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Wang H, Yuan B, Zhu X, Shan X, Chen S, Ding W, Cao Y, Dong K, Zhang X, Guo R, Yao Y, Wang B, Tang J, Liu J. Multi-stimulus perception and visualization by an intelligent liquid metal-elastomer architecture. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp5215. [PMID: 38787948 PMCID: PMC11122678 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp5215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Multi-stimulus responsive soft materials with integrated functionalities are elementary blocks for building soft intelligent systems, but their rational design remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate an intelligent soft architecture sensitized by magnetized liquid metal droplets that are dispersed in a highly stretchable elastomer network. The supercooled liquid metal droplets serve as microscopic latent heat reservoirs, and their controllable solidification releases localized thermal energy/information flows for enabling programmable visualization and display. This allows the perception of a variety of information-encoded contact (mechanical pressing, stretching, and torsion) and noncontact (magnetic field) stimuli as well as the visualization of dynamic phase transition and stress evolution processes, via thermal and/or thermochromic imaging. The liquid metal-elastomer architecture offers a generic platform for designing soft intelligent sensing, display, and information encryption systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhang Wang
- Institute of Materials Research, Center of Double Helix, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Xiyu Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Shan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Sen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, and Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Ding
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Institute of Data and Information, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yingjie Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Kaichen Dong
- Institute of Materials Research, Center of Double Helix, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Institute of Data and Information, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Yao
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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2
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Ma J, Yan R, Wo X, Cao Y, Yu X, Li A, Huang J, Li F, Luo L, Zhang Q. Synthesis of Superelastic, Highly Conductive Graphene Aerogel/Liquid Metal Foam and its Piezoresistive Application. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303594. [PMID: 38278765 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Graphene aerogel (GA) has important application potential as piezoresistive sensors due to its low density, high conductivity, high porosity, and good mechanical properties. However, the fabrication of GA-based sensors with good mechanical properties and excellent sensing performance is still challenging. Herein, liquid- metal-modified GAs (GA/LM) are proposed for the development of an excellent GA-based sensor. GA/LM with three-dimensional interconnected layered structure exhibits excellent compressive stress of 41 KPa and fast response time (<20 ms). While generally flexible GA composites cannot be compressed beyond 80 % strain without plastic deformation, GA/LM demonstrates a high compressive strength of 60 kPa under a strain of 90 %. A real-time pressure sensor was fabricated based on GA/LM-2 to monitor swallowing, pulse beating, finger, wrist and knee bending, and even plantar pressure during walking. These excellent features enable potential applications in health detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 200436, Shanghai, PR China
- Shaoxing Institute of Technology, Shanghai University, 312000, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Rui Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 200436, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaoye Wo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 200436, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yanpeng Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 200436, Shanghai, PR China
- Shaoxing Institute of Technology, Shanghai University, 312000, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Xiao Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 200436, Shanghai, PR China
- Shaoxing Institute of Technology, Shanghai University, 312000, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Aijun Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 200436, Shanghai, PR China
- Shaoxing Institute of Technology, Shanghai University, 312000, Shaoxing, PR China
- Zhejiang Institute of Advanced Materials, Shanghai University, 314113, Jiashan, PR China
| | - Jian Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 200436, Shanghai, PR China
- Shaoxing Institute of Technology, Shanghai University, 312000, Shaoxing, PR China
- Zhejiang Institute of Advanced Materials, Shanghai University, 314113, Jiashan, PR China
| | - Fenghua Li
- Shaoxing Institute of Technology, Shanghai University, 312000, Shaoxing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, 130022, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Liqiang Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 200436, Shanghai, PR China
- Shaoxing Institute of Technology, Shanghai University, 312000, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Qixian Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 200436, Shanghai, PR China
- Shaoxing Institute of Technology, Shanghai University, 312000, Shaoxing, PR China
- Zhejiang Institute of Advanced Materials, Shanghai University, 314113, Jiashan, PR China
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3
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Yu D, Wang Z, Chi G, Zhang Q, Fu J, Li M, Liu C, Zhou Q, Li Z, Chen D, Song Z, He Z. Hydraulic-driven adaptable morphing active-cooling elastomer with bioinspired bicontinuous phases. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1179. [PMID: 38332017 PMCID: PMC10853206 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45562-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The active-cooling elastomer concept, originating from vascular thermoregulation for soft biological tissue, is expected to develop an effective heat dissipation method for human skin, flexible electronics, and soft robots due to the desired interface mechanical compliance. However, its low thermal conduction and poor adaptation limit its cooling effects. Inspired by the bone structure, this work reports a simple yet versatile method of fabricating arbitrary-geometry liquid metal skeleton-based elastomer with bicontinuous Gyroid-shaped phases, exhibiting high thermal conductivity (up to 27.1 W/mK) and stretchability (strain limit >600%). Enlightened by the vasodilation principle for blood flow regulation, we also establish a hydraulic-driven conformal morphing strategy for better thermoregulation by modulating the hydraulic pressure of channels to adapt the complicated shape with large surface roughness (even a concave body). The liquid metal active-cooling elastomer, integrated with the flexible thermoelectric device, is demonstrated with various applications in the soft gripper, thermal-energy harvesting, and head thermoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehai Yu
- Center for Agricultural Flexible Electronics Technology, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhonghao Wang
- Center for Agricultural Flexible Electronics Technology, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guidong Chi
- Center for Agricultural Flexible Electronics Technology, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qiubo Zhang
- Center for Agricultural Flexible Electronics Technology, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Junxian Fu
- Center for Agricultural Flexible Electronics Technology, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Maolin Li
- Center for Agricultural Flexible Electronics Technology, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chuanke Liu
- Center for Agricultural Flexible Electronics Technology, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Center for Agricultural Flexible Electronics Technology, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Center for Agricultural Flexible Electronics Technology, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Du Chen
- Center for Agricultural Flexible Electronics Technology, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhenghe Song
- Center for Agricultural Flexible Electronics Technology, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhizhu He
- Center for Agricultural Flexible Electronics Technology, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Xu H, Lu J, Xi Y, Wang X, Liu J. Liquid metal biomaterials: translational medicines, challenges and perspectives. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwad302. [PMID: 38213519 PMCID: PMC10776368 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Until now, significant healthcare challenges and growing urgent clinical requirements remain incompletely addressed by presently available biomedical materials. This is due to their inadequate mechanical compatibility, suboptimal physical and chemical properties, susceptibility to immune rejection, and concerns about long-term biological safety. As an alternative, liquid metal (LM) opens up a promising class of biomaterials with unique advantages like biocompatibility, flexibility, excellent electrical conductivity, and ease of functionalization. However, despite the unique advantages and successful explorations of LM in biomedical fields, widespread clinical translations and applications of LM-based medical products remain limited. This article summarizes the current status and future prospects of LM biomaterials, interprets their applications in healthcare, medical imaging, bone repair, nerve interface, and tumor therapy, etc. Opportunities to translate LM materials into medicine and obstacles encountered in practices are discussed. Following that, we outline a blueprint for LM clinics, emphasizing their potential in making new-generation artificial organs. Last, the core challenges of LM biomaterials in clinical translation, including bio-safety, material stability, and ethical concerns are also discussed. Overall, the current progress, translational medicine bottlenecks, and perspectives of LM biomaterials signify their immense potential to drive future medical breakthroughs and thus open up novel avenues for upcoming clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchi Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084,China
- Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing102218, China
| | - Jincheng Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084,China
- Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing102218, China
| | - Yikuang Xi
- Shanghai World Foreign Language Academy, Shanghai200233, China
| | - Xuelin Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084,China
- Beijing Key Lab of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
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5
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Wang D, Ye J, Bai Y, Yang F, Zhang J, Rao W, Liu J. Liquid Metal Combinatorics toward Materials Discovery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303533. [PMID: 37417920 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals and their derivatives provide several opportunities for fundamental and practical exploration worldwide. However, the increasing number of studies and shortage of desirable materials to fulfill different needs also pose serious challenges. Herein, to address this issue, a generalized theoretical frame that is termed as "Liquid Metal Combinatorics" (LMC) is systematically presented, and summarizes promising candidate technical routes toward new generation material discovery. The major categories of LMC are defined, and eight representative methods for manufacturing advanced materials are outlined. It is illustrated that abundant targeted materials can be efficiently designed and fabricated via LMC through deep physical combinations, chemical reactions, or both among the main bodies of liquid metals, surface chemicals, precipitated ions, and other materials. This represents a large class of powerful, reliable, and modular methods for innovating general materials. The achieved combinatorial materials not only maintained the typical characteristics of liquid metals but also displayed distinct tenability. Furthermore, the fabrication strategies, wide extensibility, and pivotal applications of LMC are classified. Finally, by interpreting the developmental trends in the area, a perspective on the LMC is provided, which warrants its promising future for society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Wang
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jiao Ye
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yunlong Bai
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Rao
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Baines R, Zuliani F, Chennoufi N, Joshi S, Kramer-Bottiglio R, Paik J. Multi-modal deformation and temperature sensing for context-sensitive machines. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7499. [PMID: 37980333 PMCID: PMC10657382 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42655-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to the remarkable properties of the somatosensory system, human skin compactly perceives myriad forms of physical stimuli with high precision. Machines, conversely, are often equipped with sensory suites constituted of dozens of unique sensors, each made for detecting limited stimuli. Emerging high degree-of-freedom human-robot interfaces and soft robot applications are delimited by the lack of simple, cohesive, and information-dense sensing technologies. Stepping toward biological levels of proprioception, we present a sensing technology capable of decoding omnidirectional bending, compression, stretch, binary changes in temperature, and combinations thereof. This multi-modal deformation and temperature sensor harnesses chromaticity and intensity of light as it travels through patterned elastomer doped with functional dyes. Deformations and temperature shifts augment the light chromaticity and intensity, resulting in a one-to-one mapping between stimulus modes that are sequentially combined and the sensor output. We study the working principle of the sensor via a comprehensive opto-thermo-mechanical assay, and find that the information density provided by a single sensing element permits deciphering rich and diverse human-robot and robot-environmental interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Baines
- School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IGM RRL MED 1 2313 Station 9, Vaud, 1025, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Zuliani
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IGM RRL MED 1 2313 Station 9, Vaud, 1025, Switzerland
| | - Neil Chennoufi
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IGM RRL MED 1 2313 Station 9, Vaud, 1025, Switzerland
| | - Sagar Joshi
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IGM RRL MED 1 2313 Station 9, Vaud, 1025, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Kramer-Bottiglio
- School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jamie Paik
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IGM RRL MED 1 2313 Station 9, Vaud, 1025, Switzerland.
