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Jiang X, Shi C, Wang Z, Huang L, Chi L. Healthcare Monitoring Sensors Based on Organic Transistors: Surface/Interface Strategy and Performance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308952. [PMID: 37951211 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic transistors possess inherent advantages such as flexibility, biocompatibility, customizable chemical structures, solution-processability, and amplifying capabilities, making them highly promising for portable healthcare sensor applications. Through convenient and diverse modifications at the material and device surfaces or interfaces, organic transistors allow for a wide range of sensor applications spanning from chemical and biological to physical sensing. In this comprehensive review, the surface and interface engineering aspect associated with four types of typical healthcare sensors is focused. The device operation principles and sensing mechanisms are systematically analyzed and highlighted, and particularly surface/interface functionalization strategies that contribute to the enhancement of sensing performance are focused. An outlook and perspective on the critical issues and challenges in the field of healthcare sensing using organic transistors are provided as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Shi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zi Wang
- Suzhou Laboratory, 388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lizhen Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
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Liu H, Song J, Zhao Z, Zhao S, Tian Z, Yan F. Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Biomarker Detections. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2305347. [PMID: 38263718 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The improvement of living standards and the advancement of medical technology have led to an increased focus on health among individuals. Detections of biomarkers are feasible approaches to obtaining information about health status, disease progression, and response to treatment of an individual. In recent years, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have demonstrated high electrical performances and effectiveness in detecting various types of biomarkers. This review provides an overview of the working principles of OECTs and their performance in detecting multiple types of biomarkers, with a focus on the recent advances and representative applications of OECTs in wearable and implantable biomarker detections, and provides a perspective for the future development of OECT-based biomarker sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jiajun Song
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Sanqing Zhao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Tian
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Research Institute of Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
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3
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Zhang Y, Chen D, He W, Chen N, Zhou L, Yu L, Yang Y, Yuan Q. Interface-Engineered Field-Effect Transistor Electronic Devices for Biosensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2306252. [PMID: 38048547 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Promising advances in molecular medicine have promoted the urgent requirement for reliable and sensitive diagnostic tools. Electronic biosensing devices based on field-effect transistors (FETs) exhibit a wide range of benefits, including rapid and label-free detection, high sensitivity, easy operation, and capability of integration, possessing significant potential for application in disease screening and health monitoring. In this perspective, the tremendous efforts and achievements in the development of high-performance FET biosensors in the past decade are summarized, with emphasis on the interface engineering of FET-based electrical platforms for biomolecule identification. First, an overview of engineering strategies for interface modulation and recognition element design is discussed in detail. For a further step, the applications of FET-based electrical devices for in vitro detection and real-time monitoring in biological systems are comprehensively reviewed. Finally, the key opportunities and challenges of FET-based electronic devices in biosensing are discussed. It is anticipated that a comprehensive understanding of interface engineering strategies in FET biosensors will inspire additional techniques for developing highly sensitive, specific, and stable FET biosensors as well as emerging designs for next-generation biosensing electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Duo Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Wang He
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Na Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Liping Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Lilei Yu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yanbing Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Quan Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
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Azimi M, Kim CH, Fan J, Cicoira F. Effect of ionic conductivity of electrolyte on printed planar and vertical organic electrochemical transistors. Faraday Discuss 2023; 246:540-555. [PMID: 37436097 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00065f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Conducting polymers with mixed electronic/ionic transport are attracting a great deal of interest for applications in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). Ions play a crucial role in OECT performance. The concentration and mobility of ions in the electrolyte influence the current flow in the OECT and its transconductance. This study examines the electrochemical properties and ionic conductivity of two semi-solid electrolytes, iongels, and organogels, with diverse ionic species and properties. Our results indicate that the organogels exhibited higher ionic conductivities than the iongels. Furthermore, the geometry of OECTs plays an important role in determining their transconductance. Thus, this study employs a novel approach for fabricating vertical-configuration OECTs with significantly shorter channel lengths planar devices. This is achieved through a printing method that offers advantages, such as design versatility, scalability, expedited production time, and reduced cost relative to traditional microfabrication methods. The transconductance values obtained for the vertical OECTs were significantly (approximately 50 times) higher than those of the planar devices because of their shorter channel lengths. Finally, the impact of different gating media on the performance of both planar and vertical OECTs was studied, and devices gated by organogels demonstrated improved transconductance and switching speed (almost two times higher) than those gated by iongels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Azimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Chi-Hyeong Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Jiaxin Fan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Fabio Cicoira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
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Yao Y, Huang W, Chen J, Liu X, Bai L, Chen W, Cheng Y, Ping J, Marks TJ, Facchetti A. Flexible and Stretchable Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Physiological Sensing Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209906. [PMID: 36808773 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable bioelectronics provides a biocompatible interface between electronics and biological systems and has received tremendous attention for in situ monitoring of various biological systems. Considerable progress in organic electronics has made organic semiconductors, as well as other organic electronic materials, ideal candidates for developing wearable, implantable, and biocompatible electronic circuits due to their potential mechanical compliance and biocompatibility. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), as an emerging class of organic electronic building blocks, exhibit significant advantages in biological sensing due to the ionic nature at the basis of the switching behavior, low driving voltage (<1 V), and high transconductance (in millisiemens range). During the past few years, significant progress in constructing flexible/stretchable OECTs (FSOECTs) for both biochemical and bioelectrical sensors has been reported. In this regard, to summarize major research accomplishments in this emerging field, this review first discusses structure and critical features of FSOECTs, including working principles, materials, and architectural engineering. Next, a wide spectrum of relevant physiological sensing applications, where FSOECTs are the key components, are summarized. Last, major challenges and opportunities for further advancing FSOECT physiological sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Xiaoxue Liu
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
| | - Libing Bai
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yuhua Cheng
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Ping
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
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Mansouri Majd S, Mirzapour F, Shamsipur M, Manouchehri I, Babaee E, Pashabadi A, Moradian R. Design of a novel aptamer/molecularly imprinted polymer hybrid modified Ag-Au@Insulin nanoclusters/Au-gate-based MoS 2 nanosheet field-effect transistor for attomolar detection of BRCA1 gene. Talanta 2023; 257:124394. [PMID: 36858016 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of breast cancer, the first main cause of death in women, with robust assay platforms using appropriate biomarkers is of great importance for diagnosis and follow-up of the disease progression. This paper introduces an extra selective and sensitive label-free aptasensor for the screening of BRCA1 gene biomarker by taking advantage of a gate modified with aptamer and molecularly imprinted polymer hybrid (MIP) as a new synthetic receptor film coupled with an electrolyte-gated molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) field-effect transistor (FET). The Au gate surface of FET was modified with insulin stabilized bimetallic Ag-Au@nanoclusters (Ag-Au@InsNCs), after which, the immobilization of the hybridized aptamer and o-phenylenediamine was electropolymerized to form an aptamer-MIP hybrid receptor. The output characteristics of Apta-MIP hybrid modified Au gate MoS2 FET device were followed as a result of change in electrical double layer capacitance of electrolye-gate interface. The magnitude of decrease in the drain current showed a linear response over a wide concentration range of 10 aM to 1 nM of BRCA1 ssDNA with a sensitivity as high as 0.4851 μA/decade of concentration and a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.0 aM while very low responses observed for non-imprinted polymer. The devised aptasensor not only was capable to the discrimination of the complementary versus one-base mismatch BRCA1 ssDNA sequence, but also it could detect the complementary BRCA1 ssDNA in spiked human serum samples over a wide concentration range of 10 aM to 1.0 nM with a low LOD of 6.4 aM and a high sensitivity 0.3718 μA/decade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Mirzapour
- Department of Chemistry, Razi University, 67149-67346, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Shamsipur
- Department of Chemistry, Razi University, 67149-67346, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Iraj Manouchehri
- Department of Physics, Razi University, 67149-67346, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Elaheh Babaee
- Department of Chemistry, Razi University, 67149-67346, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Afshin Pashabadi
- Department of Chemistry, Razi University, 67149-67346, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Rostam Moradian
- Department of Physics, Razi University, 67149-67346, Kermanshah, Iran
