Balancing the Selective Absorption and Photon-to-Electron Conversion for Semitransparent Organic Photovoltaics with 5.0% Light-Utilization Efficiency

Solid Additive Dual-Regulates Spectral Response Enabling High-Performance Semitransparent Organic Solar Cells

Semi-transparent organic solar cells (ST-OSCs) possess significant potential for applications in vehicles and buildings due to their distinctive visual transparency. Conventional device engineering strategies are typically used to optimize photon selection and utilization at the expense of power conversion efficiency (PCE); moreover, the fixed spectral utilization range always imposes an unsatisfactory upper limit to its light utilization efficiency (LUE). Herein, a novel solid additive named 1,3-diphenoxybenzene (DB) is employed to dual-regulate donor/acceptor molecular aggregation and crystallinity, which effectively broadens the spectral response of ST-OSCs in near-infrared region. Besides, more visible light is allowed to pass through the devices, which enables ST-OSCs to possess satisfactory photocurrent and high average visible transmittance (AVT) simultaneously. Consequently, the optimal ST-OSC based on PP2+DB/BTP-eC9+DB achieves a superior LUE of 4.77%, representing the highest value within AVT range of 40-50%, which also correlates with the formation of multi-scale phase-separated morphology. Such results indicate that the ST-OSCs can simultaneously meet the requirements for minimum commercial efficiency and plant photosynthesis when integrated with the roofs of agricultural greenhouses. This work emphasizes the significance of additives to tune the spectral response in ST-OSCs, and charts the way for organic photovoltaics in economically sustainable agricultural development.

Boosting the Performances of Semitransparent Organic Photovoltaics via Synergetic Near-Infrared Light Management

Semitransparent organic photovoltaics (ST-OPVs) offer promising prospects for application in building-integrated photovoltaic systems and greenhouses, but further improvement of their performance faces a delicate trade-off between the two competing indexes of power conversion efficiency (PCE) and average visible transmittance (AVT). Herein, the authors take advantage of coupling plasmonics with the optical design of ST-OPVs to enhance near-infrared absorption and hence simultaneously improve efficiency and visible transparency to the maximum extent. By integrating core-bishell PdCu@Au@SiO2 nanotripods that act as optically isotropic Lambertian sources with near-infrared-customized localized surface plasmon resonance in an optimal ternary PM6:BTP-eC9:L8-BO-based ST-OPV, it is shown that their interplay with a multilayer optical coupling layer, consisting of ZnS(130 nm)/Na3AlF6(60 nm)/WO3(100 nm)/LaF3(50 nm) identified from high-throughput optical screening, leads to a record-high PCE of 16.14% (certified as 15.90%) along with an excellent AVT of 33.02%. The strong enhancement of the light utilization efficiency by ≈50% as compared to the counterpart device without optical engineering provides an encouraging and universal pathway for promoting breakthroughs in ST-OPVs from meticulous optical design.

Facilely Modified Nickel-Based Hole Transporting Layers for Organic Solar Cells with 19.12% Efficiency and Enhanced Stability

Hole transporting layers (HTLs), strategically positioned between electrode and light absorber, play a pivotal role in shaping charge extraction and transport in organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the commonly used poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) HTL, with its hygroscopic and acidic nature, undermines the operational durability of OSC devices. Herein, an environmentally friendly approach is developed utilizing nickel acetate tetrahydrate (NiAc·4H2O) and [2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl] phosphonic acid (2PACz) as the NiAc·4H2O/2PACz HTL, aiming at overcoming the limitations posed by the conventional PEDOT:PSS one. Encouragingly, a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.12% is obtained for the OSCs employing NiAc·4H2O/2PACz as the HTL, surpassing that of devices with the PEDOT:PSS HTL (17.59%), which is ranked among the highest ones of OSCs. This improvement is attributed to the appropriate work function, enhanced hole mobility, facilitated exciton dissociation efficiency, and lower recombination loss of NiAc·4H2O/2PACz-based devices. Furthermore, the NiAc·4H2O/2PACz-based OSCs exhibit superior operational stability compared to their PEDOT:PSS-based counterparts. Of significant note, the NiAc·4H2O/2PACz HTL demonstrates a broad generality, boosting the PCE of the PM6:PY-IT and PM6:Y6-based OSCs from 16.47% and 16.79% (with PEDOT:PSS-based analogs as HTLs) to 17.36% and 17.57%, respectively. These findings underscore the substantial potential of the NiAc·4H2O/2PACz HTL in advancing OSCs, offering improved performance and stability, thereby opening avenue for highly efficient and reliable solar energy harvesting technologies.