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Hsain Z, Akbari M, Prasanna A, Jiang Z, Akbarzadeh M, Pikul JH. Electrochemical Healing of Fractured Metals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211242. [PMID: 36933269 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Repairing fractured metals to extend their useful lifetimes advances sustainability and mitigates carbon emissions from metal mining and processing. While high-temperature techniques are being used to repair metals, the increasing ubiquity of digital manufacturing and "unweldable" alloys, as well as the integration of metals with polymers and electronics, call for radically different repair approaches. Herein, a framework for effective room-temperature repair of fractured metals using an area-selective nickel electrodeposition process refered to as electrochemical healing is presented. Based on a model that links geometric, mechanical, and electrochemical parameters to the recovery of tensile strength, this framework enables 100% recovery of tensile strength in nickel, low-carbon steel, two "unweldable" aluminum alloys, and a 3D-printed difficult-to-weld shellular structure using a single common electrolyte. Through a distinct energy-dissipation mechanism, this framework also enables up to 136% recovery of toughness in an aluminum alloy. To facilitate practical adoption, this work reveals scaling laws for the energetic, financial, and time costs of healing, and demonstrates the restoration of a functional level of strength in a fractured standard steel wrench. Empowered with this framework, room-temperature electrochemical healing can open exciting possibilities for the effective, scalable repair of metals in diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Hsain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mostafa Akbari
- Department of Architecture, Weitzman School of Design, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adhokshid Prasanna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhimin Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Masoud Akbarzadeh
- Department of Architecture, Weitzman School of Design, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James H Pikul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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8
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Yang X, Huang W, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Wang X. Stiffness Variable Polymer for Soft Actuators with Sharp Stiffness Switch and Fast Response. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37201204 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stiffness variable polymers are an essential family of materials that have aroused considerable attention in soft actuators. Although lots of strategies have been proposed to achieve variable stiffness, it remains a formidable challenge to achieve a polymer with a wide stiffness range and fast stiffness change. Herein, a series of variable stiffness polymers with a fast stiffness change and wide stiffness range were successfully synthesized, and the formulas were optimized via Pearson correlation tests. The rigid/soft stiffness ratio of the designed polymer samples can reach up to 1376-folds. Impressively, owing to the phase-changing side chains, the narrow endothermic peak can be observed with full width at half-maximum within 5 °C. Moreover, the shape memory properties of the shape fixity (Rf) and shape recovery ratio (Rr) values of the shape memory properties could reach up to 99.3 and 99.2%, respectively. Then, the obtained polymer was introduced into a kind of designed 3D printing soft actuator. The soft actuator can achieve sharp heating-cooling cycle of 19 s under a 1.2 A current with 4 °C water as coolant and can lift a 200 g weight at the actuating state. Moreover, the stiffness of the soft actuator can reach up to 718 mN/mm. The soft actuator exhibits an outstanding actuate behavior and stiffness switchable capability. We expect our design strategy and obtained variable stiffness polymers to be potentially applied in soft actuators and other devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahao Liu
- College of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430022, China
- Staff Room of Chemistry and Material, Department of Basic Course, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuansheng Wang
- College of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xue Yang
- National Key Laboratory on Ship Vibration & Noise, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wei Huang
- College of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430022, China
- Staff Room of Chemistry and Material, Department of Basic Course, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Army Engineering University, Shijiazhuang Campus, Shijiazhuang 050003, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Engineering University of PAP, Xi'an 710086, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Staff Room of Chemistry and Material, Department of Basic Course, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430022, China
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9
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Gaeta LT, McDonald KJ, Kinnicutt L, Le M, Wilkinson-Flicker S, Jiang Y, Atakuru T, Samur E, Ranzani T. Magnetically induced stiffening for soft robotics. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2623-2636. [PMID: 36951679 PMCID: PMC10183112 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01390h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Soft robots are well-suited for human-centric applications, but the compliance that gives soft robots this advantage must also be paired with adequate stiffness modulation such that soft robots can achieve more rigidity when needed. For this reason, variable stiffening mechanisms are often a necessary component of soft robot design. Many techniques have been explored to introduce variable stiffness structures into soft robots, such as pneumatically-controlled jamming and thermally-controlled phase change materials. Despite fast response time, jamming methods often require a bulkier pneumatic pressure line which limits portability; and while portable via electronic control, thermally-induced methods require compatibility with high temperatures and often suffer from slow response time. In this paper, we present a magnetically-controlled stiffening approach that combines jamming-based stiffening principles with magnetorheological fluid to create a hybrid mechanical and materials approach. In doing so, we combine the advantages of fast response time from pneumatically-based jamming with the portability of thermally-induced phase change methods. We explore the influence of magnetic field strength on the stiffening of our magnetorheological jamming beam samples in two ways: by exploiting the increase in yield stress of magnetorheological fluid, and by additionally using the clamping force between permanent magnets to further stiffen the samples via a clutch effect. We introduce an analytical model to predict the stiffness of our samples as a function of the magnetic field. Finally, we demonstrate electronic control of the stiffness using electropermanent magnets. In this way, we present an important step towards a new electronically-driven stiffening mechanism for soft robots that interact safely in close contact with humans, such as in wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah T Gaeta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Kevin J McDonald
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Lorenzo Kinnicutt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Megan Le
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | | | - Yixiao Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Taylan Atakuru
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Evren Samur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tommaso Ranzani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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10
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Joshipura ID, Nguyen CK, Quinn C, Yang J, Morales DH, Santiso E, Daeneke T, Truong VK, Dickey MD. An atomically smooth container: Can the native oxide promote supercooling of liquid gallium? iScience 2023; 26:106493. [PMID: 37091232 PMCID: PMC10113873 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metals tend to supercool-that is, they freeze at temperatures below their melting points. In general, supercooling is less favorable when liquids are in contact with nucleation sites such as rough surfaces. Interestingly, bulk gallium (Ga) can significantly supercool, even when it is in contact with heterogeneous surfaces that could provide nucleation sites. We hypothesized that the native oxide on Ga provides an atomically smooth interface that prevents Ga from directly contacting surfaces, and thereby promotes supercooling. Although many metals form surface oxides, Ga is a convenient metal for studying supercooling because its melting point of 29.8°C is near room temperature. Using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), we show that freezing of Ga with the oxide occurs at a lower temperature (-15.6 ± 3.5°C) than without the oxide (6.9 ± 2.0°C when the oxide is removed by HCl). We also demonstrate that the oxide enhances supercooling via macroscopic observations of freezing. These findings explain why Ga supercools and have implications for emerging applications of Ga that rely on it staying in the liquid state.
