1
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Ding Y, Li G, Ryu K, Guan J, Wang S, Xiong Y, Guo S, Long Y. Multi-functional smart bulk hydrogel panels with strong near-infrared shielding and active local control. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2025; 12:3144-3151. [PMID: 39911101 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh01648c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2025]
Abstract
Thermochromic hydrogel is a versatile smart material that can be used in various applications. In this paper, we present a new concept of smart windows to passively regulate light transmittance and reduce energy consumption while functioning as an information display. By incorporating passive solar regulation and active local control, this window is devised through the multilayer assembly of tailored poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hydrogels and surface-modified photonic crystal films. The modified surface tension of solvent tunes the scattering center size of the hydrogel, and the addition of the photothermal films (PT films) imparts a high near-infrared (NIR) shielding and light-to-heat conversion, which is needed for low-latitude smart window application. Together with high writing speed, clarity, and repeatability for local writing. This new smart hydrogel engineering can have broad applications, allowing more functionalities in designing building façades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plastic/Rubber Complex Processing Technology, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Keunhyuk Ryu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China.
| | - JianGuo Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shancheng Wang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China.
| | - Ying Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plastic/Rubber Complex Processing Technology, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Shaoyun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plastic/Rubber Complex Processing Technology, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Yi Long
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China.
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2
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Zhou Y, He Y, Zhao S, Qi S, Wang L, Niu Y, Xu Q, Xu C, Wang J. Multi-gradient energy-saving smart windows with thermo-response and multimodal thermal energy storage. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2025; 12:1663-1674. [PMID: 39663799 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh01259c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2024]
Abstract
Buildings, especially installed windows, account for a large proportion of global energy consumption. The research trend of smart windows leans towards multi-functional integration, concurrently achieving solar modulation and thermal management. However, sometimes a one-time performance switch cannot meet demands, making the design of multi-gradient adjustable smart windows particularly important. The combination of the temperature-responsive optical properties of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), the high specific heat capability of water (sensible heat storage) and the solid-liquid phase transition of κ-carrageenan (latent heat storage) is proposed first and can be used to prepare the thermo-responsive hydrogel and multi-gradient energy-saving smart window with thermo-response and multimodal thermal energy storage (MGES smart window) quickly without long-term polymerization. The MGES smart window has excellent solar modulation capability (ΔTlum = 82.72% and ΔTsol = 68.65%) together with outstanding specific heat absorption ability (c = 4.2 kJ kg-1 K-1) and phase transition heat (ΔH = 1.23 kJ kg-1), showing superior energy saving and conserving performance. In demonstrations, the MGES smart windows can reduce the surface and indoor temperature by more than 15 °C and 10.6 °C compared with normal windows. Simulations suggest that they can cut off 45.1% of building energy consumption. To sum up, the MGES smart windows realize multi-aspect adjustment of energy, opening up a new avenue for green buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Yiqi He
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Sisi Zhao
- Sinopec Yanshan Petrochemical Company, Beijing, 102500, China
| | - Simeng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Lulu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Yingchun Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Quan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Chunming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Juncheng Wang
- Institute of Stomatology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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3
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Xie L, Wang X, Bai Y, Zou X, Liu X. Fast-Developing Dynamic Radiative Thermal Management: Full-Scale Fundamentals, Switching Methods, Applications, and Challenges. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2025; 17:146. [PMID: 39960573 PMCID: PMC11833015 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01676-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2025] [Indexed: 02/20/2025]
Abstract
Rapid population growth in recent decades has intensified both the global energy crisis and the challenges posed by climate change, including global warming. Currently, the increased frequency of extreme weather events and large fluctuations in ambient temperature disrupt thermal comfort and negatively impact health, driving a growing dependence on cooling and heating energy sources. Consequently, efficient thermal management has become a central focus of energy research. Traditional thermal management systems consume substantial energy, further contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. In contrast, emergent radiant thermal management technologies that rely on renewable energy have been proposed as sustainable alternatives. However, achieving year-round thermal management without additional energy input remains a formidable challenge. Recently, dynamic radiative thermal management technologies have emerged as the most promising solution, offering the potential for energy-efficient adaptation across seasonal variations. This review systematically presents recent advancements in dynamic radiative thermal management, covering fundamental principles, switching mechanisms, primary materials, and application areas. Additionally, the key challenges hindering the broader adoption of dynamic radiative thermal management technologies are discussed. By highlighting their transformative potential, this review provides insights into the design and industrial scalability of these innovations, with the ultimate aim of promoting renewable energy integration in thermal management applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biomass & Functional Materials, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuechuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biomass & Functional Materials, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China.
