1
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Liu D, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Wei Z, Liu Y, Wang Y. Bis(benzoselenadiazol)ethane: A π-Extended Acceptor-Dimeric Unit for Ambipolar Polymer Transistors with Hole and Electron Mobilities Exceeding 10 cm 2 V -1 s -1. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400061. [PMID: 38440917 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The lack of ambipolar polymers with balanced hole (μh) and electron mobilities (μe) >10 cm2 V-1 s-1 is the main bottleneck for developing organic integrated circuits. Herein, we show the design and synthesis of a π-extended selenium-containing acceptor-dimeric unit, namely benzo[c][1,2,5]selenadiazol-4-yl)ethane (BBSeE), to address this dilemma. In comparison to its sulfur-counterpart, BBSeE demonstrates enlarged co-planarity, selective noncovalent interactions, polarized Se-N bond, and higher electron affinity. The successful stannylation of BBSeE offers a great opportunity to access acceptor-acceptor copolymer pN-BBSeE, which shows a narrower band gap, lower-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level (-4.05 eV), and a higher degree of backbone planarity. Consequently, the pN-BBSeE-based organic transistors display an ideally balanced ambipolar transporting property with μh and μe of 10.65 and 10.72 cm2 V-1 s-1, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, the simultaneous μh/μe values >10.0 cm2 V-1 s-1 are the best performances ever reported for ambipolar polymers. In addition, pN-BBSeE shows an excellent shelf-storage stability, retaining over 85 % of the initial mobility values after two months storage. Our study demonstrates the π-extended acceptor-dimeric BBSeE is a promising acceptor building block for constructing high-performance ambipolar polymers applied in next-generation organic integrated circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 2005, Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yinghan Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 2005, Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jianqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhixiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 2005, Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 2005, Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
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2
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Wang M, Lin CY, Sagara Y, Michinobu T. Enhanced Photothermal Property of NDI-Based Conjugated Polymers by Copolymerization with a Thiadiazolobenzotriazole Unit. ACS MATERIALS AU 2024; 4:82-91. [PMID: 38221926 PMCID: PMC10786135 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.3c00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Solar steam generation (SSG) is a promising photothermal technology to solve the global water storage issue. The potential of π-conjugated polymers as photothermal materials is significant, because their absorption range can be customized through molecular design. In this study, naphthalenediimide (NDI) and thiadiazolobenzotriazole (TBZ) were employed as bifunctional monomers to produce conjugated polymers. There are two types of polymers, P1 and P2. P1 is based on NDI, while P2 is a copolymer of NDI and TBZ in a ratio of 9:1. Both polymers had high molecular weights and sufficient thermal stability. UV-vis-near-infrared (NIR) absorption spectra revealed that both polymers have large extinction coefficients ascribed to the NDI and TBZ chromophores. Notably, the absorption spectrum of P2 exhibited a significant red shift compared to P1, resulting in a narrow optical bandgap and absorption in the NIR range. This result suggested that P2 has a higher light absorption than P1. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra were measured to elucidate the conversion of the absorbed light into thermal energy. It was found that P2 has a reduced fluorescence quantum yield as a result of the TBZ unit, signifying a proficient conversion of the photothermal energy. Based on the results, it appears that the P2 film has a greater photothermal property compared to that of the P1 film. The surface temperature of the P2 film reached approximately 50 °C under the investigated conditions. In addition, copolymer P2 exhibited an impressive SSG efficiency of 72.4% under 1 sun (1000 W/m2) irradiation. All the results suggested that narrow bandgap conjugated polymers containing the TBZ unit are highly effective materials for achieving optimal performance in SSGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqian Wang
- Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Chia-Yang Lin
- Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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3
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Chang Y, Wu YS, Tung SH, Chen WC, Chueh CC, Liu CL. N-Type Doping of Naphthalenediimide-Based Random Donor-Acceptor Copolymers to Enhance Transistor Performance and Structural Crystallinity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:15745-15757. [PMID: 36920493 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c23067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An integrated strategy of molecular design and conjugated polymer doping is proposed to improve the electronic characteristics for organic field effect transistor (OFET) applications. Here, a series of soluble naphthalene diimide (NDI)-based random donor-acceptor copolymers with selenophene π-conjugated linkers and four acceptors with different electron-withdrawing strengths (named as rNDI-N/S/NN/SS) are synthesized, characterized, and used for OFETs. N-type doping of NDI-based random copolymers using (12a,18a)-5,6,12,12a,13,18,18a,19-octahydro-5,6-dimethyl-13,18[1',2']-benzenobisbenzimidazo[1,2-b:2',1'-d]benzo[i][2.5]benzodiazocine potassium triflate adduct (DMBI-BDZC) is successfully demonstrated. The undoped rNDI-N, rNDI-NN, and rNDI-SS samples exhibit ambipolar charge transport, while rNDI-S presents only a unipolar n-type characteristic. Doping with DMBI-BDZC significantly modulates the performance of rNDI-N/S OFETs, with a 3- to 6-fold increase in electron mobility (μe) for 1 wt % doped device due to simultaneous trap mitigation, lower contact resistance (RC), and activation energy (EA), and enhanced crystallinity and edge-on orientation for charge transport. However, the doping of intrinsic pro-quinoidal rNDI-NN/SS films exhibits unchanged or even reduced device performance. These findings allow us to manipulate the energy levels by developing conjugated copolymers based on various acceptors and quinoids and to optimize the dopant-polymer semiconductor interactions and their impacts on the film morphology and molecular orientation for enhanced charge transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Sheng Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Huang Tung
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chen Chueh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Liang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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4
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Gao C, Ni Z, Zhang X, Hu W, Dong H. Recent advances in n-type and ambipolar organic semiconductors and their multi-functional applications. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1331-1381. [PMID: 36723084 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00720g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors have received broad attention and research interest due to their unique integration of semiconducting properties with structural tunability, intrinsic flexibiltiy and low cost. In order to meet the requirements of organic electronic devices and their integrated circuits, p-type, n-type and ambipolar organic semiconductors are all necessary. However, due to the limitation in both material synthesis and device fabrication, the development of n-type and ambipolar materials is quite behind that of p-type materials. Recent development in synthetic methods of organic semiconductors greatly enriches the range of n-type and ambipolar materials. Moreover, the newly developed materials with multiple functions also put forward multi-functional device applications, including some emerging research areas. In this review, we give a timely summary on these impressive advances in n-type and ambipolar organic semiconductors with a special focus on their synthesis methods and advanced materials with enhanced properties of charge carrier mobility, integration of high mobility and strong emission and thermoelectric properties. Finally, multi-functional device applications are further demonstrated as an example of these developed n-type and ambipolar materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. .,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongshuai Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. .,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Can Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Zhenjie Ni
