not influence proliferation or cytokine production. NK cells do not produce NGF. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We demonstrate for the first time that mouse NK cells express the NGF receptor TrkA and that this expression is dynamically regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Ralainirina
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Allergology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé (CRP-Santé), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Nicolaas H. C. Brons
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé (CRP-Santé), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Wim Ammerlaan
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé (CRP-Santé), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Céline Hoffmann
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé (CRP-Santé), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - François Hentges
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Allergology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé (CRP-Santé), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Jacques Zimmer
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Allergology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé (CRP-Santé), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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25
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system with no clear etiology. Until recently, most studies have emphasized the role of T cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Data suggesting that B cells play a role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis have been accumulating for the past five decades, demonstrating that the cerebrospinal fluid and central nervous system tissues of multiple sclerosis patients contain B cells, plasma cells, antibodies, and immunoglobulins. Data suggest that B cells are involved in antigen capture and presentation to T cells, cytokine production, antibody secretion, demyelination, tissue damage, and remyelination in multiple sclerosis. These advances in the understanding of B-cell and antibody roles in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis provide a strong rationale for B-cell-targeted therapies.
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26
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Sayed BA, Christy A, Quirion MR, Brown MA. The master switch: the role of mast cells in autoimmunity and tolerance. Annu Rev Immunol 2008; 26:705-39. [PMID: 18370925 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There are many parallels between allergic and autoimmune responses. Both are considered hypersensitivity responses: pathologies that are elicited by an exuberant reaction to antigens that do not pose any inherent danger to the organism. Although mast cells have long been recognized as central players in allergy, only recently has their role in autoimmunity become apparent. Because of the commonalities of these responses, much of what we have learned about the underlying mast cell-dependent mechanisms of inflammatory damage in allergy and asthma can be used to understand autoimmunity. Here we review mast cell biology in the context of autoimmune disease. We discuss the huge diversity in mast cell responses that can exert either proinflammatory or antiinflammatory activity. We also consider the myriad factors that cause one response to predominate over another in a particular immune setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blayne A Sayed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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27
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Jiang Y, Chen G, Zhang Y, Lu L, Liu S, Cao X. Nerve Growth Factor Promotes TLR4 Signaling-Induced Maturation of Human Dendritic Cells In Vitro through Inducible p75NTR 1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:6297-304. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.9.6297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Lee HW, Kim SM, Shim NR, Bae SK, Jung IG, Kwak JY, Kim BS, Kim JB, Moon JO, Chung JS, Yoon S. Expression of nerve growth factor is upregulated in the rat thymic epithelial cells during thymus regeneration following acute thymic involution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 141:86-95. [PMID: 17316840 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2006.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2005] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimmune networks in the thymic microenvironment are thought to be involved in the regulation of T cell development. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is increasingly recognized as a potent immunomodulator, promoting "cross-talk" between various types of immune system cells. The present study describes the expression of NGF during thymus regeneration following acute involution induced by cyclophosphamide in the rat. Immunohistochemical stain demonstrated not only the presence of NGF but also its upregulated expression mainly in the subcapsular, paraseptal, and perivascular epithelial cells, and medullary epithelial cells including Hassall's corpuscles in both the normal and regenerating thymus. Biochemical data obtained using Western blot and RT-PCR supported these results and showed that thymic extracts contain NGF protein and mRNA, at higher levels during thymus regeneration. Thus, our results suggest that NGF expressed in these thymic epithelial cells plays a role in the T lymphopoiesis associated with thymus regeneration during recovery from acute thymic involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Woo Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Seo-Gu, Busan, South Korea
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29
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Multiple Sklerose — eine neuroimmunendokrine Erkrankung. GEHIRN UND GESCHLECHT 2007. [PMCID: PMC7120016 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-71628-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Die Multiple Sklerose (MS) ist eine chronische, entzündlich-demyelinisierende Erkrankung des Zentralnervensystems (ZNS), betrifft also Gehirn und Rückenmark, wobei heute eine autoimmune Ätiologie allgemein angenommen wird. Sie ist die häufigste Entmarkungserkrankung des ZNS in Nordeuropa und Nordamerika (Prävalenz 1:1000) und die häufigste chronisch-neurologische Erkrankung, die bei jungen Erwachsenen zu bleibender Behinderung führt.
