Multimodal Cancer Theranosis Using Hyaluronate-Conjugated Molybdenum Disulfide

MoS2 nanoflowers surface decorated with CuS nanorods and carbon dots for fluorescent and ultrasound imaging in cancer therapy

In recent years, the design of various ultrasound responsive echogenic nanomaterials offers many advantages such as deep tissue penetration, high signal intensity, colloidal stability, biocompatibility and less expensive for ultrasound-based cancer cell imaging while providing the option to monitor the progress of tumor volume during the treatment. Further, the ability of nanomaterials to combine photo-thermal therapy (PTT) and chemotherapy has opened a new avenue in the development of cancer theranostics for synergistic cancer therapy. Herein, we report MoS2 nanoflowers (NFs) surface decorated with CuS nanorods (NRs) and folic acid-derived carbon dots (FACDs) using cystine-polyethyleneimine (PEI) linker for PTT-chemotherapy. The size of NFs was found to be 350 ± 50 nm which increased to 500 ± 50 nm after surface decoration. The morphology of MoS2 NFs before and after surface decoration was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy. The photo-thermal heat generation was found to be increasing as a function of the concentration of NFs. The encapsulation efficiency of doxorubicin (DOX) and photo-thermal conversion efficiency (PCE) for surface-decorated MoS2 NFs (MoS2@CuS/FACDs NFs) was estimated to be 42 and 44 %, respectively. The surface decoration of CuS NRs and FACDs on MoS2 NFs not only improved the anticancer activity but also increased the signal intensity in ultrasound and fluorescence imaging of cancer cells. The MoS2@CuS/FACDs NFs exhibited excellent cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. Hence, the hybrid system demonstrated here showed high potential for use as a combined probe for non-invasive ultrasound imaging and fluorescence imaging for PTT-chemotherapy.

Molybdenum Disulfide Nanocomposites for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapeutics: Biosensors, Bioimaging, and Phototherapy

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) nanomaterials have attracted significant interest in cancer diagnosis and therapy due to their unique physicochemical properties. Due to its extensive surface area and adaptable structure, MoS₂ may engage with pharmaceuticals and biomolecules via covalent and non-covalent interactions. This versatility enhances the sensitivity of identifying specific biomarkers, colloidal stability, and tumor-targeting capabilities. In the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum, MoS₂ exhibits strong optical absorption and efficient photothermal conversion, making it suitable for NIR-driven phototherapy and regulated medication release. Functionalized MoS₂ nanocomposites react differently to the tumor microenvironment, which improves treatment effectiveness by increasing drug accumulation at cancer sites and decreasing off-target effects on healthy tissues. Recent developments in MoS₂-based nanocomposites for cancer detection and treatment are reviewed in this study, with particular attention paid to their uses in photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, biosensing, and bioimaging. Additionally, it looks at the difficulties and potential applications of MoS₂ nanocomposites in cancer.

Recent progress on transition metal dichalcogenide-based composites for cancer therapy

Cancer remains a global health challenge, driving the need for advanced treatments. While transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) show promise in cancer therapy, their stability and efficacy require improvement. This study explores TMD-based composites as a solution to enhance their therapeutic potential. This review begins by providing an overview of TMDs and emphasizing their preparation techniques and fundamental properties. The focus is then shifted to categorizing TMD-based composites based on their constituent materials, delving into various types, such as TMD-organic, TMD-carbon, TMD-metal chalcogenide, TMD-metal, and TMD-oxide composites, as well as more complex ternary and multinary systems. We further explore key fabrication strategies, including hydrothermal/solvothermal methods and surface deposition/coating techniques. Subsequently, the focus shifted to their applications in cancer treatment, including chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, phototherapy, and integrated combination therapies. Finally, critical challenges in the field and perspectives on potential directions for future research are presented.