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Institute of Biomass & Functional Materials, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yageng Bai
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoliang Zou
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Institute of Biomass & Functional Materials, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Institute of Biomass & Functional Materials, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Zhang H, Du C, Zhou C, Sun MA, Yang S. UV-Cured Robust and Transparent Double-Layer Membrane on Windows for Water Harvesting and Room Cooling. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2025; 41:1068-1077. [PMID: 39810348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c04375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2025]
Abstract
The increasing demand for energy in cooling systems due to global warming presents a significant challenge. Conventional air-conditioning methods exacerbate climate change by contributing to heightened carbon emissions. Glass facades, renowned in modern architecture for their versatility and aesthetic appeal, inadvertently trap solar radiation, resulting in heat buildup and the greenhouse effect. To tackle these issues, we utilized roll-to-flat and light-curing technology to develop a hydrogel coating on a glass substrate with the assistance of ultraviolet (UV) adhesive. This water-contained hydrogel selectively absorbs ultraviolet and infrared light while allowing visible light transmission, thereby maintaining glass transparency. Leveraging the absorption of partial ultraviolet and infrared as active cooling and the liquid-to-gaseous phase change enthalpy of water as passive cooling, the hydrogel significantly reduces room temperatures by up to 8.1 °C under 0.75 sun irradiation, corresponding to a total room cooling power of about 192.6 W m-2. This study introduces a novel approach to transparent and energy-saving cooling in glass buildings, with the added potential for water resource recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Cui Du
- Institute of Comparative Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Department of Physical Sciences, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, Missouri 64093, United States
| | - Ming-An Sun
- Institute of Comparative Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Shengyang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
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5
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Xu G, Lu Y, Zhou X, Moloto N, Liu J, Kure-Chu SZ, Hihara T, Zhang W, Sun Z. Thermochromic hydrogel-based energy efficient smart windows: fabrication, mechanisms, and advancements. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:4867-4884. [PMID: 39324863 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00903g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Thermochromic smart windows are regarded as highly cost-effective and easily implementable strategies with zero energy input among the smart window technologies. They possess the capability to spontaneously adjust between transparent and opaque states according to the ambient temperatures, which is essential for energy-efficient buildings. Recently, thermochromic smart windows based on hydrogels with various chromic mechanisms have emerged to meet the increasing demand for energy-saving smart windows. This review provides an overview of recent advancements in hydrogel-based thermochromic smart windows, focusing on fabrication strategies, chromic mechanisms, and improvements in responsiveness, stability and energy-saving performance. Key developments include dual-responsiveness, tunable critical transition temperatures, freezing resistance, and integrations with radiative cooling/power generation technologies. Finally, we also offer a perspective on the future development of thermochromic smart windows utilizing hydrogels. We hope that this review will enhance the understanding of the chromic mechanism of thermochromic hydrogels, and bring new insights and inspirations on the further design and development of thermochromic hydrogels and derived smart windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Yucan Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Xinguantong Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Nosipho Moloto
- Molecular Science Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits2050, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Jiacheng Liu
- Department of Materials Function and Design, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Song-Zhu Kure-Chu
- Department of Materials Function and Design, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Takehiko Hihara
- Department of Materials Function and Design, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - ZhengMing Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
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6
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Chen X, Chen L, Zhou J, Wu J, Wang Z, Wei L, Yuan S, Zhang Q. Self-Adhesive, Stretchable, and Thermosensitive Iontronic Hydrogels for Highly Sensitive Neuromorphic Sensing-Synaptic Systems. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:10265-10274. [PMID: 39116304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c02614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Artificial sensory afferent nerves that emulate receptor nanochannel perception and synaptic ionic information processing in chemical environments are highly desirable for bioelectronics. However, challenges persist in achieving life-like nanoscale conformal contact, agile multimodal sensing response, and synaptic feedback with ions. Here, a precisely tuned phase transition poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hydrogel is introduced through the water molecule reservoir strategy. The resulting hydrogel with strongly cross-linked networks exhibits excellent mechanical performance (∼2000% elongation) and robust adhesive strength. Importantly, the hydrogel's enhanced ionic conductance and heterogeneous structure of the temperature-sensitive component enable highly sensitive strain information perception (GFmax = 7.94, response time ∼ 87 ms), temperature information perception (TCRmax = -1.974%/°C, response time ∼ 270 ms), and low energy consumption synaptic plasticity (42.2 fJ/spike). As a demonstration, a neuromorphic sensing-synaptic system is constructed integrating iontronic strain/temperature sensors with fiber synapses for real-time information sensing, discrimination, and feedback. This work holds enormous potential in bioinspired robotics and bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedan Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jianxian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhixun Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Lei Wei