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China.,Department of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, Fuzhou International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Huanli Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. .,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Chen J, Cong S, Wang L, Wang Y, Lan L, Chen C, Zhou Y, Li Z, McCulloch I, Yue W. Backbone coplanarity manipulation via hydrogen bonding to boost the n-type performance of polymeric mixed conductors operating in aqueous electrolyte. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:607-618. [PMID: 36511773 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01100j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of high-performance n-type semiconducting polymers remains a significant challenge. Reported here is the construction of a coplanar backbone via intramolecular hydrogen bonds to dramatically enhance the performance of n-type polymeric mixed conductors operating in aqueous electrolyte. Specifically, glycolated naphthalene tetracarboxylicdiimide (gNDI) couples with vinylene and thiophene to give gNDI-V and gNDI-T, respectively. The hydrogen bonding functionalities are fused to the backbone to ensure a more coplanar backbone and much tighter π-π stacking of gNDI-V than gNDI-T, which is evidenced by density functional theory simulations and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering. Importantly, these copolymers are fabricated as the active layer of the aqueous-based electrochromic devices and organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). gNDI-V exhibits a larger electrochromic contrast (ΔT = 30%) and a higher coloration efficiency (1988 cm2 C-1) than gNDI-T owing to its more efficient ionic-electronic coupling. Moreover, gNDI-V gives the highest electron mobility (0.014 cm2 V-1 s-1) and μC* (2.31 FV-1 cm-1 s-1) reported to date for NDI-based copolymers in OECTs, attributed to the improved thin-film crystallinity and molecular packing promoted by hydrogen bonds. Overall, this work marks a remarkable advance in the n-type polymeric mixed conductors and the hydrogen bond functionalization strategy opens up an avenue to access desirable performance metrics for aqueous-based electrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxin Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Shengyu Cong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Lewen Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Yazhou Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Liuyuan Lan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Chaoyue Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Yecheng Zhou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Zhengke Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Wan Yue
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
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6
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Shen T, Li W, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Liu Y. A Hybrid Acceptor-Modulation Strategy: Fluorinated Triple-Acceptor Architecture for Significant Enhancement of Electron Transport in High-Performance Unipolar n-Type Organic Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210093. [PMID: 36484290 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of unipolar n-type semiconducting polymers with electron mobility (µe ) over 5 cm2 V-1 s-1 remains a massive challenge in organic semiconductors. Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) has proven to be a successful unit for high-performance p-type and ambipolar polymers. However, DPP's moderate electron-accepting capability leads to the shallow frontier molecular orbital (FMO) levels of the resultant polymers and hence limit the µe in unipolar n-type organic transistors. Herein, this issue has been addressed by using a hybrid acceptor-modulation strategy based on DPP-containing "fluorinated triple-acceptor architecture", namely DPP-difluorobenzothiadiazole-DPP (DFB). Compared with DFB's non-fluorinated counterpart, DFB features deeper FMO levels and a shape-persistent framework. Therefore, a series of DFB-based polymers demonstrate planar backbones and lowered FMO levels by ≈0.10 to 0.25 eV versus that of the control polymer. Intriguingly, all DFB-polymers exhibit excellent unipolar n-type transistor performances. Notably, a full-locked backbone conformation and high crystallinity with crystalline coherence length of 524 Å are observed for pDFB-TF, accounting for its high µe of 5.04 cm2 V-1 s-1 , which is the highest µe value for DPP-based unipolar n-type polymers reported to date. This work demonstrates that the strategy of "fluorinated triple-acceptor architecture" opens a new path towards high-performance unipolar n-type semiconducting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 2005, Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 2005, Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 2005, Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 2005, Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 2005, Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
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7
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Huu Nguyen T, Nguyen LTT, Ha Hoang M, Nguyen TQ, Thanh Cu S, Simada R, Ohta Y, Yokozawa T, Tran Nguyen H. Intramolecular catalyst transfer on N-acyl dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrroles in nonstoichiometric Suzuki-Miyaura polycondensation toward high molecular weight conjugated copolymers at room temperature. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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8
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The marriage of dual-acceptor strategy and C-H activation polymerization: naphthalene diimide-based n-type polymers with adjustable molar mass and decent performance. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1367-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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9
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Watanabe N, He W, Nozaki N, Matsumoto H, Michinobu T. Benzothiadiazole versus Thiazolobenzotriazole: A Structural Study of Electron Acceptors in Solution-Processable Organic Semiconductors. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200768. [PMID: 36102294 PMCID: PMC9828094 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the rapid progress of organic electronics, developing high-performance n-type organic semiconductors is still challenging. Donor-acceptor (D-A) type conjugated structures have been an effective molecular design strategy to achieve chemically-stable semiconductors and the appropriate choice of the acceptor units determines the electronic properties and device performances. We have now synthesized two types of A1 -D-A2 -D-A1 type conjugated molecules, namely, NDI-BTT-NDI and NDI-TBZT-NDI, with different central acceptor units. In order to investigate the effects of the central acceptor units on the charge-transporting properties, organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) were fabricated. NDI-TBZT-NDI had shallower HOMO and deeper LUMO levels than NDI-BTT-NDI. Hence, the facilitated charge injection resulted in ambipolar transistor performances with the optimized hole and electron mobilities of 0.00134 and 0.151 cm2 V-1 s-1 , respectively. In contrast, NDI-BTT-NDI displayed only an n-channel OFET performance with the electron mobility of 0.0288 cm2 V-1 s-1 . In addition, the device based on NDI-TBZT-NDI showed a superior air stability to that based on NDI-BTT-NDI. The difference in these OFET performances was reasonably explained by the contact resistance and film morphology. Overall, this study demonstrated that the TBZ acceptor is a promising building block to create n-type organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanami Watanabe
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology2–12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-kuTokyo152–8552Japan
| | - Waner He
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology2–12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-kuTokyo152–8552Japan
| | - Naoya Nozaki
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology2–12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-kuTokyo152–8552Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology2–12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-kuTokyo152–8552Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology2–12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-kuTokyo152–8552Japan
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10
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Kim D, Park H, Kim T, Lee JW, Jeong D, Kwon HI, Kim BJ, Kim FS. Addition of Low-Molecular-Weight Batches Enhances Charge-Transport Properties of n-Type Polymer Semiconductors. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donguk Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University (CAU), Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjung Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Taemin Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University (CAU), Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahyun Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuck-In Kwon
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University (CAU), Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjoon J. Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Felix Sunjoo Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University (CAU), Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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11
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Fell VHK, Cameron J, Kanibolotsky AL, Hussien EJ, Skabara PJ. Introducing a new 7-ring fused diindenone-dithieno[3,2- b:2',3'- d]thiophene unit as a promising component for organic semiconductor materials. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:944-955. [PMID: 35965856 PMCID: PMC9359197 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel π-conjugated molecule, EtH-T-DI-DTT is reported, which is fused, rigid, and planar, featuring the electron-rich dithieno[3,2-b:2’,3’-d]thiophene (DTT) unit in the core of the structure. Adjacent to the electron-donating DTT core, there are indenone units with electron-withdrawing keto groups. To enable solubility in common organic solvents, the fused system is flanked by ethylhexylthiophene groups. The material is a dark, amorphous solid with an onset of absorption at 638 nm in CH2Cl2 solution, which corresponds to an optical gap of 1.94 eV. In films, the absorption onset wavelength is at 701 nm, which corresponds to 1.77 eV. An ionisation energy of 5.5 eV and an electron affinity of 3.3 eV were estimated by cyclic voltammetry measurements. We have applied this new molecule in organic field effect transistors. The material exhibited a p-type mobility up to 1.33 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin H K Fell
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Joseph Cameron
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Alexander L Kanibolotsky
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland
- Institute of Physical-Organic Chemistry and Coal Chemistry, 02160 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Eman J Hussien
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Peter J Skabara
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland
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12
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Patra D, Park S. Solution Processable Benzotrithiophene (BTT)‐Based Organic Semiconductors: Recent Advances and Review. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200473. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjaya Patra
