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Pogna EAA, Pistore V, Viti L, Li L, Davies AG, Linfield EH, Vitiello MS. Near-field detection of gate-tunable anisotropic plasmon polaritons in black phosphorus at terahertz frequencies. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2373. [PMID: 38490988 PMCID: PMC10943022 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45264-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Polaritons in two-dimensional layered crystals offer an effective solution to confine, enhance and manipulate terahertz (THz) frequency electromagnetic waves at the nanoscale. Recently, strong THz field confinement has been achieved in a graphene-insulator-metal structure, exploiting THz plasmon polaritons (PPs) with strongly reduced wavelength (λp ≈ λ0/66) compared to the photon wavelength λ0. However, graphene PPs propagate isotropically, complicating the directional control of the THz field, which, on the contrary, can be achieved exploiting anisotropic layered crystals, such as orthorhombic black-phosphorus. Here, we detect PPs, at THz frequencies, in hBN-encapsulated black phosphorus field effect transistors through THz near-field photocurrent nanoscopy. The real-space mapping of the thermoelectrical near-field photocurrents reveals deeply sub-wavelength THz PPs (λp ≈ λ0/76), with dispersion tunable by electrostatic control of the carrier density. The in-plane anisotropy of the dielectric response results into anisotropic polariton propagation along the armchair and zigzag crystallographic axes of black-phosphorus. The achieved directional subwavelength light confinement makes this material system a versatile platform for sensing and quantum technology based on nonlinear optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva A A Pogna
- NEST, CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, P. San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Valentino Pistore
- NEST, CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, P. San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Viti
- NEST, CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, P. San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lianhe Li
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - A Giles Davies
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Edmund H Linfield
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Miriam S Vitiello
- NEST, CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, P. San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
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2
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Wehmeier L, Liu M, Park S, Jang H, Basov DN, Homes CC, Carr GL. Ultrabroadband Terahertz Near-Field Nanospectroscopy with a HgCdTe Detector. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:4329-4339. [PMID: 38145170 PMCID: PMC10739990 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
While near-field infrared nanospectroscopy provides a powerful tool for nanoscale material characterization, broadband nanospectroscopy of elementary material excitations in the single-digit terahertz (THz) range remains relatively unexplored. Here, we study liquid-Helium-cooled photoconductive Hg1-XCdXTe (MCT) for use as a fast detector in near-field nanospectroscopy. Compared to the common T = 77 K operation, liquid-Helium cooling reduces the MCT detection threshold to ∼22 meV, improves the noise performance, and yields a response bandwidth exceeding 10 MHz. These improved detector properties have a profound impact on the near-field technique, enabling unprecedented broadband nanospectroscopy across a range of 5 to >50 THz (175 to >1750 cm-1, or <6 to 57 μm), i.e., covering what is commonly known as the "THz gap". Our approach has been implemented as a user program at the National Synchrotron Light Source II, Upton, USA, where we showcase ultrabroadband synchrotron nanospectroscopy of phonons in ZnSe (∼7.8 THz) and BaF2 (∼6.7 THz), as well as hyperbolic phonon polaritons in GeS (6-8 THz).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Wehmeier
- National
Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven
National Laboratory; Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University; Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Mengkun Liu
- National
Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven
National Laboratory; Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University; Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Suji Park
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Houk Jang
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - D. N. Basov
- Department
of Physics, Columbia University; New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Christopher C. Homes
- National
Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven
National Laboratory; Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - G. Lawrence Carr
- National
Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven
National Laboratory; Upton, New York 11973, United States
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3
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Obst M, Nörenberg T, Álvarez-Pérez G, de Oliveira TVAG, Taboada-Gutiérrez J, Feres FH, Kaps FG, Hatem O, Luferau A, Nikitin AY, Klopf JM, Alonso-González P, Kehr SC, Eng LM. Terahertz Twistoptics-Engineering Canalized Phonon Polaritons. ACS NANO 2023; 17:19313-19322. [PMID: 37738305 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The terahertz (THz) frequency range is key to studying collective excitations in many crystals and organic molecules. However, due to the large wavelength of THz radiation, the local probing of these excitations in smaller crystalline structures or few-molecule arrangements requires sophisticated methods to confine THz light down to the nanometer length scale, as well as to manipulate such a confined radiation. For this purpose, in recent years, taking advantage of hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) in highly anisotropic van der Waals (vdW) materials has emerged as a promising approach, offering a multitude of manipulation options, such as control over the wavefront shape and propagation direction. Here, we demonstrate the THz application of twist-angle-induced HPhP manipulation, designing the propagation of confined THz radiation between 8.39 and 8.98 THz in the vdW material α-molybdenum trioxide (α-MoO3), hence extending twistoptics to this intriguing frequency range. Our images, recorded by near-field optical microscopy, show the frequency- and twist-angle-dependent changes between hyperbolic and elliptic polariton propagation, revealing a polaritonic transition at THz frequencies. As a result, we are able to allocate canalization (highly collimated propagation) of confined THz radiation by carefully adjusting these two parameters, i.e. frequency and twist angle. Specifically, we report polariton canalization in α-MoO3 at 8.67 THz for a twist angle of 50°. Our results demonstrate the precise control and manipulation of confined collective excitations at THz frequencies, particularly offering possibilities for nanophotonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Obst
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01187, Germany
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence - EXC 2147 (ct.qmat), Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Tobias Nörenberg
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01187, Germany
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence - EXC 2147 (ct.qmat), Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez-Pérez
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego 33940, Spain
| | - Thales V A G de Oliveira
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01187, Germany
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence - EXC 2147 (ct.qmat), Dresden 01062, Germany
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden 01328, Germany
| | - Javier Taboada-Gutiérrez
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Flávio H Feres
- Gleb Wataghin Physics Institute, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-859, Brazil
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Felix G Kaps
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01187, Germany
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence - EXC 2147 (ct.qmat), Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Osama Hatem
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01187, Germany
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence - EXC 2147 (ct.qmat), Dresden 01062, Germany
- Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | - Andrei Luferau
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01187, Germany
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden 01328, Germany
| | - Alexey Y Nikitin
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia/San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| | - J Michael Klopf
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden 01328, Germany
| | - Pablo Alonso-González
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego 33940, Spain
| | - Susanne C Kehr
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01187, Germany
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence - EXC 2147 (ct.qmat), Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Lukas M Eng
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01187, Germany
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence - EXC 2147 (ct.qmat), Dresden 01062, Germany
- Collaborative Research Center 1415, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany
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4
