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Bartlett GR, Magson NM, Richardson CE, Rapee RM, Fardouly J, Oar EL. The meditating role of sleep in the longitudinal associations between peer victimization and internalizing symptoms: A cross-lagged panel analysis. Dev Psychopathol 2024; 36:878-892. [PMID: 36855808 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423000159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a time of heightened vulnerability for both peer victimization (PV) and internalizing symptoms. While the positive association between them is well established, there is little understanding of the mechanisms underpinning this relationship. To address this gap, the current study aimed to investigate sleep hygiene and school night sleep duration as individual and sequential mediators of the relationship between PV and both depressive and social anxiety symptoms during pre- to mid-adolescence. The study drew upon a community sample of 528 Australian youth aged 10-12 years at baseline (M age = 11.19, SD = .55; 51.1% boys) and data were collected over five annual measurement occasions. Direct and indirect longitudinal and bidirectional associations were examined using cross-lagged panel analysis. There was no evidence of sequential mediation through both sleep hygiene and sleep duration to depression and social anxiety. Instead, the findings show that sleep hygiene mediated the prospective association between PV and both depressive and social anxiety symptoms, and between PV and sleep duration. Overall, sleep hygiene represents a modifiable transdiagnostic factor that can be targeted to break the cycle of PV, inadequate sleep, and internalizing symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian R Bartlett
- Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Natasha M Magson
- Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Cele E Richardson
- Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- School of Psychological Science, Centre for Sleep Science, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ronald M Rapee
- Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Jasmine Fardouly
- Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ella L Oar
- Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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2
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Zhou J, Wang L, Zhu D, Gong X. Social Anxiety and Peer Victimization and Aggression: Examining Reciprocal Trait-State Effects among Early Adolescents. J Youth Adolesc 2024; 53:701-717. [PMID: 38097883 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01920-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
As peer relationships become paramount during early adolescence, there's a normative rise in social anxiety, coinciding with a peak in peer victimization and aggression. Although previous studies have suggested reciprocal associations between changes in social anxiety and adolescent peer victimization and aggression, the mechanics of these associations at the personal trait and time-varying state levels remains unclear. This study examined the longitudinal relations between social anxiety and adolescent peer victimization and aggression by disentangling between-person trait differences from within-person state processes. A total of 4731 Chinese early adolescents (44.9% girls; M age = 10.91 years, SD = 0.72) participated in a four-wave longitudinal study with 6-month intervals. Random-intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) was applied. The results revealed higher levels of social anxiety are associated with more peer victimization and aggression at the between-person trait level. At the within-person state level, adolescent social anxiety, and adolescent physical victimization and physical aggression, reciprocally predicted each other. Relational victimization significantly predicted an increase of social anxiety, but not vice versa. Social anxiety positively predicted relational aggression over time, whereas the effect of relational aggression on social anxiety was only observed at the initial stage of early adolescence. These findings highlight that various types of victimization and aggression might exhibit unique reciprocal associations with social anxiety. Distinguishing between the within-person state and between-person trait effects is crucial in research that informs the co-development of adolescent peer victimization, aggression, and social anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhou
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Li'an Wang
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dandan Zhu
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xue Gong
- Department of Psychology, Normal College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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3
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Di Tata D, Bianchi D, Laghi F. Peer victimization and social anxiety in adolescence: a comparison between migrant and native students in Italy. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1346373. [PMID: 38487653 PMCID: PMC10937586 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1346373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The first aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between bullying victimization and social anxiety in native and migrant adolescents in Italy. Specifically, it was hypothesized that migrant adolescents (in comparison with natives) experience more frequent episodes of bullying victimization, which in turn, may be a risk factor for the development of social anxiety symptoms. The second aim of the study is to explore the relationships from reflected minority categorization to perceived ethnic discrimination at school and social anxiety symptoms, in the subgroup of migrant students. Results showed that the migrant (vs. native) status was predictive of higher scores in social anxiety dimensions (Fear of Negative Evaluation, Social Avoidance and Distress in New Situations, and General Social Avoidance Distress), via the mediating effect of increased peer victimization. Moreover, in the subgroup of migrant participants, an indirect effect of reflected minority categorization on social anxiety was observed, mediated by perceived ethnic discrimination at school. These findings may contribute to the understanding of health inequalities among migrant and native people in the Italian context. Limitations and practical implications of the study were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fiorenzo Laghi
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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4
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Iannello NM, Caravita S, Papotti N, Gelati C, Camodeca M. Social Anxiety and Bullying Victimization in Children and Early Adolescents: The Role of Developmental Period and Immigrant Status. J Youth Adolesc 2024; 53:130-141. [PMID: 37759127 PMCID: PMC10761516 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Research reveals that social anxiety may be predictive of bullying victimization, but it is not clear whether this relation stands for different groups of youth. The present study examines this association by employing a longitudinal design over 1 year and including the moderating role of developmental period (childhood vs. early adolescence) and students' immigrant status (native vs. non-native). T1 sample included 506 children (46.44% girls, mean age M = 8.55 years, SD = 0.55) and 310 early adolescents (50% girls, mean age = 12.54 years, SD = 0.59) recruited in schools in Northern Italy. Due to missing cases and drop-outs from T1 to T2, the final sample comprised 443 and 203 students from primary and middle school, respectively. Social anxiety and peer victimization were assessed through self-reported questionnaires. Results indicated that victimization at T2 was predicted by a 3-way interaction between T1 social anxiety, immigrant status, and developmental period. In particular, socially anxious early adolescents with an immigrant background were the most victimized. The results are discussed in terms of group dynamics and intergroup processes. The findings highlight the importance of personal variables in the cumulation of risks: social anxiety is more predictive of bullying victimization for immigrant early adolescents than for children or native early adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simona Caravita
- University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- Catholic University of Sacred Heart Brescia, Milan, Italy
| | - Noemi Papotti
- Catholic University of Sacred Heart Brescia, Milan, Italy
- University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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5
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Rappaport BI, Kujawa A, Arfer KB, Pegg S, Kelly D, Jackson JJ, Luby JL, Barch DM. Behavioral and psychiatric correlates of brain responses to social feedback. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14413. [PMID: 37612834 PMCID: PMC10841166 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Maladaptive responses to peer acceptance and rejection arise in numerous psychiatric disorders in adolescence; yet, homogeneity and heterogeneity across disorders suggest common and unique mechanisms of impaired social function. We tested the hypothesis that social feedback is processed similarly to other forms of feedback (e.g., monetary) by examining the correspondence between the brain's response to social acceptance and rejection and behavioral performance on a separate reward and loss task. We also examined the relationship between these brain responses and depression and social anxiety severity. The sample consisted of one hundred and thirteen 16-21-year olds who received virtual peer acceptance/rejection feedback in an event-related potential (ERP) task. We used temporospatial principal component analysis and identified a component consistent with the reward positivity (RewP) or feedback negativity (FN). RewP to social acceptance was not significantly related to reward bias or the FN to social rejection related to loss avoidance. The relationship between RewP and depression severity, while nonsignificant, was of a similar magnitude to prior studies. Exploratory analyses yielded a significant relationship between lower socioeconomic status (SES) and blunted RewP and between lower SES and heightened loss avoidance and blunted reward bias. These findings build on prior work to improve our understanding of the function of the brain's response to social feedback, while also suggesting a pathway for further study, whereby poverty leads to depression via social and reward learning mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Autumn Kujawa