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30
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Zhang J, Li Y, Lu M, Cui Y, Chen J, Noffsinger L, Elias SB, Chopp M. Bone marrow stromal cells reduce axonal loss in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. J Neurosci Res 2006; 84:587-95. [PMID: 16773650 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the ability of human bone marrow stromal cell (hBMSC) treatment to reduce axonal loss in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice. EAE was induced in SJL/J mice by injection with proteolipid protein (PLP). Mice were injected intravenously with hBMSCs or PBS on the day of clinical onset, and neurological function was measured daily (score 0-5) until 45 weeks after onset. Mice were sacrificed at week 1, 10, 20, 34, and 45 after clinical onset. Bielshowsky silver was used to identify axons. Immunohistochemistry was performed to measure the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and MAB1281, a marker of hBMSCs. hBMSC treatment significantly reduced the mortality, the disease severity, and the number of relapses in EAE mice compared with PBS treatment. Axonal density and NGF(+) cells in the EAE brain were significantly increased in the hBMSC group compared with the PBS group at 1, 10, 20, 34, and 45 weeks. Disease severity was significantly correlated with decreased axonal density and decreased NGF, and increased axonal density was significantly correlated with reduced loss of NGF expression after hBMSC treatment. Most of the NGF(+) cells are brain parenchymal cells. Under 5% of MAB1281(+) cells colocalized with NG2(+), a marker of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Nearly 10% of MAB1281(+) cells colocalized with GFAP, a marker of astrocytes, and MAP-2, a marker of neurons. Our findings indicate that hBMSCs improve functional recovery and may provide a potential therapy aimed at axonal protection in EAE mice, in which NGF may play a vital role.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Axons/metabolism
- Axons/ultrastructure
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/methods
- Brain/cytology
- Brain/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Female
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism
- Graft Survival/physiology
- Humans
- Injections, Intravenous
- Mice
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/transplantation
- Transplantation, Heterologous/methods
- Treatment Outcome
- Wallerian Degeneration/immunology
- Wallerian Degeneration/physiopathology
- Wallerian Degeneration/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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31
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Kuno R, Yoshida Y, Nitta A, Nabeshima T, Wang J, Sonobe Y, Kawanokuchi J, Takeuchi H, Mizuno T, Suzumura A. The role of TNF-alpha and its receptors in the production of NGF and GDNF by astrocytes. Brain Res 2006; 1116:12-8. [PMID: 16956589 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.07.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Revised: 07/22/2006] [Accepted: 07/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The neurotrophic factors, nerve growth factor (NGF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), are produced by astrocytes, and are induced by inflammatory stimuli including bacterial lipopolysaccharide and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this study, we examined the regulatory mechanisms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced production of neurotrophic factors. We show here that cultured astrocytes express both TNF-alpha receptor 1 (TNFR1) and TNFR2, and that activation of these receptors by TNF-alpha promotes expression of both NGF and GDNF. In addition, we observe that not only exogenous TNF-alpha but also TNF-alpha produced by astrocytes induce NGF and GDNF production in astrocytes. These results suggest that an autocrine loop involving TNF-alpha contributes to the production of neurotrophic factors in response to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Kuno
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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32
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Ziemssen T. Modulating processes within the central nervous system is central to therapeutic control of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2006; 252 Suppl 5:v38-45. [PMID: 16254701 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-005-5007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Historically considered to be an autoimmune demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis is now recognized to be characterized by significant axonal and neuronal pathology. Addressing this neurodegenerative component of the disease is an important treatment objective, since axonal injury is believed to underlie the accumulation of disability and disease progression. The precise relationship between the inflammatory and neurodegenerative components in multiple sclerosis remains poorly elucidated, although neurodegeneration appears to be at least partially independent from neuroinflammation. The mechanisms underlying axonal injury appear complex and are likely to be multifactorial. Specific treatment strategies need to be developed that act within the central nervous system to prevent neurodegeneration and need to be provided from the earliest stages of disease. It is likely that immunomodulatory treatments acting purely in the periphery will provide only indirect and not direct neuroprotection. A promising approach is to enhance neuroprotective autoimmunity inside the brain, believed to be mediated, at least in part, by the release of neurotrophic factors within the nervous system from infiltrating immune cells. Such a beneficial process would be inhibited by a non-selective immunosuppressive strategy. In summary, treatments of multiple sclerosis should take into account the heterogeneous pathophysiology of the disease. The pathogenic process in the central nervous system itself should be the major focus in multiple sclerosis therapy in order to protect against demyelination and axonal loss and to promote remyelination and regeneration directly in the target tissue, independently of peripheral immune status. In conclusion, selective treatment strategies aimed at preventing axonal injury within the central nervous system are required to complement existing, peripherally acting treatments targeting the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjalf Ziemssen