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Matson J, Wasserroth S, Ni X, Obst M, Diaz-Granados K, Carini G, Renzi EM, Galiffi E, Folland TG, Eng LM, Michael Klopf J, Mastel S, Armster S, Gambin V, Wolf M, Kehr SC, Alù A, Paarmann A, Caldwell JD. Controlling the propagation asymmetry of hyperbolic shear polaritons in beta-gallium oxide. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5240. [PMID: 37640711 PMCID: PMC10462611 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40789-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural anisotropy in crystals is crucial for controlling light propagation, particularly in the infrared spectral regime where optical frequencies overlap with crystalline lattice resonances, enabling light-matter coupled quasiparticles called phonon polaritons (PhPs). Exploring PhPs in anisotropic materials like hBN and MoO3 has led to advancements in light confinement and manipulation. In a recent study, PhPs in the monoclinic crystal β-Ga2O3 (bGO) were shown to exhibit strongly asymmetric propagation with a frequency dispersive optical axis. Here, using scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM), we directly image the symmetry-broken propagation of hyperbolic shear polaritons in bGO. Further, we demonstrate the control and enhancement of shear-induced propagation asymmetry by varying the incident laser orientation and polariton momentum using different sizes of nano-antennas. Finally, we observe significant rotation of the hyperbola axis by changing the frequency of incident light. Our findings lay the groundwork for the widespread utilization and implementation of polaritons in low-symmetry crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sören Wasserroth
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiang Ni
- School of Physics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maximilian Obst
- Institute of Applied Physics, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Giulia Carini
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Enrico Maria Renzi
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emanuele Galiffi
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Lukas M Eng
- Institute of Applied Physics, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Sean Armster
- NG NEXT, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Redondo Beach, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Gambin
- NG NEXT, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Redondo Beach, CA, USA
| | - Martin Wolf
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne C Kehr
- Institute of Applied Physics, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrea Alù
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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5
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Huang W, Folland TG, Sun F, Zheng Z, Xu N, Xing Q, Jiang J, Chen H, Caldwell JD, Yan H, Deng S. In-plane hyperbolic polariton tuners in terahertz and long-wave infrared regimes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2716. [PMID: 37169788 PMCID: PMC10175486 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main bottlenecks in the development of terahertz (THz) and long-wave infrared (LWIR) technologies is the limited intrinsic response of traditional materials. Hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) of van der Waals semiconductors couple strongly with THz and LWIR radiation. However, the mismatch of photon - polariton momentum makes far-field excitation of HPhPs challenging. Here, we propose an In-Plane Hyperbolic Polariton Tuner that is based on patterning van der Waals semiconductors, here α-MoO3, into ribbon arrays. We demonstrate that such tuners respond directly to far-field excitation and give rise to LWIR and THz resonances with high quality factors up to 300, which are strongly dependent on in-plane hyperbolic polariton of the patterned α-MoO3. We further show that with this tuner, intensity regulation of reflected and transmitted electromagnetic waves, as well as their wavelength and polarization selection can be achieved. Our results can help the development of THz and LWIR miniaturized devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuchao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Thomas G Folland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52245, USA
| | - Fengsheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zebo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ningsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- The Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qiaoxia Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Department of Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jingyao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Huanjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
| | - Hugen Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Department of Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Shaozhi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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6
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Feres FH, Barcelos ID, Cadore AR, Wehmeier L, Nörenberg T, Mayer RA, Freitas RO, Eng LM, Kehr SC, Maia FCB. Graphene Nano-Optics in the Terahertz Gap. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:3913-3920. [PMID: 37126430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nano-optics at terahertz (THz) frequencies (ν) is theoretically anticipated to feature extraordinary effects. However, interrogating such phenomena is nontrivial, since the atomically thin graphene dimensionally mismatches the THz radiation wavelength reaching hundreds of micrometers. Greater challenges happen in the THz gap (0.1-10 THz) wherein light sources are scarce. To surpass these barriers, we use a nanoscope illuminated by a highly brilliant and tunable free-electron laser to image the graphene nano-optical response from 1.5 to 6.0 THz. For ν < 2 THz, we observe a metal-like behavior of graphene, which screens optical fields akin to noble metals, since this excitation range approaches its charge relaxation frequency. At 3.8 THz, plasmonic resonances cause a field-enhancement effect (FEE) that improves the graphene imaging power. Moreover, we show that the metallic behavior and the FEE are tunable upon electrical doping, thus providing further control of these graphene nano-optical properties in the THz gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio H Feres
- "Gleb Wataghin" Institute of Physics, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-859, Brazil
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ingrid D Barcelos
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Alisson R Cadore
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory LNNano, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Lukas Wehmeier
- Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States of America
| | - Tobias Nörenberg
- Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence - EXC 2147 (ct.qmat), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rafael A Mayer
- "Gleb Wataghin" Institute of Physics, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-859, Brazil
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Raul O Freitas
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Lukas M Eng
- Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence - EXC 2147 (ct.qmat), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne C Kehr
- Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence - EXC 2147 (ct.qmat), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Francisco C B Maia
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
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7
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Yakubovsky DI, Grudinin DV, Ermolaev GA, Vyshnevyy AA, Mironov MS, Novikov SM, Arsenin AV, Volkov VS. Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy of Ultrathin Gold Films. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1376. [PMID: 37110961 PMCID: PMC10146867 DOI: 10.3390/nano13081376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin metal films are an essential platform for two-dimensional (2D) material compatible and flexible optoelectronics. Characterization of thin and ultrathin film-based devices requires a thorough consideration of the crystalline structure and local optical and electrical properties of the metal-2D material interface since they could be dramatically different from the bulk material. Recently, it was demonstrated that the growth of gold on the chemical vapor deposited monolayer MoS2 leads to a continuous metal film that preserves plasmonic optical response and conductivity even at thicknesses below 10 nm. Here, we examined the optical response and morphology of ultrathin gold films deposited on exfoliated MoS2 crystal flakes on the SiO2/Si substrate via scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM). We demonstrate a direct relationship between the ability of thin film to support guided surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) and the s-SNOM signal intensity with a very high spatial resolution. Using this relationship, we observed the evolution of the structure of gold films grown on SiO2 and MoS2 with an increase in thickness. The continuous morphology and superior ability with respect to supporting SPPs of the ultrathin (≤10 nm) gold on MoS2 is further confirmed with scanning electron microscopy and direct observation of SPP fringes via s-SNOM. Our results establish s-SNOM as a tool for testing plasmonic films and motivate further theoretical research on the impact of the interplay between the guided modes and the local optical properties on the s-SNOM signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry I. Yakubovsky
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutsky Lane, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia; (D.I.Y.); (D.V.G.); (G.A.E.); (A.A.V.); (M.S.M.); (S.M.N.); (A.V.A.)