- Department of Polymer‐Nano Science and Technology Jeonbuk National University Jeonju 54896 Korea
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering Jeonbuk National University Jeonju 54896 Korea
| | - Sungjune Park
- Department of Polymer‐Nano Science and Technology Jeonbuk National University Jeonju 54896 Korea
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering Jeonbuk National University Jeonju 54896 Korea
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13
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Zhang Q, Huang J, Wang K, Huang W. Recent Structural Engineering of Polymer Semiconductors Incorporating Hydrogen Bonds. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110639. [PMID: 35261083 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Highly planar, extended π-electron organic conjugated polymers have been increasingly attractive for achieving high-mobility organic semiconductors. In addition to the conventional strategy to construct rigid backbone by covalent bonds, hydrogen bond has been employed extensively to increase the planarity and rigidity of polymer via intramolecular noncovalent interactions. This review provides a general summary of high-mobility semiconducting polymers incorporating hydrogen bonds in field-effect transistors over recent years. The structural engineering of the hydrogen bond-containing building blocks and the discussion of theoretical simulation, microstructural characterization, and device performance are covered. Additionally, the effects of the introduction of hydrogen bond on self-healing, stretchability, chemical sensitivity, and mechanical properties are also discussed. The review aims to help and inspire design of new high-mobility conjugated polymers with superiority of mechanical flexibility by incorporation of hydrogen bond for the application in flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jianyao Huang
- CAS key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
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14
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Lv SY, Li QY, Li BW, Wang JY, Mu YB, Li L, Pei J, Wan XB. Thiazole-Flanked Thiazoloisoindigo as a Monomer for Balanced Ambipolar Polymeric Field-effect Transistors. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Zhang C, Tan WL, Liu Z, He Q, Li Y, Ma J, Chesman ASR, Han Y, McNeill CR, Heeney M, Fei Z. High-Performance Unipolar n-Type Conjugated Polymers Enabled by Highly Electron-Deficient Building Blocks Containing F and CN Groups. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Wen Liang Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Zhongwei Liu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Qiao He
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, White City Campus, Imperial College London, London W120BZ, U.K
| | - Yanru Li
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Jianeng Ma
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | | | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Christopher R. McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, White City Campus, Imperial College London, London W120BZ, U.K
| | - Zhuping Fei
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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16
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Chen J, Yang J, Guo Y, Liu Y. Acceptor Modulation Strategies for Improving the Electron Transport in High-Performance Organic Field-Effect Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104325. [PMID: 34605074 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High-performance ambipolar and electronic type semiconducting polymers are essential for fabricating various organic optoelectronic devices and complementary circuits. This review summarizes the strategies of improving the electron transport of semiconducting polymers via acceptor modulation strategies, which include the use of single, dual, triple, multiple, and all acceptors as well as the fusion of multiple identical acceptors to obtain new heterocyclic acceptors. To further improve the electron transport of semiconducting polymers, the introduction of strong electron-withdrawing groups can enhance the electron-withdrawing ability of donors and acceptors, thereby facilitating electron injection and suppressing hole accumulation. In addition, the relationships between the molecular structure, frontier molecular orbital energy levels, thin film morphology, microstructure, processing conditions, and device performances are also comprehensively discussed. Finally, the challenges encountered in this research area are proposed and the future outlook is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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17
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Ma S, Zhang H, Feng K, Guo X. Polymer Acceptors for High-Performance All-Polymer Solar Cells. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200222. [PMID: 35266214 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
All-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) have attracted considerable attention owing to their pronounced advantages of excellent mechanical flexibility/stretchability and greatly enhanced device stability as compared to other types of organic solar cells (OSCs). Thanks to the extensive research efforts dedicated to the development of polymer acceptors, all-PSCs have achieved remarkable improvement of photovoltaic performance, recently. This review summarizes the recent progress of polymer acceptors based on the key electron-deficient building blocks, which include bithiophene imide (BTI) derivatives, boron-nitrogen coordination bond (B←N)-incorporated (hetero)arenes, cyano-functionalized (hetero)arenes, and fused-ring electron acceptors (FREAs). In addition, single-component-based all-PSCs are also briefly discussed. The structure-property correlations of polymer acceptors are elaborated in detail. Finally, we offer our insights into the development of new electron-deficient building blocks with further optimized properties and the polymers built from them for efficient all-PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suxiang Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Kui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China.,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
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18
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Zhang Y, Zhang C, Su Y, Dong W, Li Y, Liu Z, Yao X, Han Y, Fei Z. Chlorinated conjugated polymer based on chlorine‐ and cyano‐substituted (
E
)‐1,2‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)ethane for ambipolar and n‐type Organic thin‐film transistors. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300192 China
| | - Chan Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300192 China
| | - Yunran Su
- Institute of Molecular Plus and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300192 China
| | - Weijia Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yanru Li
- Institute of Molecular Plus and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300192 China
| | - Zhongwei Liu
- Institute of Molecular Plus and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300192 China
| | - Xiang Yao
- Institute of Molecular Plus and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300192 China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zhuping Fei
- Institute of Molecular Plus and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300192 China
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19
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Shanwu L, Chenyujie Z, Yinhao L, Yaru Z, Hanming T, Zongrui W, Yonggang Z. Research Progress in n-type Organic Semiconducting Materials Based on Amides or Imides. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a22080380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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20
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Liu X, Yan Y, Zhang Q, Zhao K, Han Y. n-Type D-A Conjugated Polymers: Relationship Between Microstructure and Electrical/Mechanical Performance. Chem Res Chin Univ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-021-1269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Shaik B, Khan M, Shaik MR, Sharaf MA, Sekou D, Lee SG. A-π-D-π-A-Based Small Molecules for OTFTs Containing Diketopyrrolopyrrole as Acceptor Units. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12070817. [PMID: 34357227 PMCID: PMC8304449 DOI: 10.3390/mi12070817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A-π-D-π-A-based small molecules 6,6′-((thiophene-2,5-diylbis(ethyne-2,1-diyl))bis(thiophene-5,2-diyl))bis(2,5-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3-(thiophen-2-yl)-2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione) (TDPP-T) and 6,6′-(((2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxine-5,7-diyl)bis(ethyne-2,1-diyl))bis(thiophene-5,2-diyl))bis(2,5-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3-(thiophen-2-yl)-2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione) (TDPP-EDOT) have been designed and synthesized. The diketopyrrolopyrrole acts as an electron acceptor, while the thiophene or 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene acts as an electron donor. The donor–acceptor groups are connected by an ethynyl bridge to further enhance the conjugation. The optoelectronics, electrochemical, and thermal properties have been investigated. Organic thin film transistor (OTFT) devices prepared from TDPP-T and TDPP-EDOT have shown p-type mobility. In as cast films, TDPP-T and TDPP-EDOT have shown a hole mobility of 5.44 × 10−6 cm2 V−1 s−1 and 4.13 × 10−6 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. The increase in the mobility of TDPP-T and TDPP-EDOT OTFT devices was observed after annealing at 150 °C, after which the mobilities were 3.11 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1 and 2.63 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baji Shaik
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Graduate School for Molecular Materials and Nanochemistry, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea;
| | - Mujeeb Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed Rafi Shaik
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (M.R.S.); (S.-G.L.); Tel.: +966-11-4670439 (M.R.S.)