- Neurological University Clinic, Technical University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany,
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33
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Stampachiacchiere B, Aloe L. Differential modulatory effect of NGF on MHC class I and class II expression in spinal cord cells of EAE rats. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 169:20-30. [PMID: 16169604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) undergoes significant changes in the central nervous system (CNS) of patients affected by multiple sclerosis (MS) and of rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). The major histocompatibility complex (MCH) class I and class II antigens are molecules that play a pivotal role in these neuro-inflammatory disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of NGF on MCH class I and class II antigens in spinal cords cells of EAE rats. It was found that the administration of NGF in EAE rats enhances MHC-I, IFN-gamma receptor and interferon regulatory factor-1 expression on the neurons but not in the glial cells, while NGF decreased MHC class II antigen in the glial cells. NGF administration into the brain of EAE rats has no effect on TNF-alpha expression. The present findings suggest that NGF may have a regulatory function in spinal cord cells during tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Stampachiacchiere
- Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, National Research Council (CNR), Italy
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34
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Bracci-Laudiero L, Aloe L, Caroleo MC, Buanne P, Costa N, Starace G, Lundeberg T. Endogenous NGF regulates CGRP expression in human monocytes, and affects HLA-DR and CD86 expression and IL-10 production. Blood 2005; 106:3507-14. [PMID: 16099883 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-10-4055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent results on autocrine nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis in B lymphocytes, which directly regulates the expression and release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a neuropeptide known to down-regulate immune response, led us to propose an anti-inflammatory action of NGF. In the present work, we investigated whether the endogenous synthesis of NGF can regulate the expression of CGRP in other antigen-presenting cells, such as monocytes, and whether this may have a functional effect. Our data indicate that human monocytes synthesize basal levels of NGF and CGRP and that, following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, NGF and CGRP expression are both up-regulated. When endogenous NGF is neutralized, the up-regulation of CGRP expression induced by LPS is inhibited. The expression of membrane molecules involved in T-cell activation such as human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) and CD86 is affected by endogenous NGF, and similar effects were obtained using a CGRP(1) receptor antagonist. In addition, NGF deprivation in LPS-treated monocytes significantly decreases interleukin 10 (IL-10) synthesis. Our findings indicate that endogenous NGF synthesis has a functional role and may represent a physiologic mechanism to down-regulate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and CD86 expression and alter the development of immune responses.
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35
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Copray S, Küst B, Emmer B, Lin MY, Liem R, Amor S, de Vries H, Floris S, Boddeke E. Deficient p75 low-affinity neurotrophin receptor expression exacerbates experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in C57/BL6 mice. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 148:41-53. [PMID: 14975585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2003] [Revised: 10/22/2003] [Accepted: 11/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the role of p75NTR in inflammation in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for the human disease multiple sclerosis (MS). Induction of EAE in C57/BL6 wild-type mice resulted in expression of p75NTR in endothelial cells in the CNS. In contrast to the clinical manifestation of EAE observed in wild-type C57/BL6 mice, mice deficient for p75NTR (p75NTR knockout mice) developed severe or lethal disease and concomitant increased levels of inflammation in the CNS. Our findings suggest a physiological significant role for p75NTR in CNS endothelial cells during inflammation and involvement in preservation of blood-brain barrier integrity during a severe infiltrative attack.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Vessels/pathology
- Blood Vessels/ultrastructure
- CD11 Antigens/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/cytology
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Central Nervous System/ultrastructure
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Endothelial Cells/ultrastructure
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression/physiology
- Glycoproteins
- Immunization/methods
- Immunohistochemistry/methods
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Electron/methods
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Peptide Fragments
- Probability
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjef Copray
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, A.Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen KZ, Netherlands.