Recent Progress in Semitransparent Organic Solar Cells: Photoabsorbent Materials and Design Strategies

The increasing energy demands of the global community can be met with solar energy. Solution-processed organic solar cells have seen great progress in power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). Semitransparent organic solar cells (ST-OSCs) have made enormous progress in recent years and have been considered one of the most promising solar cell technologies for applications in building-integrated windows, agricultural greenhouses, and wearable energy resources. Therefore, through the synergistic efforts of transparent electrodes, engineering in near-infrared photoabsorbent materials, and device engineering, high-performance ST-OSCs have developed, and PCE and average visible transmittance reach over 10% and 40%, respectively. In this review, we present the recent progress in photoabsorbent material engineering and strategies for enhancing the performance of ST-OSCs to help researchers gain a better understanding of structure-property-performance relationships. To conclude, new design concepts in material engineering and outlook are proposed to facilitate the further development of high-performance ST-OSCs.

Thickness Tolerance in Large-Area Organic Photovoltaics with Fluorine-Substituted Regioregular Conjugated Polymer

Large areas and simple processing methods are necessary for the commercialization of organic photovoltaics (OPVs). However, the efficiency drop due to the variation in thickness of OPVs limits their large-scale applications. Regioregular polymers with good crystallinity and packing properties that exhibit high charge mobility and extraction ability can help overcome these limitations. In this study, a regioregular polymer named PDBD-2FBT was synthesized. The crystallinity and packing properties of PDBD-2FBT were enhanced by a simple thermal treatment. Using PDBD-2FBT material as a donor and Y6-HU as an acceptor, we fabricated binary blend OPV devices. The devices with optimized active layer thickness achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.14%. A PCE of 13.18% was maintained even in thick-film conditions (400 nm), and thickness tolerance was observed. Based on the thickness tolerance, a 5-line module measuring 36 cm2 was fabricated via the bar-coating method, and a PCE of approximately 10% was achieved.

Thorough Optimization for Intrinsically Stretchable Organic Photovoltaics

The development of intrinsically stretchable organic photovoltaics (is-OPVs) with a high efficiency is of significance for practical application. However, their efficiencies lag far behind those of rigid or even flexible counterparts. To address this issue, an advanced top-illuminated OPV is designed and fabricated, which is intrinsically stretchable and has a high performance, through systematic optimizations from material to device. First, the stretchability of the active layer is largely increased by adding a low-elastic-modulus elastomer of styrene-ethylene-propylene-styrene tri-block copolymer (SEPS). Second, the stretchability and conductivity of the opaque electrode are enhanced by a conductive polymer/metal (denoted as M-PH1000@Ag) composite electrode strategy. Third, the optical and electrical properties of a sliver nanowire transparent electrode are improved by a solvent vapor annealing strategy. High-performance is-OPVs are successfully fabricated with a top-illuminated structure, which provides a record-high efficiency of 16.23%. Additionally, by incorporating 5-10% elastomer, a balance between the efficiency and stretchability of the is-OPVs is achieved. This study provides valuable insights into material and device optimizations for high-efficiency is-OPVs, with a low-cost production and excellent stretchability, which indicates a high potential for future applications of OPVs.

Spontaneously spreading film process to improve the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells with PHJ structure

Efficient charge transport and extraction within the active layer plays a major role in the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). In this work, the spontaneously spreading (SS) process was utilized to achieve sequential deposition of the active layer with a planar heterojunction (PHJ) structure. The SS process avoids the damage of the upper layer solution to the lower layer film by the spin coating process. The film with PHJ structure exhibits notable vertical phase separation compared to the bulk heterojunction (BHJ). Moreover, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the PHJ device (12.00%) is significantly higher than that of the BHJ (10.84%) due to the efficient charge transport. This work offers a novel fabrication method and device structure to enhance the photovoltaic performance of OSCs.