| | - Dmitry V. Grudinin
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutsky Lane, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia; (D.I.Y.); (D.V.G.); (G.A.E.); (A.A.V.); (M.S.M.); (S.M.N.); (A.V.A.)
| | - Georgy A. Ermolaev
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutsky Lane, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia; (D.I.Y.); (D.V.G.); (G.A.E.); (A.A.V.); (M.S.M.); (S.M.N.); (A.V.A.)
| | - Andrey A. Vyshnevyy
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutsky Lane, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia; (D.I.Y.); (D.V.G.); (G.A.E.); (A.A.V.); (M.S.M.); (S.M.N.); (A.V.A.)
| | - Mikhail S. Mironov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutsky Lane, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia; (D.I.Y.); (D.V.G.); (G.A.E.); (A.A.V.); (M.S.M.); (S.M.N.); (A.V.A.)
| | - Sergey M. Novikov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutsky Lane, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia; (D.I.Y.); (D.V.G.); (G.A.E.); (A.A.V.); (M.S.M.); (S.M.N.); (A.V.A.)
| | - Aleksey V. Arsenin
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutsky Lane, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia; (D.I.Y.); (D.V.G.); (G.A.E.); (A.A.V.); (M.S.M.); (S.M.N.); (A.V.A.)
- Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Yerevan State University, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Valentyn S. Volkov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutsky Lane, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia; (D.I.Y.); (D.V.G.); (G.A.E.); (A.A.V.); (M.S.M.); (S.M.N.); (A.V.A.)
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8
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Schäffer S, Ogolla CO, Loth Y, Haeger T, Kreusel C, Runkel M, Riedl T, Butz B, Wigger AK, Bolívar PH. Imaging the Terahertz Nanoscale Conductivity of Polycrystalline CsPbBr 3 Perovskite Thin Films. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2074-2080. [PMID: 36862532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) radiation is a valuable tool to investigate the electronic properties of lead halide perovskites (LHPs). However, attaining high-resolution information remains elusive, as the diffraction-limited spatial resolution (∼300 μm) of conventional THz methods prevents a direct analysis of microscopic effects. Here, we employ THz scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (THz-sSNOM) for nanoscale imaging of cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) thin films down to the single grain level at 600 GHz. Adopting a scattering model, we are able to derive the local THz nanoscale conductivity in a contact-free fashion. Increased THz near-field signals at CsPbBr3 grain boundaries complemented by correlative transmission electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy elemental analysis point to the formation of halide vacancies (VBr) and Pb-Pb bonds, which induce charge carrier trapping and can lead to nonradiative recombination. Our study establishes THz-sSNOM as a powerful THz nanoscale analysis platform for thin-film semiconductors such as LHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schäffer
- Institute for High Frequency and Quantum Electronics, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | | | - Yannik Loth
- Institute for High Frequency and Quantum Electronics, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Tobias Haeger
- Institute of Electronic Devices, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Cedric Kreusel
- Institute of Electronic Devices, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Manuel Runkel
- Institute of Electronic Devices, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Thomas Riedl
- Institute of Electronic Devices, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Benjamin Butz
- Micro-and Nanoanalytics Group, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Anna Katharina Wigger
- Institute for High Frequency and Quantum Electronics, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Peter Haring Bolívar
- Institute for High Frequency and Quantum Electronics, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany
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9
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Nörenberg T, Álvarez-Pérez G, Obst M, Wehmeier L, Hempel F, Klopf JM, Nikitin AY, Kehr SC, Eng LM, Alonso-González P, de Oliveira TVAG. Germanium Monosulfide as a Natural Platform for Highly Anisotropic THz Polaritons. ACS NANO 2022; 16:20174-20185. [PMID: 36446407 PMCID: PMC9799068 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) electromagnetic radiation is key to access collective excitations such as magnons (spins), plasmons (electrons), or phonons (atomic vibrations), thus bridging topics between optics and solid-state physics. Confinement of THz light to the nanometer length scale is desirable for local probing of such excitations in low-dimensional systems, thereby circumventing the large footprint and inherently low spectral power density of far-field THz radiation. For that purpose, phonon polaritons (PhPs) in anisotropic van der Waals (vdW) materials have recently emerged as a promising platform for THz nanooptics. Hence, there is a demand for the exploration of materials that feature not only THz PhPs at different spectral regimes but also host anisotropic (directional) electrical, thermoelectric, and vibronic properties. To that end, we introduce here the semiconducting vdW-material alpha-germanium(II) sulfide (GeS) as an intriguing candidate. By employing THz nanospectroscopy supported by theoretical analysis, we provide a thorough characterization of the different in-plane hyperbolic and elliptical PhP modes in GeS. We find not only PhPs with long lifetimes (τ > 2 ps) and excellent THz light confinement (λ0/λ > 45) but also an intrinsic, phonon-induced anomalous dispersion as well as signatures of naturally occurring, substrate-mediated PhP canalization within a single GeS slab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Nörenberg
- Institut für
Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität
Dresden, Dresden 01187, Germany
- Würzburg-Dresden
Cluster of Excellence - EXC 2147 (ct.qmat), Dresden 01062, Germany