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Shuanglong Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qichong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
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7
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Lin Z, Yang Z, Gao L. Engineering a polyvinyl butyral hydrogel as a thermochromic interlayer for energy-saving windows. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:3127-3142. [PMID: 38625111 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00158c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Achieving mastery over light using thermochromic materials is crucial for energy-saving glazing. However, challenges such as high production costs, limited durability, and recyclability issues have hindered their widespread application in buildings. Herein, we develop a glass interlayer made of a polyvinyl butyral-based hydrogel swollen with LiCl solution. In addition to a fast, isochoric, and reversible transparency-to-opacity transition occurring as ambient temperatures exceed thermally comfortable levels, this hydrogel uniquely encompasses multiple features such as frost resistance, recyclability, scalability, and toughness. The combination of these features is achieved through a delicate balance of polyvinyl butyral's amphiphilicity and the suppression of network-forming phase separation. This design endows a nanostructured polyvinyl butyral-LiCl composite gel with swollen molecular segments linked by dispersed cross-linking sites in the form of hydrophobic nano-nodules. Upon laminating this hydrogel (a thickness of 0.3 mm), the resultant glazing product demonstrates approximately 90% luminous transmittance even at sub-zero temperatures, along with a significant modulation of solar and infrared radiation at 80.8% and 68.5%, respectively. Through simulations, we determined that windows equipped with the hydrogel could reduce energy consumption by 36% compared to conventional glass windows in warm seasons. The widespread adoption of polyvinyl butyral in construction underscores the promise of this hydrogel as a thermochromic interlayer for glazing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zequn Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
- Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Rongjiang Laboratory), Jieyang 515200, P. R. China
| | - Zican Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
- Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Rongjiang Laboratory), Jieyang 515200, P. R. China
| | - Liang Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
- Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Rongjiang Laboratory), Jieyang 515200, P. R. China
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8
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Mohammad NM, Zhang Y, Xu W, Aranke SS, Carne D, Deng P, Du F, Ruan X, Li T. Highly Tunable Cellulosic Hydrogels with Dynamic Solar Modulation for Energy-Efficient Windows. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2303706. [PMID: 38353067 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Smart windows that can passively regulate incident solar radiation by dynamically modulating optical transmittance have attracted increasing scientific interest due to their potential economic and environmental savings. However, challenges remain in the global adoption of such systems, given the extreme variability in climatic and economic conditions across different geographical locations. Aiming these issues, a methylcellulose (MC) salt system is synthesized with high tunability for intrinsic optical transmittance (89.3%), which can be applied globally to various locations. Specifically, the MC window exhibits superior heat shielding potential below transition temperatures, becoming opaque at temperatures above the Lower Critical Solution Temperature and reducing the solar heat gain by 55%. This optical tunability is attributable to the particle size change triggered by the temperature-induced reversible coil-to-globular transition. This leads to effective refractive index and scattering modulation, making them prospective solutions for light management systems, an application ahead of intelligent fenestration systems. During the field tests, MC-based windows demonstrated a 9 °C temperature decrease compared to double-pane windows on sunny days and a 5 °C increase during winters, with simulations predicting an 11% energy savings. The ubiquitous availability of materials, low cost, and ease-of-manufacturing will provide technological equity and foster the ambition toward net-zero buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yun Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Wenhui Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Sai Swapneel Aranke
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Daniel Carne
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Pengfei Deng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Fengyin Du
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Xiulin Ruan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Tian Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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9