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11
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Wang HQ, Huang ZY, Yue DW, Wang FZ, Li CH. A variable-stiffness and healable pneumatic actuator. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:908-917. [PMID: 36541242 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01056a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pneumatic-powered actuators are receiving increasing attention due to their widespread applications. However, their inherent low stiffness makes them incompetent in tasks requiring high load capacity or high force output. On the other hand, soft pneumatic actuators are susceptible to damage caused by over-pressuring or punctures by sharp objects. In this work, we designed and synthesized a coordination adaptable network (PETMP-AIM-Cu) with high mechanical rigidity (Young's modulus of 1.9 GPa and elongation <2% before fracturing) as well as excellent variable stiffness property (soft-rigid switching ability σ as high as 3 268 000 when ΔT = 90 °C). Combining PETMP-AIM-Cu with a self-healing elastomer based on dynamic disulfide bonds (LP-PDMS), we fabricated a new pneumatic actuator which shows high load capacity at room temperature, but can also easily deform upon heating and thus can be actuated pneumatically. Benefiting from the excellent self-healing ability of PETMP-AIM-Cu and LP-PDMS, the entire pneumatic actuator can still be actuated after being cut and healed. Such a variable-stiffness and healable pneumatic actuator would be useful for complex environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Zi-Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - De-Wei Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Fang-Zhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Cheng-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
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12
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Wang H, Zhang Y, Tan Z. Dynamic Response and Deformative Mechanism of the Shape Memory Polymer Filled with Low-Melting-Point Alloy under Different Dynamic Loads. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020423. [PMID: 36679304 PMCID: PMC9865720 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-melting-point alloy (LMPA) was used as an additive to prepare epoxy-resin-based shape memory polymer composites (LMPA/EP SMP), and dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) tests were performed to demonstrate the shape memory effect, storage modulus, and stiffness of the composites under different load cases. The composites exhibited an excellent shape recovery ratio and shape fixity ratio, and a typical turning point was observed in the storage modulus curves, which was attributed to the melting of the LMPA. In order to investigate the dynamic deformation mechanism at high strain rates, split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) experiments were performed to study the influence of the strain rate and plastic work on the dynamic mechanical response of LMPA/EP composites. The results showed that there was a saturated tendency for the flow stress with increasing strain rate, and the composites exhibited a typical brittle failure mode at high strain rate. Moreover, an obvious melting phenomenon of the LMPA was observed by SEM tests, which was due to the heat generated by the plastic work at high strain rate. The fundamental of the paper provided an effective approach to modulate the stiffness and evaluate the characteristics of SMP composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300104, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Zhuhua Tan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300104, China
- Correspondence:
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13
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Pan Y, Liu XJ, Zhao H. Stretchable and conformable variable stiffness device through an electrorheological fluid. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:9163-9171. [PMID: 36377854 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01362b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Stiffness variations extend creatures' functions and capabilities to deal with complex environments. In this study, we proposed an electrorheological fluid-based variable stiffness device, named VSERF, made up of soft materials. Our device is soft, thin, and stretchable so that it can conform to surfaces with complex morphologies. The stiffness of the VSERF device can be continuously, independently, and reversibly adjusted by applying an electric field. It achieves 14.8-times compressive stiffness variation and 3.5-times tangential stiffness variation when the electric field intensity increases from 0 V mm-1 to 750 V mm-1. The VSERF device is able to return to its initial shape after removing the external force and electric field, allowing it to be reused. The effects of stretching and bending on the device's capability of stiffness variations are investigated experimentally and the results show that the stiffness variation is unaffected by a stretching strain of up to 20% and a bending curvature of up to 50 m-1. Finally, we show that the VSERF device is capable of conforming to complex surfaces (coral stones, pencils, and 3D printed cubes) in its inactive state, hanging on them with a weight of up to 80 g (19 times of its own weight) in its active state, and detaching when the electric field is removed. The device's short-term and long-term stabilities are experimentally investigated as well. The demonstration of the VSERF's attaching and detaching ability shows that the stiffness-variation device's adaptability to complex environments can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Pan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Precision/Ultra-Precision Manufacturing Equipment and Control, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xin-Jun Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Precision/Ultra-Precision Manufacturing Equipment and Control, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Huichan Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Precision/Ultra-Precision Manufacturing Equipment and Control, Beijing 100084, China.
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14
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Ji S, Wu X, Jiang Y, Wang T, Liu Z, Cao C, Ji B, Chi L, Li D, Chen X. Self-Reporting Joule Heating Modulated Stiffness of Polymeric Nanocomposites for Shape Reconfiguration. ACS NANO 2022; 16:16833-16842. [PMID: 36194555 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Shape reconfigurable devices, e.g., foldable phones, have emerged with the development of flexible electronics. But their rigid frames limit the feasible shapes for the devices. To achieve freely changeable shapes yet keep the rigidity of devices for user-friendly operations, stiffness-tunable materials are desired, especially under electrical control. However, current such systems are multilayer with at least a heater layer and a structural layer, leading to complex fabrication, high cost, and loss of reprocessability. Herein, we fabricate covalent adaptable networks-carbon nanotubes (CAN-CNT) composites to realize Joule heating controlled stiffness. The nanocomposites function as stiffness-tunable matrices, electric heaters, and softening sensors all by themselves. The self-reporting of softening is used to regulate the power control, and the sensing mechanism is investigated by simulating the CNT-polymer chain interactions at the nanoscale during the softening process. The nanocomposites not only have adjustable mechanical and thermodynamic properties but also are easy to fabricate at low cost and exhibit reprocessability and recyclability benefiting from the dynamic exchange reactions of CANs. Shape and stiffness control of flexible display systems are demonstrated with the nanocomposites as framing material, where freely reconfigurable shapes are realized to achieve convenient operation, wearing, or storage, fully exploiting their flexible potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Ji
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798Singapore
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123China
| | - Xuwei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798Singapore
| | - Ting Wang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798Singapore
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798Singapore
- Agency for Science Technology and Research, Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Can Cao
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798Singapore
| | - Baohua Ji
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027China
- Oujiang Lab, Wenzhou Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123China
| | - Dechang Li
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798Singapore
- Agency for Science Technology and Research, Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
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15
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Shen J, Du S, Xu Z, Gan T, Handschuh-Wang S, Zhang X. Anti-Freezing, Non-Drying, Localized Stiffening, and Shape-Morphing Organohydrogels. Gels 2022; 8:gels8060331. [PMID: 35735675 PMCID: PMC9222875 DOI: 10.3390/gels8060331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial shape-morphing hydrogels are emerging toward various applications, spanning from electronic skins to healthcare. However, the low freezing and drying tolerance of hydrogels hinder their practical applications in challenging environments, such as subzero temperatures and arid conditions. Herein, we report on a shape-morphing system of tough organohydrogels enabled by the spatially encoded rigid structures and its applications in conformal packaging of “island–bridge” stretchable electronics. To validate this method, programmable shape morphing of Fe (III) ion-stiffened Ca-alginate/polyacrylamide (PAAm) tough organohydrogels down to −50 °C, with long-term preservation of their 3D shapes at arid or even vacuum conditions, was successfully demonstrated, respectively. To further illustrate the potency of this approach, the as-made organohydrogels were employed as a material for the conformal packaging of non-stretchable rigid electronic components and highly stretchable liquid metal (galinstan) conductors, forming a so-called “island–bridge” stretchable circuit. The conformal packaging well addresses the mechanical mismatch between components with different elastic moduli. As such, the as-made stretchable shape-morphing device exhibits a remarkably high mechanical durability that can withstand strains as high as 1000% and possesses long-term stability required for applications under challenging conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Shen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (J.S.); (S.D.); (Z.X.); (T.G.); (S.H.-W.)