- Department of Psychology & Human Development Vanderbilt University
| | | | - Samantha Pegg
- Department of Psychology & Human Development Vanderbilt University
| | - Danielle Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry School of Medicine Washington University in St. Louis
| | | | - Joan L. Luby
- Department of Psychiatry School of Medicine Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Deanna M. Barch
- Psychological & Brain Science Washington University in St. Louis
- Department of Psychiatry School of Medicine Washington University in St. Louis
- Department of Radiology School of Medicine Washington University in St. Louis
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6
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Iffland B, Kley H, Neuner F. Distinct physiological responses to social-evaluative stress in patients with major depressive disorder reporting a history of peer victimization. Biol Psychol 2023; 184:108697. [PMID: 37775029 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Peer victimization is a risk factor for the development of major depressive disorders, but little is known about the mechanisms. This study examined whether peer victimization alters physiological and affective responses to potentially threatening social stimuli. For this purpose, reactions to socially evaluative stimuli of depressive patients and healthy controls with varying histories of peer victimization were compared. In a social conditioning task, we studied heart rate responses to unconditioned socially negative and neutral evaluative video statements, followed by the heart rate reactions to conditioned stimuli, i.e. still images of the faces of the same actors. Diagnosis of depression and peer victimization were both associated with a more pronounced heart rate deceleration in response to unconditioned stimuli, irrespective of valence. The effect of peer victimization was stronger in depressive patients than in healthy controls. However, heart rate responses to the CSs were not related to depression or peer victimization. The results indicate a hypervigilant processing of social stimuli in depressive patients reporting histories of peer victimization. This distinct processing may be associated with inappropriate behavioral and emotional responses to social challenges, putting individuals at risk for depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Iffland
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Postbox 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Hanna Kley
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Postbox 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Frank Neuner
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Postbox 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
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Graham B, Ehlers A. Development and Validation of the Bullied Cognitions Inventory (BCI). COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2023; 47:1033-1045. [PMID: 37927423 PMCID: PMC10620262 DOI: 10.1007/s10608-023-10412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Bullying increases risk of social anxiety and can produce symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). According to cognitive models, these are maintained by unhelpful beliefs, which are therefore assessed and targeted in cognitive therapy. This paper describes psychometric validation of a new measure of beliefs related to bullying experiences. Methods In an online survey of 1879 young people before starting university or college in the UK, 1279 reported a history of bullying (N = 1279), and 854 rated their agreement with beliefs about self and others related to bullying experiences and completed symptom measures of social anxiety and PTSD related to bullying. An empirical structure for a Bullied Cognitions Inventory was established using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and assessed using model fit statistics and tests of reliability and validity. Results Fifteen items clustered into four themes: "degraded in the eyes of others", "negative interpretations of reactions to bullying", "recognisable as a bullying victim" and "social defeat". The measure has acceptable reliability and validity and, accounting for existing cognitive measures, explained additional variance in symptoms of PTSD but not social anxiety. Conclusions The Bullied Cognitions Inventory (BCI) is a valid and reliable tool for measuring cognitions related to bullying. It may be useful in therapy for identifying and monitoring unhelpful cognitions in those who were bullied. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10608-023-10412-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Graham
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford Centre for Anxiety Disorders and Trauma, University of Oxford, The Old Rectory, Paradise Square, Oxford, OX1 1TW UK
| | - Anke Ehlers
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford Centre for Anxiety Disorders and Trauma, University of Oxford, The Old Rectory, Paradise Square, Oxford, OX1 1TW UK
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Henricks LA, Lange WG, Luijten M, van den Berg YHM, Stoltz SEMJ, Cillessen AHN, Becker ES. The longitudinal link between popularity, likeability, fear of negative evaluation and social avoidance across adolescence. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2023; 33:720-734. [PMID: 36724545 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the longitudinal bidirectional associations between likeability, popularity, fear of negative evaluation, and social avoidance, to aid in preventing the negative consequences and persistent trajectories of low social status and heightened social anxiety. In total, 1741 adolescents in grades 7-9 participated at 3 yearly waves. A self-report questionnaire measured fear of negative evaluation. Peer nominations assessed likeability, popularity, and social avoidance. Lower popularity predicted more avoidance, and vice versa. More avoidance was related to lower likeability over time. Being less popular and/or more liked by peers, increased fear of negative evaluation. Support for a transactional model between social anxiety and social status was found, but distinguishing different social status and social anxiety components is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisan A Henricks
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wolf-Gero Lange
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Maartje Luijten
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Eni S Becker
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Cole SL, Mehra LM, Cibrian E, Cummings EM, Nelson BD, Hajcak G, Meyer A. Relational victimization prospectively predicts increases in error-related brain activity and social anxiety in children and adolescents across two years. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2023; 61:101252. [PMID: 37182336 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has focused on identifying neural markers associated with risk for anxiety, including the error-related negativity (ERN). An elevated ERN amplitude has been observed in anxious individuals from middle childhood onward and has been shown to predict risk for future increases in anxiety development. The ERN is sensitive to environmental influences during development, including interpersonal stressors. Of note, one particular type of interpersonal stressor, relational victimization, has been related to increases in anxiety in adolescents. We tested whether relational victimization predicts increases in the ERN and social anxiety symptoms across two years in a sample of 152 child and adolescent females (ages 8 - 15). Results indicated that children and adolescents' baseline ERN was positively related to the ERN two years later. Furthermore, greater relational victimization at baseline predicted greater increases in the ERN two years later, controlling for baseline ERN. Moreover, relational victimization at baseline predicted increases in social anxiety, and this relationship was mediated by increases in the ERN. These results suggest that relational victimization impacts the developmental trajectory of the neural response to errors and thereby impacts increases in social anxiety among children and adolescents.
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10
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Tone EB, Henrich CC. Peer victimization and social confidence in youth with disabilities. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2023.101519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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11
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Low S, Van Ryzin MJ, Roseth CJ. Peer learning can modify the reciprocal relationship between peer support and victimization in middle school. J Adolesc 2023; 95:524-536. [PMID: 36546511 PMCID: PMC10079556 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This research investigated how peer victimization and support are reciprocally related and how Cooperative Learning (CL) can reverse the progressive cascade that, unchecked, can culminate in youth mental health problems. METHODS The sample (N = 1890; 53% male) was derived from a randomized trial of CL in 15 middle schools in the United States. Students were recruited in the 7th grade. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to fit our cross-lag difference score model across four waves of data. RESULTS The results indicated a reciprocal relationship between peer support and victimization across time, suggesting the potential for negative experiences with peers to become amplified over time in a "vicious cycle," negatively impacting mental health. Students in intervention schools reported significantly higher levels of peer support and lower levels of victimization, suggesting that CL can intervene in this cycle, with salutary effects on mental health; CL also demonstrated direct effects on mental health. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates that low peer support can be both a precursor to and an outcome of victimization, serving to maintain a vicious cycle that compounds negative effects on student mental health. Further, results demonstrate how CL can reverse this cycle. We conclude that CL can be of particular importance to the prevention field as a universal mental health program that does not require the associated stigma of identifying youth at elevated risk for referral to treatment programs.