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He Z, Huang J, Shen W, Lei X, Zhang Y, Zhu L, Shen X, Zhang D, Yu D, Zhou M. A Paper-Based Fluorescent Sensor for Rapid Early Screening of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:24913-24922. [PMID: 37163749 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Various types of sensors play an irreplaceable role in the detection of biomarkers, but their high cost and complicated operation make it difficult to benefit ordinary people. Herein, we develop a low-cost, double-layered, paper-based fluorescent sensor (CP/HQ) structurally consisting of the upper reaction layer loaded with two oxidases (lactate oxidase and choline oxidase) and the bottom fluorescent layer that physically associates with the porphine-grafted composite fluorescent polymer colloids (PF-PDMTP/HQ). Based on the dramatic and rapid fluorescence decrease of porphine induced by the oxidation between saliva and oxidases and subsequent fluorescence resonance energy transfer from oxidized hydroquinone, the resultant fluorescent paper sensor enables us to achieve visual detection of OSCC, which was further recognized by smartphone scanning as the grayscale variation. It was found that the linear sensing range of grayscale value are 10-200 μM for lactic acid and 10-100 μM for choline, with LODs of 5.7 and 8.9 μM, respectively. More importantly, the sensor can achieve a powerful detection capability comparable to that of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in clinical settings with simple operation, demonstrating its great application potential. Our proposed sensor not only improves the accuracy of OSCC diagnosis but also provides a valuable attempt for the device modification of polymer-sensing systems and the development of non-invasive and easy-to-operate disease screening methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejian He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jianyao Huang
- Department of Stomatology Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 322000, P. R. China
| | - Wenyi Shen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyue Lei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Shen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Dong Zhang
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
| | - Mi Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
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Zhang J, Hong Z, Lu W, Fang T, Ren Y, Yin S, Xuan Q, Li D, Xi JJ, Yao B. Assessment of Drug Susceptibility for Patient-Derived Tumor Models through Lactate Biosensing and Machine Learning. ACS Sens 2023; 8:803-810. [PMID: 36787531 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
A patient-derived tumor model (PDM) is a practical tool to rapidly screen chemotherapeutics for individual patients. The evaluation method of cell viability directly determines the application of PDMs for drug susceptibility testing. As one of the metabolites of "glycosis", the lactate content was used to evaluate cell viability, but these assays were not specific for tumor cells. Based on the "Warburg effect", wherein tumor cells preferentially rely on "aerobic glycolysis" to produce lactate instead of pyruvate in "anaerobic glycolysis" of normal cells, we reported a gold lactate sensor (GLS) to estimate the cell viability of PDMs in drug susceptibility testing. It demonstrated high consistency between the GLS and commercial cell viability assay. Unlike either imaging or cell viability assay, the GLS characterizes the cell viability, enables dynamic monitoring, and distinguishes tumor cells from other cells. Moreover, machine learning (ML) was employed to perform a multi-index assessment for drug susceptibility of PDMs, which proved to be accurate and practical for clinical application. Therefore, the GLS provides an ideal drug susceptibility testing tool for individualized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zichen Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Lu
- GeneX (Zhejiang) Precision Medicine Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Tianyuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yongan Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shenyi Yin
- College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qijia Xuan
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China
| | - Dezhi Li
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China
| | - Jianzhong Jeff Xi
- College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bo Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Dual-gate thin film transistor lactate sensors operating in the subthreshold regime. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 222:114958. [PMID: 36502715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Organic thin-film transistors (TFTs) with an electrochemically functionalized sensing gate are promising platforms for wearable health-monitoring technologies because they are light, flexible, and cheap. Achieving both high sensitivity and low power is highly demanding for portable or wearable devices. In this work, we present flexible printed dual-gate (DG) organic TFTs operating in the subthreshold regime with ultralow power and high sensitivity. The subthreshold operation of the gate-modulated TFT-based sensors not only increases the sensitivity but also reduces the power consumption. The DG configuration has deeper depletion and stronger accumulation, thereby further making the subthreshold slope sharper. We integrate an enzymatic lactate-sensing extended-gate electrode into the printed DG TFT and achieve exceptionally high sensitivity (0.77) and ultralow static power consumption (10 nW). Our sensors are successfully demonstrated in physiological lactate monitoring with human saliva. The accuracy of the DG TFT sensing system is as good as that of a high-cost conventional assay. The developed platform can be readily extended to various materials and technologies for high performance wearable sensing applications.
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Ohayon D, Druet V, Inal S. A guide for the characterization of organic electrochemical transistors and channel materials. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1001-1023. [PMID: 36637165 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00920j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) is one of the most versatile devices within the bioelectronics toolbox, with its compatibility with aqueous media and the ability to transduce and amplify ionic and biological signals into an electronic output. The OECT operation relies on the mixed (ionic and electronic charge) conduction properties of the material in its channel. With the increased popularity of OECTs in bioelectronics applications and to benchmark mixed conduction properties of channel materials, the characterization methods have broadened somewhat heterogeneously. We intend this review to be a guide for the characterization methods of the OECT and the channel materials used. Our review is composed of two main sections. First, we review techniques to fabricate the OECT, introduce different form factors and configurations, and describe the device operation principle. We then discuss the OECT performance figures of merit and detail the experimental procedures to obtain these characteristics. In the second section, we shed light on the characterization of mixed transport properties of channel materials and describe how to assess films' interactions with aqueous electrolytes. In particular, we introduce experimental methods to monitor ion motion and diffusion, charge carrier mobility, and water uptake in the films. We also discuss a few theoretical models describing ion-polymer interactions. We hope that the guidelines we bring together in this review will help researchers perform a more comprehensive and consistent comparison of new materials and device designs, and they will be used to identify advances and opportunities to improve the device performance, progressing the field of organic bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ohayon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Victor Druet
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sahika Inal
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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11
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Zhu Y, Ju P, Wang S, Jiang T, Chi J, Zhang S, Zhai X, Lu Z. Bioderived establishment of three-dimensional type-I Ag 2S/ZnIn 2S 4 heterojunction for high-efficacy organic photoelectrochemical transistor biomolecular detection. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1240:340757. [PMID: 36641158 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Advanced optoelectronic devices have attracted extensive interdisciplinary interest but lags far behind in biomolecular detection. The nascent organic photoelectrochemical transistor (OPECT) is expected to become a versatile platform to this end. Herein, using biological derivation of type-I Ag2S/ZnIn2S4 heterojunction, a light-fueled high-efficacy OPECT system with zero-gate-biased operation is successfully developed for biomolecular detection. Exemplified by a sandwich immunocomplexing towards mouse IgG (MIgG) with Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) as the label, steering the acidolysis-release of Ag+ toward ZnIn2S4 could induce the in-situ formation of type-I Ag2S/ZnIn2S4 heterojunction, increasing the recombination of light-activated excitons and thus inhibiting the photo-responsibility of ZnIn2S4, as sensitively monitored by the amplified OPECT response. The proposed device could achieve good analytical performance in terms of high specificity and sensitivity, with a detection limit as low as 33.7 fg mL-1. This OPECT device based on bio-induced formation of type-I heterojunction can provide a novel route to biomolecular detection, and offered a new perspective for the optoelectronic sensors to be used in futuristic physiological and pathological detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyue Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, No. 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, PR China
| | - Peng Ju
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, No. 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, PR China.
| | - Shiliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, No. 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, PR China; College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, PR China
| | - Tiantong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, No. 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, PR China
| | - Jingtian Chi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, No. 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, No. 238 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266100, PR China
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio-fouling, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Xiaofan Zhai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio-fouling, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Zhaoxia Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China.
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12
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Stein E, Nahor O, Stolov M, Freger V, Petruta IM, McCulloch I, Frey GL. Ambipolar blend-based organic electrochemical transistors and inverters. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5548. [PMID: 36137998 PMCID: PMC9500051 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CMOS-like circuits in bioelectronics translate biological to electronic signals using organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) based on organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs). Ambipolar OECTs can reduce the complexity of circuit fabrication, and in bioelectronics have the major advantage of detecting both cations and anions in one device, which further expands the prospects for diagnosis and sensing. Ambipolar OMIECs however, are scarce, limited by intricate materials design and complex synthesis. Here we demonstrate that judicious selection of p- and n-type materials for blend-based OMIECs offers a simple and tunable approach for the fabrication of ambipolar OECTs and corresponding circuits. These OECTs show high transconductance and excellent stability over multiple alternating polarity cycles, with ON/OFF ratios exceeding 103 and high gains in corresponding inverters. This work presents a simple and versatile new paradigm for the fabrication of ambipolar OMIECs and circuits with little constraints on materials design and synthesis and numerous possibilities for tunability and optimization towards higher performing bioelectronic applications. Ambipolar organic electrochemical transistors simplify bioelectronics circuitry but are challenging due to complicated material design and synthesis. Here, the authors demonstrate that p- and n-type blends offer a simple and tuneable approach for the fabrication of ambipolar devices and circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Stein
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Oded Nahor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Mikhail Stolov
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Viatcheslav Freger
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Iuliana Maria Petruta
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.,Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gitti L Frey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel.