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden 01328, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez-Pérez
- Department of Physics, University
of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
- Center of Research
on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology CINN (CSIC−Universidad
de Oviedo), El Entrego 33940, Spain
| | - Maximilian Obst
- Institut für
Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität
Dresden, Dresden 01187, Germany
| | - Lukas Wehmeier
- Institut für
Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität
Dresden, Dresden 01187, Germany
- Würzburg-Dresden
Cluster of Excellence - EXC 2147 (ct.qmat), Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Franz Hempel
- Institut für
Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität
Dresden, Dresden 01187, Germany
- Collaborative Research
Center 1415, Technische Universität
Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - J. Michael Klopf
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden 01328, Germany
| | - Alexey Y. Nikitin
- Donostia International
Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia-San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| | - Susanne C. Kehr
- Institut für
Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität
Dresden, Dresden 01187, Germany
| | - Lukas M. Eng
- Institut für
Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität
Dresden, Dresden 01187, Germany
- Würzburg-Dresden
Cluster of Excellence - EXC 2147 (ct.qmat), Dresden 01062, Germany
- Collaborative Research
Center 1415, Technische Universität
Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Pablo Alonso-González
- Department of Physics, University
of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
- Center of Research
on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology CINN (CSIC−Universidad
de Oviedo), El Entrego 33940, Spain
| | - Thales V. A. G. de Oliveira
- Institut für
Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität
Dresden, Dresden 01187, Germany
- Würzburg-Dresden
Cluster of Excellence - EXC 2147 (ct.qmat), Dresden 01062, Germany
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden 01328, Germany
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10
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Li S, Xu J, Xie Y. Active Tuning and Anisotropic Strong Coupling of Terahertz Polaritons in Van der Waals Heterostructures. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1955. [PMID: 36422384 PMCID: PMC9699160 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic field confinement is significant in enhancing light-matter interactions as well as in reducing footprints of photonic devices especially in Terahertz (THz). Polaritons offer a promising platform for the manipulation of light at the deep sub-wavelength scale. However, traditional THz polariton materials lack active tuning and anisotropic propagation simultaneously. In this paper, we design a graphene/α-MoO3 heterostructure and simulate polariton hybridization between isotropic graphene plasmon polaritons and anisotropic α-MoO3 phonon polaritons. The physical fundamentals for polariton hybridizations depend on the evanescent fields coupling originating from the constituent materials as well as the phase match condition, which can be severely affected by the α-MoO3 thickness and actively tuned by the gate voltages. Hybrid polaritons propagate with in-plane anisotropy that exhibit momentum dispersion characterized by elliptical, hyperboloidal and even flattened iso-frequency contours (IFCs) in the THz range. Our results provide a tunable and flexible anisotropic polariton platform for THz sensing, imaging, and modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Li
- Department of Physics, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics Technology, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Junhao Xu
- Department of Physics, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
| | - Yajie Xie
- Department of Physics, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
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11
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Ilyakov I, Ponomaryov A, Klopf JM, Pashkin A, Deinert JC, de Oliveira TVAG, Evtushenko P, Helm M, Winnerl S, Kovalev S. Field-resolved THz-pump laser-probe measurements with CEP-unstable THz light sources. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:42141-42154. [PMID: 36366673 DOI: 10.1364/oe.473743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Radiation sources with a stable carrier-envelope phase (CEP) are highly demanded tools for field-resolved studies of light-matter interaction, providing access both to the amplitude and phase information of dynamical processes. At the same time, many coherent light sources, including those with outstanding power and spectral characteristics lack CEP stability, and so far could not be used for this type of research. In this work, we present a method enabling linear and non-linear phase-resolved terahertz (THz) -pump laser-probe experiments with CEP-unstable THz sources. THz CEP information for each pulse is extracted using a specially designed electro-optical detection scheme. The method correlates the extracted CEP value for each pulse with the THz-induced response in the parallel pump-probe experiment to obtain an absolute phase-resolved response after proper sorting and averaging. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate experimentally field-resolved THz time-domain spectroscopy with sub-cycle temporal resolution using the pulsed radiation of a CEP-unstable infrared free-electron laser (IR-FEL) operating at 13 MHz repetition rate. In spite of the long history of IR-FELs and their unique operational characteristics, no successful realization of CEP-stable operation has been demonstrated yet. Being CEP-unstable, IR-FEL radiation has so far only been used in non-coherent measurements without phase resolution. The technique demonstrated here is robust, operates easily at high-repetition rates and for short THz pulses, and enables common sequential field-resolved time-domain experiments. The implementation of such a technique at IR-FEL user end-stations will facilitate a new class of linear and non-linear experiments for studying coherent light-driven phenomena with increased signal-to-noise ratio.