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Zimmer-Gembeck MJ, Rudolph JI, Gardner AA. Are you looking at me? A longitudinal vignette study of adolescent appearance rejection sensitivity and coping with peer evaluation. Body Image 2022; 43:253-263. [PMID: 36201861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Appearance rejection sensitivity (ARS) refers to anxiously over-expecting rejection because of perceived appearance flaws. ARS has been associated with poorer mental health, which suggests coping with stress may be negatively affected by ARS. In this study, we investigated if ARS was related to adolescents' emotions and ways of coping with negative appearance evaluation two years later (T2). Other potential correlates of emotions and ways of coping were also tested, including peer appearance teasing, social anxiety, and gender, as well as reports of victimization, social status, and attractiveness gathered from peers. At Time 1 (T1), 329 adolescents (M = 13.9 years, 54% girls) self-reported their ARS, experience of appearance teasing, and social anxiety. T1 appearance victimization, popularity, and attractiveness were measured using peer nominations, and peer likeability was measured with peer ratings. At T2, participants' emotions and coping were measured using vignettes portraying appearance evaluation by peers. In regression models, T1 ARS, appearance teasing, social anxiety and female gender were associated with more T2 negative emotions, social withdrawal, rumination, and (except for social anxiety) thoughts about appearance change. ARS was not significantly associated with T2 positive thinking or support seeking. No peer-report measure was significantly associated with T2 outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Zimmer-Gembeck
- Griffith University, School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Australia.
| | - Julia I Rudolph
- Griffith University, School of Applied Psychology, Australia
| | - Alex A Gardner
- Griffith University, School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Australia
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Behnsen P, van Lier P, Levavi K, Marieke Buil J, Huizink A, Koot S, Atzaba‐Poria N. The potential moderating role of living in a conflict area on the link between classroom psychosocial stressors, perceived stress and change in anxiety symptoms in Israeli school children. JCPP ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Behnsen
- Department of Clinical, Neuro‐ and Developmental Psychology Vrije University Amsterdam Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Pol van Lier
- Department of Clinical, Neuro‐ and Developmental Psychology Vrije University Amsterdam Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Kinneret Levavi
- Department of Psychology Ben Gurion University of the Negev Be'er Sheva Israel
| | - Joanne Marieke Buil
- Department of Clinical, Neuro‐ and Developmental Psychology Vrije University Amsterdam Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Anja Huizink
- Department of Clinical, Neuro‐ and Developmental Psychology Vrije University Amsterdam Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Susanne Koot
- Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Naama Atzaba‐Poria
- Department of Psychology Ben Gurion University of the Negev Be'er Sheva Israel
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Tu W, Jiang H, Liu Q. Peer Victimization and Adolescent Mobile Social Addiction: Mediation of Social Anxiety and Gender Differences. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191710978. [PMID: 36078687 PMCID: PMC9518094 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Social media addiction has become one of the typical problem behaviors during adolescence. The present study examined the mediation of social anxiety between peer victimization and adolescent mobile social addiction and tested whether gender could moderate the direct and indirect effects of peer victimization. 649 adolescents between 12 and 19 years of age (Mage = 14.80, SDage = 1.82) completed the anonymous survey. The results found that social anxiety was a mediator linking peer victimization to mobile social addiction. Gender could moderate the direct and indirect effects of peer victimization, and these two effects were stronger in girls than in boys. The results highlight the role of social anxiety in explaining how peer victimization was associated with adolescent mobile phone addiction and the role of gender in explaining when or for whom the direct and indirect associations between peer victimization and adolescent mobile social addiction were more potent. The findings would contribute to the intervention of mobile social addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tu
- Mental Health Education Center for College Students, Department of Student Affairs, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425199, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- College of Education for the Future, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Qingqi Liu
- College of Education for the Future, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
- Correspondence:
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15
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Van Ryzin MJ, Low S, Roseth CJ, Espelage D. A Longitudinal Process Model Evaluating the Effects of Cooperative Learning on Victimization, Stress, Mental Health, and Academic Engagement in Middle School. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BULLYING PREVENTION : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL BULLYING PREVENTION ASSOCIATION 2022:1-12. [PMID: 35935738 PMCID: PMC9345003 DOI: 10.1007/s42380-022-00140-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mental health is a significant concern among young people, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Notably, mental health problems can significantly reduce student performance in school, including both engagement and achievement. Both mental health problems and reduced student performance often arise due to peer victimization, which can include teasing, racial- or gender-based discrimination, and/or physical assault. Stress has been proposed as one mechanism through which victimization influences mental health, and stress can also interfere with academic performance at school, including engagement and achievement. To date, however, no research has evaluated longitudinal associations between victimization and stress, and how these longitudinal patterns may impact adolescent behavior and mental health. In this study, we used data from a 2-year cluster randomized trial of cooperative learning to evaluate an etiological process model that includes (1) longitudinal reciprocal effects between victimization and stress, and (2) the effects of both victimization and stress on student mental health and academic engagement. We hypothesized that victimization and stress would have significant reciprocal effects, and that both would predict greater mental health problems and lower academic engagement. We further hypothesized that cooperative learning would have significant effects on all constructs. We found partial support for this model, whereby stress predicted greater victimization, but victimization did not predict increased stress. While both factors were linked to student outcomes, stress was a more powerful predictor. We also found significant salutary effects of cooperative learning on all constructs. The implications of these results for student behavioral and mental health are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Van Ryzin
- Center on Human Development, University of Oregon, OR 97402 Eugene, USA
| | - Sabina Low
- Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ USA
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16
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Kim H, Duval ER. Social interaction anxiety and depression symptoms are differentially related in men and women. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-12. [PMID: 35789632 PMCID: PMC9243700 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03245-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are highly comorbid with each other, and comorbidity exacerbates distress and impairment. The prevalence of comorbid depression is higher in women with SAD than in men with SAD, but this is based on global depression scores and cannot speak to heterogeneous individual depression symptoms. The current study bridges this gap by examining gender differences in the relationship between social interaction anxiety and individual depression symptoms. 165 community adults (113 women, 52 men) were included in a series of bootstrapped moderation analyses to examine the main and interaction effects of social interaction anxiety and gender on total depression and individual depressive symptom scores while controlling for age and racial/ethnic background. Social interaction anxiety positively predicted total and individual depression scores. Greater social interaction anxiety predicted greater self-dislike and worthlessness in men than in women. Our findings replicate the finding that social anxiety and depression are highly comorbid with respect to total scores and extend this finding to individual symptoms. Our findings also demonstrate that the relationship between social interaction anxiety and depressive symptoms can be modulated by gender identities. Men with social interaction anxiety may be more prone to distress associated with self/identity. These findings elucidate the specific ways in which social interaction anxiety relates to the constellation of depression symptoms in men and women and highlights the need for more tailored assessment and intervention for socially anxious men and women to target individual dimensions of symptom presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjoo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Duval
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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17
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Van Ryzin MJ, Roseth CJ. The Longitudinal Relationship Between Peer Relations and Empathy and their Joint Contribution to Reducing Bullying in Middle School: Findings from a Randomized Trial of Cooperative Learning. JOURNAL OF PREVENTION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2022; 3:147-165. [PMID: 36818659 PMCID: PMC9934011 DOI: 10.1177/26320770221094032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The positive peer relations arising from cooperative learning can contribute to the development of affective empathy, which in turn can reduce bullying (Van Ryzin & Roseth, 2019). However, from a theoretical perspective, the direction of effects between peer relations and empathy could be in the opposite direction, or bi-directional. In the current paper, we employed a process-oriented approach (i.e., cross-lag difference score modeling; McArdle, 2009) to investigate the longitudinal relationship between positive peer relations and affective empathy, as well as their joint effect on bullying. Using four waves of data from a cluster randomized trial including 15 middle schools (7 intervention and 8 control schools; N=1,890 students, 47.1% female, 75.2% White), we found a bi-directional or reciprocal relationship between peer relations and affective empathy, and change in both constructs predicted lower levels of bullying. Cooperative learning predicted positive change in peer relations and affective empathy, as well as lower levels of bullying. These results suggest that the structured social interactions that occur during cooperative learning can enhance student interpersonal relations, and simultaneously the experiential skill building of cooperative learning can contribute to a more profound understanding of the emotional states of others. These effects amplify one another and, in turn, significantly reduce bullying in middle school. Given that cooperative learning has already been demonstrated to enhance academic motivation and achievement (Roseth et al., 2008), we argue that cooperative learning offers an effective, attractive alternative to traditional curriculum-based bullying prevention programs (National Library of Medicine [NLM], NCT03119415).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Van Ryzin
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR,Corresponding author. Mark Van Ryzin, Ph.D., Oregon Research Institute, 1776 Millrace, Eugene, OR 97403, T: 541.484.2123.