| | - Mohammed A.F. Sharaf
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Doumbia Sekou
- Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Society, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sang-Gyeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Graduate School for Molecular Materials and Nanochemistry, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea;
- Correspondence: (M.R.S.); (S.-G.L.); Tel.: +966-11-4670439 (M.R.S.)
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22
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Griggs S, Marks A, Bristow H, McCulloch I. n-Type organic semiconducting polymers: stability limitations, design considerations and applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2021; 9:8099-8128. [PMID: 34277009 PMCID: PMC8264852 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc02048j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
This review outlines the design strategies which aim to develop high performing n-type materials in the fields of organic thin film transistors (OTFT), organic electrochemical transistors (OECT) and organic thermoelectrics (OTE). Figures of merit for each application and the limitations in obtaining these are set out, and the challenges with achieving consistent and comparable measurements are addressed. We present a thorough discussion of the limitations of n-type materials, particularly their ambient operational instability, and suggest synthetic methods to overcome these. This instability originates from the oxidation of the negative polaron of the organic semiconductor (OSC) by water and oxygen, the potentials of which commonly fall within the electrochemical window of n-type OSCs, and consequently require a LUMO level deeper than ∼-4 eV for a material with ambient stability. Recent high performing n-type materials are detailed for each application and their design principles are discussed to explain how synthetic modifications can enhance performance. This can be achieved through a number of strategies, including utilising an electron deficient acceptor-acceptor backbone repeat unit motif, introducing electron-withdrawing groups or heteroatoms, rigidification and planarisation of the polymer backbone and through increasing the conjugation length. By studying the fundamental synthetic design principles which have been employed to date, this review highlights a path to the development of promising polymers for n-type OSC applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Griggs
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Helen Bristow
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
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23
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Bhat G, Liu Q, Kielar M, Hamada Y, Michinobu T, Sah P, Ko Kyaw AK, Pandey AK, Sonar P. Energy-Level Manipulation in Novel Indacenodithiophene-Based Donor-Acceptor Polymers for Near-Infrared Organic Photodetectors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:29866-29875. [PMID: 34152743 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic photodetectors (OPDs) are promising candidates for next-generation digital imaging and wearable sensors due to their low cost, tuneable optoelectrical properties combined with high-level performance, and solution-processed fabrication techniques. However, OPD detection is often limited to shorter wavelengths, whereas photodetection in the near-infrared (NIR) region is increasingly being required for wearable electronics and medical device applications. NIR sensing suffers from low responsivity and high dark currents. A common approach to enhance NIR photon detection is lowering the optical band gap via donor-acceptor (D-A) molecular engineering. Herein, we present the synthesis of two novel indacenodithiophene (IDT)-based D-A conjugated polymers, namely, PDPPy-IT and PSNT-IT via palladium-catalyzed Stille coupling reactions. These novel polymers exhibit optical band gaps of 1.81 and 1.27 eV for PDPPy-IT and PSNT-IT, respectively, with highly desirable visible and NIR light detection through energy-level manipulation. Moreover, excellent materials' solubility and thin-film processability allow easy incorporation of these polymers as an active layer into OPDs for light detection. In the case of PSNT-IT devices, a photodetection up to 1000 nm is demonstrated with a peak sensitivity centered at 875 nm, whereas PDPPy-IT devices are efficient in detecting the visible spectrum with the highest sensitivity at 660 nm. Overall, both OPDs exhibit spectral responsivities up to 0.11 A W-1 and dark currents in the nA cm-2 range. With linear dynamic ranges exceeding 140 dB and fast response times recorded below 100 μs, the use of novel IDT-based polymers in OPDs shows great potential for wearable optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurudutt Bhat
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Science Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Science Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting, and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Marcin Kielar
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Electrical Engineering and Robotics, Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Yuya Hamada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Pankaj Sah
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Aung Ko Ko Kyaw
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting, and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ajay K Pandey
- School of Electrical Engineering and Robotics, Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Centre for Material Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Science Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Centre for Material Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
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24
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Yang M, Du T, Zhao X, Huang X, Pan L, Pang S, Tang H, Peng Z, Ye L, Deng Y, Sun M, Duan C, Huang F, Cao Y. Low-bandgap conjugated polymers based on benzodipyrrolidone with reliable unipolar electron mobility exceeding 1 cm2 V−1 s−1. Sci China Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-021-9991-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Kim S, Yoo H. Self-Assembled Monolayers: Versatile Uses in Electronic Devices from Gate Dielectrics, Dopants, and Biosensing Linkers. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12050565. [PMID: 34067620 PMCID: PMC8155888 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), molecular structures consisting of assemblies formed in an ordered monolayer domain, are revisited to introduce their various functions in electronic devices. SAMs have been used as ultrathin gate dielectric layers in low-voltage transistors owing to their molecularly thin nature. In addition to the contribution of SAMs as gate dielectric layers, SAMs contribute to the transistor as a semiconducting active layer. Beyond the transistor components, SAMs have recently been applied in other electronic applications, including as remote doping materials and molecular linkers to anchor target biomarkers. This review comprehensively covers SAM-based electronic devices, focusing on the various applications that utilize the physical and chemical properties of SAMs.