P-type Polymers in Semitransparent Organic Photovoltaics

P-type polymers are polymeric semiconducting materials that conduct holes and have extensive applications in optoelectronics such as organic photovoltaics. Taking the advantage of intrinsic discontinuous light absorption of organic semiconductors, semitransparent organic photovoltaics (STOPVs) present compelling opportunities in various potential applications such as building-integrated photovoltaics, agrivoltaics, automobiles, and wearable electronics. The characteristics of p-type polymers, including optical, electronic, and morphological properties, determine the performance of STOPVs, and the requirements for p-type polymers differ between opaque organic photovoltaics and STOPVs. Hence, in this Minireview, recent advances of p-type polymers used in STOPVs are systematically summarized, with emphasis on the effects of chemical structures, conformation structures, and aggregation structures of p-type polymers on the performance of STOPVs. Furthermore, new design concepts and guidelines are also proposed for p-type polymers to facilitate the future development of high-performance STOPVs.

Solution Processed Semi-Transparent Organic Solar Cells Over 50% Visible Transmittance Enabled by Silver Nanowire Electrode with Sandwich Structure

Photovoltaic windows with easy installation for the power supply of household appliances have long been a desire of energy researchers. However, due to the lack of top electrodes that offer both high transparency and low sheet resistance, the development of high-transparency photovoltaic windows for indoor lighting scenarios has lagged significantly behind photovoltaic windows where privacy issues are involved. Addressing this issue, this work develops a solution-processable transparent top electrode using sandwich structure silver nanowires, realizing high transparency in semi-transparent organic solar cells. The wettability and conducting properties of the electrode are improved by a modified hole-transport layer named HP. The semi-transparent solar cell exhibits good see-through properties at a high average visible transmittance of 50.8%, with power conversion efficiency of 7.34%, and light utilization efficiency of 3.73%, which is the highest without optical modulations. Moreover, flexible devices based on the above-mentioned architecture also show excellent mechanical tolerance compared with Ag electrode counterparts, which retains 94.5% of their original efficiency after 1500 bending cycles. This work provides a valuable approach for fabricating solution-processed high transparency organic solar cells, which is essential in future applications in building integrated photovoltaics.

A 3-Fluoropyridine Manipulating the Aggregation and Fibril Network of Donor Polymers for Eco-Friendly Solution-Processed Versatile Organic Solar Cells

The development of eco-friendly solvent-processed organic solar cells (OSCs) suitable for industrial-scale production should be now considered the imperative research. Herein, asymmetric 3-fluoropyridine (FPy) unit is used to control the aggregation and fibril network of polymer blends. Notably, terpolymer PM6(FPy = 0.2) incorporating 20% FPy in a well-known donor polymer poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl-3-fluoro)thiophen-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1',3'-di-2-thienyl-5',7'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1',2'-c:4',5'-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione)] (PM6) can reduce the regioregularity of the polymer backbone and endow them with much-enhanced solubility in eco-friendly solvents. Accordingly, the excellent adaptability for fabricating versatile devices based on PM6(FPy = 0.2) by toluene processing is demonstrated. The resulting OSCs exhibit a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.1% (17.0% by processed with chloroform) and low batch-to-batch variation. Moreover, by controlling the donor-to-acceptor weight ratio at 0.5:1.0 and 0.25:1.0, semi-transparent OSCs (ST-OSCs) yield significant light utilization efficiencies of 3.61% and 3.67%, respectively. For large-area (1.0 cm2 ) indoor OSC (I-OSC), a high PCE of 20.6% is achieved with an appropriate energy loss of 0.61 eV under a warm white light-emitting diode (3,000 K) with the illumination of 958 lux. Finally, the long-term stability of the devices is evaluated by investigating their structure-performance-stability relationship. This work provides an effective approach to realizing eco-friendly, efficient, and stable OSCs/ST-OSCs/I-OSCs.