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Iffland B, Neuner F. Peer Victimization Influences Attention Processing Beyond the Effects of Childhood Maltreatment by Caregivers. Front Psychol 2022; 13:784147. [PMID: 35310289 PMCID: PMC8931489 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.784147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Different types of maltreatment (emotional, physical, and sexual) lead to distortions in emotion and attention processing. The present study investigated whether the experience of peer victimization in childhood and adolescence has an additional influence on attention processing in adulthood. Methods Two non-clinical samples consisting of individuals with different levels of experiences of maltreatment were recruited. In an evaluative conditioning task, images of faces with neutral emotional expression were either associated with short videos of intense negative statements, or associated with neutral videos. Subsequently, these faces were used as stimuli in an emotional Stroop task as well as a dot-probe task. Results In both tasks, hierarchical regression analyses revealed that retrospective reports of relational peer victimization made an incremental contribution to the prediction of attentional biases beyond child maltreatment. In the emotional Stroop task, emotional abuse was the strongest predictor for an attentional bias showing delayed responses to negatively associated faces, while peer victimization was associated with faster responses to negatively associated faces. In the dot-probe task, relational peer victimization was the strongest predictor for an attentional bias. When the attentional bias was examined in more detail, though, peer victimization did not show incremental contributions although emotional abuse remained the strongest predictor for facilitated attention toward negatively associated neutral faces. Conclusion Experiences of peer victimization leave additional cognitive scars beyond effects of childhood maltreatment by caregivers. It is likely that attentional biases in the aftermath of victimization put individuals at risk for the development of psychopathology.
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Morabito DM, Burani K, Hajcak G. Depressive Symptoms Prospectively Predict Peer Victimization: A Longitudinal Study Among Adolescent Females. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022; 53:39-47. [PMID: 33387164 PMCID: PMC8249451 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-020-01100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Research has consistently demonstrated a relationship between peer victimization, a major issue in early adolescence, and depression. However, longitudinal studies examining the relationship between peer victimization and depressive symptoms have yielded mixed results. Thus, the current study examined how specific aspects of peer victimization and subtypes of depressive symptoms are related over a two-year period. Adolescent females (N = 265) completed a questionnaire battery at baseline and two-year follow-up. Results indicated that baseline depressive symptoms prospectively predict peer overt victimization, relational victimization, and decreased prosocial behaviors at follow-up; baseline peer victimization did not predict depressive symptoms at follow-up. Further, results demonstrate the differential predictive value of specific depressive symptoms for overt vs. relational aggression and decreased prosocial behavior. Taken together, this study provides insight into the impact of depressive symptoms on peer victimization and the importance of addressing peer relations in the context of treatment for adolescent depression.
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20
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LIAO Y, CHEN J, ZHANG Y, PENG C. The reciprocal relationship between peer victimization and internalizing problems in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2022.00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Arango A, Clark M, King CA. Predicting the severity of peer victimization and bullying perpetration among youth with interpersonal problems: A 6-month prospective study. J Adolesc 2022; 94:57-68. [PMID: 35353403 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peer victimization is prevalent and associated with adverse outcomes. In this prospective study of youth who self-reported interpersonal problems, we examined school connectedness, school behavioral difficulties, academic difficulties, and internalizing problems (social anxiety, self-esteem, depression) as predictors of peer victimization and bullying perpetration severity. We also examined the moderating effects of gender. METHODS Participants were 218 youth (66.5% female), ages 12-15 years (M = 13.5, SD = 1.1), who screened positive for peer victimization, bullying perpetration, and/or low social connectedness using self-report measures. Youth were recruited from an emergency department in the United States as part of an intervention trial. Youth identified primarily as African American (53.7%) and Caucasian (31.7%). Youth completed a 6-month follow-up assessment (75% retention). Separate Bayesian regression models were used to examine the effects of baseline school connectedness, school behavioral difficulties, academic difficulties, and internalizing problems on the severity of 6-month peer victimization and bullying perpetration. RESULTS Baseline depression was positively related to both peer victimization and bullying perpetration severity. Baseline behavioral problems were positively related to bullying perpetration severity. Interactions indicated that gender moderated the relationship between school connectedness and peer victimization. CONCLUSIONS Given the adverse outcomes linked with peer victimization and bullying perpetration, an improved understanding of factors that predict victimization and perpetration severity may be helpful in defining intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Arango
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael Clark
- Consulting for Statistics, Computing, and Analytics Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Cheryl A King
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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22
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Liu X, Qian W, Liang P, Xie T, Wang J. The relationship between peer victimization and social anxiety among adolescents: a moderated mediation model with cognitive flexibility and affect intensity. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2021; 27:663-675. [PMID: 34429009 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2021.1971729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Building a friendship with peers is an important developmental task. However, peer victimization and social anxiety are among the most disturbing problems and have impaired adolescents' adaptive development. A total of 942 adolescents completed the survey. The results showed that peer victimization was related to social anxiety and that this effect was mediated by cognitive flexibility and moderated by affect intensity. Specifically, the damage of peer victimization and social anxiety was aggrevated for those with high levels of affect intensity. The current study provides evidence for the association between peer victimization and social anxiety. It contributes to the literature by clarifying the equivocal findings and uncovering the underlying mechanisms of the relationship between peer victimization and social anxiety. In the future, researchers and teachers should pay attention to adolescents' peer social status as early as possible, especially for adolescents with higher levels of affect intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wenli Qian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Pengwei Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Tong Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
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23
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Xie B, Alismail S, Masood S, Lei X, Le M, Niu Z, Cordola Hsu AR, Li Y, Hwang W. Psychosocial adjustment mediates impacts of playmate positive support on body mass index and overweight risk in adolescents. Public Health 2021; 196:223-228. [PMID: 34280750 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the mediation effects of psychosocial adjustment on the impact of playmate positive support throughout childhood and early adolescence (from age 54 months to 11 years) on later body mass index (BMI) and overweight risk in middle adolescence (age 15 years). STUDY DESIGN This was a prospective cohort study. METHODS Among 844 children and their families, positive support between child-playmate dyads was repeatedly assessed from child's age 54 months to Grade 5. Long-term positive support between child-playmate dyads throughout childhood and early adolescence was prospectively linked to child's BMI and overweight/obesity status at age 15 years. The average scores of repeated assessments of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems from Grades 3 to 6 were used as mediators. RESULTS Significant mediations of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems were observed on pathways from positive support between child-playmate dyads to later BMI and overweight/obesity status at age 15 years. The observed mediations were mainly sustained with pronounced magnitudes in girls, but not in boys. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated a significant mediating role of psychosocial adjustment. Future research efforts are highly encouraged to replicate our findings and further explore this underlying mediation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Xie
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA.