Carbohydrate polymer-based nanoparticles with cell membrane camouflage for cancer therapy: A review

Recent developments in biomimetic nanoparticles, specifically carbohydrate polymer-coated cell membrane nanoparticles, have demonstrated considerable promise in treating cancer. These systems improve drug delivery by imitating natural cell actions, enhancing biocompatibility, and decreasing immune clearance. Conventional drug delivery methods frequently face challenges with non-specific dispersal and immune detection, which can hinder their efficiency and safety. These biomimetic nanoparticles improve target specificity, retention times, and therapeutic efficiency by using biological components like chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and alginate. Chitosan-based nanoparticles, which come from polysaccharides found in nature, have self-assembly abilities that make them better drug carriers. Hyaluronic acid helps target tissues more effectively, especially in cancer environments where there are high levels of hyaluronic acid receptors. Alginate-based systems also enhance drug delivery by being biocompatible and degradable, making them ideal choices for advanced therapeutic uses. Moreover, these particles hold potential for overcoming resistance to multiple drugs and boosting the body's immune reaction to tumors through precise delivery and decreased side effects of chemotherapy drugs. This review delves into the possibilities of using carbohydrate polymer-functionalized nanoparticles and their impact on enhancing the efficacy of cancer treatment.

Biocompatible polymer-based micro/nanorobots for theranostic translational applications

Recently, micro/nanorobots (MNRs) with self-propulsion have emerged as a promising smart platform for diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic applications. Especially, polymer-based MNRs have attracted huge attention due to their inherent biocompatibility and versatility, making them actively explored for various medical applications. As the translation of MNRs from laboratory to clinical settings is imperative, the use of appropriate polymers for MNRs is a key strategy, which can prompt the advancement of MNRs to the next phase. In this review, we describe the multifunctional versatile polymers in MNRs, and their biodegradability, motion control, cargo loading and release, adhesion, and other characteristics. After that, we review the theranostic applications of polymer-based MNRs to bioimaging, biosensing, drug delivery, and tissue engineering. Furthermore, we address the challenges that must be overcome to facilitate the translational development of polymeric MNRs with future perspectives. This review would provide valuable insights into the state-of-the-art technologies associated with polymeric MNRs and contribute to their progression for further clinical development.

Recent developments in two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide-based multimodal cancer theranostics

Recent advancements in cancer research have led to the generation of innovative nanomaterials for improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Despite the proven potential of two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as a versatile platform in biomedical applications, few review articles have focused on MoS2-based platforms for cancer theranostics. This review aims to fill this gap by providing a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in 2D MoS2 cancer theranostics and emerging strategies in this field. This review highlights the potential applications of 2D MoS2 in single-model imaging and therapy, including fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic imaging, photothermal therapy, and catalytic therapy. This review further classifies the potential of 2D MoS2 in multimodal imaging for diagnostic and synergistic theranostic platforms. In particular, this review underscores the progress of 2D MoS2 as an integrated drug delivery system, covering a broad spectrum of therapeutic strategies from chemotherapy and gene therapy to immunotherapy and photodynamic therapy. Finally, this review discusses the current challenges and future perspectives in meeting the diverse demands of advanced cancer diagnostic and theranostic applications.

Sensitize Tumor Immunotherapy: Immunogenic Cell Death Inducing Nanosystems

Low immunogenicity of tumors poses a challenge in the development of effective tumor immunotherapy. However, emerging evidence suggests that certain therapeutic approaches, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and phototherapy, can induce varying degrees of immunogenic cell death (ICD). This ICD phenomenon leads to the release of tumor antigens and the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), thereby enhancing tumor immunogenicity and promoting immune responses. However, the use of a single conventional ICD inducer often fails to achieve in situ tumor ablation and establish long-term anti-tumor immune responses. Furthermore, the induction of ICD induction varies among different approaches, and the distribution of the therapeutic agent within the body influences the level of ICD and the occurrence of toxic side effects. To address these challenges and further boost tumor immunity, researchers have explored nanosystems as inducers of ICD in combination with tumor immunotherapy. This review examines the mechanisms of ICD and different induction methods, with a specific focus on the relationship between ICD and tumor immunity. The aim is to explore the research advancements utilizing various nanomaterials to enhance the body's anti-tumor effects by inducing ICD. This paper aims to contribute to the development and clinical application of nanomaterial-based ICD inducers in the field of cancer immunotherapy by providing important theoretical guidance and practical references.