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36
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Althaus HH. Remyelination in multiple sclerosis: a new role for neurotrophins? PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 146:415-32. [PMID: 14699977 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(03)46026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common neurological disease, which affects young adults. Its course is unpredictable and runs over decades. It is considered as an autoimmune disease, and is neuropathologically characterized by demyelination, variable loss of oligodendroglial cells, and axonal degeneration. Demyelination provides a permitting condition for axonal degeneration, which seems to be causative of permanent neurological deficits. Hence, the current treatment, which works preferentially immunmodulatory, should be complemented by therapeutics, which improves remyelination not only for restoring conduction velocity but also for preventing an irreversible axonal damage. One strategy to achieve this aim would be to promote remyelination by stimulating oligodendroglial cells remaining in MS lesions. While central nervous system neurons were already known to respond to neurotrophins (NT), interactions with glial cells became apparent more recently. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that NT influence proliferation, differentiation, survival, and regeneration of mature oligodendrocytes and oligodendroglial precursors in favor of a myelin repair. Two in vivo models provided direct evidence that NT can improve remyelination. In addition, their neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory role would support a repair. Hence, a wealth of data point to NT as promising therapeutical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Althaus
- Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, RU Neural Regeneration, H.-Reinstr. 3, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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37
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Villoslada P, Genain CP. Role of nerve growth factor and other trophic factors in brain inflammation. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 146:403-14. [PMID: 14699976 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(03)46025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation in the brain is a double-edged process that may be beneficial in promoting homeostasis and repair, but can also result in tissue injury through the damaging potential of inflammatory mediators. Thus, control mechanisms that minimize the extent of the inflammatory reaction are necessary in order to help preserve brain architecture and restore function. The expression of neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor (NGF) is increased after brain injury, in part mediated by effects on astrocytes of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines produced by immune cells. Conversely, cells of the immune system express NGF receptors, and NGF signaling modulates immune function. Multiple sclerosis (MS) and the disease model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis are neurodegenerative disorders whereby chronic destruction of the brain parenchyma results from an autoaggressive, immune-mediated inflammatory process and insufficient tissue regeneration. Here, we review evidence indicating that the increased production of NGF and other trophic factors in central nervous system (CNS) during these diseases can suppress inflammation by switching the immune response to an anti-inflammatory, suppressive mode in a brain-specific environment. Thus, trophic factors networks in the adult CNS not only protects axons and myelin but appear to also actively contribute to the maintenance of the brain immune privilege. These agents may represent good targets for therapeutic intervention in MS and other chronic CNS inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Villoslada
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Navarra, Spain
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38
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Køhler LB, Berezin V, Bock E, Penkowa M. The role of metallothionein II in neuronal differentiation and survival. Brain Res 2003; 992:128-36. [PMID: 14604781 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2003.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Metallothionein I and II (MT-I+II) are antioxidant and tissue protective factors. We have previously shown that MT-I+II prevent oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death and are of therapeutic value in brain inflammation. However, MT-I+II are expressed in glia and it remains to be elucidated if MT-I+II can affect neurons directly. It is likely that MT isoforms could be beneficial also during neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we have examined if MT-II affects survival and neurite extension of dopaminergic and hippocampal neurons. We show for the first time that MT-II treatment can significantly stimulate neurite extension from both dopaminergic and hippocampal neurons. Moreover, MT-II treatment significantly increases survival of dopaminergic neurons exposed to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and protects significantly hippocampal neurons from amyloid beta-peptide-induced neurotoxicity. Accordingly, treatment with MT-II may be of therapeutic value in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene B Køhler
- Protein Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Pathology, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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39
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Abstract
Neurotrophins comprise a family of structurally and functionally related proteins that are critical for the development and maintenance of cutaneous innervation. They also fulfill multiple non-neurotrophic functions in skin, including regulation of epidermal proliferation and apoptosis, control of hair follicle development and cycling, and melanogenesis. Numerous indications suggest that neurotrophins play an important role in the pathogenesis of a variety of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we focus on the role of neurotrophins in the pathogenesis of alopecia areata, an autoimmune disorder that affects actively growing hair follicles. Recent data suggest that neurotrophins and their receptors are differentially expressed among the subsets of immune cells in alopecia areata-affected skin. Experimental data suggest that neurotrophins may regulate both the cyclic activity of the hair follicle and the functions of immune cells of inflammatory infiltrates. Additional research is required to bridge the gap between our current knowledge of neurotrophin functions in skin affected by alopecia areata and our knowledge of their potential clinical applications. Progress in this area of research will hopefully lead to the development of multiple applications for neurotrophins and their agonists/antagonists in alopecia areata and other hair growth disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Botchkarev
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02112, USA.