| | - Shutong Du
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (J.S.); (S.D.); (Z.X.); (T.G.); (S.H.-W.)
| | - Ziyao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (J.S.); (S.D.); (Z.X.); (T.G.); (S.H.-W.)
| | - Tiansheng Gan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (J.S.); (S.D.); (Z.X.); (T.G.); (S.H.-W.)
| | - Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (J.S.); (S.D.); (Z.X.); (T.G.); (S.H.-W.)
| | - Xueli Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (J.S.); (S.D.); (Z.X.); (T.G.); (S.H.-W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-755-26557377
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16
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Xu Z, Wei DW, Bao RY, Wang Y, Ke K, Yang MB, Yang W. Self-Sensing Actuators Based on a Stiffness Variable Reversible Shape Memory Polymer Enabled by a Phase Change Material. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:22521-22530. [PMID: 35522609 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soft actuators with integrated mechanical and actuation properties and self-sensing ability are still a challenge. Herein, a stiffness variable polyolefin elastomer (POE) with a reversible shape memory effect is prepared by introducing a typical phase change material, i.e., paraffin wax (PW). It is found that the variable stiffness of POE induced by PW can balance the reversible strain and load-bearing capability of actuators. Especially, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are concentrated in a thin surface layer by spraying and hot pressing in the soft state of POE/PW blends, providing signal transductions for the strain and temperature perception for actuators. Taking advantage of tunable reversible deformation and mechanical transformation of the POE/PW actuator, different biomimetic robotics, including grippers with high load-bearing capability (weight-lifting ratio > 146), walking robots that can sense angles of joints, and high-temperature warning robots are demonstrated. A scheme combining the variable stiffness and electrical properties provides a versatile strategy to integrate actuation performance and self-sensing ability, inspiring the development of multifunctional composite designs for soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Dun-Wen Wei
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui-Ying Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
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17
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Li X, Wang S, Lu L, Lv P, Duan H. A micromechanical model for phase-change composites. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2022.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase-change composites have a wide range of tunable mechanical properties caused by temperature-driven phase transition, and have been widely applied in many cutting-edge fields like soft robotics. Previous studies on the effective mechanical properties of phase-change composites mostly use experimental methods, and there have been few theoretical approaches. In this work, we develop a micromechanical framework capable of tracking the effective mechanical properties of phase-change composites throughout the entire phase transition. The phase-change materials embedded in the composites are modelled as inclusions, and the non-phase-change materials are modelled as the matrix. This allows us to determine the effective mechanical properties of phase-change composites via the energy equivalency approach. Moreover, since the new phase will be generated inside the phase-change inclusions in the form of sub-inclusions during the phase transition, the inclusions are modelled as two-phase composites, and their effective mechanical properties are then determined using the Mori–Tanaka method. Finally, by comparing theoretical predictions with experimental data, the accuracy and reliability of the present model are verified. We believe that the proposed model can serve as a powerful tool for evaluating the effective mechanical properties of phase-change composites and provide theoretical guidelines for the design of advanced devices with tunable mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying Li
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
- CAPT, HEDPS and IFSA Collaborative Innovation Center of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengyu Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiling Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
- CAPT, HEDPS and IFSA Collaborative Innovation Center of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Hwang D, Barron EJ, Haque ABMT, Bartlett MD. Shape morphing mechanical metamaterials through reversible plasticity. Sci Robot 2022; 7:eabg2171. [PMID: 35138882 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abg2171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Biological organisms such as the octopus can reconfigure their shape and properties to perform diverse tasks. However, soft machines struggle to achieve complex configurations, morph into shape to support loads, and go between multiple states reversibly. Here, we introduce a multifunctional shape-morphing material with reversible and rapid polymorphic reconfigurability. We couple elastomeric kirigami with an unconventional reversible plasticity mechanism in metal alloys to rapidly (<0.1 seconds) morph flat sheets into complex, load-bearing shapes, with reversibility and self-healing through phase change. This kirigami composite overcomes trade-offs in deformability and load-bearing capacity and eliminates power requirements to sustain reconfigured shapes. We demonstrate this material through integration with onboard control, motors, and power to create a soft robotic morphing drone, which autonomously transforms from a ground to air vehicle and an underwater morphing machine, which can be reversibly deployed to collect cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dohgyu Hwang
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soft Materials and Structures Lab, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Edward J Barron
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soft Materials and Structures Lab, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - A B M Tahidul Haque
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soft Materials and Structures Lab, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Michael D Bartlett
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soft Materials and Structures Lab, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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19
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Thermal, Viscoelastic and Surface Properties of Oxidized Field's Metal for Additive Microfabrication. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14237392. [PMID: 34885549 PMCID: PMC8658616 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Field's metal, a low-melting-point eutectic alloy composed of 51% In, 32.5 Bi% and 16.5% Sn by weight and with a melting temperature of 333 K, is widely used as liquid metal coolant in advanced nuclear reactors and in electro-magneto-hydrodynamic two-phase flow loops. However, its rheological and wetting properties in liquid state make this metal suitable for the formation of droplets and other structures for application in microfabrication. As with other low-melting-point metal alloys, in the presence of air, Field's metal has an oxide film on its surface, which provides a degree of malleability and stability. In this paper, the viscoelastic properties of Field's metal oxide skin were studied in a parallel-plate rheometer, while surface tension and solidification and contact angles were determined using drop shape analysis techniques.
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20
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Sheng Z, Ding Y, Li G, Fu C, Hou Y, Lyu J, Zhang K, Zhang X. Solid-Liquid Host-Guest Composites: The Marriage of Porous Solids and Functional Liquids. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104851. [PMID: 34623698 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Composite materials can provide remarkable improvements over the individual constituents. Especially, with a liquid component introduced into a solid porous host, solid-liquid host-guest composites have recently come to the forefront with exceptional functions that promise them for a wealth of applications. Combining the unprecedented dynamic, transparent, omniphobic, self-healing, diffusive and adaptive nature of functional liquid with inherent solid host's property, solid-liquid host-guest composites can realize the ease of fabrication, long-term stability, and a broad spectrum of enhanced properties, which cannot be fully met by conventional solid-solid composites or liquid-liquid composites. This review presents the state-of-the-art progress in solid-liquid host-guest composites. Initially, the concept, classification, design strategy, as well as fabrication methods as a path forward to develop the composites are unraveled, and further it is elaborated on how the functionality of porous solid and functional liquid can be harnessed to create composites with a broad range of unique properties, especially, the optical, thermal, electric, mechanical, sorption, and separation properties. With these fascinating properties, a myriad of emerging applications such as optical devices, thermal management, electromagnetic-interference shielding, soft electronics, gas capture and release, and multiphase separations are touched upon, inspiring more frontier researches in materials science, interfacial chemistry, membrane science, engineering, and multidisciplinary. Finally, this review provides the perspective on the future directions of solid-liquid host-guest composites and assesses the challenges and opportunities ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhi Sheng
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Guangyong Li
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chen Fu
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yinglai Hou
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jing Lyu
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xuetong Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK
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21
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Xin Y, Gao T, Xu J, Zhang J, Wu D. Transient Electrically Driven Stiffness-Changing Materials from Liquid Metal Polymer Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:50392-50400. [PMID: 34649421 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stiffness-changing materials (SCMs) have received lots of interests due to their reversible transition between their soft and rigid states for modern applications. However, the irreversible stiffness transition, slow response, and sustained external stimuli strictly hinder the broad utilizations of SCMs. Here, this work reports electrically driven SCMs based on supercooled liquid metals (LMs). A small voltage (5 V) can successfully initiate the stable and reversible stiffness change of the SCMs in electrolyte solution. Surprisingly, the LM-based SCMs (LM-SCMs) exhibited a significant change in 1000 times difference of moduli (65 kPa versus 79 MPa). Moreover, such a stiffness transition of the LM-SCM was ultrarapidly completed in a few seconds (<30 s). Importantly, after transient stimulation of LM nucleation, the rigidity of the LM-SCM could be maintained when the external stimulus (voltage) was removed, highly different from previously reported SCMs that require sustained energy to maintain their mechanical states. Based on the unique features of LM-SCMs, advanced robotics like smart valves and mechanical paws in seawater were successfully fabricated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Xin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
- Jiangsu Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, 211189 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Tenglong Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
- Jiangsu Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, 211189 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Jiuyang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
- Jiangsu Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, 211189 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Dongfang Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
- Jiangsu Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, 211189 Nanjing, PR China
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22