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12
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Thomas L, Hannotte T, Santos CN, Walter B, Lavancier M, Eliet S, Faucher M, Lampin JF, Peretti R. Imaging of THz Photonic Modes by Scattering Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:32608-32617. [PMID: 35802070 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the near-field distribution associated to the photonic mode of terahertz photonic micro-resonators by scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy. Probing individual THz micro-resonators concentrating electric fields is important for high-sensitivity chemical and biochemical sensing and fundamental light-matter interactions studies at the nanoscale. We imaged both electric field concentration predicted by numerical simulations and unexpected patterns that deviate from intuitive assumptions. We propose a scenario based on the combination of the near-field with the far-field pattern of the probe/resonator ensemble that is in excellent agreement with the experimental data and propose an image analysis procedure to recover the near-field of such structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Thomas
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, CNRS, Univ. Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59652 France
| | - Théo Hannotte
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, CNRS, Univ. Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59652 France
| | - Cristiane N Santos
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, CNRS, Univ. Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59652 France
| | | | - Mélanie Lavancier
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, CNRS, Univ. Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59652 France
| | - Sophie Eliet
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, CNRS, Univ. Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59652 France
| | - Marc Faucher
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, CNRS, Univ. Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59652 France
| | - Jean-François Lampin
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, CNRS, Univ. Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59652 France
| | - Romain Peretti
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, CNRS, Univ. Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59652 France
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13
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Chen M, de Oliveira TVAG, Ilyakov I, Nörenberg T, Kuschewski F, Deinert JC, Awari N, Ponomaryov A, Kuntzsch M, Kehr SC, Eng LM, Gensch M, Kovalev S. Terahertz-slicing - an all-optical synchronization for 4 th generation light sources. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:26955-26966. [PMID: 36236877 DOI: 10.1364/oe.454908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A conceptually new approach to synchronizing accelerator-based light sources and external laser systems is presented. The concept is based on utilizing a sufficiently intense accelerator-based single-cycle terahertz pulse to slice a thereby intrinsically synchronized femtosecond-level part of a longer picosecond laser pulse in an electro-optic crystal. A precise synchronization of the order of 10 fs is demonstrated, allowing for real-time lock-in amplifier signal demodulation. We demonstrate successful operation of the concept with three benchmark experiments using a 4th generation accelerator-based terahertz light source, i.e. (i) far-field terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, (ii) terahertz high harmonic generation spectroscopy, and (iii) terahertz scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy.
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14
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Qiu F, You G, Tan Z, Wan W, Wang C, Liu X, Chen X, Liu R, Tao H, Fu Z, Li H, Cao J. A terahertz near-field nanoscopy revealing edge fringes with a fast and highly sensitive quantum-well photodetector. iScience 2022; 25:104637. [PMID: 35800762 PMCID: PMC9254002 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the successful implementation of a terahertz (THz) quantum-well photodetector (QWP) for effective signal collection in a scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope (s-SNOM) system. The light source is an electrically pumped THz quantum cascade laser (QCL) at 4.2 THz, which spectrally matches with the peak photoresponse of THz QWP. The sensitive THz QWP has a low noise equivalent power (NEP) of about 1.1 pW/Hz0.5 and a spectral response range from 2 to 7 THz. The fast-responding capability of the THz QWP is vital for detecting the rapidly tip-modulated THz light which can effectively suppress the background noise. The THz images of the nanostructure demonstrate a spatial resolution of about 95 nm, corresponding to ∼λ/752 at 4.2 THz. We experimentally investigate and theoretically interpret the formation of the fringes which appear at the edge position of a gold stripe in the THz near-field image. THz scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope with a high-power THz QCL Highly sensitive THz quantum-well photodetector for effective signal collection Nanoscale spatial resolution reveals local optical properties in THz range Experimentally investigate and theoretically interpret the formation of the edge fringes
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15
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Chen X, Yao Z, Sun Z, Stanciu SG, Basov DN, Hillenbrand R, Liu M. Rapid simulations of hyperspectral near-field images of three-dimensional heterogeneous surfaces - part II. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:11228-11242. [PMID: 35473071 DOI: 10.1364/oe.452949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The modeling of the near-field interaction in the scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope (s-SNOM) is rapidly advancing, although an accurate yet versatile modeling framework that can be easily adapted to various complex situations is still lacking. In this work, we propose a time-efficient numerical scheme in the quasi-electrostatic limit to capture the tip-sample interaction in the near field. This method considers an extended tip geometry, which is a significant advantage compared to the previously reported method based on the point-dipole approximation. Using this formalism, we investigate, among others, nontrivial questions such as uniaxial and biaxial anisotropy in the near-field interaction, the relationship between various experimental parameters (e.g. tip radius, tapping amplitude, etc.), and the tip-dependent spatial resolution. The demonstrated method further sheds light on the understanding of the contrast mechanism in s-SNOM imaging and spectroscopy, while also representing a valuable platform for future quantitative analysis of the experimental observations.
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16
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Chen S, Bylinkin A, Wang Z, Schnell M, Chandan G, Li P, Nikitin AY, Law S, Hillenbrand R. Real-space nanoimaging of THz polaritons in the topological insulator Bi 2Se 3. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1374. [PMID: 35296642 PMCID: PMC8927118 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28791-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmon polaritons in topological insulators attract attention from a fundamental perspective and for potential THz photonic applications. Although polaritons have been observed by THz far-field spectroscopy on topological insulator microstructures, real-space imaging of propagating THz polaritons has been elusive so far. Here, we show spectroscopic THz near-field images of thin Bi2Se3 layers (prototypical topological insulators) revealing polaritons with up to 12 times increased momenta as compared to photons of the same energy and decay times of about 0.48 ps, yet short propagation lengths. From the images we determine and analyze the polariton dispersion, showing that the polaritons can be explained by the coupling of THz radiation to various combinations of Dirac and massive carriers at the Bi2Se3 surfaces, massive bulk carriers and optical phonons. Our work provides critical insights into the nature of THz polaritons in topological insulators and establishes instrumentation and methodology for imaging of THz polaritons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Chen
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, 20018, Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Andrei Bylinkin
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, 20018, Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain.,Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Zhengtianye Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, USA
| | - Martin Schnell
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, 20018, Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Greeshma Chandan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, USA
| | - Peining Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics & School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Alexey Y Nikitin
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Stephanie Law
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, USA
| | - Rainer Hillenbrand
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain. .,CIC nanoGUNE BRTA and Department of Electricity and Electronics, UPV/EHU, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
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17
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Wu Z, Cheng HW, Jin C, Yang B, Xu C, Pei K, Zhang H, Yang Z, Che R. Dimensional Design and Core-Shell Engineering of Nanomaterials for Electromagnetic Wave Absorption. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107538. [PMID: 34755916 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption materials possess exceptionally high EM energy loss efficiency. With vigorous developments in nanotechnology, such materials have exhibited numerous advanced EM functions, including radiation prevention and antiradar stealth. To achieve improved EM performance and multifunctionality, the elaborate control of microstructures has become an attractive research direction. By designing them as core-shell structures with different dimensions, the combined effects, such as interfacial polarization, conduction networks, magnetic coupling, and magnetic-dielectric synergy, can significantly enhance the EM wave absorption performance. Herein, the advances in low-dimensional core-shell EM wave absorption materials are outlined and a selection of the most remarkable examples is discussed. The derived key information regarding dimensional design, structural engineering, performance, and structure-function relationship are comprehensively summarized. Moreover, the investigation of the cutting-edge mechanisms is given particular attention. Additional applications, such as oxidation resistance and self-cleaning functions, are also introduced. Finally, insight into what may be expected from this rapidly expanding field and future challenges are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengchen Wu