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Meng W, Kragt AJJ, Gao Y, Brembilla E, Hu X, van der Burgt JS, Schenning APHJ, Klein T, Zhou G, van den Ham ER, Tan L, Li L, Wang J, Jiang L. Scalable Photochromic Film for Solar Heat and Daylight Management. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2304910. [PMID: 37926960 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive control of sunlight through photochromic smart windows could have a huge impact on the energy efficiency and daylight comfort in buildings. However, the fabrication of inorganic nanoparticle and polymer composite photochromic films with a high contrast ratio and high transparency/low haze remains a challenge. Here, a solution method is presented for the in situ growth of copper-doped tungsten trioxide nanoparticles in polymethyl methacrylate, which allows a low-cost preparation of photochromic films with a high luminous transparency (luminous transmittance Tlum = 91%) and scalability (30 × 350 cm2 ). High modulation of visible light (ΔTlum = 73%) and solar heat (modulation of solar transmittance ΔTsol = 73%, modulation of solar heat gain coefficient ΔSHGC = 0.5) of the film improves the indoor daylight comfort and energy efficiency. Simulation results show that low-e windows with the photochromic film applied can greatly enhance the energy efficiency and daylight comfort. This photochromic film presents an attractive strategy for achieving more energy-efficient buildings and carbon neutrality to combat global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfaces Sciences, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Material Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, School of Future Technologies, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101407, China
| | - Augustinus J J Kragt
- Department of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 134, Delft, 2628 BL, The Netherlands
- ClimAd Technology, Valkenaerhof 68, Nijmegen, 6538 TE, The Netherlands
| | - Yingtao Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfaces Sciences, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Material Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, School of Future Technologies, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101407, China
| | - Eleonora Brembilla
- Department of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 134, Delft, 2628 BL, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaowen Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | | | - Albertus P H J Schenning
- Laboratory of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials & Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Tillmann Klein
- Department of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 134, Delft, 2628 BL, The Netherlands
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- ClimAd Technology, Valkenaerhof 68, Nijmegen, 6538 TE, The Netherlands
| | - Eric R van den Ham
- Department of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 134, Delft, 2628 BL, The Netherlands
| | - Longfei Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Laifeng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jingxia Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfaces Sciences, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Material Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, School of Future Technologies, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101407, China
- Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Bingzhou, Shandong, 256606, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfaces Sciences, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Bingzhou, Shandong, 256606, China
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10
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Zhu G, Gang Xu, Zhang Y, Lu G, Cai X, Zhang W, She W, Miao C. Thermochromic Smart Windows with Ultra-High Solar Modulation and Ultra-Fast Responsive Speed Based on Solid–Liquid Switchable Hydrogels. RESEARCH 2024; 7. [DOI: 10.34133/research.0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2025]
Abstract
Thermo-responsive hydrogels can dynamically modulate incident light, providing a broad prospect for development of smart windows, which are of pivotal importance for energy conservation in buildings. However, these hydrogels normally exhibit slow response speed and tend to contract over extended phase transition, compromising structural integrity of smart windows. In this study, a solid–liquid switchable thermochromic hydrogel, denoted as SL-PNIPAm, was synthesized by cross-linking PNIPAm with AMEO through dynamic imine bonds. Due to its distinctive solid–liquid transformation characteristics, SL-PNIPAm demonstrates rapid response time (within 5 s) and retains structural integrity without undergoing shrinkage during heating/cooling and freezing/thawing cycles. SL-PNIPAm can also be encapsulated within 2 glass panels to prepare smart windows, which showed extraordinary luminous transmittance (
T
lum
= 96.8%) and solar modulation ability (Δ
T
solar
= 89.7%) and effectively reduced the indoor temperature (22 °C) in a simulated indoor experiment. Energy consumption simulation investigations are performed in diverse cities. The results reveal that SLW is capable of achieving a remarkable 54% reduction of HVAC energy consumption, leading to substantial decrease in CO
2
emissions by up to 40 kg m
−2
annually. This work develops a new hydrogel system with outstanding durability for smart windows and will promote the development and renovation of thermochromic smart windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials,
Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Gang Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture,
Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Guo Lu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials,
Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Xuan Cai
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information,
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Wei She