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13
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A flexible and highly sensitive organic electrochemical transistor-based biosensor for continuous and wireless nitric oxide detection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2208060119. [PMID: 35972962 PMCID: PMC9407321 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208060119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As nitric oxide (NO) plays significant roles in a variety of physiological processes, the capability for real-time and accurate detection of NO in live organisms is in great demand. Traditional assessments of NO rely on indirect colorimetric techniques or electrochemical sensors that often comprise rigid constituent materials and can hardly satisfy sensitivity and spatial resolution simultaneously. Here, we report a flexible and highly sensitive biosensor based on organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) capable of continuous and wireless detection of NO in biological systems. By modifying the geometry of the active channel and the gate electrodes of OECTs, devices achieve optimum signal amplification of NO. The sensor exhibits a low response limit, a wide linear range, high sensitivity, and excellent selectivity, with a miniaturized active sensing region compared with a conventional electrochemical sensor. The device demonstrates continuous detection of the nanomolar range of NO in cultured cells for hours without significant signal drift. Real-time and wireless measurement of NO is accomplished for 8 d in the articular cavity of New Zealand White rabbits with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture injuries. The observed high level of NO is associated with the onset of osteoarthritis (OA) at the later stage. The proposed device platform could provide critical information for the early diagnosis of chronic diseases and timely medical intervention to optimize therapeutic efficacy.
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14
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Rashid RB, Evans AM, Hall LA, Dasari RR, Roesner EK, Marder SR, D'Allesandro DM, Dichtel WR, Rivnay J. A Semiconducting Two-Dimensional Polymer as an Organic Electrochemical Transistor Active Layer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110703. [PMID: 35355340 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are devices with broad potential in bioelectronic sensing, circuits, and neuromorphic hardware. Their unique properties arise from the use of organic mixed ionic/electronic conductors (OMIECs) as the active channel. Typical OMIECs are linear polymers, where defined and controlled microstructure/morphology, and reliable characterization of transport and charging can be elusive. Semiconducting two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) present a new avenue in OMIEC materials development, enabling electronic transport along with precise control of well-defined channels ideal for ion transport/intercalation. To this end, a recently reported 2DP, TIIP, is synthesized and patterned at 10 µm resolution as the channel of a transistor. The TIIP films demonstrate textured microstructure and show semiconducting properties with accessible oxidation states. Operating in an aqueous electrolyte, the 2DP-OECT exhibits a device-scale hole mobility of 0.05 cm2 V-1 s-1 and a µC* figure of merit of 1.75 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 . 2DP OMIECs thus offer new synthetic degrees of freedom to control OECT performance and may enable additional opportunities such as ion selectivity or improved stability through reduced morphological modulation during device operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem B Rashid
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Lyndon A Hall
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Raghunath R Dasari
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Emily K Roesner
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- University of Colorado Boulder, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Chemistry, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | | | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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15
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Nguyen-Dang T, Chae S, Harrison K, Llanes LC, Yi A, Kim HJ, Biswas S, Visell Y, Bazan GC, Nguyen TQ. Efficient Fabrication of Organic Electrochemical Transistors via Wet Chemical Processing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:12469-12478. [PMID: 35230814 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A wet processing method to fabricate high-performance organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) is reported. Wet chemical processing enables a simple and reliable patterning step, substituting several complex and expensive cleanroom procedures in the fabrication of OECTs. We fabricate depletion-mode OECTs based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and enhancement-mode OECTs based on a conjugated polyelectrolyte PCPDTBT-SO3K on rigid and flexible substrates using this wet processing method. We show that the wet chemical processing step can also serve as a chemical treatment to enhance the electrical properties of the active material in OECTs. To highlight the potential of the fabrication process in applications, a transistor-based chemical sensor is demonstrated, capable of detecting methylene blue, a popular redox reporter in biodetection and immunoassays, with good detectivity. Given the tremendous potential of OECTs in emerging technologies such as biosensing and neuromorphic computing, this simple fabrication process established herein will render the OECT platform more accessible for research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Nguyen-Dang
- Center for Polymer and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Sangmin Chae
- Center for Polymer and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kelsey Harrison
- Center for Polymer and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Luana C Llanes
- Center for Polymer and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Ahra Yi
- Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Kim
- Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Shantonu Biswas
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Yon Visell
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Center for Polymer and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymer and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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16
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Pitsalidis C, Pappa AM, Boys AJ, Fu Y, Moysidou CM, van Niekerk D, Saez J, Savva A, Iandolo D, Owens RM. Organic Bioelectronics for In Vitro Systems. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4700-4790. [PMID: 34910876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronics have made strides in improving clinical diagnostics and precision medicine. The potential of bioelectronics for bidirectional interfacing with biology through continuous, label-free monitoring on one side and precise control of biological activity on the other has extended their application scope to in vitro systems. The advent of microfluidics and the considerable advances in reliability and complexity of in vitro models promise to eventually significantly reduce or replace animal studies, currently the gold standard in drug discovery and toxicology testing. Bioelectronics are anticipated to play a major role in this transition offering a much needed technology to push forward the drug discovery paradigm. Organic electronic materials, notably conjugated polymers, having demonstrated technological maturity in fields such as solar cells and light emitting diodes given their outstanding characteristics and versatility in processing, are the obvious route forward for bioelectronics due to their biomimetic nature, among other merits. This review highlights the advances in conjugated polymers for interfacing with biological tissue in vitro, aiming ultimately to develop next generation in vitro systems. We showcase in vitro interfacing across multiple length scales, involving biological models of varying complexity, from cell components to complex 3D cell cultures. The state of the art, the possibilities, and the challenges of conjugated polymers toward clinical translation of in vitro systems are also discussed throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Alexander J Boys
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Chrysanthi-Maria Moysidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Douglas van Niekerk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Janire Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Miguel de Unamuno, 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Donata Iandolo
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Université Jean Monnet, Mines Saint-Étienne, Université de Lyon, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
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17
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Kukhta NA, Marks A, Luscombe CK. Molecular Design Strategies toward Improvement of Charge Injection and Ionic Conduction in Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors for Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4325-4355. [PMID: 34902244 PMCID: PMC8874907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Expanding the toolbox
of the biology and electronics mutual conjunction
is a primary aim of bioelectronics. The organic electrochemical transistor
(OECT) has undeniably become a predominant device for mixed conduction
materials, offering impressive transconduction properties alongside
a relatively simple device architecture. In this review, we focus
on the discussion of recent material developments in the area of mixed
conductors for bioelectronic applications by means of thorough structure–property
investigation and analysis of current challenges. Fundamental operation
principles of the OECT are revisited, and characterization methods
are highlighted. Current bioelectronic applications of organic mixed
ionic–electronic conductors (OMIECs) are underlined. Challenges
in the performance and operational stability of OECT channel materials
as well as potential strategies for mitigating them, are discussed.