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Han-Wen Cheng
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Chen Jin
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Bintong Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Chunyang Xu
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Ke Pei
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Huibin Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Ziqi Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Renchao Che
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
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18
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Yu SJ, Jiang Y, Roberts JA, Huber MA, Yao H, Shi X, Bechtel HA, Gilbert Corder SN, Heinz TF, Zheng X, Fan JA. Ultrahigh-Quality Infrared Polaritonic Resonators Based on Bottom-Up-Synthesized van der Waals Nanoribbons. ACS NANO 2022; 16:3027-3035. [PMID: 35041379 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
van der Waals nanomaterials supporting phonon polariton quasiparticles possess extraordinary light confinement capabilities, making them ideal systems for molecular sensing, thermal emission, and subwavelength imaging applications, but they require defect-free crystallinity and nanostructured form factors to fully showcase these capabilities. We introduce bottom-up-synthesized α-MoO3 structures as nanoscale phonon polaritonic systems that feature tailorable morphologies and crystal qualities consistent with bulk single crystals. α-MoO3 nanoribbons serve as low-loss hyperbolic Fabry-Pérot nanoresonators, and we experimentally map hyperbolic resonances over four Reststrahlen bands spanning the far- and mid-infrared spectral range, including resonance modes beyond the 10th order. The measured quality factors are the highest from phonon polaritonic van der Waals structures to date. We anticipate that bottom-up-synthesized polaritonic van der Waals nanostructures will serve as an enabling high-performance and low-loss platform for infrared optical and optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Jie Yu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yue Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - John A Roberts
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Markus A Huber
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Helen Yao
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xinjian Shi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hans A Bechtel
- Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stephanie N Gilbert Corder
- Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tony F Heinz
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94305, United States
| | - Xiaolin Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jonathan A Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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19
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Zheng Z, Jiang J, Xu N, Wang X, Huang W, Ke Y, Zhang S, Chen H, Deng S. Controlling and Focusing In-Plane Hyperbolic Phonon Polaritons in α-MoO 3 with a Curved Plasmonic Antenna. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104164. [PMID: 34791711 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) sustained in polar van der Waals (vdW) crystals exhibit extraordinary confinement of long-wave electromagnetic fields to the deep subwavelength scale. In stark contrast to uniaxial vdW hyperbolic materials, recently emerged biaxial hyperbolic materials, such as α-MoO3 and α-V2 O5 , offer new degrees of freedom for controlling light in two-dimensions due to their distinctive in-plane hyperbolic dispersions. However, the control and focusing of these in-plane HPhPs remain elusive. Here, a versatile technique is proposed for launching, controlling, and focusing in-plane HPhPs in α-MoO3 with geometrically designed curved gold plasmonic antennas. It is found that the subwavelength manipulation and focusing behaviors are strongly dependent on the curvature of the antenna extremity. This strategy operates effectively in a broadband spectral region. These findings not only provide fundamental insights into the manipulation of light by biaxial hyperbolic crystals at the nanoscale but also open up new opportunities for planar nanophotonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen, 510275, China
| | - Jingyao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen, 510275, China
| | - Ningsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen, 510275, China
- Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ximiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen, 510275, China
| | - Wuchao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen, 510275, China
| | - Yanlin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen, 510275, China
| | - Shouren Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Nanocomposites and Applications, Institute of Nanostructured Functional Materials, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou, 450006, China
| | - Huanjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen, 510275, China
| | - Shaozhi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen, 510275, China
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20
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Barnett J, Wehmeier L, Heßler A, Lewin M, Pries J, Wuttig M, Klopf JM, Kehr SC, Eng LM, Taubner T. Far-Infrared Near-Field Optical Imaging and Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy of Laser-Crystallized and -Amorphized Phase Change Material Ge 3Sb 2Te 6. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:9012-9020. [PMID: 34665620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chalcogenide phase change materials reversibly switch between non-volatile states with vastly different optical properties, enabling novel active nanophotonic devices. However, a fundamental understanding of their laser-switching behavior is lacking and the resulting local optical properties are unclear at the nanoscale. Here, we combine infrared scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) to investigate four states of laser-switched Ge3Sb2Te6 (as-deposited amorphous, crystallized, reamorphized, and recrystallized) with nanometer lateral resolution. We find SNOM to be especially sensitive to differences between crystalline and amorphous states, while KPFM has higher sensitivity to changes introduced by melt-quenching. Using illumination from a free-electron laser, we use the higher sensitivity to free charge carriers of far-infrared (THz) SNOM compared to mid-infrared SNOM and find evidence that the local conductivity of crystalline states depends on the switching process. This insight into the local switching of optical properties is essential for developing active nanophotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Barnett
- I. Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lukas Wehmeier
- Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- ct.qmat, Dresden-Würzburg Cluster of Excellence-EXC 2147, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Heßler
- I. Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Lewin
- I. Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Julian Pries
- I. Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- I. Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Michael Klopf
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne C Kehr
- Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lukas M Eng
- Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- ct.qmat, Dresden-Würzburg Cluster of Excellence-EXC 2147, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Taubner
- I. Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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21
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Yadav A, Kumari R, Varshney SK, Lahiri B. Tunable phonon-plasmon hybridization in α-MoO 3-graphene based van der Waals heterostructures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:33171-33183. [PMID: 34809134 DOI: 10.1364/oe.434993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The plasmon-phonon hybridization behavior between anisotropic phonon polaritons (APhP) of orthorhombic phase Molybdenum Trioxide (α - MoO3) and the plasmon-polaritons of Graphene layer - forming a van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure is investigated theoretically in this paper. It is found that in-plane APhP shows strong interaction with graphene plasmons lying in their close vicinity, leading to large Rabi splitting. Anisotropic behavior of biaxial MoO3 shows the polarization-dependent response with strong anti-crossing behavior at 0.55 eV and 0.3 eV of graphene's Fermi potential for [100] and [001] crystalline directions, respectively. Numerical results reveal unusual electric field confinement for the two arms of enhanced hybrid modes: the first being confined in the graphene layer representing plasmonic-like behavior. The second shows volume confined zigzag pattern in hyperbolic MoO3. It is also found that the various plasmon-phonon hybridized modes could be wavelength tuned, simply by varying the Fermi potential of the graphene layer. The coupling response of the hybrid structure is studied analytically using the coupled oscillator model. Furthermore, we also infer upon the coupling strength and frequency splitting between the two layers with respect to their structural parameters and interlayer spacing. Our work will provide an insight into the active tunable property of hybrid van der Waals (vdW) structure for their potential application in sensors, detectors, directional spontaneous emission, as well as for the tunable control of the propagating polaritons in fields of flat dispersion where strong localization of photons can be achieved, popularly known as the flatband optics.