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Levine DJ, Turner KT, Pikul JH. Materials with Electroprogrammable Stiffness. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007952. [PMID: 34245062 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stiffness is a mechanical property of vital importance to any material system and is typically considered a static quantity. Recent work, however, has shown that novel materials with programmable stiffness can enhance the performance and simplify the design of engineered systems, such as morphing wings, robotic grippers, and wearable exoskeletons. For many of these applications, the ability to program stiffness with electrical activation is advantageous because of the natural compatibility with electrical sensing, control, and power networks ubiquitous in autonomous machines and robots. The numerous applications for materials with electrically driven stiffness modulation has driven a rapid increase in the number of publications in this field. Here, a comprehensive review of the available materials that realize electroprogrammable stiffness is provided, showing that all current approaches can be categorized as using electrostatics or electrically activated phase changes, and summarizing the advantages, limitations, and applications of these materials. Finally, a perspective identifies state-of-the-art trends and an outlook of future opportunities for the development and use of materials with electroprogrammable stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Levine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Applied Mechanics, 220 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kevin T Turner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Applied Mechanics, 220 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - James H Pikul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Applied Mechanics, 220 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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23
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Bhuyan P, Singh VK, Park S. 2D and 3D Structuring of Freestanding Metallic Wires Enabled by Room-Temperature Welding for Soft and Stretchable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:36644-36652. [PMID: 34310104 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a facile and cost-effective approach to assemble metallic wires into two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) freestanding geometries by room-temperature welding is demonstrated. The low melting point of gallium (29.8 °C) enables the welding at room temperature without the aid of high-energy sources required for high-melting-point metals and alloys. The welding enables assembly of solid gallium wires into 2D and 3D geometries that could create freestanding architectures with multiple junctions along any inclined direction. These 2D and 3D freestanding metallic structures are freeze-cast in soft elastomers to obtain stretchable and soft devices: a 2D stretchable resistive and capacitive sensor patterned with parallel metal lines, a 2D stretchable capacitive sensor patterned with an interdigitated metal structure with capacitive changes on stretching in both x- and y-axes, and a 3D compressive sensor by assembly of liquid metal helices, which could sense foot pressure compression. We also developed a facile method to interconnect between soft circuits and external electronics, suppressing stress during mechanical deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanuj Bhuyan
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Vijay K Singh
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342037, India
| | - Sungjune Park
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
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24
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Jiang Y, Ma J, Chen D, Liu Z, Li Y, Paik J. Compact Pneumatic Clutch With Integrated Stiffness Variation and Position Feedback. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2021.3083236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Bhuyan P, Wei Y, Sin D, Yu J, Nah C, Jeong KU, Dickey MD, Park S. Soft and Stretchable Liquid Metal Composites with Shape Memory and Healable Conductivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:28916-28924. [PMID: 34102837 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory composites are fascinating materials with the ability to preserve deformed shapes that recover when triggered by certain external stimuli. Although elastomers are not inherently shape memory materials, the inclusion of phase-change materials within the elastomer can impart shape memory properties. When this filler changes the phase from liquid to solid, the effective modulus of the polymer increases significantly, enabling stiffness tuning. Using gallium, a metal with a low melting point (29.8 °C), it is possible to create elastomeric materials with metallic conductivity and shape memory properties. This concept has been used previously in core-shell (gallium-elastomer) fibers and foams, but here, we show that it can also be implemented in elastomeric films containing microchannels. Such microchannels are appealing because it is possible to control the geometry of the filler and create metallically conductive circuits. Stretching the solidified metal fractures the fillers; however, they can heal by body heat to restore conductivity. Such conductive, shape memory sheets with healable conductivity may find applications in stretchable electronics and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanuj Bhuyan
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Yuwen Wei
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Dongho Sin
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Jaesang Yu
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Korea
| | - Changwoon Nah
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Department of Bio-Nanotechnology and Bio-Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Kwang-Un Jeong
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Sungjune Park
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
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26
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Gomez EF, Wanasinghe SV, Flynn AE, Dodo OJ, Sparks JL, Baldwin LA, Tabor CE, Durstock MF, Konkolewicz D, Thrasher CJ. 3D-Printed Self-Healing Elastomers for Modular Soft Robotics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:28870-28877. [PMID: 34124888 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in materials, designs, and controls are propelling the field of soft robotics at an incredible rate; however, current methods for prototyping soft robots remain cumbersome and struggle to incorporate desirable geometric complexity. Herein, a vat photopolymerizable self-healing elastomer system capable of extreme elongations up to 1000% is presented. The material is formed from a combination of thiol/acrylate mixed chain/step-growth polymerizations and uses a combination of physical processes and dynamic-bond exchange via thioethers to achieve full self-healing capacity over multiple damage/healing cycles. These elastomers can be three dimensional (3D) printed with modular designs capable of healing together to form highly complex and large functional soft robots. Additionally, these materials show reprogrammable resting shapes and compatibility with self-healing liquid metal electronics. Using these capabilities, subcomponents with multiple internal channel systems were printed, healed together, and combined with functional liquid metals to form a high-wattage pneumatic switch and a humanoid-scale soft robotic gripper. The combination of 3D printing and self-healing elastomeric materials allows for facile production of support-free parts with extreme complexity, resulting in a paradigm shift for the construction of modular soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot F Gomez
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Shiwanka V Wanasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Alex E Flynn
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Obed J Dodo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Jessica L Sparks
- Department of Chemical, Paper, and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, 650 E High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Luke A Baldwin
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Christopher E Tabor
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Michael F Durstock
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Carl J Thrasher
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
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27
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Wang H, Chen Z, Zuo S. Flexible Manipulator with Low-Melting-Point Alloy Actuation and Variable Stiffness. Soft Robot 2021; 9:577-590. [PMID: 34152857 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2020.0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible manipulators offer significant advantages over traditional rigid manipulators in minimally invasive surgery, because they can flexibly navigate around obstacles and pass cramped or tortuous paths. However, due to the inherent low stiffness, the ability to control/obtain higher stiffness when required remains to be further explored. In this article, we propose a flexible manipulator that exploits the phase transformation property of low-melting-point alloy to hydraulically drive and change the stiffness by heating and cooling. A prototype was fabricated, and experiments were conducted to evaluate the motion characteristics, stiffness performance, and rigid-flexible transition efficiency. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed manipulator can freely adjust heading direction in the three-dimensional space. The experimental results also indicate that it took 9.2-10.3 s for the manipulator to transform from a rigid state to a flexible state and 15.4 s to transform from a flexible state to a rigid state. The lateral stiffness and flexural stiffness of the manipulator were 95.54 and 372.1 Ncm2 in the rigid state and 7.26 and 0.78 Ncm2 in the flexible state. The gain of the lateral stiffness and flexural stiffness was 13.15 and 477.05, respectively. In the rigid state, the ultimate force without shape deformation was more than 0.98 N in the straight condition (0°) and 1.36 N in the bending condition (90°). By assembling flexible surgical tools, the manipulator can enrich the diagnosis or treatment functions, which demonstrated the potential clinical value of the proposed manipulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- Key Lab of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Key Lab of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Siyang Zuo
- Key Lab of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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28
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Tan YJ, Susanto GJ, Anwar Ali HP, Tee BCK. Progress and Roadmap for Intelligent Self-Healing Materials in Autonomous Robotics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2002800. [PMID: 33346389 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Robots are increasingly assisting humans in performing various tasks. Like special agents with elite skills, they can venture to distant locations and adverse environments, such as the deep sea and outer space. Micro/nanobots can also act as intrabody agents for healthcare applications. Self-healing materials that can autonomously perform repair functions are useful to address the unpredictability of the environment and the increasing drive toward the autonomous operation. Having self-healable robotic materials can potentially reduce costs, electronic wastes, and improve a robot endowed with such materials longevity. This review aims to serve as a roadmap driven by past advances and inspire future cross-disciplinary research in robotic materials and electronics. By first charting the history of self-healing materials, new avenues are provided to classify the various self-healing materials proposed over several decades. The materials and strategies for self-healing in robotics and stretchable electronics are also reviewed and discussed. It is believed that this article encourages further innovation in this exciting and emerging branch in robotics interfacing with material science and electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jun Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- Institute of Innovation in Health Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Glenys Jocelin Susanto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Hashina Parveen Anwar Ali
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Benjamin C K Tee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- Institute of Innovation in Health Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- N.1 Institute of Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
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29