This is further expanded to sketch a synopsis of the history of mixed
conduction materials for both p- and n-type channel operation, detailing
the synthetic challenges and milestones which have been overcome to
frequently produce higher performing OECT devices. The cumulative
work of multiple research groups is summarized, and synthetic design
strategies are extracted to present a series of design principles
that can be utilized to drive figure-of-merit performance values even
further for future OMIEC materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadzeya A Kukhta
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Christine K Luscombe
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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18
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Murugasenapathi NK, Ghosh R, Ramanathan S, Ghosh S, Chinnappan A, Mohamed SAJ, Esther Jebakumari KA, Gopinath SCB, Ramakrishna S, Palanisamy T. Transistor-Based Biomolecule Sensors: Recent Technological Advancements and Future Prospects. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:1044-1065. [PMID: 34788167 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2002133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Transistor-based sensors have been widely recognized to be highly sensitive and reliable for point-of-care/bed-side diagnosis. In this line, a range of cutting-edge technologies has been generated to elevate the role of transistors for biomolecule detection. Detection of a wide range of clinical biomarkers has been reported using various configurations of transistors. The inordinate sensitivity of transistors to the field-effect imparts high sensitivity toward wide range of biomolecules. This overview has gleaned the present achievements with the technological advancements using high performance transistor-based sensors. This review encloses transistors incorporated with a variety of functional nanomaterials and organic elements for their excellence in selectivity and sensitivity. In addition, the technological advancements in fabrication of these microdevices or nanodevices and functionalization of the sensing elements have also been discussed. The technological gap in the realization of sensors in transistor platforms and the resulted scope for research has been discussed. Finally, foreseen technological advancements and future research perspectives are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natchimuthu Karuppusamy Murugasenapathi
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division (EEC), CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rituparna Ghosh
- Centre for Nanofiber and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Soumalya Ghosh
- Department of Production Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Amutha Chinnappan
- Centre for Nanofiber and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Syed Abuthahir Jamal Mohamed
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division (EEC), CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnan Abraham Esther Jebakumari
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division (EEC), CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Centre for Nanofiber and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tamilarasan Palanisamy
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division (EEC), CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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19
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Rashid RB, Ji X, Rivnay J. Organic electrochemical transistors in bioelectronic circuits. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 190:113461. [PMID: 34197997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) represents a versatile and impactful electronic building block in the areas of printed electronics, bioelectronics, and neuromorphic computing. Significant efforts in OECTs have focused on device physics, new active material design and synthesis, and on preliminary implementation of individual transistors as proof-of-concept components for sensing and computation. However, as most of the current studies are based on single devices, the integration of OECTs into circuits or high-level systems has lagged. In this review, we focus on recent efforts to incorporate individual OECTs into digital, analog, and neuromorphic circuits, and lay out important considerations relevant for (hybrid) systems integration. We summarize the operation principles and the functions of OECT-based circuits and discuss the approaches for wireless power and data transmission for practicality in biological and bio-inspired applications. Finally, we comment on the future directions and challenges facing OECT circuits from both a fundamental and applied perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem B Rashid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Xudong Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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20
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Koklu A, Ohayon D, Wustoni S, Druet V, Saleh A, Inal S. Organic Bioelectronic Devices for Metabolite Sensing. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4581-4635. [PMID: 34610244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical detection of metabolites is essential for early diagnosis and continuous monitoring of a variety of health conditions. This review focuses on organic electronic material-based metabolite sensors and highlights their potential to tackle critical challenges associated with metabolite detection. We provide an overview of the distinct classes of organic electronic materials and biorecognition units used in metabolite sensors, explain the different detection strategies developed to date, and identify the advantages and drawbacks of each technology. We then benchmark state-of-the-art organic electronic metabolite sensors by categorizing them based on their application area (in vitro, body-interfaced, in vivo, and cell-interfaced). Finally, we share our perspective on using organic bioelectronic materials for metabolite sensing and address the current challenges for the devices and progress to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Koklu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Ohayon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shofarul Wustoni
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Victor Druet
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulelah Saleh
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahika Inal
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Rashid RB, Du W, Griggs S, Maria IP, McCulloch I, Rivnay J. Ambipolar inverters based on cofacial vertical organic electrochemical transistor pairs for biosignal amplification. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh1055. [PMID: 34516877 PMCID: PMC8442873 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
On-site signal amplification for bioelectronic sensing is a desirable approach to improving recorded signal quality and to reducing the burden on signal transmission and back-end electronics. While organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have been used as local transducers of bioelectronic signals, their current output presents challenges for implementation. OECT-based circuits offer new opportunities for high-performance signal processing. In this work, we introduce an active sensing node based on cofacial vertical OECTs forming an ambipolar complementary inverter. The inverter, which shows a voltage gain of 28, is composed of two OECTs on opposite side walls of a single active area, resulting in a footprint identical to a planar OECT. The inverter is used as an analog voltage preamplifier for recording electrocardiogram signals when biased at the input voltage corresponding to peak gain. We further demonstrate compatibility with nontraditional fabrication methods with potential benefits for rapid prototyping and large-area printed electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem B. Rashid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Weiyuan Du
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sophie Griggs
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Iuliana P. Maria
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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22
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Chen L, Wu J, Yan F, Ju H. Monose-modified organic electrochemical transistors for cell surface glycan analysis via competitive recognition to enzyme-labeled lectin. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:252. [PMID: 34255200 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04918-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A competitive strategy for glycan determination on cell surface with organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) has been developed. The carboxylic multi-wall carbon nanotubes were firstly immobilized on the gate interface to cross-link the specific monose with adipic dihydrazide as the linker, which could then competitively recognize horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled lectin with the target monose on the cell surface. The HRP captured on the gate interface through the affinity of lectin to monose finally catalyzed the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to produce the output current signal for detection of cell surface monose under the optimal gate voltage of 0.9 V. Using mannose and galactose groups as the target models, HRP-labeled concanavalin A and peanut agglutinin were used to competitively recognize these groups on both cell surface and gate interface, respectively. The amounts of mannose and galactose on HeLa cells were measured to be 3.41 × 108 and 2.92 × 108 molecules per cell, respectively. The changes of the mannose and galactose expressions upon external stimulation were also observed with the proposed biosensors, which showed consistent results with flow cytometric analysis, indicating that the OECT-based biosensor is suitable for analysis of different glycan expressions on cell surface. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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23
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Li Q, Zhang Y, Fan H, Gong Y, Xu Y, Lv Q, Xu Y, Xiao F, Wang S, Wang Z, Wang L. In vitro and in vivo detection of lactate with nanohybrid-functionalized Pt microelectrode facilitating assessment of tumor development. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 191:113474. [PMID: 34246894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated glucose uptake and "aerobic glycolysis" of tumor cells generates a high-level lactate in extracellular space and within tumor tissue, which is thought to be a hallmark of tumor and closely correlated with tumor development. Here, we report the development of an enzyme-free electrochemical sensing platform based on a Pt-microneedle electrode functionalized with Au nanoparticles (Au-NPs) decorated polydopamine nanospheres (PDA-NSs), and explore its practical application in in vitro and in vivo detection of lactate in different biological samples. Our results demonstrate that in virtue of the nanostructured merits and high electrocatalytic activity, the resultant nanohybrid-microelectrode exhibits good sensitivity and selectivity to the nonenzymatic electrochemical detection of lactate, with a detection limit of 50 μM, a liner range of 0.375-12 mM, and a sensitivity of 11.25 mA mM-1 cm-2, as well as a good anti-interference ability to other active small molecules. The platform quantifies lactate in complex bio-fluids, including cancerous and non-cancerous cell culture media, as well as serum samples, with detecting time 7.5-fold faster than does a clinically-used approach. Moreover, owing to miniaturized size and satisfactory electrochemical performance, the sensor achieves in vivo recording of lactate-related characteristic voltammetric signals within a living tumor, which are positively correlated with tumor burden and growth. Therefore, the platform cannot only be employed for cancer metabolic investigation, but also potentially for clinical assessment of tumor progression, and even clinical diagnosis of other lactate metabolism disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huiling Fan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yuji Gong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Qiying Lv
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yunruo Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Shuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Zheng Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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24
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Liang Y, Offenhäusser A, Ingebrandt S, Mayer D. PEDOT:PSS-Based Bioelectronic Devices for Recording and Modulation of Electrophysiological and Biochemical Cell Signals. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100061. [PMID: 33970552 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To understand the physiology and pathology of electrogenic cells and the corresponding tissue in their full complexity, the quantitative investigation of the transmission of ions as well as the release of chemical signals is important. Organic (semi-) conducting materials and in particular organic electrochemical transistor are gaining in importance for the investigation of electrophysiological and recently biochemical signals due to their synthetic nature and thus chemical diversity and modifiability, their biocompatible and compliant properties, as well as their mixed electronic and ionic conductivity featuring ion-to-electron conversion. Here, the aim is to summarize recent progress on the development of bioelectronic devices utilizing polymer polyethylenedioxythiophene: poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) to interface electronics and biological matter including microelectrode arrays, neural cuff electrodes, organic electrochemical transistors, PEDOT:PSS-based biosensors, and organic electronic ion pumps. Finally, progress in the material development is summarized for the improvement of polymer conductivity, stretchability, higher transistor transconductance, or to extend their field of application such as cation sensing or metabolite recognition. This survey of recent trends in PEDOT:PSS electrophysiological sensors highlights the potential of this multifunctional material to revolve current technology and to enable long-lasting, multichannel polymer probes for simultaneous recordings of electrophysiological and biochemical signals from electrogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanying Liang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Biological Information Processing Bioelectronics IBI‐3 Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich 52425 Germany
| | - Sven Ingebrandt
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1 RWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
| | - Dirk Mayer
- Institute of Biological Information Processing Bioelectronics IBI‐3 Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich 52425 Germany
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25
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Barron SL, Saez J, Owens RM. In Vitro Models for Studying Respiratory Host-Pathogen Interactions. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000624. [PMID: 33943040 PMCID: PMC8212094 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases and lower respiratory tract infections are among the leading cause of death worldwide and, especially given the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 pandemic, are of high and prevalent socio-economic importance. In vitro models, which accurately represent the lung microenvironment, are of increasing significance given the ethical concerns around animal work and the lack of translation to human disease, as well as the lengthy time to market and the attrition rates associated with clinical trials. This review gives an overview of the biological and immunological components involved in regulating the respiratory epithelium system in health, disease, and infection. The evolution from 2D to 3D cell biology and to more advanced technological integrated models for studying respiratory host-pathogen interactions are reviewed and provide a reference point for understanding the in vitro modeling requirements. Finally, the current limitations and future perspectives for advancing this field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Barron
- Bioassay Impurities and QualityBiopharmaceuticals DevelopmentR&DAstraZenecaCambridgeCB21 6GPUK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Janire Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
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26
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Functionalized graphene oxide in situ initiated ring-opening polymerization for highly sensitive sensing of cytokeratin-19 fragment. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:123. [PMID: 33712913 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Improving the sensitivity of detection is crucial to monitor biomarker, assess toxicity, and track therapeutic agent. Herein, a sensitivity-improved immunosensor is reported for the first time via functionalized graphene oxide (GO) and a "grafting-to" ring-opening polymerization (ROP) dual signal amplification strategy. Through the ROP reaction using 2-[(4-ferrocenylbutoxy)methyl] oxirane (FcEpo) as the monomer, lots of electroactive tags are linked in situ from multiple initiation sites on the GO surface modified with ethanol amine (GO-ETA), thereby achieving high sensitivity even in the case of trace amounts of tumor markers. The utmost important factor for achieving this high sensitivity is to select functionalized GO as the initiator that contains a large number of repeated hydroxyl functional groups so as to trigger additional ROP reaction. Under the optimal conditions, the high sensitivity and applicability is demonstrated by the use of GO-ETA-mediated ROP-based immunosensor to detect non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)-specific biomarker down to 72.58 ag/mL (equivalent to ~6 molecules in a 5 μL sample). Furthermore, the satisfactory results for the determination of biomarkers in clinical serum samples highlighted that this immunosensor holds a huge potential in practical clinical application. This work described an electrochemical immunosensor for ultrasensitive detection of CYFRA 21-1 via the functionalized graphene oxide (GO) and a "grafting-to" ring-opening polymerization (ROP) dual signal amplification strategy, which hold the merits of high sensitivity, applicability, selectivity, efficiency, easy operation and environmental friendliness.