Functional photoacoustic imaging: from nano- and micro- to macro-scale

Functional photoacoustic imaging is a promising biological imaging technique that offers such unique benefits as scalable resolution and imaging depth, as well as the ability to provide functional information. At nanoscale, photoacoustic imaging has provided super-resolution images of the surface light absorption characteristics of materials and of single organelles in cells. At the microscopic and macroscopic scales. photoacoustic imaging techniques have precisely measured and quantified various physiological parameters, such as oxygen saturation, vessel morphology, blood flow, and the metabolic rate of oxygen, in both human and animal subjects. This comprehensive review provides an overview of functional photoacoustic imaging across multiple scales, from nano to macro, and highlights recent advances in technology developments and applications. Finally, the review surveys the future prospects of functional photoacoustic imaging in the biomedical field.

Multifunctional inorganic biomaterials: New weapons targeting osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma is the malignant tumor with the highest incidence rate among primary bone tumors and with a high mortality rate. The anti-osteosarcoma materials are the cross field between material science and medicine, having a wide range of application prospects. Among them, biological materials, such as compounds from black phosphorous, magnesium, zinc, copper, silver, etc., becoming highly valued in the biological materials field as well as in orthopedics due to their good biocompatibility, similar mechanical properties with biological bones, good biodegradation effect, and active antibacterial and anti-tumor effects. This article gives a comprehensive review of the research progress of anti-osteosarcoma biomaterials.

Design of Nacre-Inspired 2D-MoS2 Nanosheets Assembled with Mesoporous Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) for Smart Coatings

High loading capacity and smart release of inhibitors are the first and foremost characteristics of nanocontainers, which play a pivotal role in metal active corrosion protection. The present work explores the development of novel protective nanocontainers based on recently emerged covalent organic frameworks (COFs). These highly porous frameworks with large surface area, outstanding thermomechanical properties, low density, and ease of functionalization are used as nanocontainers. On the other hand, molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), a state-of-the-art 2D layered compound with a sheetlike structure, was utilized thanks to its excellent barrier properties. However, these lamellar structures suffer a high agglomeration tendency in polymeric matrices. Therefore, we developed a novel hybrid nanocontainer, inspired by natural nacre, by an in situ growth of COF on MoS₂ to improve the stability and provide a high inhibitor loading capacity. The porous and nitrogen-rich structure of COF made it a good carrier to adsorb europium cations as inorganic inhibitors and release them on demand by pH changes to suppress the electrochemical reactions. The as-synthesized nanoplatforms were used as pH-responsive fillers in the epoxy resin. The nanocomposite coatings showed almost 50 kΩ cm² total resistance and high impedance values (10¹¹ Ω cm²) even after 77 days of immersion. Moreover, salt spray analysis depicted the smallest amount of rust and corrosion product after 31 days in the filled nanocomposite coating. Cathodic delamination and pull-off outcomes denoted that the filled coatings with the as-synthesized nanofiller showed the smallest cathodic delamination radius (3.41 mm) and lowest adhesion loss (24%) compared to the neat epoxy (7.55 mm and 46.7%). As such, the highly porous modified MoS₂ nanosheets are considered promising alternatives in a wide range of applications with anticorrosion properties.

Engineered 2D materials for optical bioimaging and path toward therapy and tissue engineering

Two-dimensional (2D) layered materials as a new class of nanomaterial are characterized by a list of exotic properties. These layered materials are investigated widely in several biomedical applications. A comprehensive understanding of the state-of-the-art developments of 2D materials designed for multiple nanoplatforms will aid researchers in various fields to broaden the scope of biomedical applications. Here, we review the advances in 2D material-based biomedical applications. First, we introduce the classification and properties of 2D materials. Next, we summarize surface and structural engineering methods of 2D materials where we discuss surface functionalization, defect, and strain engineering, and creating heterostructures based on layered materials for biomedical applications. After that, we discuss different biomedical applications. Then, we briefly introduced the emerging role of machine learning (ML) as a technological advancement to boost biomedical platforms. Finally, the current challenges, opportunities, and prospects on 2D materials in biomedical applications are discussed.