| | - S Alismail
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - S Masood
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA; School of Medicine, California University of Science and Medicine, San Bernardino, CA, 92408, USA
| | - X Lei
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA; Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - M Le
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Z Niu
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260
| | - A R Cordola Hsu
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA; Heart Disease Prevention Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
| | - Y Li
- School of Social Work, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - W Hwang
- Department of Psychological Science, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
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24
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Mörtberg E, Jansson Fröjmark M, Van Zalk N, Tillfors M. A longitudinal study of prevalence and predictors of incidence and persistence of sub-diagnostic social anxiety among Swedish adolescents. NORDIC PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2021.1943498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Mörtberg
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Jansson Fröjmark
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Maria Tillfors
- Department of Social and Psychological Studies, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
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25
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Drazdowski TK, Kliewer WL, Farrell A, Sullivan T, Roberson-Nay R, Jäggi L. A Longitudinal Study of the Bidirectional Relations Between Anxiety Symptoms and Peer Victimization in Urban Adolescents. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP7183-NP7205. [PMID: 30658556 PMCID: PMC7703815 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518824647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The current study examined bidirectional relations between anxious symptoms and two forms of peer victimization (i.e., overt and relational) within an underrepresented sample of urban adolescents during key transition periods (i.e., elementary to middle school; middle school to high school) and the following 2 years. A predominantly African American sample (91%) of 358 adolescents (56% female, mean age = 12.10 years) living in low-income urban areas were assessed annually across 4 years. Using self-report measures, adolescents reported on their past year experiences of anxiety and peer victimization. Longitudinal path analyses tested progressively complex models for each type of victimization. Anxious symptoms predicted both overt and relational victimization at the time of transition (Wave 1 to Wave 2) and the following year (Wave 2 to Wave 3). Furthermore, whereas previous levels of victimization and future anxious symptoms were positively correlated over time, only relational victimization at Wave 1 predicted anxious symptoms at Wave 2. Prior levels of each construct were the strongest predictor of future outcomes (e.g., anxious symptoms at Wave 1 predicting anxious symptoms at Wave 2). Overall, there was little support for bidirectional relations between anxiety symptoms and peer victimization. Intervention and prevention programs seeking to reduce peer victimization or anxiety should start by targeting the symptom/behavior of interest. Interventions that target anxious thoughts and feelings during these key transition times in adolescence should be assessed as areas of priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess K. Drazdowski
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
- UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, USA
- Oregon Social Learning Center, Eugene, USA
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26
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Henricks LA, Pouwels JL, Lansu TAM, Lange WG, Becker ES, Klein AM. Prospective associations between social status and social anxiety in early adolescence. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 39:462-480. [PMID: 33939197 PMCID: PMC8453763 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the transactional longitudinal association between social status (likeability and popularity) and social anxiety symptoms (fear of negative evaluation and social avoidance and distress), and explored gender differences in this association. Participants included 274 adolescents (136 boys, Mage = 12.55). Data were collected at two waves with a 6‐month interval. Likeability and popularity were measured with peer nominations and social anxiety symptoms with self‐reports. Autoregressive cross‐lagged path models showed relative stability of social status and social anxiety. Girls who were seen as less popular by their classmates avoided social situations more frequently and experienced more distress during such situations over time. These results highlight the importance of distinguishing between different social status components and social anxiety symptoms and to take gender into account. Early support for less popular girls seems important to prevent more severe consequences of avoidance and distress, such as social exclusion and victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisan A Henricks
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Loes Pouwels
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa A M Lansu
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wolf-Gero Lange
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eni S Becker
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anke M Klein
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Institute of Psychology, University of Leiden, The Netherlands
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27
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The bidirectional relationships between peer victimization and internalizing problems in school-aged children: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2021; 85:101979. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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28
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Eugene DR, Crutchfield J, Robinson ED. An Examination of Peer Victimization and Internalizing Problems through a Racial Equity Lens: Does School Connectedness Matter? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18031085. [PMID: 33530481 PMCID: PMC7908093 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Although research has given ample consideration to the association between peer victimization and internalizing problems, little is known about the mediating and moderating influences on this relationship. This study investigated whether peer victimization at age 9 indirectly related to internalizing problems at age 15 via school connectedness and whether the direct and indirect associations between peer victimization and internalizing problems were moderated by race. Data were drawn from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, which included 2467 adolescents. The sample was equally divided between male and female and 82% identified as Black and Hispanic. Results indicated that the predictive effect of peer victimization over a 6-year period on teen depression and anxiety was explained by increased school connectedness. Furthermore, there was a moderating effect of race on the direct effect of school connectedness and teen depression and anxiety. For both White and ethnic minority youth, increased school connectedness was associated with less teen depression and anxiety. However, this effect was weaker for ethnic minority students in comparison to White students in both moderated mediation models. The moderated mediation results for teen anxiety showed a greater differential effect among race. The findings have important implications, which are discussed.