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27
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Chen X, Marks A, Paulsen BD, Wu R, Rashid RB, Chen H, Alsufyani M, Rivnay J, McCulloch I. n
‐Type Rigid Semiconducting Polymers Bearing Oligo(Ethylene Glycol) Side Chains for High‐Performance Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Chen
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Bryan D. Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Ruiheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Reem B. Rashid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Hu Chen
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Alsufyani
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute Northwestern University Chicago IL 60611 USA
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
- Department of Chemistry Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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28
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Chen X, Marks A, Paulsen BD, Wu R, Rashid RB, Chen H, Alsufyani M, Rivnay J, McCulloch I. n-Type Rigid Semiconducting Polymers Bearing Oligo(Ethylene Glycol) Side Chains for High-Performance Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9368-9373. [PMID: 33368944 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
N-type conjugated polymers as the semiconducting component of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are still undeveloped with respect to their p-type counterparts. Herein, we report two rigid n-type conjugated polymers bearing oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) side chains, PgNaN and PgNgN, which demonstrated an essentially torsion-free π-conjugated backbone. The planarity and electron-deficient rigid structures enable the resulting polymers to achieve high electron mobility in an OECT device of up to the 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 range, with a deep-lying LUMO energy level lower than -4.0 eV. Prominently, the polymers exhibited a high device performance with a maximum dimensionally normalized transconductance of 0.212 S cm-1 and the product of charge-carrier mobility μ and volumetric capacitance C* of 0.662±0.113 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 , which are among the highest in n-type conjugated polymers reported to date. Moreover, the polymers are synthesized via a metal-free aldol-condensation polymerization, which is beneficial to their application in bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Chen
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Ruiheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Reem B Rashid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Hu Chen
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Alsufyani
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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29
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Spanu A, Martines L, Bonfiglio A. Interfacing cells with organic transistors: a review of in vitro and in vivo applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:795-820. [PMID: 33565540 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01007c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, organic bioelectronics has attracted considerable interest in the scientific community. The impressive growth that it has undergone in the last 10 years has allowed the rise of the completely new field of cellular organic bioelectronics, which has now the chance to compete with consolidated approaches based on devices such as micro-electrode arrays and ISFET-based transducers both in in vitro and in vivo experimental practice. This review focuses on cellular interfaces based on organic active devices and has the intent of highlighting the recent advances and the most innovative approaches to the ongoing and everlasting challenge of interfacing living matter to the "external world" in order to unveil the hidden mechanisms governing its behavior. Device-wise, three different organic structures will be considered in this work, namely the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT), the solution-gated organic transistor (SGOFET - which is presented here in two possible different versions according to the employed active material, namely: the electrolyte-gated organic transistor - EGOFET, and the solution gated graphene transistor - gSGFET), and the organic charge modulated field effect transistor (OCMFET). Application-wise, this work will mainly focus on cellular-based biosensors employed in in vitro and in vivo cellular interfaces, with the aim of offering the reader a comprehensive retrospective of the recent past, an overview of the latest innovations, and a glance at the future prospects of this challenging, yet exciting and still mostly unexplored scientific field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Spanu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo, 09123 Cagliari, CA, Italy.
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30
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Yan J, Tan YL, Lin MJ, Xing H, Jiang JH. A DNA-mediated crosslinking strategy to enhance cellular delivery and sensor performance of protein spherical nucleic acids. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1803-1809. [PMID: 34163943 PMCID: PMC8179099 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04977h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular delivery of enzymes is essential for protein-based diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Protein-spherical nucleic acids (ProSNAs) defined by protein core and dense shell of oligonucleotides have been demonstrated as a promising vehicle-free enzyme delivery platform. In this work, we reported a crosslinking strategy to vastly improve both delivery efficiency and intracellular sensor performance of ProSNA. By assembling individual ProSNA with lactate oxidase (LOX) core into a nanoscale particle, termed as crosslinked SNA (X-SNA), the enzyme delivery efficiency increased up to 5-6 times higher. The LOX X-SNA was later demonstrated as a ratiometric probe for quantitative detection of lactate in living cells. More importantly, X-SNA probe showed significantly improved sensor performance with signal-to-noise ratio 4 times as high as ProSNA when detecting intracellular lactate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yan
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China .,State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Ya-Ling Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Min-Jie Lin
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China .,State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Hang Xing
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China .,State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Jian-Hui Jiang
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China .,State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
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31
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Chen L, Wu J, Yan F, Ju H. A facile strategy for quantitative sensing of glycans on cell surface using organic electrochemical transistors. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 175:112878. [PMID: 33298337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This work designed a facile sensing strategy for quantitation of glycans on cell surface using organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). The sensing strategy was performed by covalently binding target cells on mercaptopropionic acid modified gate electrode for the recognition of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled lectins to specific glycans on cell surface, which led to sensitive channel current signal responding to the captured HRP and thus the expression of cell surface glycans. The quantitation of glycans on cell surface was achieved by using glycan modified microspheres to simulate the cells, on which the amounts of glycans were detected with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The proposed sensing strategy had been used for the detection of mannose and galactose on HeLa cells with Concanavalin A and peanut agglutinin as the specific lectins, which showed 1.37 × 108 mannose and 1.13 × 108 galactose on each cell, respectively. By treating HeLa cells with exoglycosidases, the mannose and galactose expression levels showed the same changes as those detected with flow cytometric analysis, indicating the practical application of the OECT-based biosensor in cell surface glycan expression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
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32
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Fang Y, Meng L, Prominski A, Schaumann E, Seebald M, Tian B. Recent advances in bioelectronics chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:7978-8035. [PMID: 32672777 PMCID: PMC7674226 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00333f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Research in bioelectronics is highly interdisciplinary, with many new developments being based on techniques from across the physical and life sciences. Advances in our understanding of the fundamental chemistry underlying the materials used in bioelectronic applications have been a crucial component of many recent discoveries. In this review, we highlight ways in which a chemistry-oriented perspective may facilitate novel and deep insights into both the fundamental scientific understanding and the design of materials, which can in turn tune the functionality and biocompatibility of bioelectronic devices. We provide an in-depth examination of several developments in the field, organized by the chemical properties of the materials. We conclude by surveying how some of the latest major topics of chemical research may be further integrated with bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Fang
- The James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lingyuan Meng
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Erik Schaumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Matthew Seebald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Bozhi Tian
- The James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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33
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Organic Electrochemical Transistors (OECTs) Toward Flexible and Wearable Bioelectronics. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225288. [PMID: 33202778 PMCID: PMC7698176 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic electronics have emerged as a fascinating area of research and technology in the past two decades and are anticipated to replace classic inorganic semiconductors in many applications. Research on organic light-emitting diodes, organic photovoltaics, and organic thin-film transistors is already in an advanced stage, and the derived devices are commercially available. A more recent case is the organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), whose core component is a conductive polymer in contact with ions and solvent molecules of an electrolyte, thus allowing it to simultaneously regulate electron and ion transport. OECTs are very effective in ion-to-electron transduction and sensor signal amplification. The use of synthetically tunable, biocompatible, and depositable organic materials in OECTs makes them specially interesting for biological applications and printable devices. In this review, we provide an overview of the history of OECTs, their physical characterization, and their operation mechanism. We analyze OECT performance improvements obtained by geometry design and active material selection (i.e., conductive polymers and small molecules) and conclude with their broad range of applications from biological sensors to wearable devices.