Graphical abstract

Self-redox reaction driven in situ formation of Cu2O/Ti3C2Tx nanosheets boost the photocatalytic eradication of multi-drug resistant bacteria from infected wound

BACKGROUND

MXenes with interesting optical and electrical properties have been attractive in biomedical applications such as antibacterial and anticancer agents, but their low photogeneration efficiency of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and poor stability are major concerns against microbial resistance.

METHODS

Water-dispersible single layer Ti₃C₂T_x-based MXene through etching tightly stacked MAX phase precursor using a minimally intensive layer delamination method. After addition of Cu(II) ions, the adsorbed Cu(II) ions underwent self-redox reactions with the surface oxygenated moieties of MXene, leading to in situ formation of Cu₂O species to yield Cu₂O/Ti₃C₂T_x nanosheets (heterostructures).

RESULTS

Under NIR irradiation, the Cu₂O enhanced generation of electron-hole pairs, which boosted the photocatalytic production of superoxide and subsequent transformation into hydrogen peroxide. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial performance of Cu₂O/Ti₃C₂T_x nanosheets with sharp edges is attributed to the direct contact-induced membrane disruption, localized photothermal therapy, and in situ generated cytotoxic free radicals. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Cu₂O/Ti₃C₂T_x nanosheets reduced at least tenfold upon NIR laser irradiation compared to pristine Cu₂O/Ti₃C₂T_x nanosheets. The Cu₂O/Ti₃C₂T_x nanosheets were topically administrated on the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infected wounds on diabetic mice.

CONCLUSION

Upon NIR illumination, Cu₂O/Ti₃C₂T_x nanosheets eradicated MRSA and their associated biofilm to promote wound healing. The Cu₂O/Ti₃C₂T_x nanosheets with superior catalytic and photothermal properties have a great scope as an effective antimicrobial modality for the treatment of infected wounds.

Recent Advances in Transition-Metal Based Nanomaterials for Noninvasive Oncology Thermal Ablation and Imaging Diagnosis

With the developments of nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine, non-invasive thermal ablation with fewer side effects than traditional tumor treatment methods has received extensive attention in tumor treatment. Non-invasive thermal ablation has the advantages of non-invasiveness and fewer side effects compared with traditional treatment methods. However, the clinical efficiency and biological safety are low, which limits their clinical application. Transition-metal based nanomaterials as contrast agents have aroused increasing interest due to its unique optical properties, low toxicity, and high potentials in tumor diagnosis. Transition-metal based nanomaterials have high conversion efficiency of converting light energy into heat energy, good near-infrared absorption characteristics, which also can targetedly deliver those loaded drugs to tumor tissue, thereby improving the therapeutic effect and reducing the damage to the surrounding normal tissues and organs. This article mainly reviews the synthesis of transition-metal based nanomaterials in recent years, and discussed their applications in tumor thermal ablation and diagnosis, hopefully guiding the development of new transition metal-based nanomaterials in enhancing thermal ablation.

Black Phosphorus nanoparticles for dual therapy of non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer remains one of the leading causes of death in humans. Gefitinib is an inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) commonly used to suppress tumor growth. However, constantly use of gefitinib results in drug-resistance, reduced efficacy, and undesired side effects. To circumvent these drawbacks, targeted and photothermal therapies have emerged as effective strategies. Herein, we are first to adopt a black phosphorus nanoparticle-based novel delivering strategy by combining gefitinib and cancer cytomembrane to treat non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In these gefitinib-containing nano-carrier, cyanine5 (Cy5) biotin-labeled black phosphorus was incorporated with cancer membrane and then consist of a nanomaterial (BPGM), which enabled to deliver gefitinib to the tumors effectively. The combination of BPGM showed reinforcing effects to suppress NSCLC cells and xenograft tumors without apparent adverse effects both in vitro and in vivo. BPGM facilitated the delivery of gefitinib to tumor tissue and extended its retention time within tumors. These studies thus suggest that black phosphorus may serve as novel delivery strategy for lung cancer.