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials,
Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Changwen Miao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials,
Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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Xie L, Wang X, Zou X, Bai Z, Liang S, Wei C, Zha S, Zheng M, Zhou Y, Yue O, Liu X. Engineering Self-Adaptive Multi-Response Thermochromic Hydrogel for Energy-Saving Smart Windows and Wearable Temperature-Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2304321. [PMID: 37658503 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Buildings account for ≈40% of the total energy consumption. In addition, it is challenging to control the indoor temperature in extreme weather. Therefore, energy-saving smart windows with light regulation have gained increasing attention. However, most emerging base materials for smart windows have disadvantages, including low transparency at low temperatures, ultra-high phase transition temperature, and scarce applications. Herein, a self-adaptive multi-response thermochromic hydrogel (PHC-Gel) with dual temperature and pH response is engineered through "one-pot" integration tactics. The PHC-Gel exhibits excellent mechanical, adhesion, and electrical conductivity properties. Notably, the low critical solubility temperature (LCST) of PHC-Gel can be regulated over a wide temperature range (20-35 °C). The outdoor practical testing reveals that PHC-Gel has excellent light transmittance at low temperatures and radiation cooling performances at high temperatures, indicating that PHC-Gel can be used for developing energy-saving windows. Actually, PHC-Gel-based thermochromic windows show remarkable visible light transparency (Tlum ≈ 95.2%) and solar modulation (△Tsol ≈ 57.2%). Interestingly, PHC-Gel has superior electrical conductivity, suggesting that PHC-Gel can be utilized to fabricate wearable signal-response and temperature sensors. In summary, PHC-Gel has broad application prospects in energy-saving smart windows, smart wearable sensors, temperature monitors, infant temperature detection, and thermal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biomass & Functional Materials, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Xuechuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biomass & Functional Materials, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Institute of Biomass & Functional Materials, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Xiaoliang Zou
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Institute of Biomass & Functional Materials, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Zhongxue Bai
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Institute of Biomass & Functional Materials, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Institute of Biomass & Functional Materials, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Chao Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biomass & Functional Materials, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Siyu Zha
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biomass & Functional Materials, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Manhui Zheng
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Institute of Biomass & Functional Materials, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Institute of Biomass & Functional Materials, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Ouyang Yue
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Institute of Biomass & Functional Materials, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Institute of Biomass & Functional Materials, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
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Tao S, Han J, Xu Y, Fang Z, Ni Y, Fang L, Lu C, Xu Z. Mechanically Switchable Multifunctional Device for Regulating Passive Radiative Cooling and Solar Heating. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:17123-17133. [PMID: 36971527 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Energy consumption during cooling and heating poses a great threat to the development of society. Thermal regulation, as switchable cooling and heating in a single platform, is therefore urgently demanded. Herein, a switchable multifunctional device integrating heating, cooling, and latent energy storage was proposed for temperature regulation and window energy saving for buildings. A radiative cooling (RC) emitter, a phase-change (PC) membrane, and a solar-heating (SH) film were connected layer by layer to form a sandwich structure. The RC emitter exhibited selective infrared emission (emissivity in the atmospheric window: 0.81, emissivity outside the atmospheric window: 0.39) and a high solar reflectance (0.92). Meanwhile, the SH film had a high solar absorptivity (0.90). More importantly, both the RC emitter and the SH film displayed excellent wear resistance and UV resistance. The PC layer can control the temperature at a steady state under dynamic weather conditions, which could be verified by indoor and outdoor measurements. The thermal regulation performance of the multifunctional device was also verified by outdoor measurements. The temperature difference between the RC and SH models of the multifunctional device could reach up to 25 °C. The as-constructed switchable multifunctional device is a promising candidate for alleviating the cooling and heating energy consumption and realizing energy saving for windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Tao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jingtian Han
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Ying Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zhenggang Fang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yaru Ni
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Liang Fang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Chunhua Lu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zhongzi Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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