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Kim JH, Kim SM, Kim G, Yoon MH. Designing Polymeric Mixed Conductors and Their Application to Electrochemical-Transistor-Based Biosensors. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000211. [PMID: 32851795 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors that employ polymeric mixed conductors as their active channels are one of the most prominent biosensor platforms because of their signal amplification capability, low fabrication cost, mechanical flexibility, and various properties tunable through molecular design. For application to biomedical devices, polymeric mixed conductors should fulfill several requirements, such as excellent conductivities of both holes/electrons and ions, long-term operation stability, and decent biocompatibility. However, trade-offs may exist, for instance, one between ionic conduction and overall device stability. In this report, the fundamental understanding of polymeric mixed conductors, the recent advance in enhancing their ionic and electrical conductivity, and their practical applications as biosensors based on organic electrochemical transistors are reviewed. Finally, key strategies are suggested for developing novel polymeric mixed conductors that may exceed the trade-off between device performance and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hwan Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Min Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Gunwoo Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
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35
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Lill AT, Cao DX, Schrock M, Vollbrecht J, Huang J, Nguyen-Dang T, Brus VV, Yurash B, Leifert D, Bazan GC, Nguyen TQ. Organic Electrochemical Transistors Based on the Conjugated Polyelectrolyte PCPDTBT-SO 3 K (CPE-K). ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1908120. [PMID: 32656778 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201908120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PCPDTBT-SO3 K (CPE-K), a conjugated polyelectrolyte, is presented as a mixed conductor material that can be used to fabricate high transconductance accumulation mode organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). OECTs are utilized in a wide range of applications such as analyte detection, neural interfacing, impedance sensing, and neuromorphic computing. The use of interdigitated contacts to enable high transconductance in a relatively small device area in comparison to standard contacts is demonstrated. Such characteristics are highly desired in applications such as neural-activity sensing, where the device area must be minimized to reduce invasiveness. The physical and electrical properties of CPE-K are fully characterized to allow a direct comparison to other top performing OECT materials. CPE-K demonstrates an electrical performance that is among the best reported in the literature for OECT materials. In addition, CPE-K OECTs operate in the accumulation mode, which allows for much lower energy consumption in comparison to commonly used depletion mode devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Lill
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - David X Cao
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Max Schrock
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Joachim Vollbrecht
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Jianfei Huang
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Tung Nguyen-Dang
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Viktor V Brus
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Brett Yurash
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Münster University, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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Layered Double Hydroxide-Modified Organic Electrochemical Transistor for Glucose and Lactate Biosensing. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20123453. [PMID: 32570942 PMCID: PMC7348845 DOI: 10.3390/s20123453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors based on Organic Electrochemical Transistors (OECTs) are developed for the selective detection of glucose and lactate. The transistor architecture provides signal amplification (gain) with respect to the simple amperometric response. The biosensors are based on a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) channel and the gate electrode is functionalised with glucose oxidase (GOx) or lactate oxidase (LOx) enzymes, which are immobilised within a Ni/Al Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) through a one-step electrodeposition procedure. The here-designed OECT architecture allows minimising the required amount of enzyme during electrodeposition. The output signal of the biosensor is the drain current (Id), which decreases as the analyte concentration increases. In the optimised conditions, the biosensor responds to glucose in the range of 0.1–8.0 mM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.02 mM. Two regimes of proportionality are observed. For concentrations lower than 1.0 mM, a linear response is obtained with a mean gain of 360, whereas for concentrations higher than 1.0 mM, Id is proportional to the logarithm of glucose concentration, with a gain of 220. For lactate detection, the biosensor response is linear in the whole concentration range (0.05–8.0 mM). A LOD of 0.04 mM is reached, with a net gain equal to 400.
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Mariani F, Quast T, Andronescu C, Gualandi I, Fraboni B, Tonelli D, Scavetta E, Schuhmann W. Needle-type organic electrochemical transistor for spatially resolved detection of dopamine. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:378. [PMID: 32518976 PMCID: PMC7283208 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04352-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the advantages of carbon nanoelectrodes (CNEs) and orgonic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) were merged to realise nanometre-sized, spearhead OECTs based on single- and double-barrel CNEs functionalised with a conducting polymer film. The needle-type OECT shows a high aspect ratio that allows its precise positioning by means of a macroscopic handle and its size is compatible with single-cell analysis. The device was characterised with respect to its electrolyte-gated behaviour and was employed as electrochemical sensor for the proof-of-concept detection of dopamine (DA) over a wide concentration range (10-12-10-6 M). Upon application of fixed drain and gate voltages (Vd = - 0.3 V, Vg = - 0.9 V, respectively), the nano-sized needle-type OECT sensor exhibited a linear response in the low pM range and from 0.002 to 7 μM DA, with a detection limit of 1 × 10-12 M. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Mariani
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Thomas Quast
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Chemical Technology III, Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration (CENIDE), University Duisburg Essen, Carl-Benz-Str. 201, D-47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Isacco Gualandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Fraboni
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenica Tonelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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38
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Hussain KK, Gurudatt NG, Akhtar MH, Seo KD, Park DS, Shim YB. Nano-biosensor for the in vitro lactate detection using bi-functionalized conducting polymer/N, S-doped carbon; the effect of αCHC inhibitor on lactate level in cancer cell lines. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 155:112094. [PMID: 32090867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A robust amperometric sensor was developed for the lactate detection in the extracellular matrix of cancer cells. The sensor was fabricated by separately immobilizing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) onto a carboxylic acid group and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) onto an amine group of bi-functionalized conducting polymer (poly 3-(((2,2':5',2″-terthiophen)-3'-yl)-5-aminobenzoic acid (pTTABA)) composited with N, S-doped porous carbon. Morphological features of the composite layer and sensor performance were investigated using FE-SEM, XPS, and electrochemical methods. The experimental parameters were optimized to get the best results. The calibration plot showed a linear dynamic range between 0.5 μM and 4.0 mM with the detection limit of 112 ± 0.02 nM. The proposed sensor was applied to detect lactate in a non-cancerous (Vero) and two cancer (MCF-7 and HeLa) cell lines. Among these cell lines, MCF-7 was mostly affected by the administration of lactate transport inhibitor, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (αCHC), followed by HeLa and Vero, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of αCHC concentration and treatment time on the lactate level in the cell lines were demonstrated. Finally, cytotoxicity studies were also performed to evaluate the effect of αCHC on cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil K Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
| | - N G Gurudatt
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
| | - Mahmood H Akhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
| | - Kyeong-Deok Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
| | - Deog-Su Park
- Institute of BioPhysio Sensor Technology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Bo Shim
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea; Institute of BioPhysio Sensor Technology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea.