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26
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Hawly T, Streller F, Johnson M, Miguez-Lago S, Hammer N, Hampel F, Vivod D, Zahn D, Kivala M, Branscheid R, Spiecker E, Fink RH. Tailored Solution-Based N-heterotriangulene Thin Films: Unravelling the Self-Assembly. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1079-1087. [PMID: 33792107 PMCID: PMC8251884 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability of a series of bridged triarylamines, so‐called N‐heterotriangulenes, to form multilayer‐type 2D‐extended films via a solution‐based processing method was examined using complementary microscopic techniques. We found that the long‐range order, crystallinity, and layer thickness decisively depend on the nature of the substituents attached to the polycyclic backbone. Owing to their flat core unit, compounds exhibiting a carbonyl unit at the bridge position provide a superior building block as compared to thioketone‐bridged derivatives. In addition, nature and length of the peripheral substituents affect the orientation of the aromatic core unit within highly crystalline films. Hence, our results stress the significance of a suitable molecular framework and provide deeper understanding of structure formation in 2D‐confined surroundings for such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hawly
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Physical Chemistry II, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Streller
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Physical Chemistry II, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manuel Johnson
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Physical Chemistry II, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sandra Miguez-Lago
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Organic Chemistry I, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Natalie Hammer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Organic Chemistry I, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Organic Chemistry I, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dustin Vivod
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk Zahn
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Institute of Organic Chemistry & Centre of Advanced Materials, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 & 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Branscheid
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, IZNF, Cauerstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, IZNF, Cauerstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer H Fink
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Physical Chemistry II, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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27
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Zhao X, Cai H, Deng Y, Jiang Y, Wang Z, Shi Y, Han Y, Geng Y. Low-Band gap Conjugated Polymers with Strong Absorption in the Second Near-Infrared Region Based on Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Containing Quinoidal Units. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuxia Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Houji Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yu Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Zhongli Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yibo Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
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28
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Birajdar SS, Naqvi S, More KS, Puyad AL, Kumar R, Bhosale SV, Bhosale SV. Influences of the number of 2-ethylhexylamine chain substituents on electron transport characteristics of core-substituted naphthalene diimide analogues. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05045h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized a series of naphthalenediimide (NDI) derivatives through core-substitution (coded as cNDI) with various number of 2-ethyl-hexylamine (EHA) chains at different positions and examined electron mobility properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh S. Birajdar
- Polymers and Functional Materials Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad 500007
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Samya Naqvi
- Advanced Materials and Devices Metrology Division
- Photovoltaic Metrology Group
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi 110012
- India
| | - Kerba S. More
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Goa University
- Taleigao Plateau
- India
| | - Avinash L. Puyad
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University
- Nanded 431606
- India
| | - Rachana Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- Ghaziabad 201002
- India
- Advanced Materials and Devices Metrology Division
- Photovoltaic Metrology Group
| | - Sidhanath V. Bhosale
- Polymers and Functional Materials Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad 500007
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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29
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Tian Z, Li J, Li C, Jiang X, Guo Y, Xiao C, Li W. A Naphthalenediimide-Based Polymer Acceptor with Multidirectional Orientations via Double-Cable Design. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongrong Tian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Junyu Li
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Cheng Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yiting Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chengyi Xiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, P. R. China
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30
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Shi Y, Guo H, Huang J, Zhang X, Wu Z, Yang K, Zhang Y, Feng K, Woo HY, Ortiz RP, Zhou M, Guo X. Distannylated Bithiophene Imide: Enabling High‐Performance n‐Type Polymer Semiconductors with an Acceptor–Acceptor Backbone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14449-14457. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Shi
- School of New Energy and Materials and State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Engineering Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu Sichuan 610500 China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) No. 1088, Xueyuan Road Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Han Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) No. 1088, Xueyuan Road Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Jiachen Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) No. 1088, Xueyuan Road Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Xianhe Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) No. 1088, Xueyuan Road Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Korea University 145 Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu Seoul 136-713 Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) No. 1088, Xueyuan Road Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) No. 1088, Xueyuan Road Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Kui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) No. 1088, Xueyuan Road Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Korea University 145 Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu Seoul 136-713 Republic of Korea
| | - Rocio Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry University of Málaga Campus de Teatinos s/n Málaga 29071 Spain
| | - Ming Zhou
- School of New Energy and Materials and State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Engineering Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu Sichuan 610500 China
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) No. 1088, Xueyuan Road Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
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31
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Shi Y, Guo H, Huang J, Zhang X, Wu Z, Yang K, Zhang Y, Feng K, Woo HY, Ortiz RP, Zhou M, Guo X. Distannylated Bithiophene Imide: Enabling High‐Performance n‐Type Polymer Semiconductors with an Acceptor–Acceptor Backbone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Shi
- School of New Energy and Materials and State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Engineering Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu Sichuan 610500 China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) No. 1088, Xueyuan Road Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Han Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) No. 1088, Xueyuan Road Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Jiachen Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) No. 1088, Xueyuan Road Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Xianhe Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) No. 1088, Xueyuan Road Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Korea University 145 Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu Seoul 136-713 Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) No. 1088, Xueyuan Road Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) No. 1088, Xueyuan Road Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Kui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) No. 1088, Xueyuan Road Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Korea University 145 Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu Seoul 136-713 Republic of Korea
| | - Rocio Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry University of Málaga Campus de Teatinos s/n Málaga 29071 Spain
| | - Ming Zhou
- School of New Energy and Materials and State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Engineering Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu Sichuan 610500 China
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) No. 1088, Xueyuan Road Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
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32
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Wang Y, Takimiya K. Naphthodithiophenediimide-Bithiopheneimide Copolymers for High-Performance n-Type Organic Thermoelectrics: Significant Impact of Backbone Orientation on Conductivity and Thermoelectric Performance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002060. [PMID: 32567129 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of n-type conjugated polymers with high electrical conductivity (σ) has continued to pose a massive challenge in organic thermoelectrics (OTEs). New structural insights into the charge-carrier transport are necessitated for the realization of high-performance OTEs. In this study, three new n-type copolymers, named pNB, pNB-Tz, and pNB-TzDP, consisting of naphthodithiophenediimide (NDTI) and bithiopheneimide (BTI) units, are synthesized by direct arylation polymerization. The backbone orientation is altered by incorporating thiazole units into the backbone and tuning the branching point of the side chain. The alteration of the backbone orientation from face-on to bimodal orientation with both face-on and edge-on fractions significantly impacts the σ and the power factors (PFs) of the polymers. As a result, pNB-TzDP, with the bimodal orientation, demonstrates a high σ of up to 11.6 S cm-1 and PF of up to 53.4 µW m-1 K-2 , which are among the highest in solution-processed n-doped conjugated polymers reported so far. Further studies reveal that the bimodal orientation of pNB-TzDP introduces 3D conduction channels and leads to better accommodation of dopants, which should be the key factors for the excellent thermoelectric performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Emergent Molecular Function Research Team, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takimiya