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Gao J, Ye J, Chen S, Gong J, Wang Q, Liu J. Liquid Metal Foaming via Decomposition Agents. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:17093-17103. [PMID: 33788538 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging functional material, the liquid metal has demonstrated its encouraging potential in several areas with practical trials, while its global uniformity including high density and limited macroscopic interface might become a barrier for some tough application scenarios. Here, we proposed the concept of liquid metal foaming via decomposition agents, aiming to develop a generalized way to make porous foam metallic fluid, which would pave the way in achieving more structured features and adaptability of liquid metals. By introducing a greenness strategy with the help of an ecofriendly foaming agent, we realized a series of designed targeted liquid metal foams (LMFs). Compared with common liquid metals, LMFs possess many excellent properties, such as abundant interfaces, tunable conductivity, and adjustable stiffness, due to the controllable regulation of their porous structure. According to these unique characteristics, diversified values of LMFs were obtained. Benefiting from the naturally enriched interface in LMFs, the hydrogen evolution of LMFs in neutral deionized water was more efficient and more productive. Additionally, the compact LMF-air battery with high performance was originally manufactured. Moreover, the tunable LMF-enabled four-dimensional (4D) electromagnetic shielding materials possess excellent shielding performance. This material could open up broad vistas for the application of LMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianye Gao
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiao Ye
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sen Chen
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiahao Gong
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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30
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Zhao X, Peng LM, Chen Y, Zha XJ, Li WD, Bai L, Ke K, Bao RY, Yang MB, Yang W. Phase change mediated mechanically transformative dynamic gel for intelligent control of versatile devices. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:1230-1241. [PMID: 34821916 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh02069a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Traditional devices, including conventional rigid electronics and machines, as well as emerging wearable electronics and soft robotics, almost all have a single mechanical state for particular service purposes. Nonetheless, dynamic materials with interchangeable mechanical states, which enable more diverse and versatile applications, are urgently necessary for intelligent and adaptive application cases in the future electronic and robot fields. Here, we report a gel-like material composed of a crosslinking polymer network impregnated with a phase changing molten liquid, which undergoes an exceptional stiffness transition in response to a thermal stimulus. Vice versa, the material switches from a soft gel state to a rigid solid state with a dramatic stiffness change of 105 times (601 MPa versus 4.5 kPa) benefiting from the liquid-solid phase change of the crystalline polymer once cooled. Such reversibility of the phase and mechanical transition upon thermal stimuli enables the dynamic gel mechanical transformation, demonstrating potential applications in an adhesive thermal interface gasket (TIG) to facilitate thermal transport, a high-temperature warning sensor and an intelligent gripper. Overall, this dynamic gel with a tunable stiffness change paves a new way to design and fabricate adaptive smart materials toward intelligent control of versatile devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China.
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31
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Coulson R, Stabile CJ, Turner KT, Majidi C. Versatile Soft Robot Gripper Enabled by Stiffness and Adhesion Tuning via Thermoplastic Composite. Soft Robot 2021; 9:189-200. [PMID: 33481683 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2020.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the field of robotics, stiffness tuning technologies have potential for a variety of applications-perhaps most notably for robotic grasping. Many stiffness tuning grippers have been developed that can grasp fragile or irregularly shaped objects without causing damage and while still accommodating large loads. In addition to limiting gripper deformation when lifting an object, increasing gripper stiffness after contact formation improves load sharing at the interface and enhances adhesion. In this study, we present a novel stiffness and adhesion tuning gripper, enabled by the thermally induced phase change of a thermoplastic composite material embedded within a silicone contact pad. The gripper operates by bringing the pad into contact with an object while in its heated, soft state, and then allowing the pad to cool and stiffen to form a strong adhesive bond before lifting the object. Pull-off tests conducted using the gripper show that transitioning from a soft to stiff state during grasping enables up to 6 × increase in adhesion strength. Additionally, a finite element model is developed to simulate the behavior of the gripper. Finally, pick-and-place demonstrations are performed, which highlight the gripper's ability to delicately grasp objects of various shapes, sizes, and weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Coulson
- Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher J Stabile
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin T Turner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carmel Majidi
- Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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32
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Ford MJ, Patel DK, Pan C, Bergbreiter S, Majidi C. Controlled Assembly of Liquid Metal Inclusions as a General Approach for Multifunctional Composites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002929. [PMID: 33043492 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Soft composites that use droplets of gallium-based liquid metal (LM) as the dispersion phase have the potential for transformative impact in multifunctional material engineering. However, it is unclear whether percolation pathways of LM can support high electrical conductivity in a wide range of matrix materials. This issue is addressed through an approach to LM composite synthesis that focuses on the interrelated effects of matrix curing/solidification and droplet formation. The combined influence of LM concentration, particle size, and sedimentation is explored. By developing this approach, the functionalities that have been demonstrated with LM composites can be generalized to other matrix materials that impart additional functionality. Specifically, composites are synthesized using a biodegradable/reprocessable plastic (polycaprolactone), a hydrogel (poly(vinyl alcohol)), and a processable rubber (a styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene derivative) to demonstrate wide applicability. This method enables synthesis of composites: i) with high stretchability and negligible electromechanical coupling (>600% strain); ii) with Joule-heated healing and reprocessability; iii) with electrical and mechanical self-healing; and iv) that can be printed. This approach to controlled assembly represents a widely applicable technique for creating new classes of LM composites with unprecedented multifunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ford
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Dinesh K Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Chengfeng Pan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Sarah Bergbreiter
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Carmel Majidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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33
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Zhu Y, Wei LY, Fu X, Zhang JQ, Kong LM, Huang GS, Wu JR. Super Strong and Tough Elastomers Enabled by Sacrificial Segregated Network. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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34
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Yang Z, Chen Y, Liu X, Yin B, Yang M. Fabrication of poly(ε‐caprolactone) (
PCL)
/poly(propylene carbonate) (
PPC)
/ethylene‐α‐octene block copolymer (
OBC)
triple shape memory blends with cycling performance by constructing a co‐continuous phase morphology. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zi‐xuan Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Ming‐bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu People's Republic of China
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35
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Malakooti MH, Bockstaller MR, Matyjaszewski K, Majidi C. Liquid metal nanocomposites. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:2668-2677. [PMID: 36132412 PMCID: PMC9419082 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00148a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM) has attracted tremendous interest over the past decade for its enabling combination of high electrical and thermal conductivity and low mechanical compliance and viscosity. Efforts to harness LM in electronics, robotics, and biomedical applications have largely involved methods to encapsulate the liquid so that it can support functionality without leaking or smearing. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in LM "nanocomposites" in which either liquid metal is mixed with metallic nanoparticles or nanoscale droplets of liquid metal are suspended within a soft polymer matrix. Both of these material systems represent an important step towards utilizing liquid metal for breakthrough applications. In this minireview, we present a brief overview of recent progress over the past few years in methods to synthesize LM nanomaterials and utilize them as transducers for sensing, actuation, and energy harvesting. In particular, we focus on techniques for stable synthesis of LM nanodroplets, suspension of nanodroplets within various matrix materials, and methods for incorporating metallic nanoparticles within an LM matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Malakooti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington Seattle WA 91895 USA
| | - Michael R Bockstaller
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | | | - Carmel Majidi
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
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36
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Yu D, Liao Y, Song Y, Wang S, Wan H, Zeng Y, Yin T, Yang W, He Z. A Super-Stretchable Liquid Metal Foamed Elastomer for Tunable Control of Electromagnetic Waves and Thermal Transport. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2000177. [PMID: 32596119 PMCID: PMC7312308 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
It is remarkably desirable and challenging to design a stretchable conductive material with tunable electromagnetic-interference (EMI) shielding and heat transfer for applications in flexible electronics. However, the existing materials sustained a severe attenuation of performances when largely stretched. Here, a super-stretchable (800% strain) liquid metal foamed elastomer composite (LMF-EC) is reported, achieving super-high electrical (≈104 S cm-1) and thermal (17.6 W mK-1) conductivities under a large strain of 400%, which also exhibits unexpected stretching-enhanced EMI shielding effectiveness of 85 dB due to the conductive network elongation and reorientation. By varying the liquid and solid states of LMF, the stretching can enable a multifunctional reversible switch that simultaneously regulates the thermal, electrical, and electromagnetic wave transport. Novel flexible temperature control and a thermoelectric system based on LMF-EC is furthermore developed. This work is a significant step toward the development of smart electromagnetic and thermal regulator for stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehai Yu
- Department of Vehicle EngineeringCollege of EngineeringChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Yue Liao
- Department of Vehicle EngineeringCollege of EngineeringChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Yingchao Song
- Department of Vehicle EngineeringCollege of EngineeringChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Shilong Wang
- Department of Vehicle EngineeringCollege of EngineeringChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Haoyu Wan
- Department of Vehicle EngineeringCollege of EngineeringChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Yanhong Zeng
- Department of Vehicle EngineeringCollege of EngineeringChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Tao Yin
- Department of Vehicle EngineeringCollege of EngineeringChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Wenhao Yang
- Department of Vehicle EngineeringCollege of EngineeringChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Zhizhu He
- Department of Vehicle EngineeringCollege of EngineeringChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100083China
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Jiang F, Zhang Z, Wang X, Cheng G, Zhang Z, Ding J. Pneumatically Actuated Self-Healing Bionic Crawling Soft Robot. J INTELL ROBOT SYST 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10846-020-01187-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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38