MoS2-based nanocomposites for cancer diagnosis and therapy

Molybdenum is a trace dietary element necessary for the survival of humans. Some molybdenum-bearing enzymes are involved in key metabolic activities in the human body (such as xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase and sulfite oxidase). Many molybdenum-based compounds have been widely used in biomedical research. Especially, MoS2-nanomaterials have attracted more attention in cancer diagnosis and treatment recently because of their unique physical and chemical properties. MoS2 can adsorb various biomolecules and drug molecules via covalent or non-covalent interactions because it is easy to modify and possess a high specific surface area, improving its tumor targeting and colloidal stability, as well as accuracy and sensitivity for detecting specific biomarkers. At the same time, in the near-infrared (NIR) window, MoS2 has excellent optical absorption and prominent photothermal conversion efficiency, which can achieve NIR-based phototherapy and NIR-responsive controlled drug-release. Significantly, the modified MoS2-nanocomposite can specifically respond to the tumor microenvironment, leading to drug accumulation in the tumor site increased, reducing its side effects on non-cancerous tissues, and improved therapeutic effect. In this review, we introduced the latest developments of MoS2-nanocomposites in cancer diagnosis and therapy, mainly focusing on biosensors, bioimaging, chemotherapy, phototherapy, microwave hyperthermia, and combination therapy. Furthermore, we also discuss the current challenges and prospects of MoS2-nanocomposites in cancer treatment.

Fluorescent nanodiamond - hyaluronate conjugates for target-specific molecular imaging

Despite wide investigation on molecular imaging contrast agents, there are still strong unmet medical needs to enhance their signal-to background ratio, brightness, photostability, and biocompatibility with multimodal imaging capability. Here, we assessed the feasibility of fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) as carbon based photostable and biocompatible materials for molecular imaging applications. Because FNDs have negatively charged nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers, they can emit bright red light. FNDs were conjugated to hyaluronate (HA) for target-specific molecular imaging. HA is a biocompatible, biodegradable, and linear polysaccharide with abundant HA receptors in the liver, enabling liver targeted molecular imaging. In vitro cell viability tests revealed the biocompatibility of HA-FND conjugates and the competitive cellular uptake test confirmed their target-specific intracellular delivery to HepG2 cells with HA receptors. In addition, in vivo fluorescence lifetime (FLT) assessment revealed the imaging capability of FNDs and HA-FND conjugates. After that, we could confirm the statistically significant liver-targeted delivery of HA-FND conjugates by in vivo imaging system (IVIS) analysis and ex vivo biodistribution tests in various organs. The renal clearance test and histological analysis corroborated the in vivo biocompatibility and safety of HA-FND conjugates. All these results demonstrated the feasibility of HA-FND conjugates for further molecular imaging applications.

PEGylated Phthalocyanine-Functionalized Graphene Oxide with Ultrahigh-Efficient Photothermal Performance for Triple-Mode Antibacterial Therapy

This study proposes a novel multifunctional synergistic antibacterial phototherapy technique for the rapid healing of bacteria-infected wounds. By binding PEGylated phthalocyanines to the surface of graphene oxide via noncovalent functionalization, the photothermal conversion efficiency of the obtained nanocomposites can be significantly increased, which shows that the sample temperature can achieve nearly 100 °C after only 10 min of 450 nm light illumination at a concentration ≥25 μg/mL. Moreover, the nanocomposites can rapidly generate singlet oxygen under 680 nm light irradiation and physically cut bacterial cell membranes. The triple effects are expected to obtain a synergistic antibacterial efficiency and reduce the emergence of bacterial resistance. After dual-light irradiation for 10 min, the generation of hyperthermia and singlet oxygen can cause the death of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The results of an in vivo experiment revealed that the as-prepared nanocomposites combined with dual-light-triggered antibacterial therapy can effectively restrain the inflammatory reaction and accelerate the healing of bacteria-infected wounds. These were confirmed by the examination of pathological tissue sections and inflammatory factors in rats with bacteria-infected wounds. This nanotherapeutic platform is a potential photoactivated antimicrobial strategy for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infection.