Enabling Highly Efficient and Thermal-Stable Polymer Solar Cells through Semi-Alloy Acceptors Composed of a Hinge-Like Dimer: A Versatile Doping Protocol

The simultaneous improvement of power conversion efficiency (PCE) and thermal stability is a critical scientific challenge in advancing the commercial applications of polymer solar cells. To address this challenge, a dumbbell-shaped dimeric acceptor, DT19, is successfully designed and synthesized. It is incorporated as a third component into the PM1:BTP-eC9 system. This ternary strategy demonstrates a synergistic enhancement of the PCE and thermal stability of the host binary system. In particular, the PM1:BTP-eC9:DT19 system maintains a PCE of over 90% even after heating at 120 °C for 200 h. Additionally, the dimer-doping ternary strategy exhibits excellent generality for the other four Y-series systems and outperforms ternary systems containing alloy-like acceptors in terms of thermal stability. It is because DT19, with its hinge-like structure, can form a semi-alloy acceptor with the host acceptor, leading to strong interchain entanglement with the polymer donor, thus overcoming phase separation and excessive aggregation under thermal stress. This new type of dimeric material, which can synergistically enhance the device efficiency and thermal stability of active layers, presents promising application prospects.

Longitudinal Through-Hole Architecture for Efficient and Thickness-Insensitive Semitransparent Organic Solar Cells

Semi-transparent organic solar cells (ST-OSCs) have great potential for application in vehicle- or building-integrated solar energy harvesting. Ultrathin active layers and electrodes are typically utilized to guarantee high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and high average visible transmittance (AVT) simultaneously; however, such ultrathin parts are unsuitable for industrial high-throughput manufacturing. In this study, ST-OSCs are fabricated using a longitudinal through-hole architecture to achieve functional region division and to eliminate the dependence on ultrathin films. A complete circuit that vertically corresponds to the silver grid is responsible for obtaining high PCE, and the longitudinal through-holes embedded in it allow most of the light to pass through,where the overall transparency is associated with the through-hole specification rather than the thicknesses of active layer and electrode. Excellent photovoltaic performance over a wide range of transparency (9.80-60.03%), with PCEs ranging from 6.04% to 15.34% is achieved. More critically, this architecture allows printable 300-nm-thick devices to achieve a record-breaking light utilization efficiency (LUE) of 3.25%, and enables flexible ST-OSCs to exhibit better flexural endurance by dispersing the extrusion stress into the through-holes. This study paves the way for fabricating high-performance ST-OSCs and shows great promise for the commercialization of organic photovoltaics.

Trans-Reflective Structural Color Filters Assisting Multifunctional-Integrated Semitransparent Photovoltaic Window

Multifunction-integrated semitransparent organic photovoltaic cells (STOPVs), with high power generation, colorful transmittance/reflectance, excellent ultraviolet (UV) protection, and thermal insulation, are fully in line with the concept of architectural aesthetics and photoprotection characteristics for building-integrated photovoltaic-window. For the indelible rainbow color photovoltaic window, one crucial issue is to realize the integration of these photons- and photoelectric-related multifunction. Herein, dynamic transmissive and reflective structural color controllable filters, with asymmetrical metal-insulator-metal (MIM) configurations (20 nm-Ag-HATCN-30 nm-Ag) through machine learning, are deliberately designed for colorful STOPV devices. This endows the resultant integrated devices with ≈5% enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) than the bare-STOPVs, gifted UV (300-400 nm) blocking rates as high as 93.5, 94.1, 90.2, and 94.5%, as well as a superior infrared radiation (IR) (700-1400 nm) rejection approaching 100% for transparent purple-, blue-, green- and red-STOPV cells, respectively. Most importantly, benefiting from the photonic recycling effect beyond microcavity resonance wavelength, a reported quantum utilization efficiency (QUE) as high as 80%, is first presented for the transparent-green-STOPVs with an ultra-narrow bandgap of 1.2 eV. These asymmetrical Febry-Pérot transmissive and reflective structural color filters can also be extended to silicon- and perovskite-based optoelectric devices and make it possible to integrate additional target optical functions for multi-purpose optoelectric devices.