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Nordell VL, Scarborough MM, Buchanan AK, Sohrabji F. Differential effects of estrogen in the injured forebrain of young adult and reproductive senescent animals. Neurobiol Aging 2003; 24:733-43. [PMID: 12885581 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(02)00193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen attenuates neural damage resulting from a variety of experimental injury models in adult female rats. To determine whether estrogens neuroprotective actions are age-specific, the present study compared the effects of estrogen on young adult and reproductive senescent animals subject to excitotoxic injury to the forebrain. NMDA was injected bilaterally into the olfactory bulbs of estrogen and placebo-replaced young adult and reproductive senescent animals. Lysates of the olfactory bulb and its basal forebrain afferent, the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca (hlDBB), harvested 24h later were analyzed for expression of IL-1beta, IL-10, and nerve growth factor (NGF). NMDA injections resulted in local activation of microglia and an increase in IL-1beta. Estrogen replacement decreased IL-1beta expression in young adult females, but paradoxically enhanced its expression in reproductive senescent females. Furthermore, bulb injury increased IL-1beta production in the hlDBB of reproductive senescent animals although estrogen replacement was able to suppress lesion-induced expression of this cytokine. In both, the olfactory bulb and hlDBB, constitutive expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was significantly higher while that of NGF was almost 50% lower in senescent animals as compared to young adults, indicating that aging preferentially altered Th2-type secretions. The present findings are consistent with our earlier observations that estrogen does not exert trophic effects in the aging forebrain and supports the hypothesis that estrogen treatment to reproductive senescent females may exacerbate neural injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L Nordell
- Department of Human Anatomy and Medical Neurobiology, Texas A&M University System, Health Science Center, 228 Reynolds Medical Building, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA
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Penkowa M, Hidalgo J. Treatment with metallothionein prevents demyelination and axonal damage and increases oligodendrocyte precursors and tissue repair during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci Res 2003; 72:574-86. [PMID: 12749022 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model for the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS). EAE and MS are characterized by significant inflammation, demyelination, neuroglial damage, and cell death. Metallothionein-I and -II (MT-I + II) are antiinflammatory and neuroprotective proteins that are expressed during EAE and MS. We have shown recently that exogenous administration of Zn-MT-II to Lewis rats with EAE significantly reduced clinical symptoms and the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and apoptosis of the infiltrated central nervous system areas. We show for the first time that Zn-MT-II treatment during EAE significantly prevents demyelination and axonal damage and transection, and stimulates oligodendroglial regeneration from precursor cells, as well as the expression of the growth factors basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)beta, neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), NT-4/5, and nerve growth factor (NGF). These beneficial effects of Zn-MT-II treatment could not be attributable to its zinc content per se. The present results support further the use of Zn-MT-II as a safe and successful therapy for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Penkowa
- Department of Medical Anatomy, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Kerschensteiner M, Stadelmann C, Dechant G, Wekerle H, Hohlfeld R. Neurotrophic cross-talk between the nervous and immune systems: implications for neurological diseases. Ann Neurol 2003; 53:292-304. [PMID: 12601697 DOI: 10.1002/ana.10446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory reactions in the central nervous system usually are considered detrimental, but recent evidence suggests that they also can be beneficial and even have neuroprotective effects. Intriguingly, immune cells can produce various neurotrophic factors of various molecular families. The concept of "neuroprotective immunity" will have profound consequences for the pathogenesis and treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis. It also will prove important for neurodegenerative disorders, in which inflammatory reactions often occur. This review focuses on recent findings that immune cells produce brain-derived neurotrophic factor in multiple sclerosis lesions, whereas neurons and astrocytes express the appropriate tyrosine kinase receptor TrkB. Together with functional evidence for the neuroprotective effects of immune cells, these observations support the concept of "neuroprotective immunity." We next examine current and future therapeutic strategies for multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in light of neuroprotective immunity and finally address the broader implications of this new concept for other neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kerschensteiner