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22
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Tong Z, Dumitrică T, Frauenheim T. First-principles prediction of infrared phonon and dielectric function in biaxial hyperbolic van der Waals crystal α-MoO 3. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:19627-19635. [PMID: 34524282 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00682g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Layered biaxial hyperbolic molybdenum trioxide (α-MoO3) with weak van der Waals (vdW) interlayer bonding recently received extensive attention due to its anisotropic dielectric response to infrared (IR) radiation, which couples to the lattice vibrations and allows for manipulating the radiative energy transport. However, the understanding of IR-active phonon modes and dielectric function of it has not yet been fully achieved. Here, by utilizing mode-level first-principles analysis based on density functional theory (DFT), the phonon modes contributing to the IR dielectric response of α-MoO3 are fully determined. The anisotropic IR-active modes are identified from lattice vibration analysis, allowing for a clear evaluation of the IR absorption contribution from the weak or strong IR phonon modes. By further employing anharmonic-lattice dynamics calculations, the damping of the corresponding IR modes is directly obtained. This approach enables predictions of IR optical properties without any fitting or assumed parameters. Our predictions bridge the scientific gap of comprehensively understanding the unreported IR-active phonon modes of α-MoO3 and overall agree well with available experimental data, placing our DFT-based method at a privileged stage for accurately predicting the IR optical properties of α-MoO3. These comprehensive understandings of the IR phonons and dielectric properties of α-MoO3 pave the way for nanophotonic devices with tunable functionalities and enable design of α-MoO3 for advanced optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tong
- Shenzhen JL Computational Science and Applied Research Institute, Shenzhen 518131, China.
| | - Traian Dumitrică
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minnesota 55455, USA.
| | - Thomas Frauenheim
- Shenzhen JL Computational Science and Applied Research Institute, Shenzhen 518131, China. .,Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China.,Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Bremen 2835, Germany
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23
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Yao Z, Chen X, Wehmeier L, Xu S, Shao Y, Zeng Z, Liu F, Mcleod AS, Gilbert Corder SN, Tsuneto M, Shi W, Wang Z, Zheng W, Bechtel HA, Carr GL, Martin MC, Zettl A, Basov DN, Chen X, Eng LM, Kehr SC, Liu M. Probing subwavelength in-plane anisotropy with antenna-assisted infrared nano-spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2649. [PMID: 33976184 PMCID: PMC8113487 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22844-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Infrared nano-spectroscopy based on scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) is commonly employed to probe the vibrational fingerprints of materials at the nanometer length scale. However, due to the elongated and axisymmetric tip shank, s-SNOM is less sensitive to the in-plane sample anisotropy in general. In this article, we report an easy-to-implement method to probe the in-plane dielectric responses of materials with the assistance of a metallic disk micro-antenna. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, we investigate here the in-plane phonon responses of two prototypical samples, i.e. in (100) sapphire and x-cut lithium niobate (LiNbO3). In particular, the sapphire in-plane vibrations between 350 cm-1 to 800 cm-1 that correspond to LO phonon modes along the crystal b- and c-axis are determined with a spatial resolution of < λ/10, without needing any fitting parameters. In LiNbO3, we identify the in-plane orientation of its optical axis via the phonon modes, demonstrating that our method can be applied without prior knowledge of the crystal orientation. Our method can be elegantly adapted to retrieve the in-plane anisotropic response of a broad range of materials, i.e. subwavelength microcrystals, van-der-Waals materials, or topological insulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziheng Yao
- grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA ,grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Xinzhong Chen
- grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Lukas Wehmeier
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany ,grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257ct.qmat, Dresden-Würzburg Cluster of Excellence-EXC 2147, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Suheng Xu
- grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA ,grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Yinming Shao
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Zimeng Zeng
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fanwei Liu
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Alexander S. Mcleod
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Stephanie N. Gilbert Corder
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Makoto Tsuneto
- grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Wu Shi
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA ,grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Institute of Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zihang Wang
- grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Wenjun Zheng
- grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Hans A. Bechtel
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - G. L. Carr
- grid.202665.50000 0001 2188 4229National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY USA
| | - Michael C. Martin
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Alex Zettl
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA ,grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - D. N. Basov
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Xi Chen
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lukas M. Eng
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany ,grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257ct.qmat, Dresden-Würzburg Cluster of Excellence-EXC 2147, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne C. Kehr
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mengkun Liu
- grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA ,grid.202665.50000 0001 2188 4229National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY USA
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24