- Emergent Molecular Function Research Team, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
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33
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Kimpel J, Michinobu T. Conjugated polymers for functional applications: lifetime and performance of polymeric organic semiconductors in organic field‐effect transistors. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joost Kimpel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo Japan
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34
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Qing L, Zhong A, Chen W, Cao Y, Chen J. Largely improved bulk-heterojunction morphology in organic solar cells based on a conjugated terpolymer donor via a ternary strategy. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.122050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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35
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Yan X, Xiong M, Li JT, Zhang S, Ahmad Z, Lu Y, Wang ZY, Yao ZF, Wang JY, Gu X, Lei T. Pyrazine-Flanked Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP): A New Polymer Building Block for High-Performance n-Type Organic Thermoelectrics. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:20215-20221. [PMID: 31774667 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
n-Doped conjugated polymers usually show low electrical conductivities and low thermoelectric power factors, limiting their applications in n-type organic thermoelectrics. Here, we report the synthesis of a new diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) derivative, pyrazine-flanked DPP (PzDPP), with the deepest LUMO level in all the reported DPP derivatives. Based on PzDPP, a donor-acceptor copolymer, P(PzDPP-CT2), is synthesized. The polymer displays a deep LUMO energy level and strong interchain interaction with a short π-π stacking distance of 3.38 Å. When doped with n-dopant N-DMBI, P(PzDPP-CT2) exhibits high n-type electrical conductivities of up to 8.4 S cm-1 and power factors of up to 57.3 μW m-1 K-2. These values are much higher than previously reported n-doped DPP polymers, and the power factor also ranks the highest in solution-processable n-doped conjugated polymers. These results suggest that PzDPP is a promising high-performance building block for n-type organic thermoelectrics and also highlight that, without sacrificing polymer interchain interactions, efficient n-doping can be realized in conjugated polymers with careful molecular engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Yan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Miao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Jia-Tong Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering , The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg , Mississippi 39406 , United States
| | - Zachary Ahmad
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering , The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg , Mississippi 39406 , United States
| | - Yang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Zi-Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Ze-Fan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering , The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg , Mississippi 39406 , United States
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
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36
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Cho Y, Lee HR, Jeong A, Lee J, Lee SM, Joo SH, Kwak SK, Oh JH, Yang C. Understanding of Fluorination Dependence on Electron Mobility and Stability of Naphthalenediimide-Based Polymer Transistors in Environment with 100% Relative Humidity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:40347-40357. [PMID: 31576742 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A family of copolymers (P(NDIOD-T2Fx)) based on naphthalenediimide (NDI) and 2,2'-bithiophene (T2) units with different amounts of 3,3'-difluoro-2,2'-bithiophene (T2F) decoration were synthesized, characterized, and used in n-type organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). With increasing T2F content in the backbone, we observe increased melting and crystallization transitions, blue-shifted absorptions, and deeper-lying highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels, together with improved hydrophobicity. The highest electron mobility of 4.48 × 10-1 cm2 V-1 s-1 was obtained for P(NDIOD-T2F0) without a T2F unit, which is attributed to the larger domain grains and crystallites, as well as a more tightly packed and oriented crystalline structure, as evidenced from the morphological study. In contrast, P(NDIOD-T2F100) with the highest T2F content has superior air stability, showing greater than 25% electron mobility retention after 30 days in wet conditions of 100% relative humidity without encapsulation. Even P(NDIOD-T2F100) is able to operate normally after 30 min of immersion in water, which is due to the synergistic contributions from the deep HOMO/LUMO levels and improved hydrophobicity. This study advances our fundamental understanding of how the morphology/crystallinity, device performance, and device stability of n-type copolymers are tuned by incorporating different concentrations of T2F in the backbone, shedding light on an important modification for air- and water-stable n-type materials for future OFET applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjoon Cho
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil , Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Rang Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Jeong
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro , Pohang , Gyeongbuk 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil , Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Myeon Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil , Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hun Joo
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil , Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Kwak
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil , Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hak Oh
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Changduk Yang
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil , Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
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37
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Un H, Wang J, Pei J. Recent Efforts in Understanding and Improving the Nonideal Behaviors of Organic Field-Effect Transistors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900375. [PMID: 31637154 PMCID: PMC6794634 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, the mobility of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) has been improved from 10-5 up to over 10 cm2 V-1 s-1, which reaches or has already satisfied the requirements of demanding applications. However, pronounced nonideal behaviors in current-voltage characteristics are commonly observed, which indicates that the reported mobilities may not truly reflect the device properties. Herein, a comprehensive understanding of the origins of several observed nonidealities (downward, upward, double-slope, superlinear, and humped transfer characteristics) is summarized, and how to extract comparatively reliable mobilities from nonideal behaviors in OFETs is discussed. Combining an overview of the ideal and state-of-the-art OFETs, considerable possible approaches are also provided for future OFETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hio‐Ieng Un
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of EducationCenter of Soft Matter Science and EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Jie‐Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of EducationCenter of Soft Matter Science and EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of EducationCenter of Soft Matter Science and EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
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38
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Feng K, Zhang X, Wu Z, Shi Y, Su M, Yang K, Wang Y, Sun H, Min J, Zhang Y, Cheng X, Woo HY, Guo X. Fluorine-Substituted Dithienylbenzodiimide-Based n-Type Polymer Semiconductors for Organic Thin-Film Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:35924-35934. [PMID: 31525945 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Imide functionalization is one of the most effective approaches to develop electron-deficient building blocks for constructing n-type organic semiconductors. Driven by the attractive properties of imide-functionalized dithienylbenzodiimide (TBDI) and the promising device performance of TBDI-based polymers, a novel acceptor with increased electron affinity, fluorinated dithienylbenzodiimide (TFBDI), was designed with the hydrogen replaced by fluorine on the benzene core, and the synthetic challenges associated with this highly electron-deficient fluorinated imide building block are successfully overcome. TFBDI showed suppressed frontier molecular orbital energy levels as compared with TBDI. Copolymerizing this new electron-withdrawing TBDI with various donor co-units afforded a series of n-type polymer semiconductors TFBDI-T, TFBDI-Se, and TFBDI-BSe. All these TFBDI-based polymers exhibited a lower-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level than the polymer analogue without fluorine. When applied in organic thin-film transistors, three polymers showed unipolar electron transport with large on-current/off-current ratios (Ion/Ioff) of 105-107. Among them, the selenophene-based polymer TFBDI-Se with the deepest-positioned LUMO and optimal chain stacking exhibited the highest electron mobility of 0.30 cm2 V-1 s-1. This result demonstrates that the new TFBDI is a highly attractive electron-deficient unit for enabling n-type polymer semiconductors, and the fluorination of imide-functionalized arenes offers an effective approach to develop more electron-deficient building blocks in organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen 518055 , Guangdong , China
- The Institute for Advanced Studies , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China
| | - Xianhe Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen 518055 , Guangdong , China
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , Seoul 136-713 , South Korea
| | - Yongqiang Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen 518055 , Guangdong , China