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39
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Su H, Liu HY, Pappa AM, Hidalgo TC, Cavassin P, Inal S, Owens RM, Daniel S. Facile Generation of Biomimetic-Supported Lipid Bilayers on Conducting Polymer Surfaces for Membrane Biosensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:43799-43810. [PMID: 31659897 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b10303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Membrane biosensors that can rapidly sense pathogen interaction and disrupting agents are needed to identify and screen new drugs to combat antibiotic resistance. Bioelectronic devices have the capability to read out both ionic and electrical signals, but their compatibility with biological membranes is somewhat limited. Supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) have served as useful biomimetics for a myriad of research topics involving biological membranes. However, SLBs are traditionally made on inert, rigid, inorganic surfaces. Here, we demonstrate a versatile and facile method for generating SLBs on a conducting polymer device using a solvent-assisted lipid bilayer (SALB) technique. We use this bioelectronic device to form both mammalian and bacterial membrane mimetics to sense the membrane interactions with a bacterial toxin (α-hemolysin) and an antibiotic compound (polymyxin B), respectively. Our results show that we can form high quality bilayers of both types and sense these particular interactions with them, discriminating between pore formation, in the case of α-hemolysin, and disruption of the bilayer, in the case of polymyxin B. The SALB formation method is compatible with many membrane compositions that will not form via common vesicle fusion methods and works well in microfluidic devices. This, combined with the massive parallelization possible for the fabrication of electronic devices, can lead to miniaturized multiplexed devices for rapid data acquisition necessary to identify antibiotic targets that specifically disrupt bacterial, but not mammalian membranes, or identify bacterial toxins that strongly interact with mammalian membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Su
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Han-Yuan Liu
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0AS , U.K
| | - Tania Cecilia Hidalgo
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal , Makkah Province 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Priscila Cavassin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0AS , U.K
| | - Sahika Inal
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal , Makkah Province 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0AS , U.K
| | - Susan Daniel
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
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40
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Broza YY, Zhou X, Yuan M, Qu D, Zheng Y, Vishinkin R, Khatib M, Wu W, Haick H. Disease Detection with Molecular Biomarkers: From Chemistry of Body Fluids to Nature-Inspired Chemical Sensors. Chem Rev 2019; 119:11761-11817. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Y. Broza
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Xi Zhou
- School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, P.R. China
| | - Miaomiao Yuan
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, P.R. China
| | - Danyao Qu
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Sensors, Xidian University, Shaanxi 710126, P.R. China
| | - Youbing Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Rotem Vishinkin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Muhammad Khatib
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Weiwei Wu
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Sensors, Xidian University, Shaanxi 710126, P.R. China
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Sensors, Xidian University, Shaanxi 710126, P.R. China
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Tan E, Pappa A, Pitsalidis C, Nightingale J, Wood S, Castro FA, Owens RM, Kim J. A highly sensitive molecular structural probe applied to in situ biosensing of metabolites using PEDOT:PSS. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:291-299. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellasia Tan
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic ElectronicsImperial College London London United Kingdom
| | - Anna‐Maria Pappa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - James Nightingale
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic ElectronicsImperial College London London United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Ji‐Seon Kim
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic ElectronicsImperial College London London United Kingdom
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42
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Liang Y, Wu C, Figueroa-Miranda G, Offenhäusser A, Mayer D. Amplification of aptamer sensor signals by four orders of magnitude via interdigitated organic electrochemical transistors. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 144:111668. [PMID: 31522101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical aptamer receptor/transducer systems are key elements of emerging E-AB sensors (aptasensor) used for the detection of various kinds of targets. However, the performance of these amperometric sensors is often limited by the low density of receptors attached to the sensor surface and high background signals. In the present work, interdigitated organic electrochemical transistors (iOECT) were used as a transducer to enhance the sensitivity and dynamic detection range of aptasensors. Therefore, the electrode of an amperometric sensor was utilized as gate electrode to operate the iOECT. This device was used to detect the low weight target molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a common biomarker, which plays an important role for cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and immune deficiency diseases. The novel aptasensor can selectively detect ATP with ultrahigh sensitivity down to the concentration of 10 pM, which is four orders of magnitude lower than the detection limit of the same aptasensor using an amperometric transducer principle (limit-of-detection of 106 nM) and most other previously reported electrochemical sensors. Furthermore, sensor regeneration was demonstrated, which facilitates reusability of OECT aptasensors. The small device size in combination with high transconductances paves the way for the development of highly sensitive integrated micro-biosensors for point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanying Liang
- Institute of Complex Systems, Bioelectronics (ICS-8) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Changtong Wu
- Institute of Complex Systems, Bioelectronics (ICS-8) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Gabriela Figueroa-Miranda
- Institute of Complex Systems, Bioelectronics (ICS-8) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Complex Systems, Bioelectronics (ICS-8) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dirk Mayer
- Institute of Complex Systems, Bioelectronics (ICS-8) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
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43
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Lingstedt LV, Ghittorelli M, Brückner M, Reinholz J, Crăciun NI, Torricelli F, Mailänder V, Gkoupidenis P, Blom PWM. Monitoring of Cell Layer Integrity with a Current-Driven Organic Electrochemical Transistor. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900128. [PMID: 31318183 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of CaCo-2 cell barriers is investigated by organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) in a current-driven configuration. Ion transport through cellular barriers via the paracellular pathway is modulated by tight junctions between adjacent cells. Rupturing its integrity by H2 O2 is monitored by the change of the output voltage in the transfer characteristics. It is demonstrated that by operating the OECT in a current-driven configuration, the sensitive and temporal resolution for monitoring the cell barrier integrity is strongly enhanced as compared to the OECT transient response measurement. As a result, current-driven OECTs are useful tools to assess dynamic and critical changes in tight junctions, relevant for clinical applications as drug targeting and screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona V. Lingstedt
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Matteo Ghittorelli
- Department of Information EngineeringUniversity of Brescia Via Branze 38 25123 Brescia Italy
| | - Maximilian Brückner
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Dermatology ClinicUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University, Mainz Langenbeckstr. 1 55131 Mainz Germany
| | - Jonas Reinholz
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Dermatology ClinicUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University, Mainz Langenbeckstr. 1 55131 Mainz Germany
| | - N. Irina Crăciun
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Department of Information EngineeringUniversity of Brescia Via Branze 38 25123 Brescia Italy
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Dermatology ClinicUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University, Mainz Langenbeckstr. 1 55131 Mainz Germany
| | | | - Paul W. M. Blom
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
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Ion buffering and interface charge enable high performance electronics with organic electrochemical transistors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3044. [PMID: 31292452 PMCID: PMC6620344 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors rely on ionic-electronic volumetric interaction to provide a seamless interface between biology and electronics with outstanding signal amplification. Despite their huge potential, further progress is limited owing to the lack of understanding of the device fundamentals. Here, we investigate organic electrochemical transistors in a wide range of experimental conditions by combining electrical analyses and device modeling. We show that the measurements can be quantitatively explained by nanoscale ionic-electronic charge interaction, giving rise to ion buffering and interface charge compensation. The investigation systematically explains and unifies a wide range of experiments, providing the rationale for the development of high-performance electronics. Unipolar inverters — universal building blocks for electronics — with gain larger than 100 are demonstrated. This is the highest gain ever reported, enabling the design of devices and circuits with enhanced performance and opening opportunities for the next-generation integrated bioelectronics and neuromorphic computing. The rationale design of optimized organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) for next-generation bioelectronics requires further exploration of the underlying device physics. Here, the authors report the role of ionic-electronic charge interactions on OECTs and high-performance unipolar inverters.