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Peng Y, Liu H, Li T, Zhang J. Hybrid Metallic Foam with Superior Elasticity, High Electrical Conductivity, and Pressure Sensitivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:6489-6495. [PMID: 31927977 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Growing interest has been received in metallic foams for their combined features of metals and porous structures. Coating metals on polymers have been the most prevalent method to fabricate hybrid metallic foams to inherit both the merits of metals and the mechanical flexibility of polymers. However, direct coating metals on foams is challenging and requires tedious synthesis, such as electrolysis and chemical reduction. This work reported a facile strategy to build hybrid metallic foams via in situ foaming of liquid metals (LM) and polyurethane. The fluidity and incompatibility of LM with porous polyurethane allow the coating of LM on polymers. LM-Foams exhibit high electrical conductivity (3.9 × 104 S/m), low density (ρ < 1 g/cm3), phenomenal elasticity (recover at 95% strain), and excellent mechanical stability (stable with 1000 compressive cycles). Interestingly, the ease of deformation for fluidic fillers in elastic polyurethane generates additional resistive change under pressure, showing unique sensory behaviors which were not observed in conventional conductive foams, such as high response sensitivity (gauge factor >25), short response time (202 ms), and outstanding electrical stability. The nonuniform size distribution of pores leads LM-Foams to show unusual position-dependent sensitivity, enabling advanced applications as password pads and electrical protection foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Jiangsu Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , PR China
| | - Huaizhi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Jiangsu Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , PR China
| | - Tuoqi Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Jiuyang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Jiangsu Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , PR China
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Li J, Wong WY, Tao XM. Recent advances in soft functional materials: preparation, functions and applications. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:1281-1306. [PMID: 31912063 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07035d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic materials and biomaterials with elastic moduli lower than 10 MPa are generally considered as soft materials. Research studies on soft materials have been boosted due to their intriguing features such as light-weight, low modulus, stretchability, and a diverse range of functions including sensing, actuating, insulating and transporting. They are ideal materials for applications in smart textiles, flexible devices and wearable electronics. On the other hand, benefiting from the advances in materials science and chemistry, novel soft materials with tailored properties and functions could be prepared to fulfil the specific requirements. In this review, the current progress of soft materials, ranging from materials design, preparation and application are critically summarized based on three categories, namely gels, foams and elastomers. The chemical, physical and electrical properties and the applications are elaborated. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of soft materials to researchers in different disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wai-Yeung Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiao-Ming Tao
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
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40
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Zhuo S, Zhao Z, Xie Z, Hao Y, Xu Y, Zhao T, Li H, Knubben EM, Wen L, Jiang L, Liu M. Complex multiphase organohydrogels with programmable mechanics toward adaptive soft-matter machines. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax1464. [PMID: 32064332 PMCID: PMC6994219 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax1464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Many biological organisms can tune their mechanical properties to adapt to environments in multistable modes, but the current synthetic materials, with bistable states, have a limited ability to alter mechanical stiffness. Here, we constructed programmable organohydrogels with multistable mechanical states by an on-demand modular assembly of noneutectic phase transition components inside microrganogel inclusions. The resultant multiphase organohydrogel exhibits precisely controllable thermo-induced stepwise switching (i.e., triple, quadruple, and quintuple switching) mechanics and a self-healing property. The organohydrogel was introduced into the design of soft-matter machines, yielding a soft gripper with adaptive grasping through stiffness matching with various objects under pneumatic-thermal hybrid actuation. Meanwhile, a programmable adhesion of octopus-inspired robotic tentacles on a wide range of surface morphologies was realized. These results demonstrated the applicability of these organohydrogels in lifelike soft robotics in unconstructed and human body environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Ziguang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Zhexin Xie
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yufei Hao
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yichao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Tianyi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Huanjun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Elias M. Knubben
- Leitung Corporate Bionic Department, Festo AG & Co. KG, Esslingen 73734, Germany
| | - Li Wen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- International Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Mingjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- International Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- Research Institute of Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
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41
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Huang Y, Yu B, Zhang L, Ning N, Tian M. Highly Stretchable Conductor by Self-Assembling and Mechanical Sintering of a 2D Liquid Metal on a 3D Polydopamine-Modified Polyurethane Sponge. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:48321-48330. [PMID: 31755684 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A highly stretchable conductor was fabricated through dip-coating a new liquid metal (LM) electric ink on a polydopamine (PDA)-modified three-dimensional (3D) polyurethane sponge (PUS) followed by mechanical sintering. The LM was first sonicated to nanodroplets to reduce the consumption of LM and then modified by 3-mercaptopropionic acid (LMNPS-MPA) to improve the interfacial adhesion between LM and PUS. The denser and even distribution of LMNPS-MPA self-assembling on PDA-treated PUS (PUS-PDA) was successfully prepared via hydrogen bonding interactions. Mechanical sintering of 3D PUS-PDA coated by a two-dimensional (2D) LM layer was then conducted to obtain a continuous conductive network. Comparing with those of the reported 3D conductors, the resulting PUS-PDA-LM composite conductor shows both high electrical conductivity (478 S cm-1) under a low LM consumption of 10 vol% and excellent conductivity stability with the relative resistance change, ΔR/R0, of 2% at 50% strain under stretching deformation. The as-prepared PUS-PDA-LM composites were then successfully applied as flexible and stretchable light-emitting diode (LED) arrays with excellent conductivity and conductivity stability at different deformations. We believe that the 3D stretchable PUS-PDA-LM conductor has many potential applications in flexible sensors, flexible circuits, rollable displays, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Bing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Nanying Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Ming Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
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42
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Park S, Baugh N, Shah HK, Parekh DP, Joshipura ID, Dickey MD. Ultrastretchable Elastic Shape Memory Fibers with Electrical Conductivity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1901579. [PMID: 31728290 PMCID: PMC6839750 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Herein, elastomeric fibers that have shape memory properties due to the presence of a gallium core that can undergo phase transition from solid to liquid in response to mild heating are described. The gallium is injected into the core of a hollow fiber formed by melt processing. This approach provides a straightforward method to create shape memory properties from any hollow elastic fiber. Solidifying the core changes the effective fiber modulus from 4 to 1253 MPa. This increase in stiffness can preserve the fiber in a deformed shape. The elastic energy stored in the polymer shell during deformation drives the fiber to relax back to its original geometry upon melting the solid gallium core, allowing for shape memory. Although waxes are used previously for this purpose, the use of gallium is compelling because of its metallic electrical and thermal conductivity. In addition, the use of a rigid metallic core provides perfect fixity of the shape memory fiber. Notably, the use of gallium-with a melting point above room temperature but below body temperature-allows the user to melt and deform local regions of the fiber by hand and thereby tune the effective modulus and shape of the fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjune Park
- Department of Polymer‐Nano Science and TechnologyBK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research TeamDepartment of BIN Convergence TechnologyChonbuk National UniversityJeonju54896South Korea
| | - Neil Baugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State University911 Partners WayRaleighNC27695USA
| | - Hardil K. Shah
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State University911 Partners WayRaleighNC27695USA
| | - Dishit P. Parekh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State University911 Partners WayRaleighNC27695USA
| | - Ishan D. Joshipura
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State University911 Partners WayRaleighNC27695USA
| | - Michael D. Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State University911 Partners WayRaleighNC27695USA
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43
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Byun SH, Sim JY, Zhou Z, Lee J, Qazi R, Walicki MC, Parker KE, Haney MP, Choi SH, Shon A, Gereau GB, Bilbily J, Li S, Liu Y, Yeo WH, McCall JG, Xiao J, Jeong JW. Mechanically transformative electronics, sensors, and implantable devices. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaay0418. [PMID: 31701008 PMCID: PMC6824851 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, electronics have been designed with static form factors to serve designated purposes. This approach has been an optimal direction for maintaining the overall device performance and reliability for targeted applications. However, electronics capable of changing their shape, flexibility, and stretchability will enable versatile and accommodating systems for more diverse applications. Here, we report design concepts, materials, physics, and manufacturing strategies that enable these reconfigurable electronic systems based on temperature-triggered tuning of mechanical characteristics of device platforms. We applied this technology to create personal electronics with variable stiffness and stretchability, a pressure sensor with tunable bandwidth and sensitivity, and a neural probe that softens upon integration with brain tissue. Together, these types of transformative electronics will substantially broaden the use of electronics for wearable and implantable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyuk Byun
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Yong Sim
- Welfare & Medical ICT Research Department, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhanan Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Juhyun Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Raza Qazi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Marie C. Walicki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kyle E. Parker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew P. Haney
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Su Hwan Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahnsei Shon
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Graydon B. Gereau
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John Bilbily
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jordan G. McCall
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jianliang Xiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jae-Woong Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Corresponding author.