Niobium-Carbide MXene Modified Hybrid Hole Transport Layer Enabling High-Performance Organic Solar Cells Over 19

Niobium-carbide (Nb₂ C) MXene as a new 2D material has shown great potential for application in photovoltaics due to its excellent electrical conductivity, large surface area, and superior transmittance. In this work, a novel solution-processable poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)-Nb₂ C hybrid hole transport layer (HTL) is developed to enhance the device performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). By optimizing the doping ratio of Nb₂ C MXene in PEDOT:PSS, the best power convention efficiency (PCE) of 19.33% can be achieved for OSCs based on the ternary active layer of PM6:BTP-eC9:L8-BO, which is so far the highest value among those of single junction OSCs using 2D materials. It is found that the addition of Nb₂ C MXene can facilitate the phase separation of the PEDOT and PSS segments, thus improving the conductivity and work function of PEDOT:PSS. The significantly enhanced device performance can be attributed to the higher hole mobility and charge extraction capability, as well as lower interface recombination probabilities generated by the hybrid HTL. Additionally, the versatility of the hybrid HTL to improve the performance of OSCs based on different nonfullerene acceptors is demonstrated. These results indicate the promising potential of Nb₂ C MXene in the development of high-performance OSCs.

Compromising Charge Generation and Recombination of Organic Photovoltaics with Mixed Diluent Strategy for Certified 19.4% Efficiency

The ternary blend is demonstrated as an effective strategy to promote the device performance of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) due to the dilution effect. While the compromise between the charge generation and recombination remains a challenge. Here, a mixed diluent strategy for further improving the device efficiency of OPV is proposed. Specifically, the high-performance OPV system with a polymer donor, i.e., PM6, and a nonfullerene acceptor (NFA), i.e., BTP-eC9, is diluted by the mixed diluents, which involve a high bandgap NFA of BTP-S17 and a low bandgap NFA of BTP-S16 (similar with that of the BTP-eC9). The BTP-S17 of better miscibility with BTP-eC9 can dramatically enhance the open-circuit voltage (V_OC ), while the BTP-S16 maximizes the charge generation or the short-circuit current density (J_SC ). The interplay of BTP-17 and BTP-S16 enables better compromise between charge generation and recombination, thus leading to a high device performance of 19.76% (certified 19.41%), which is the best among single-junction OPVs. Further analysis on carrier dynamics validates the efficacy of mixed diluents for balancing charge generation and recombination, which can be further attributed to the more diverse energetic landscapes and improved morphology. Therefore, this work provides an effective strategy for high-performance OPV for further commercialization.

Solid Additive-Assisted Layer-by-Layer Processing for 19% Efficiency Binary Organic Solar Cells

Morphology is of great significance to the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs), since appropriate morphology could not only promote the exciton dissociation, but also reduce the charge recombination. In this work, we have developed a solid additive-assisted layer-by-layer (SAA-LBL) processing to fabricate high-efficiency OSCs. By adding the solid additive of fatty acid (FA) into polymer donor PM6 solution, controllable pre-phase separation forms between PM6 and FA. This intermixed morphology facilitates the diffusion of acceptor Y6 into the donor PM6 during the LBL processing, due to the good miscibility and fast-solvation of the FA with chloroform solution dripping. Interestingly, this results in the desired morphology with refined phase-separated domain and vertical phase-separation structure to better balance the charge transport /collection and exciton dissociation. Consequently, the binary single junction OSCs based on PM6:Y6 blend reach champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.16% with SAA-LBL processing, which can be generally applicable to diverse systems, e.g., the PM6:L8-BO-based devices and thick-film devices. The efficacy of SAA-LBL is confirmed in binary OSCs based on PM6:L8-BO, where record PCEs of 19.02% and 16.44% are realized for devices with 100 and 250 nm active layers, respectively. The work provides a simple but effective way to control the morphology for high-efficiency OSCs and demonstrates the SAA-LBL processing a promising methodology for boosting the industrial manufacturing of OSCs.

Efficient Semitransparent Organic Solar Cells Enabled by Ag Grid Electrodes and Optical Coupling Layers

Semitransparent organic solar cells (ST-OSCs) show great promise for building integrated photovoltaic systems. The balance between power conversion efficiency (PCE) and average visible transmittance (AVT) is a key point of ST-OSCs. We developed a novel semitransparent organic solar cell (ST-OSC) with high PCE and AVT for building integrated renewable energy applications. We used photolithography to fabricate Ag grid bottom electrodes with high figures of merit of 292.46. We also used an optimized active layer of PM6 and Y6, achieving a PCE of 10.65% and an AVT of 22.78% for our ST-OSCs. By adding optical coupling layers of CBP and LiF alternately, we further increased the AVT to 27.61% and the PCE to 10.87%. Importantly, the balance of PCE and AVT can be achieved by the integrated optimization of the active and optical coupling layers, which leads to a significant increase in light utilization efficiency (LUE). These results are of great importance for particle applications of ST-OSCs.