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29
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Chiu K, Clark DM, Leigh E. Prospective associations between peer functioning and social anxiety in adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2021; 279:650-661. [PMID: 33190116 PMCID: PMC7758784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During adolescence, peer relationships take precedence and there is a normative increase in social anxiety. Although prospective studies have suggested peer functioning and social anxiety can influence each other, their findings have not been examined systematically. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies to examine the bidirectional relationship between peer functioning and social anxiety in adolescence. METHODS EMBASE, PsycINFO, Medline, and PubMed were searched to identify relevant articles. Meta-analysis was conducted to examine the mean effect sizes of prospective associations between social anxiety and four dimensions of peer functioning. Moderator analysis was performed, with age, gender, time interval between baseline and follow-up assessment, and publication year as moderators. RESULTS Meta-analyses of 23 studies showed that friendship quality (r =-.11), peer rejection (r =-.06), and peer victimization (r =.23) were each associated with later social anxiety, but peer acceptance was not (r =-.11). Social anxiety at baseline was associated with prospective levels of friendship quality (r =-.11), peer rejection (r=.09), and peer victimization (r =.17), but not peer acceptance (r =-.14). Age moderated the association between friendship quality and prospective social anxiety. Other moderator effects were statistically non-significant. LIMITATIONS Limitations include different classifications of peer functioning, the use of self-report measures, heterogeneity between studies, and underrepresentation of clinical samples. CONCLUSIONS A significant bidirectional association was found with social anxiety across three dimensions of peer functioning. Psychological prevention and intervention targeting peer functioning and social anxiety are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Chiu
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David M. Clark
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Leigh
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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30
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Weitkämper A, Kellner M, Iffland JR, Driessen M, Kley H, Neuner F, Iffland B. Childhood Maltreatment in Individuals With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: The Impact of Cut-Off Scores on Prevalence Rates. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:692492. [PMID: 34295277 PMCID: PMC8291124 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.692492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment is a common phenomenon in various psychiatric disorders. Accordingly, patients with disorders from the schizophrenia spectrum (SSD) appear to have high prevalence rates of childhood maltreatment. However, the interpretation and comparability of prevalence rates is impeded by methodological weaknesses and differences such as measures and thresholds used in previous studies. Therefore, we aimed to provide and compare systematically captured data on prevalence rates of all common types of childhood maltreatment in patients with SSD using a standardized and well-established questionnaire and the most frequently used thresholds. The sample consisted of 48 patients with a primary diagnosis of SSD. 58.3-77.1% of the sample experienced at least one type of childhood maltreatment. Prevalence rates for physical abuse, physical neglect, and emotional abuse were dependent on the thresholds used, while equal rates were found for emotional neglect and sexual abuse. Physical neglect (46-67%), and emotional abuse (44-48%) were most commonly reported, followed by emotional neglect (38%), physical abuse (25-38%), and sexual abuse (25%). Additionally, high levels of peer victimization were reported by SSD patients. It appears that childhood maltreatment is a common phenomenon in SSD, even though methodological details, especially cut-off scores, have a substantial impact on the prevalence rates that are determined. Therefore, the methodology of studies should be closely examined when drawing conclusions from presented prevalence rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Weitkämper
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Kellner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Hospital Herford, Herford, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Martin Driessen
- Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hanna Kley
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Outpatient Clinic, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Frank Neuner
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Benjamin Iffland
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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31
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The role of peer victimization and emotion dysregulation in social anxiety and disordered eating comorbidity in young adults. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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32
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Lansu TAM, Rovers AC, Dorsthorst AM. The (non) gradual association of popularity with peer‐nominated and observed behavior in a cooperative and competitive context. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tessa A. M. Lansu
- Behavioural Science Institute Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Anne C. Rovers
- Behavioural Science Institute Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
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33
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Teale Sapach MJN, Carleton RN. Can words be worse than stones? Understanding distressing social events and their relationship with social anxiety. J Anxiety Disord 2020; 72:102225. [PMID: 32361168 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Research on the relationship between distressing social events and social anxiety has focused on antagonistic social events (i.e., peer victimization, cyberbullying) in adolescent samples. There is little research examining such relationships in adults, and less examining the relationship between non-antagonistic distressing social events (i.e., accidental embarrassing events) and social anxiety. The current investigation utilized a retrospective design to examine how different distressing social events may be associated with posttraumatic stress-like reactions, which may relate to social anxiety in early adulthood. Characteristics of distressing social events (i.e., betrayal, presence of an antagonist) were explored as possible influences on the severity of stress responses. Community participants (n = 271; ages 18-25) completed online questionnaires measuring social anxiety and reactions to distressing social events. Antagonistic and non-antagonistic distressing social events were both related to social anxiety. Relationships between the frequencies of any distressing social events and social anxiety were mediated by reactions akin to posttraumatic stress. Responses to distressing social events were not influenced by the presence of an antagonist or betrayal. The results suggest that non-antagonistic distressing social events can be as distressing as antagonistic distressing social events and contribute to expanding evidence that reactions to distressing social events may resemble reactions to life-threatening events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Nicholas Carleton
- Department of Psychology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
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34
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Jiang S. Psychological well-being and distress in adolescents: An investigation into associations with poverty, peer victimization, and self-esteem. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2020; 111:104824. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Evidence that Different Types of Peer Victimization have Equivalent Associations with Transdiagnostic Psychopathology in Adolescence. J Youth Adolesc 2020; 49:590-604. [PMID: 32026235 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-020-01202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Experiences of peer victimization are common in adolescence and have been associated with a broad variety of psychopathology in adolescence. The present study aimed to test whether some types of victimization are more harmful than others; whether the harms associated with different types of peer victimization are specific to particular domains of psychopathology; and whether these relationships vary by gender. Participants included adolescents aged 14-15 from a nationally representative cohort study (n= 3335; mean age 14.4 years; 49.1% female; 90.1% spoke English as the main language at home). Participants provided self-report information on their experiences of peer victimization, as well as symptoms of depression, anxiety, conduct problems, hyperactivity and inattention, and substance use. These data were analyzed in a dimensional and hierarchical framework using latent variable indirect effects modeling. The associations between peer victimization and psychopathology were not unique to specific symptom domains, but rather showed broadband associations with all symptom domains via a transdiagnostic association with general psychopathology. For example, an average of only 9% of the total relationship with each symptom domain was unique to the symptom-domain level, with the remaining proportion accounted for by higher-order factors (i.e., internalizing, externalizing, and general psychopathology). Further, the strength of the relationships did not vary as a function of the type of peer victimization experience (i.e., physical, verbal, or relational), and showed evidence of strict measurement invariance by gender. These findings suggest that peer victimization might present a useful target for the prevention of general psychopathology.