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44
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Development and Testing of Woven FRP Flexure Hinges for Pressure-Actuated Cellular Structures with Regard to Morphing Wing Applications. AEROSPACE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/aerospace6110116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Shape-variable structures can change their geometry in a targeted way and thus adapt their outer shape to different operating conditions. The potential applications in aviation are manifold and far-reaching. The substitution of conventional flaps in high-lift systems or even the deformation of entire wing profiles is conceivable. All morphing approaches have to deal with the same challenge: A conflict between minimizing actuating forces on the one hand, and maximizing structural deflections and resistance to external forces on the other. A promising concept of shape variability to face this challenging conflict is found in biology. Pressure-actuated cellular structures (PACS) are based on the movement of nastic plants. Firstly, a brief review of the holistic design approach of PACS is presented. The aim of the following study is to investigate manufacturing possibilities for woven flexure hinges in closed cellular structures. Weaving trials are first performed on the material level and finally on a five-cell PACS cantilever. The overall feasibility of woven fiber reinforced plastics (FRP)-PACS is proven. However, the results show that the materials selection in the weaving process substantially influences the mechanical behavior of flexure hinges. Thus, the optimization of manufacturing parameters is a key factor for the realization of woven FRP-PACS.
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45
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Qi X, Yang W, Yu L, Wang W, Lu H, Wu Y, Zhu S, Zhu Y, Liu X, Dong Y, Fu Y. Design of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Fiber with Two-Way Shape Memory Effect. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1599. [PMID: 31574960 PMCID: PMC6835960 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One-dimensional shape memory polymer fibers (SMPFs) have obvious advantages in mechanical properties, dispersion properties, and weavability. In this work, a method for fabricating semi-crystallization ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) fiber with two-way shape memory effect by melt spinning and ultraviolet (UV) curing was developed. Here, the effect of crosslink density on its performance was systematically analyzed by gel fraction measurement, tensile tests, DSC, and TMA analysis. The results showed that the crosslink density and shape memory properties of EVA fiber could be facilely adjusted by controlling UV curing time. The resulting EVA fiber with cylindrical structure had a diameter of 261.86 ± 13.07 μm, and its mechanical strength and elongation at break were 64.46 MPa and 114.33%, respectively. The critical impact of the crosslink density and applied constant stress on the two-way shape memory effect were analyzed. Moreover, the single EVA fiber could lift more than 143 times its own weight and achieve 9% reversible actuation strain. The reversible actuation capability was significantly enhanced by a simple winding design of the single EVA fiber, which provided great potential applications in smart textiles, flexible actuators, and artificial muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Qi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Wentong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Laiming Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Haohao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Yanglong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Shanwen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Yaofeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Yubing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Yaqin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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46
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Yang FK, Cholewinski A, Yu L, Rivers G, Zhao B. A hybrid material that reversibly switches between two stable solid states. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:874-882. [PMID: 31332323 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Most types of solid matter have a single stable solid state for a particular set of conditions. Nonetheless, materials with distinct, interchangeable solid states would be advantageous for several technological applications. Here, we describe a material composed of a polymer impregnated with a supercooled salt solution, termed as sal-gel, that assumes two distinct but stable and reversible solid states under the same conditions for a range of temperatures (-90 to 58 °C) and pressure. On transient stimulation of nucleation, the material switches from a clear and soft solid to a white and hard state, which can be 104 times stiffer than the original (15 kPa versus 385 MPa). This hard solid becomes soft again by transient heating, demonstrating the reversibility of the transition. This concept, exploiting the robust physical metastability of a liquid state, is extended to sugar alcohols, resulting in a stimuli-responsive and non-evaporating sug-gel. These 'two-in-one' solid materials may find potential uses in soft robotics and adhesive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fut Kuo Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Aleksander Cholewinski
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Geoffrey Rivers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Boxin Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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47
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Li S, Bai H, Shepherd RF, Zhao H. Bio‐inspired Design and Additive Manufacturing of Soft Materials, Machines, Robots, and Haptic Interfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11182-11204. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Cornell University USA
| | - Hedan Bai
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Cornell University USA
| | - Robert F. Shepherd
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Cornell University USA
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Cornell University USA
| | - Huichan Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Tsinghua University China
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48
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Li S, Bai H, Shepherd RF, Zhao H. Bioinspiriertes Design und additive Fertigung von weichen Materialien, Maschinen, Robotern und haptischen Schnittstellen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Cornell University; USA
| | - Hedan Bai
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Cornell University; USA
| | - Robert F. Shepherd
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Cornell University; USA
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Cornell University; USA
| | - Huichan Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Tsinghua University; China
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49
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Abstract
SummaryA design and manufacturing method is described for creating a motor tendon–actuated soft foam robot. The method uses a castable, light, and easily compressible open-cell polyurethane foam, producing a structure capable of large (~70% strain) deformations while requiring low torques to operate (<0.2 N·m). The soft robot can change shape, by compressing and folding, allowing for complex locomotion with only two actuators. Achievable motions include forward locomotion at 13 mm/s (4.3% of body length per second), turning at 9◦/s, and end-over-end flipping. Hard components, such as motors, are loosely sutured into cavities after molding. This reduces unwanted stiffening of the soft body. This work is the first demonstration of a soft open-cell foam robot locomoting with motor tendon actuators. The manufacturing method is rapid (~30 min per mold), inexpensive (under $3 per robot for the structural foam), and flexible, and will allow a variety of soft foam robotic devices to be produced.
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Cao J, Zhou C, Su G, Zhang X, Zhou T, Zhou Z, Yang Y. Arbitrarily 3D Configurable Hygroscopic Robots with a Covalent-Noncovalent Interpenetrating Network and Self-Healing Ability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1900042. [PMID: 30907456 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201900042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Soft materials that can reversibly transform shape in response to moisture have applications in diverse areas such as soft robotics and biomedicine. However, the design of a structurally transformable or mechanically self-healing version of such a humidity-responsive material, which can arbitrarily change shape and reconfigure its 3D structures remains challenging. Here, by drawing inspiration from a covalent-noncovalent network, an elaborately designed biopolyester is developed that features a simple hygroscopic actuation mechanism, straightforward manufacturability at low ambient temperature (≤35 °C), fast and stable response, robust mechanical properties, and excellent self-healing ability. Diverse functions derived from various 3D shapes that can grasp, swing, close-open, lift, or transport an object are further demonstrated. This strategy of easy-to-process 3D structured self-healing actuators is expected to combine with other actuation mechanisms to extend new possibilities in diverse practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Changlin Zhou
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Gehong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zehang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yibo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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