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45
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Bai L, Elósegui CG, Li W, Yu P, Fei J, Mao L. Biological Applications of Organic Electrochemical Transistors: Electrochemical Biosensors and Electrophysiology Recording. Front Chem 2019; 7:313. [PMID: 31134185 PMCID: PMC6514146 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are recently developed high-efficient transducers not only for electrochemical biosensor but also for cell electrophysiological recording due to the separation of gate electrode from the transistor device. The efficient integration of OECTs with electrochemical gate electrode makes the as-prepared sensors with improved performance, such as sensitivity, limit of detection, and selectivity. We herein reviewed the recent progress of OECTs-based biosensors and cell electrophysiology recording, mainly focusing on the principle and chemical design of gate electrode and the channel. First, the configuration, work principle, semiconductor of OECT are briefly introduced. Then different kinds of sensing modes are reviewed, especially for the biosensing and electrophysiological recording. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of this research field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cristina García Elósegui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Fei
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Qing X, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Ding X, Zhong W, Wang D, Wang W, Liu Q, Liu K, Li M, Lu Z. Wearable Fiber-Based Organic Electrochemical Transistors as a Platform for Highly Sensitive Dopamine Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:13105-13113. [PMID: 30896142 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fiber-based organic electrochemical transistors (FECTs) provide a new platform for the realization of an ultrafast and ultrasensitive biosensor, especially for the wearable dopamine (DA)-monitoring device. Here, we presented a fully filament-integrated fabric, it exhibited remarkable mechanical compatibility with the human body, and the minimum sensing unit was an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) based on PVA- co-PE nanofibers (NFs) and polypyrrole (PPy) nanofiber network. The introduction of NFs notably increased the specific surface area and hydrophilicity of the PA6 filament, resulting in the formation of a large area of intertwined PPy nanofiber network. The electrical performance of PPy nanofiber network-modified fibers improved considerably. For the common FECTs, the typical on/off ratio was up to two orders of magnitude, and the temporal recovery time between on and off states was shortened to 0.34 s. Meanwhile, the device exhibited continuous cycling stability. In addition, the performances of FECT-based dopamine sensors depending on different gate electrodes have also been investigated. The PPy/NFs/PA6 filament-based dopamine sensor was more superior to the gold and platinum (Pt) wires, and the sensor presented long-term sensitivity with a detection region from 1 nM to 1 μM, rapid response time to a set of DA concentrations, remarkable selectivity in the presence of sodium chloride, uric acid, ascorbic acid and glucose, and superior reproducibility. Moreover, it could also be woven into the fabric product. The novel and wearable FECT device shows the potential to become the state-of-the-art DA-monitoring platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Qing
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430200 , China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application , Wuhan 430200 , China
- Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University , Waurn Ponds, Geelong , Victoria 3216 , Australia
| | - Yuedan Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430200 , China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application , Wuhan 430200 , China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430200 , China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application , Wuhan 430200 , China
| | - Xincheng Ding
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430200 , China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application , Wuhan 430200 , China
| | - Weibing Zhong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , Donghua University , Shanghai 201620 , China
| | - Dong Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application , Wuhan 430200 , China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , Donghua University , Shanghai 201620 , China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430200 , China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application , Wuhan 430200 , China
| | - Qiongzhen Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430200 , China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application , Wuhan 430200 , China
| | - Ke Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430200 , China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application , Wuhan 430200 , China
| | - Mufang Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430200 , China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application , Wuhan 430200 , China
| | - Zhentan Lu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430200 , China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application , Wuhan 430200 , China
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Wang N, Yang A, Fu Y, Li Y, Yan F. Functionalized Organic Thin Film Transistors for Biosensing. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:277-287. [PMID: 30620566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The rise of organic bioelectronics efficiently bridges the gap between semiconductor devices and biological systems, leading to flexible, lightweight, and low-cost organic bioelectronic devices suitable for health or body signal monitoring. The introduction of organic semiconductors in the devices can soften the boundaries between microelectronic systems and dynamically active cells and tissues. Therefore, organic bioelectronics has attracted much attention recently due to the unique properties and promising applications. Organic thin film transistors (OTFTs), owing to their inherent capability of amplifying received signals, have emerged as one of the state-of-the-art biosensing platforms. The advantages of organic semiconductors in terms of synthetic freedom, low temperature solution processing, biocompatibility, and mechanical flexibility render OTFTs ideal transducers for wearable electronics, e-skin, and implantable devices. How to realize highly sensitive, selective, rapid, and efficient signal capture and extraction of biological recognition events is the major challenge in the design of biosensors. OTFTs are prone to converting the presence or change of target analytes into specific electrical signals even in complex biological systems. More importantly, OTFT sensors can be conveniently functionalized with chemical or biological modifications and exhibit substantially improved device sensitivity and selectivity as well as other analytical figure of merits, including calibration range, linearity, and accuracy. However, the stability and reproducibility of the organic devices need to be further improved. In this Account, we first introduce the unique features of OTFTs for bioelectronic applications. Two typical OTFT configurations, including organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) and electrolyte gated organic field effect transistor (EGOFET), are highlighted in their sensing applications mainly due to the operation of the devices in electrolytes and the combination of ionic and electronic charge transports in the devices. These devices are potentiometric transducers with low working voltages (<1 V) and high sensitivity, and are thus suitable for wearable applications with low power consumption. Second, the functionalization strategies on channel materials, electrolytes, and gate electrodes based on various modification methods and sensing mechanisms are discussed in sequence. In an OECT- or EGOFET-based biosensor, the device performance is particularly sensitive to the physical properties of the two interfaces, including channel/electrolyte and gate/electrolyte interfaces. Any change in the potential drop or capacitance of either interface can influence the channel current substantially. Therefore, the functionalization of the interfaces is critical to the sensing performance. In particular, when an electrochemically active material is modified on the interfaces, the reaction of the analyte catalyzed by the modified material can influence the interface potential and lead to a channel current response much stronger than that of a conventional electrochemical measurement. So the biosensors are much more sensitive than typical analytical methods due to the signal amplification of the transistors. Third, the processing techniques including screen printing and inkjet printing and the possibility for mass production are discussed. The applications of organic transistors in wearable electronics and healthcare monitoring systems, especially the fabric OECT-based biosensors for noninvasive detection, are presented. It is expected that the versatile organic transistors will enable various compact, flexible and disposable biosensors compatible with wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naixiang Wang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Anneng Yang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Yuanzhe Li
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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Liao J, Si H, Zhang X, Lin S. Functional Sensing Interfaces of PEDOT:PSS Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Chemical and Biological Sensors: A Mini Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E218. [PMID: 30634408 PMCID: PMC6359468 DOI: 10.3390/s19020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are promising devices for applications in in vitro and in vivo measurements. OECTs have two important sensing interfaces for signal monitoring: One is the gate electrode surface; the other is the channel surface. This mini review introduced the new developments in chemical and biological detection of the two sensing interfaces. Specific focus was given on the modification technological approaches of the gate or channel surface. In particular, some unique strategies and surface designs aiming to facilitate signal-transduction and amplification were discussed. Several perspectives and current challenges of OECTs development were also briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Hewei Si
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Xidong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Shiwei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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Robinson JT, Pohlmeyer E, Gather MC, Kemere C, Kitching JE, Malliaras GG, Marblestone A, Shepard KL, Stieglitz T, Xie C. Developing Next-generation Brain Sensing Technologies - A Review. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2019; 19:10.1109/jsen.2019.2931159. [PMID: 32116472 PMCID: PMC7047830 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2019.2931159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Advances in sensing technology raise the possibility of creating neural interfaces that can more effectively restore or repair neural function and reveal fundamental properties of neural information processing. To realize the potential of these bioelectronic devices, it is necessary to understand the capabilities of emerging technologies and identify the best strategies to translate these technologies into products and therapies that will improve the lives of patients with neurological and other disorders. Here we discuss emerging technologies for sensing brain activity, anticipated challenges for translation, and perspectives for how to best transition these technologies from academic research labs to useful products for neuroscience researchers and human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T. Robinson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eric Pohlmeyer
- John Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - Malte C. Gather
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS Scotland, UK
| | - Caleb Kemere
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - John E. Kitching
- Time and Frequency Division, NIST, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - George G. Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Adam Marblestone
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kenneth L. Shepard
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Thomas Stieglitz
- Institute of Microsystem Technology, Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chong Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Ariga K, Makita T, Ito M, Mori T, Watanabe S, Takeya J. Review of advanced sensor devices employing nanoarchitectonics concepts. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 10:2014-2030. [PMID: 31667049 PMCID: PMC6808193 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.10.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Many recent advances in sensor technology have been possible due to nanotechnological advancements together with contributions from other research fields. Such interdisciplinary collaborations fit well with the emerging concept of nanoarchitectonics, which is a novel conceptual methodology to engineer functional materials and systems from nanoscale units through the fusion of nanotechnology with other research fields, including organic chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, materials science and biology. In this review article, we discuss recent advancements in sensor devices and sensor materials that take advantage of advanced nanoarchitectonics concepts for improved performance. In the first part, recent progress on sensor systems are roughly classified according to the sensor targets, such as chemical substances, physical conditions, and biological phenomena. In the following sections, advancements in various nanoarchitectonic motifs, including nanoporous structures, ultrathin films, and interfacial effects for improved sensor function are discussed to realize the importance of nanoarchitectonic structures. Many of these examples show that advancements in sensor technology are no longer limited by progress in microfabrication and nanofabrication of device structures - opening a new avenue for highly engineered, high performing sensor systems through the application of nanoarchitectonics concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Ariga
- WPI-MANA, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Makita
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan
| | - Masato Ito
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan
| | - Taizo Mori
- WPI-MANA, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan
| | - Shun Watanabe
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan
| | - Jun Takeya
- WPI-MANA, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan
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