Selenophene-Containing Small-Molecule Donor with a Medium Band Gap Enables High-Efficiency Ternary Organic Solar Cells

To construct efficient donor:donor:acceptor (D1:D2:A)-type ternary devices, two new selenophene-containing small-molecule (SM) donors named FSBTSeEHR and FSBTSeHR have been designed and synthesized that show broader and red-shifted absorption spectra than the thiophene analogues. With the introduction of SM donors into the D18:CH-6F host system, enhanced light harvesting and charge transport were achieved, benefiting from more complementary absorptions and cascaded energy levels. Furthermore, the doping of the SM donor could effectively modulate the micromorphology and enable a more suitable phase separation size in the active layer. After systematic optimization, the FSBTSeEHR-based ternary organic solar cell (TOSC) exhibited an excellent power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.02% with a high open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.905 V, short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 26.41 mA cm-2, and fill factor (FF) of 0.754. By contrast, the FSBTSeHR counterpart showed a superior efficiency of 18.55% due to the higher Jsc (26.91 mA cm-2) and FF (0.761). The outstanding PCEs of D1:D2:A-type TOSCs based on our SM donors, FSBTSeEHR and FSBTSeHR, are significantly higher than those of the corresponding binary host system (16.86%) and among the highest values reported to date. This work demonstrates that D1:D2:A-type TOSCs have tremendous potential to achieve superior performances through elaborate design of the SM donor guest and reasonable combination of D and A ingredients.

Biomimetic Approaches to "Transparent" Photovoltaics: Current and Future Applications

There has been a surge in the interest for (semi)transparent photovoltaics (sTPVs) in recent years, since the more traditional, opaque, devices are not ideally suited for a variety of innovative applications spanning from smart and self-powered windows for buildings to those for vehicle integration. Additional requirements for these photovoltaic applications are a high conversion efficiency (despite the necessary compromise to achieve a degree of transparency) and an aesthetically pleasing design. One potential realm to explore in the attempt to meet such challenges is the biological world, where evolution has led to highly efficient and fascinating light-management structures. In this mini-review, we explore some of the biomimetic approaches that can be used to improve both transparent and semi-transparent photovoltaic cells, such as moth-eye inspired structures for improved performance and stability or tunable, coloured, and semi-transparent devices inspired by beetles' cuticles. Lastly, we briefly discuss possible future developments for bio-inspired and potentially bio-compatible sTPVs.

Intrinsically Stretchable, Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells Enabled by Polymer Donors Featuring Hydrogen-Bonding Spacers

Intrinsically stretchable organic solar cells (IS-OSCs), consisting of all stretchable layers, are attracting significant attention as a future power source for wearable electronics. However, most of the efficient active layers for OSCs are mechanically brittle due to their rigid molecular structures designed for high electrical and optical properties. Here, a series of new polymer donors (P_D s, PhAmX) featuring phenyl amide (N¹ ,N³ -bis((5-bromothiophen-2-yl)methyl)isophthalamide, PhAm)-based flexible spacer (FS) inducing hydrogen-bonding (H-bonding) interactions is developed. These P_D s enable IS-OSCs with a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.73% and excellent stretchability (PCE retention of >80% of the initial value at 32% strain), representing the best performances among the reported IS-OSCs to date. The incorporation of PhAm-based FS enhances the molecular ordering of P_D s as well as their interactions with a Y7 acceptor, enhancing the mechanical stretchability and electrical properties simultaneously. It is also found that in rigid OSCs, the PhAm5:Y7 blend achieves a much higher PCE of 17.5% compared to that of the reference PM6:Y7 blend. The impact of the PhAm-FS linker on the mechanical and photovoltaic properties of OSCs is thoroughly investigated.