| | - Mengyao Su
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen 518055 , Guangdong , China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen 518055 , Guangdong , China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen 518055 , Guangdong , China
| | - Huiliang Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen 518055 , Guangdong , China
| | - Jie Min
- The Institute for Advanced Studies , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen 518055 , Guangdong , China
| | - Xing Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen 518055 , Guangdong , China
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , Seoul 136-713 , South Korea
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen 518055 , Guangdong , China
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Kim SW, Wang Y, You H, Lee W, Michinobu T, Kim BJ. Impact of Incorporating Nitrogen Atoms in Naphthalenediimide-Based Polymer Acceptors on the Charge Generation, Device Performance, and Stability of All-Polymer Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:35896-35903. [PMID: 31532612 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Substitution of C atoms in a polymer backbone by N atoms allows for the facile tuning of the energy levels as well as the backbone conformation and packing structures of conjugated polymers. Herein, we report a series of three polymer acceptors (PAs) with N atoms introduced at different positions of the backbone and investigate how these N atoms affect the device performances of all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs). The three PAs, namely, P(NDI2DT-BTT), P(NDI2DT-PTT), and P(NDI2DT-BTTz), are composed of naphthalenediimide (NDI)-based and benzothiadiazole (BT)-based derivatives (dithiophene-BT (BTT), dithiophene-thiadiazolepyridine (PTT), and dithiazole-BT (BTTz)). The PTT and BTTz units are synthesized by replacing the C atoms in BT and thiophene, respectively, with N atoms, which effectively tune the optical, electrochemical, and charge-transporting properties of the corresponding PAs. The all-PSCs using poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl))benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene)-co-(1,3-di(5-thiophene-2-yl)-5,7-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione)] (PBDB-T) as a polymer donor and P(NDI2DT-PTT) as PA exhibit a significantly enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.95%, whereas the all-PSCs based on the other PAs show relatively lower PCEs (6.02% for PBDB-T:P(NDI2DT-BTT) and 1.43% for PBDB-T:P(NDI2DT-BTTz)). The high PCE of the PBDB-T:P(NDI2DT-PTT) device is due to the superior charge transfer and charge dissociation, resulting from the closely matched energy levels between PBDB-T and P(NDI2DT-PTT), as well as a more favorable bulk heterojunction morphology with improved miscibility. Importantly, the P(NDI2DT-PTT)-based all-PSC device shows improved air stability compared to the P(NDI2DT-BTT)-based device, which is most likely due to a decreased lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level of the PA. Our findings suggest that the incorporation of N atoms into the PAs is an effective strategy for improving the efficiency and stability of all-PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Woo Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo 152-8552 , Japan
| | - Hoseon You
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Wonho Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Kumoh National Institute of Technology , Gumi 39177 , Republic of Korea
| | - Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo 152-8552 , Japan
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
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40
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Wang Y, Hasegawa T, Matsumoto H, Michinobu T. Significant Difference in Semiconducting Properties of Isomeric All‐Acceptor Polymers Synthesized via Direct Arylation Polycondensation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
- Current address: Emergent Molecular Function Research Team Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS) RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Tsukasa Hasegawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
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41
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Wang Y, Hasegawa T, Matsumoto H, Michinobu T. Significant Difference in Semiconducting Properties of Isomeric All-Acceptor Polymers Synthesized via Direct Arylation Polycondensation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11893-11902. [PMID: 31210386 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The direct arylation polycondensation (DArP) appeared as an efficient method for producing semiconducting polymers but often requires acceptor monomers with orienting or activating groups for the reactive carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds, which limits the choice of acceptor units. In this study, we describe a DArP for producing high-molecular-weight all-acceptor polymers composed of the acceptor monomers without any orienting or activating groups via a modified method using Pd/Cu co-catalysts. We thus obtained two isomeric all-acceptor polymers, P1 and P2, which have the same backbone and side-chains but different positions of the nitrogen atoms in the thiazole units. This subtle change significantly influences their optoelectronic, molecular packing, and charge-transport properties. P2 with a greater backbone torsion has favorable edge-on orientations and a high electron mobility μe of 2.55 cm2 V-1 s-1 . Moreover, P2-based transistors show an excellent shelf-storage stability in air even after the storage for 1 month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan.,Current address: Emergent Molecular Function Research Team, Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Hasegawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
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42
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Said AA, Xie J, Wang Y, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Zhao K, Gao WB, Michinobu T, Zhang Q. Efficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells by Employing N-Type (D-A 1 -D-A 2 ) Polymers as Electron Transporting Layer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1803339. [PMID: 30370590 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201803339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is highly desirable to employ n-type polymers as electron transporting layers (ETLs) in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to their good electron mobility, high hydrophobicity, and simplicity of film forming. In this research, the capability of three n-type donor-acceptor1 -donor-acceptor2 (D-A1 -D-A2 ) conjugated polymers (pBTT, pBTTz, and pSNT) is first explored as ETLs because these polymers possess electron mobilities as high as 0.92, 0.46, and 4.87 cm2 (Vs)-1 in n-channel organic transistors, respectively. The main structural difference among pBTT, pBTTz, and pSNT is the position of sp2 -nitrogen atoms (sp2 -N) in the polymer main chains. Therefore, the effect of different substitution positions on the PSC performances is comprehensively studied. The as-fabricated p-i-n PSCs with pBTT, pBTTz, and pSNT as ETLs show the maximum photoconversion efficiencies of 12.8%, 14.4%, and 12.0%, respectively. To be highlighted, pBTTz-based device can maintain 80% of its stability after ten days due to its good hydrophobicity, which is further confirmed by a contact angle technique. More importantly, the pBTTz-based device shows a neglected hysteresis. This study reveals that the n-type polymers can be promising candidates as ETLs to approach solution-processed highly-efficient inverted PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ali Said
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jian Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Zongrui Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Zhou
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Kexiang Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei-Bo Gao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Qichun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
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Wang Y, Kim SW, Lee J, Matsumoto H, Kim BJ, Michinobu T. Dual Imide-Functionalized Unit-Based Regioregular D-A 1-D-A 2 Polymers for Efficient Unipolar n-Channel Organic Transistors and All-Polymer Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:22583-22594. [PMID: 31142111 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The demand for the development of more promising n-type semiconducting polymers with excellent electron mobilities and air stabilities is growing fast. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of new dual imide-functionalized derivative-based regioregular D-A1-D-A2 copolymers with different side chains (namely, PNT-R, R = 2-decyltetradecyl (DT), 2-octadecyldodecyl (OD), and 2-hexyldecyl (HD)). These new polymers PNT-R showed strong electron affinities with deep lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels down to -4.01 eV, indicating that they are promising electron-transporting materials. To optimize the electron mobility, side-chain engineering was adopted. Thus, the effects of the side-chain length on their optoelectronic and charge-transport properties as well as the performances of all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) were systematically investigated. Shortening the side-chain length significantly expanded the absorption range, deepened the LUMO energy level, strengthened the molecular packing properties, and developed more crystalline microstructures in the solid state, as evidenced by the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra, cyclic voltammetry, synchrotron two-dimensional grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, and atomic force microscopy measurements. Consequently, the highest electron mobility of 1.05 cm2 V-1 s-1 was achieved in PNT-HD-based organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). Also, PNT-R polymers were successfully applied as electron acceptors in all-PSCs. In good agreement with the OTFT results, the highest power conversion efficiency of 6.62% was obtained for the PNT-HD-blend film due to its excellent short-circuit current ( Jsc) value (12.07 mA cm-2), which was much higher than that of the PNT-DT- and PNT-OD-based all-PSCs (7.67 and 10.19 mA cm-2, respectively). By further investigating the dependence of the Jsc and open-circuit voltage ( Voc) on the illuminated light intensity ( P), the high Jsc value of the PNT-HD-based device was found to originate from its highly suppressed mono- and bimolecular recombination as well as efficient exciton dissociation and charge transfer at the donor-acceptor interfaces. Overall, this study provides insights into the naphthalenediimide-based regioregular D-A1-D-A2 copolymers used in all-PSCs and offers important design guidelines for future development of n-type semiconducting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1 Ookayama , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 , Japan