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Brühl A, Kley H, Grocholewski A, Neuner F, Heinrichs N. Child maltreatment, peer victimization, and social anxiety in adulthood: a cross-sectional study in a treatment-seeking sample. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:418. [PMID: 31882002 PMCID: PMC6935074 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2400-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood adversities, especially emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and peer victimization are considered to be crucial risk factors for social anxiety disorder (SAD). We investigated whether particular forms of retrospectively recalled childhood adversities are specifically associated with SAD in adulthood or whether we find similar links in other anxiety or depressive disorders. METHODS Prevalences of adversities assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and a questionnaire of stressful social experiences (FBS) were determined in N = 1091 outpatients. Adversity severities among patients with SAD only (n = 25), specific phobia only (n = 18), and generalized anxiety disorder only (n = 19) were compared. Differences between patients with anxiety disorders only (n = 62) and depressive disorders only (n = 239) as well as between SAD with comorbid depressive disorders (n = 143) and SAD only were tested. RESULTS None of the adversity types were found to be specifically associated with SAD and severities did not differ among anxiety disorders but patients with depressive disorders reported more severe emotional abuse, physical abuse, and sexual abuse than patients with anxiety disorders. SAD patients with a comorbid depressive disorder also reported more severe adversities across all types compared to SAD only. CONCLUSION Findings indicate that particular forms of recalled childhood adversities are not specifically associated with SAD in adulthood. Previously established links with SAD may be better explained by comorbid depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Brühl
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bremen, Grazer Strasse 2, 28359, Bremen, Germany. .,Department of Psychology, Institute of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy and Assessment, Outpatient clinic, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstr. 33, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Hanna Kley
- 0000 0001 0944 9128grid.7491.bDepartment of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Outpatient clinic, Bielefeld University, Morgenbreede 2-4, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anja Grocholewski
- 0000 0001 1090 0254grid.6738.aDepartment of Psychology, Institute of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy and Assessment, Outpatient clinic, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstr. 33, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frank Neuner
- 0000 0001 0944 9128grid.7491.bDepartment of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Outpatient clinic, Bielefeld University, Morgenbreede 2-4, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Nina Heinrichs
- 0000 0001 2297 4381grid.7704.4Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bremen, Grazer Strasse 2, 28359 Bremen, Germany ,0000 0001 1090 0254grid.6738.aDepartment of Psychology, Institute of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy and Assessment, Outpatient clinic, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstr. 33, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Averdijk M, Ribeaud D, Eisner M. Childhood Predictors of Violent Victimization at Age 17 Years: The Role of Early Social Behavioral Tendencies. J Pediatr 2019; 208:183-190.e1. [PMID: 30826072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relation between early social behavioral tendencies and the risk of violent victimization in late adolescence. STUDY DESIGN We analyzed 5 waves of data from the Zurich Project on the Social Development from Childhood into Adulthood (z-proso), a longitudinal sample of Swiss first graders (N = 1138). Early social behavioral tendencies were measured at age 7 years and included internalizing problems, externalizing behavior, prosocial behavior, negative peer relations, competent problem solving, dominance, and sensation seeking. Path analyses were conducted of the association between these tendencies and violent victimization at age 17 years, and mediation through intermediate victimization at ages 11, 13, and 15 years was examined. RESULTS Several childhood social behavioral tendencies predicted victimization 10 years later. Though this was the case for both sexes, the number and type of significant risk factors differed. For male children, sensation seeking, externalizing behavior, high prosociality, and negative peer relations at age 7 years increased later victimization, whereas for female children, dominance and externalizing behavior were predictive. In addition, results showed that the relation between early risk factors and age 17 years victimization was mediated by intermediate victimization, showing that differences in victimization risk in early adolescence are carried forward into late adolescence. CONCLUSIONS Childhood social behavioral tendencies predict victimization 10 years later. Incorporating this finding into early prevention programs could reduce victimization over the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Averdijk
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Denis Ribeaud
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Eisner
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Criminology/Violence Research Center, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Akibar A, Niemann YF, Blumenthal H, Vosvick M. Dimensions of sexuality and social anxiety in emerging adulthood. JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2019.1568945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Akibar
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Mark Vosvick
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
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Iffland B, Weitkämper A, Weitkämper NJ, Neuner F. Attentional avoidance in peer victimized individuals with and without psychiatric disorders. BMC Psychol 2019; 7:12. [PMID: 30795803 PMCID: PMC6387543 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-019-0284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Attentional biases are a relatively robust phenomenon among clinical populations but less pronounced in healthy participants. However, regarding the components of attentional biases and the directions of attention allocation, there are several inconsistencies in the literature. The present study examined whether these inconsistencies can be traced back to previous experiences of relational peer victimization in clinical populations. Methods Participants were subjects with a diagnosed psychiatric disorder (n = 30) and healthy controls (n = 31). Additionally, the sample was divided into two subgroups according to the participants’ reports of previous relational peer victimization (high peer victimization: n = 28; low peer victimization: n = 33). Attentional biases were measured by the Emotional Stroop task and a dot-probe task. Results In both samples, peer victimized participants showed delayed response times when color-naming negative and positive compared to neutral adjectives in the Emotional Stroop task. Likewise, the dot-probe task indicated attentional avoidance of both negative and positive words in peer victimized participants with and without a psychiatric disorder. Interestingly, presence of a psychiatric disorder did not have a significant effect on attentional biases. Conclusion Both tasks could detect that attentional processes were linked to the experience of peer victimization rather than to the current diagnostic status of the participants. Attentional avoidance of emotional stimuli may prevent victimized individuals from responding adequately to environmental stimuli, which may increase the risk for the development of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Iffland
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Postbox 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Angelina Weitkämper
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Postbox 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Nicolai J Weitkämper
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Postbox 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Frank Neuner
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Postbox 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
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Longitudinal Links Between Adolescent Social Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms: Testing the Mediational Effects of Cybervictimization. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2019; 50:186-197. [PMID: 30019222 PMCID: PMC6428904 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-018-0829-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on the temporal sequence between social anxiety and depressive symptoms, and whether cybervictimization might mediate these links. We used a longitudinal sample of 501 early adolescents (51.9% girls; Mage = 13.96) followed at three time points. Using a cross-lagged path model in MPlus, we found that social anxiety predicted depressive symptoms over time, but not the other way around. Time-1 depressive symptoms also predicted cybervictimization, but only for boys and not for girls. No mediating effects of cybervictimization emerged; however, Time-2 social anxiety was a significant mediator between Time-1 social anxiety and depressive symptoms, whereas Time-2 depressive symptoms significantly mediated the link between Time-1 social anxiety and Time-3 depressive symptoms. In sum, social anxiety was a strong predictor of depressive symptoms over time but not vice versa-irrespective of cybervictimization.
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Navigating the social world: The role of social competence, peer victimisation and friendship quality in the development of social anxiety in childhood. J Anxiety Disord 2018; 60:1-10. [PMID: 30268999 PMCID: PMC6269163 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Social and communication (SC) difficulties predict increased social anxiety (SA) symptoms in childhood. Peer victimisation and friendship quality are commonly associated with both SC difficulties and SA. Based on this, we tested for a cascade effect of early SC difficulties, peer victimisation and friendship quality on SA in late childhood, using a population-based sample of 8028 children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort. Parent-reported data were collected on SC difficulties at age 7 and SA at age 7, 10 and 13. Child-reported data on peer victimisation and friendship quality were collected at age 8. Our results revealed that SC difficulties predict increased negative friendship qualities and peer victimisation. Relational victimisation predicted increased SA symptoms at 13 years old. Neither overt nor relational victimisation mediated the developmental relationship between SC difficulties and SA. Furthermore, friendship quality did not moderate the developmental relationship between SC difficulties and SA. In addition, no sex differences were observed. The evidence demonstrates that peer victimisation and friendship quality do not explain why some children with SC difficulties go on to develop SA. Future research clarifying the complex etiological pathways contributing towards the development of SA in childhood and adolescence is warranted.