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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Bayas A, Kruse N, Moriabadi NF, Weber F, Hummel V, Wohleben G, Gold R, Toyka KV, Rieckmann P. Modulation of cytokine mRNA expression by brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in human immune cells. Neurosci Lett 2003; 335:155-8. [PMID: 12531456 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(02)01152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) exert various effects on immune cells. Here we studied, whether they influence the cytokine expression pattern in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or antigen specific T-cells. In PBMCs BDNF and NGF had interindividually variable effects on T helper cell type (Th)1- and Th2-cytokines. However, there was a high correlation between the modulating properties of these neurotrophins (r=0.97) concerning the expression of interleukin (IL) 4, transforming growth factor-beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha mRNA at a concentration of 100 ng/ml. In myelin basic protein-specific T-cell lines BDNF and NGF increased interferon -gamma mRNA to a moderate extent, but not IL4. No major effects were detected at the cytokine protein level. In conclusion, our results suggest a partial effect of neurotrophins on immune cells, which may be modified by other signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bayas
- Clinical Research Unit for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Wekerle
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Biology and Medicine Section, Am Klopferspitz 18a, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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45
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Barouch R, Schwartz M. Autoreactive T cells induce neurotrophin production by immune and neural cells in injured rat optic nerve: implications for protective autoimmunity. FASEB J 2002; 16:1304-6. [PMID: 12154003 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0467fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that activation of the immune system in the central nervous system (CNS) after trauma protects the CNS from damage propagation and facilitates regeneration. Studies by our group have shown that passive transfer of autoimmune T cells specific to myelin basic protein (T(MBP)) can protect injured neurons in the rat CNS from secondary degeneration. In this study, we investigated the effects of T(MBP) treatment on the local immune response (by B cells and macrophages) and on the expression of neurotrophic factors after crush injury of the rat optic nerve. Systemic injection of activated T(MBP) caused an increase in the accumulation of macrophages/microglia and B cells in the injured nerve, which was greater than that seen in the injured optic nerves of untreated animals. This accumulation was accompanied by a transient, but massive, increase in the expression of neurotrophic factors. Immunocytochemical analysis demonstrated differential expression of neurotrophins by resident astrocytes and by infiltrating B cells, T cells, and macrophages. Because postinjury neuronal survival and maintenance are known to be affected by neurotrophins, our findings point to a possible contribution of a neurotrophin-related mechanism to the protective effect conferred by T cell-mediated autoimmunity on injured neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Barouch
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a polypeptide that in addition to its effect on survival of peripheral and brain neuron acts also on a variety of cells localized in the immune system. We have recently shown that the constitutive levels of NGF undergo trough significant changes during inflammatory conditions and in neuroimmune pathologies. We have also reported that autoimmune inflammatory disorders are characterized by a disregulation of synthesis and utilization of NGF. Though the mechanisms implicated in these events are not yet known, there emerging evidence indicating this polypeptide can play an important role in healing processes within the nervous and cutaneous tissues and in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Aloe
- Institute of Neurobiology, Rome, CNR, Italy.
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Frohman EM, Monson NL, Lovett-Racke AE, Racke MK. Autonomic regulation of neuroimmunological responses: implications for multiple sclerosis. J Clin Immunol 2001; 21:61-73. [PMID: 11332655 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011016124524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The expression of neural regulatory molecules by immune cells that infiltrate the nervous system upon injury may be a mechanism for cross regulation between the nervous system and the immune system. Several lines of evidence implicate nerve growth factor signaling through its receptors as a potential source of communication between the two systems. The expression of beta-adrenergic receptors and sympathetic innervation of lymphoid organs represents another example of communication between the immune and the nervous system. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of how factors in common between the nervous system and the immune system may result in regulatory circuits which are important in both healthy and diseased states. These studies may have relevance for a number of inflammatory conditions in humans, including multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Frohman
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 75235, USA.
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