| | - Sang Woo Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Junbok Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hidetoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1 Ookayama , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 , Japan
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1 Ookayama , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 , Japan
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44
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Michinobu T. Development of N-Type Semiconducting Polymers for Transistor Applications. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2019. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.32.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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45
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Lin G, Wang L, Yang Y, Liu Z, Zhang G, Zhang D. An A-D-A'-D-A Conjugated Molecule Entailing Diazapentalene Unit for an n-Type Organic Semiconductor. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:1712-1716. [PMID: 30600923 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated molecules with low lying LUMO levels are demanding for the development of air stable n-type organic semiconductors. In this paper, we report a new A-D-A'-D-A conjugated molecule (DAPDCV) entailing diazapentalene (DAP) and dicyanovinylene groups as electron accepting units. Both theoretical and electrochemical studies manifest that the incorporation of DAP unit in the conjugated molecule can effectively lower the LUMO energy level. Accordingly, thin film of DAPDCV shows n-type semiconducting behavior with electron mobility up to 0.16 cm2 ⋅V-1 ⋅s-1 after thermal annealing under N2 atmosphere. Moreover, thin film of DAPDCV also shows stable n-type transporting property in air with mobility reaching 0.078 cm2 ⋅V-1 ⋅s-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaobo Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Lingna Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Yizhou Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Zitong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
| | - Guanxin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
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46
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Ma J, Zhao Z, Guo Y, Geng H, Sun Y, Tian J, He Q, Cai Z, Zhang X, Zhang G, Liu Z, Zhang D, Liu Y. Improving the Electronic Transporting Property for Flexible Field-Effect Transistors with Naphthalene Diimide-Based Conjugated Polymer through Branching/Linear Side-Chain Engineering Strategy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:15837-15844. [PMID: 30964258 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
n-Type organic/polymeric semiconductors with high electron mobilities are highly demanded for future flexible organic circuits. Except for developing a new conjugated backbone, recent studies show that side-chain engineering also plays an indispensable role in boosting the charge-transporting property. In this paper, we report a new polymer PNDI2T-DTD with a representative n-type naphthalene diimide (NDI)-bithiophene backbone for high-performance n-type flexible thin-film transistors through branching/linear side-chain engineering strategy. Serving as the flexible side chains, the linear/branching side-chain pattern is found to be effective in tuning the preaggregation behavior in solution and the packing ordering of polymeric chains, resulting in the improvement of thin-film crystallinity. The electron mobility of the thin film of PNDI2T-DTD on flexible substrates can reach 1.52 cm2 V-1 s-1, which is approximately five times higher than that of PNDI2T-DT with the same conjugated backbone and only branching alkyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Beijing National Laboratories for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratories of Organic Solids, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratories for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratories of Organic Solids, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Guo
- Beijing National Laboratories for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratories of Organic Solids, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Hua Geng
- Department of Chemistry , Capital Normal University , Beijing 100048 , P. R. China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Department of Chemistry , Capital Normal University , Beijing 100048 , P. R. China
| | - Jianwu Tian
- Beijing National Laboratories for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratories of Organic Solids, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Qiming He
- Institute for Molecular Engineering , The University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
| | - Zhengxu Cai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Material Science & Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P. R. China
| | - Xisha Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Guanxin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratories for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratories of Organic Solids, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Zitong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratories for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratories of Organic Solids, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratories for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratories of Organic Solids, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratories for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratories of Organic Solids, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
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Rockson TK, Baek S, Jang H, Choi G, Oh S, Kim J, Cho H, Kim SH, Lee HS. Engineering Asymmetric Charge Injection/Extraction to Optimize Organic Transistor Performances. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:10108-10117. [PMID: 30784260 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b01658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of an appropriate functionality on the electrode/active layer interface has been found to be an efficient methodology to enhance the electrical performances of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Herein, we efficiently optimized the charge injection/extraction characteristics of source/drain (S/D) electrodes by applying an asymmetric functionalization at each individual electrode/organic semiconductor (OSC) interface. To further clarify the functionalizing effects of the electrode/OSC interface, we systematically designed five different OFETs: one with pristine S/D electrodes (denoted as pristine S/D) and the remaining ones made by symmetrically or asymmetrically functionalizing the S/D electrodes with up to two different self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) based on thiolated molecules, the strongly electron-donating thiophenol (TP) and electron-withdrawing 2,3,4,5-pentafluorobenzenethiol (PFBT). Both the S and D electrodes were functionalized with TP (denoted as TP-S/D) in one of the two symmetric cases and with PFBT in the other (PFBT-S/D). In each of the two asymmetric cases, one of the S/D electrodes was functionalized with TP and the other with PFBT (to produce PFBT-S/TP-D and TP-S/PFBT-D OFETs). The vapor-deposited p-type dinaphtho[2,3- b:2',3'- f]thieno[3,2- b]thiophene was used as the OSC active layer. The PFBT-S/TP-D case exhibited a field-effect mobility (μFET) of 0.86 ± 0.23 cm2 V-1 s-1, about three times better than that of the pristine S/D case (0.31 ± 0.12 cm2 V-1 s-1). On the other hand, the μFET of the TP-S/PFBT-D case (0.18 ± 0.10 cm2 V-1 s-1) was significantly lower than that of the pristine case and even lower than those of the TP-S/D (0.23 ± 0.07 cm2 V-1 s-1) and PFBT-S/D (0.58 ± 0.19 cm2 V-1 s-1) cases. These results were clearly correlated with the additional hole density, surface potential, and effective work function. In addition, the contact resistance ( RC) for the asymmetric PFBT-S/TP-D case was 10-fold less than that for the TP-S/PFBT-D case and more than five times lower than that for the pristine case. The results contribute a meaningful step forward in improving the electrical performances of various organic electronics such as OFETs, inverters, solar cells, and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonnah Kwesi Rockson
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering , Hanbat National University , Daejeon 34158 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seolhee Baek
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering , Hanbat National University , Daejeon 34158 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hayeong Jang
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering , Hanbat National University , Daejeon 34158 , Republic of Korea
| | - Giheon Choi
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering , Hanbat National University , Daejeon 34158 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seungtaek Oh
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering , Hanbat National University , Daejeon 34158 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehan Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering , Hanbat National University , Daejeon 34158 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Cho
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering , Hanbat National University , Daejeon 34158 , Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan 38541 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Sung Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering , Hanbat National University , Daejeon 34158 , Republic of Korea
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48
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Wang Y, Hasegawa T, Matsumoto H, Michinobu T. Significant Improvement of Unipolar n-Type Transistor Performances by Manipulating the Coplanar Backbone Conformation of Electron-Deficient Polymers via Hydrogen Bonding. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3566-3575. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Hasegawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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49
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50
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Chen F, Jiang Y, Sui Y, Zhang J, Tian H, Han Y, Deng Y, Hu W, Geng Y. Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymers Based on Bisisoindigo: Energy Level Modulation toward Unipolar n-Type Semiconductors. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangzheng Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Ying Sui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jidong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Hongkun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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