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Iffland B, Wiggert N, Neuner F, Blechert J. Neutral is negative enough-Peer victimization influences cardiac, facial-muscular and experiential reactions to both negative evaluative and neutral social stimuli. Biol Psychol 2018; 139:152-162. [PMID: 30296467 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Physiological stress responses vary as a function of adverse childhood experiences. However, previous studies concentrate on familial sources of childhood adversity. Potential long-term effects of peer victimization on physiology and affective responses are less known. This study examined cardiac, facial-muscular, and experiential responses to social evaluative stimuli in ninety-four healthy subjects with various degrees of experienced peer victimization. In a social conditioning task, peer victimization was associated with similarly attenuated cardiac and facial-muscular responses to negative and neutral stimuli, while differentiated physiological responses to negative and neutral stimuli were found in subjects without peer victimization. Overall, increased ratings of arousal, valence and disapproval for negative compared to neutral stimuli were found. Contrary to the physiological response, peer victimization was associated with more negative ratings of negative stimuli one month after acquisition. The results suggest that the physiological and experiential reactivity towards both negative and neutral social stimuli is affected by the experience of peer victimization. Peer victimization causes generalized autonomic dysregulation and memory recall biases during social learning impeding adequate response preparation to social stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Iffland
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Postbox 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Nicole Wiggert
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany.
| | - Frank Neuner
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Postbox 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Jens Blechert
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
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Age-Related Differences in the Structure of Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Types of Peer Victimization. Behav Genet 2018; 48:421-431. [PMID: 30242573 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-018-9923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present investigation was to clarify and compare the structure of genetic and environmental influences on different types (e.g., physical, verbal) of peer victimization experienced by youth in pre-/early adolescence and mid-/late adolescence. Physical, verbal, social, and property-related peer victimization experiences were assessed in two twin samples (306 pairs, ages 9-14 and 294 pairs, ages 15-20). Cholesky decompositions of individual differences in victimization were conducted, and independent pathway (IP) and common pathway (CP) twin models were tested in each sample. In the younger sample, a Cholesky decomposition best described the structure of genetic and environmental contributors to peer victimization, with no evidence that common additive genetic or environmental factors influence different types of peer victimization. In the older sample, common environmental factors influenced peer victimization types via a general latent liability for peer victimization (i.e., a CP model). Whereas the pre-/early adolescent sample demonstrated no evidence of a shared genetic and environmental structure for different types of peer victimization, the mid-/late adolescent sample demonstrates the emergence of an environmentally-driven latent liability for peer victimization across peer victimization types.
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Leigh E, Clark DM. Understanding Social Anxiety Disorder in Adolescents and Improving Treatment Outcomes: Applying the Cognitive Model of Clark and Wells (1995). Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2018; 21:388-414. [PMID: 29654442 PMCID: PMC6447508 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-018-0258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder is a condition characterised by a marked and persistent fear of being humiliated or scrutinised by others. Age-of-onset data point to adolescence as a developmentally sensitive period for the emergence of the condition, at a time when the peer group becomes increasingly important. Social anxiety in adolescence is associated with considerable impairment that persists through to adulthood. There are clear potential benefits to delivering effective interventions during adolescence. However, there is limited evidence on the specific efficacy of available therapies. This is in contrast to adults, for whom we have interventions with very specific treatment effects. One such treatment is individual cognitive therapy. Cognitive therapy is based on the cognitive model of social anxiety proposed by Clark and Wells (in: Heimberg, Leibowitz, Hope, Scheiber (eds) Social phobia: diagnosis, assessment and treatment, The Guilford Press, New York, 1995). The present review examines the potential application of this adult cognitive model to the understanding of adolescent social anxiety and considers additional adolescent-specific factors that need to be accommodated. It is suggested that a developmentally sensitive adoption of the cognitive model of social anxiety disorder (Clark and Wells 1995) for adolescents may lead to better treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Leigh
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford Centre for Anxiety Disorders and Trauma, The Old Rectory, Paradise Square, Oxford, OX1 1TW, UK.
| | - David M Clark
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Longitudinal Changes in Victimized Youth’s Social Anxiety and Solitary Behavior. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 47:1211-1223. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-018-0467-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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The Role of Performance Quality in Adolescents' Self-Evaluation and Rumination after a Speech: Is it Contingent on Social Anxiety Level? Behav Cogn Psychother 2018; 47:148-163. [PMID: 29769157 DOI: 10.1017/s1352465818000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has relatively poor outcomes for youth with social anxiety, possibly because broad-based CBT is not tailored to their specific needs. Treatment of social anxiety in youth may need to pay more attention to negative social cognitions that are considered a key factor in social anxiety development and maintenance. AIMS The aim of the present study was to learn more about the role of performance quality in adolescents' cognitions about their social performance and, in particular, the moderating role social anxiety plays in the relationship between performance quality and self-cognitions. METHOD A community sample of 229 participants, aged 11 to 18 years, gave a speech and filled in questionnaires addressing social anxiety, depression, expected and self-evaluated performance, and post-event rumination. Independent observers rated the quality of the speech. The data were analysed using moderated mediation analysis. RESULTS Performance quality mediated the link between expected and self-evaluated performance in adolescents with low and medium levels of social anxiety. For adolescents with high levels of social anxiety, only a direct link between expected and self-evaluated performance was found. Their self-evaluation was not related to the quality of their performance. Performance quality also mediated the link between expected performance and rumination, but social anxiety did not moderate this mediation effect. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that a good performance does not help socially anxious adolescents to replace their negative self-evaluations with more realistic ones. Specific cognitive intervention strategies should be tailored to the needs of socially anxious adolescents who perform well.
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Gini G, Card NA, Pozzoli T. A meta-analysis of the differential relations of traditional and cyber-victimization with internalizing problems. Aggress Behav 2018; 44:185-198. [PMID: 29160943 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis examined the associations between cyber-victimization and internalizing problems controlling for the occurrence of traditional victimization. Twenty independent samples with a total of 90,877 participants were included. Results confirmed the significant intercorrelation between traditional and cyber-victimization (r = .43). They both have medium-to-large bivariate correlations with internalizing problems. Traditional victimization (sr = .22) and cyber-victimization (sr = .12) were also uniquely related to internalizing problems. The difference in the relations between each type of victimization and internalizing problems was small (differential d = .06) and not statistically significant (p = .053). Moderation of these effect sizes by sample characteristics (e.g., age and proportion of girls) and study features (e.g., whether a definition of bullying was provided to participants and the time frame used as reference) was investigated. Results are discussed within the extant literature on cyber-aggression and cyber-victimization and future directions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Gini
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Noel A Card
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Tiziana Pozzoli
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
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Causality and Pleiotropy in the Association Between Bullying Victimization in Adolescence and Depressive Episodes in Adulthood. Twin Res Hum Genet 2018; 21:33-41. [PMID: 29369038 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2017.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Children and adolescents who are victims or perpetrators of bullying victimization are at elevated risk for maladjustment problems, concurrently and in the long run. Previous studies suggest that this correlation is partly explained by genetic influence. However, whether the genetic correlation is independent of a causal effect of victimization on maladjustment remains unclear. Using data from 2,510 females from the TwinsUK registry, we applied an innovative extension of the Cholesky decomposition to investigate to what extent the association between victimization in adolescence and self-reported depressive episodes in adulthood is caused by shared genetic effects (pleiotropy), and to what extent it is due to a phenotypic causal relationship. We find that around 60% of the association between victimization and self-reported depressive episodes is due to a causal effect of victimization on depressive episodes, and 40% is due to pleiotropic effects. These findings underline the importance of integrating genetic information into social science research and demonstrate a neat strategy to elucidate causal mechanisms in the absence of experimental designs.
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Fogleman ND, Leaberry KD, Rosen PJ, Walerius DM, Slaughter KE. Relation between internalizing behaviors, externalizing behaviors, and peer victimization among children with and without ADHD. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 10:209-222. [DOI: 10.1007/s12402-018-0248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Trompeter N, Bussey K, Fitzpatrick S. Cyber Victimization and Internalizing Difficulties: The Mediating Roles of Coping Self-Efficacy and Emotion Dysregulation. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 46:1129-1139. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-017-0378-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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