Recent Trends in Photoacoustic Imaging Techniques for 2D Nanomaterial-Based Phototherapy

A variety of 2D materials have been developed for therapeutic biomedical studies. Because of their excellent physicochemical properties, 2D materials can be used as carriers for delivering therapeutic agents into a lesion, leading to phototherapy. Various optical imaging techniques have been used for the monitoring of the treatment process. Among these, photoacoustic imaging has unique advantages including relatively deep imaging depth and large field of view with high spatial resolution. In this review article, we summarize the types of photoacoustic imaging systems used for phototherapy monitoring, then we explore contrast-enhanced photoacoustic images using 2D materials. Finally, photoacoustic image-guided phototherapies are discussed. We conclude that 2D material-based phototherapy can be efficiently monitored by photoacoustic imaging techniques.

Molybdenum-based hetero-nanocomposites for cancer therapy, diagnosis and biosensing application: Current advancement and future breakthroughs

In recent years, there have been significant advancements in the nanotechnology for cancer therapy. Even though molybdenum disulphide (MoS2)-based nanocomposites demonstrated extensive applications in biosensing, bioimaging, phototherapy, the review article focusing on MoS2 nanocomposite platform has not been accounted for yet. The review summarizes recent strategies on design and fabrication of MoS2-based nanocomposites and their modulated properties in cancer treatment. The review also discussed several therapeutic strategies (photothermal, photodynamic, immunotherapy, gene therapy and chemotherapy) and their combinations for efficient cancer therapy along with certain case studies. The review also inculcates various diagnostic techniques viz. magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, photoacoustic imaging and fluorescence imaging for diagnosis of cancer.

Nanomaterial-Based Tumor Photothermal Immunotherapy

In recent years, photothermal therapy (PTT) particularly nanomaterial-based PTT is a promising therapeutic modality and technique for cancer tumor ablation. In addition to killing tumor cells directly through heat, PTT also can induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) to activate the whole-body anti-tumor immune response, including the redistribution and activation of immune effector cells, the expression and secretion of cytokines and the transformation of memory T lymphocytes. When used in combination with immunotherapy, the efficacy of nanomaterial-based PTT can be improved. This article summarized the mechanism of nanomaterial-based PTT against cancer and how nanomaterial-based PTT impacts the tumor microenvironment and induces an immune response. Moreover, we reviewed recent advances of nanomaterial-based photothermal immunotherapy and discussed challenges and future outlook.

Recent advancement in biomedical applications on the surface of two-dimensional materials: from biosensing to tissue engineering

As biosensors and biomedical devices have become increasingly important to everyday diagnostics and monitoring, there are tremendous, and constant efforts towards developing and improving the reliability and versatility of such technology. As they offer high surface area-to-volume ratios and a diverse range of properties, from electronic to optical, two dimensional (2D) materials have proven to be very promising candidates for biological applications and technologies. Due to the dimensionality, 2D materials facilitate many interfacial phenomena that have shown to significantly improve the performance of biosensors, while recent advances in synthesis techniques and surface engineering methods also enable the realization of future biomedical devices. This short review aims to highlight the influence of 2D material surfaces and the properties that arise due to their 2D structure. Using recent (within the last few years) examples of biosensors and biomedical applications, we emphasize the important role of 2D materials in advancing developments and research for biosensing and healthcare.

Light-Responsive Inorganic Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications

Light-responsive inorganic biomaterials are an emerging class of materials used for developing noninvasive, noncontact, precise, and controllable medical devices in a wide range of biomedical applications, including photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, drug delivery, and regenerative medicine. Herein, a range of biomaterials is discussed, including carbon-based nanomaterials, gold nanoparticles, graphite carbon nitride, transition metal dichalcogenides, and up-conversion nanoparticles that are used in the design of light-responsive medical devices. The importance of these light-responsive biomaterials is explored to design light-guided nanovehicle, modulate cellular behavior, as well as regulate extracellular microenvironments. Additionally, future perspectives on the clinical use of light-responsive biomaterials are highlighted.

Hyaluronic acid hydrophilic surface rehabilitating curcumin nanocrystals for targeted breast cancer treatment with prolonged biodistribution

Due to its high therapeutic efficiency and low systemic toxicity, natural bioactive curcumin has attracted more and more attention as a potential antineoplastic drug.