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Zhang Q, Ou Q, Hu G, Liu J, Dai Z, Fuhrer MS, Bao Q, Qiu CW. Hybridized Hyperbolic Surface Phonon Polaritons at α-MoO 3 and Polar Dielectric Interfaces. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:3112-3119. [PMID: 33764791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface phonon polaritons (SPhPs) in polar dielectrics offer new opportunities for infrared nanophotonics. However, bulk SPhPs inherently propagate isotropically with limited photon confinement, and how to collectively realize ultralarge confinement, in-plane hyperbolicity, and unidirectional propagation remains elusive. Here, we report an approach to solve the aforementioned issues of bulk SPhPs in one go by constructing a heterostructural interface between biaxial van der Waals material (e.g., α-MoO3) and bulk polar dielectric (e.g., SiC, AlN, and GaN). Because of anisotropy-oriented mode couplings, the hybridized SPhPs with a large confinement factor (>100) show in-plane hyperbolicity that has been switched to the orthogonal direction as compared to that in natural α-MoO3. More interestingly, this proof of concept allows steerable and unidirectional polariton excitation by suspending α-MoO3 on patterned SiC air cavities. Our finding exemplifies a generalizable framework to manipulate the flow of nanolight in many other hybrid systems consisting of anisotropic materials and polar dielectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Qingdong Ou
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Guangwei Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Jingying Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Zhigao Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Michael S Fuhrer
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Qiaoliang Bao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
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25
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Duan J, Álvarez-Pérez G, Voronin KV, Prieto I, Taboada-Gutiérrez J, Volkov VS, Martín-Sánchez J, Nikitin AY, Alonso-González P. Enabling propagation of anisotropic polaritons along forbidden directions via a topological transition. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf2690. [PMID: 33811076 PMCID: PMC11060020 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf2690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Polaritons with directional in-plane propagation and ultralow losses in van der Waals (vdW) crystals promise unprecedented manipulation of light at the nanoscale. However, these polaritons present a crucial limitation: their directional propagation is intrinsically determined by the crystal structure of the host material, imposing forbidden directions of propagation. Here, we demonstrate that directional polaritons (in-plane hyperbolic phonon polaritons) in a vdW crystal (α-phase molybdenum trioxide) can be directed along forbidden directions by inducing an optical topological transition, which emerges when the slab is placed on a substrate with a given negative permittivity (4H-silicon carbide). By visualizing the transition in real space, we observe exotic polaritonic states between mutually orthogonal hyperbolic regimes, which unveil the topological origin of the transition: a gap opening in the dispersion. This work provides insights into optical topological transitions in vdW crystals, which introduce a route to direct light at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Duan
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego 33940, Spain
| | - G Álvarez-Pérez
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego 33940, Spain
| | - K V Voronin
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia
| | - I Prieto
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - J Taboada-Gutiérrez
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego 33940, Spain
| | - V S Volkov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia
| | - J Martín-Sánchez
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain.
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego 33940, Spain
| | - A Y Nikitin
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| | - P Alonso-González
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain.
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego 33940, Spain
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26
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Aguilar-Merino P, Álvarez-Pérez G, Taboada-Gutiérrez J, Duan J, Prieto I, Álvarez-Prado LM, Nikitin AY, Martín-Sánchez J, Alonso-González P. Extracting the Infrared Permittivity of SiO 2 Substrates Locally by Near-Field Imaging of Phonon Polaritons in a van der Waals Crystal. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11010120. [PMID: 33430225 PMCID: PMC7825664 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Layered materials in which individual atomic layers are bonded by weak van der Waals forces (vdW materials) constitute one of the most prominent platforms for materials research. Particularly, polar vdW crystals, such as hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), alpha-molybdenum trioxide (α-MoO3) or alpha-vanadium pentoxide (α-V2O5), have received significant attention in nano-optics, since they support phonon polaritons (PhPs)―light coupled to lattice vibrations― with strong electromagnetic confinement and low optical losses. Recently, correlative far- and near-field studies of α-MoO3 have been demonstrated as an effective strategy to accurately extract the permittivity of this material. Here, we use this accurately characterized and low-loss polaritonic material to sense its local dielectric environment, namely silica (SiO2), one of the most widespread substrates in nanotechnology. By studying the propagation of PhPs on α-MoO3 flakes with different thicknesses laying on SiO2 substrates via near-field microscopy (s-SNOM), we extract locally the infrared permittivity of SiO2. Our work reveals PhPs nanoimaging as a versatile method for the quantitative characterization of the local optical properties of dielectric substrates, crucial for understanding and predicting the response of nanomaterials and for the future scalability of integrated nanophotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Aguilar-Merino
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (P.A.-M.); (G.Á.-P.); (J.T.-G.); (J.D.); (L.M.Á.-P.)
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), 33940 El Entrego, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez-Pérez
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (P.A.-M.); (G.Á.-P.); (J.T.-G.); (J.D.); (L.M.Á.-P.)
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), 33940 El Entrego, Spain
| | - Javier Taboada-Gutiérrez
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (P.A.-M.); (G.Á.-P.); (J.T.-G.); (J.D.); (L.M.Á.-P.)
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), 33940 El Entrego, Spain
| | - Jiahua Duan
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (P.A.-M.); (G.Á.-P.); (J.T.-G.); (J.D.); (L.M.Á.-P.)
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), 33940 El Entrego, Spain
| | - Iván Prieto
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria;
| | - Luis Manuel Álvarez-Prado
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (P.A.-M.); (G.Á.-P.); (J.T.-G.); (J.D.); (L.M.Á.-P.)
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), 33940 El Entrego, Spain
| | - Alexey Y. Nikitin
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain;
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Javier Martín-Sánchez
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (P.A.-M.); (G.Á.-P.); (J.T.-G.); (J.D.); (L.M.Á.-P.)
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), 33940 El Entrego, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.-S.); (P.A.-G.)
| | - Pablo Alonso-González
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (P.A.-M.); (G.Á.-P.); (J.T.-G.); (J.D.); (L.M.Á.-P.)
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), 33940 El Entrego, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.-S.); (P.A.-G.)
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