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Claudin-9 constitutes tight junctions of folliculo-stellate cells in the anterior pituitary gland. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21642. [PMID: 34737342 PMCID: PMC8568902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The anterior pituitary gland regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction by secreting hormones. Folliculo-stellate (FS) cells are non-endocrine cells located among hormone-producing cells in the anterior pituitary glands. They form follicular lumens, which are sealed by tight junctions (TJs). Although FS cells are hypothesized to contribute to fine-tuning of endocrine cells, little is known about the exact roles of FS cells. Here, we investigated the molecular composition of TJs in FS cells. We demonstrated that occludin is a good marker for TJs in the pituitary gland and examined the structure of the lumens surrounded by FS cells. We also found that claudin-9 is a major component of TJs in the FS cells. In immunoelectron microscopy, claudin-9 was specifically localized at TJs of the FS cells. The expression of claudin-9 was gradually increased in the pituitary gland after birth, suggesting that claudin-9 is developmentally regulated and performs some specific functions on the paracellular barrier of follicles in the pituitary gland. Furthermore, we found that angulin-1, angulin-2, and tricellulin are localized at the tricellular contacts of the FS cells. Our findings provide a first comprehensive molecular profile of TJs in the FS cells, and may lead us towards unveiling the FS cell functions.
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2
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Capen CC, Martin SL, Koestner A. The Ultrastructure and Histopathology of an Acidophil Adenoma of the Canine Adenohypophysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 4:348-365. [DOI: 10.1177/030098586700400403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An acidophil adenoma in a 12-year-old spayed boxer dog resulted in clinical signs related to a space-occupying lesion of the hypophysis. There were two types of acidophils, as determined ultrastructurally, within the adenoma. The predominating type was interpreted to be in the storage phase of the secretory cycle as the cytoplasm was densely granulated and the organelles concerned with protein synthesis and packaging of secretory products were poorly developed. The second, less common type contained few secretory granules, had a well developed endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, and was interpreted to be secretorily active. The secretory granules of the neoplastic acidophils were large (420 m μ), uniformly electron-dense, and had a narrow submembranous space. An adenoma of the pancreatic islets was also present.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. C. Capen
- From the Department of Veterinary Pathology, and the Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - S. L. Martin
- From the Department of Veterinary Pathology, and the Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - A. Koestner
- From the Department of Veterinary Pathology, and the Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus
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3
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Capen CC, Koestner A. Functional Chromophobe Adenomas of the Canine Adenohypophysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 4:326-347. [DOI: 10.1177/030098586700400402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromophobe adenomas from 8 dogs with clinical signs and lesions of hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's-like disease) were selected for electron microscopic study in order to establish a morphologic basis for active secretion by the neoplastic cells. At the level of ultrastructure there was definite evidence of secretory activity and the organelles concerned with protein synthesis (endoplasmic reticulum) and packaging of secretory products (Golgi apparatus) were well developed. Although the numerous secretory granules present varied in electron density and in size, the most frequently encountered granule measured 170 m μ in diameter. The secretory granules of the neoplastic cells differed from those found within acidophils and basophils of the canine hypophysis. Based on these findings it was concluded that the cells comprising these chromophobe adenomas were actively secreting corticotrophs of the pituitary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. C. Capen
- From the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - A. Koestner
- From the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus
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4
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Young BA, Chaplin RE. Some observations on the ultrastructure of the adenohypophysis of certain Cervidae. J Zool (1987) 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1975.tb01413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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5
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Yamashita M, Sano T, Qian ZR, Kovacs K, Horvath E. Diversity of ACTH-immunoreactive cells in the human adenohypophysis: an immunohistochemical study with special reference to cluster formation and follicular cell association. Endocr Pathol 2006; 17:155-64. [PMID: 17159248 DOI: 10.1385/ep:17:2:155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Horvath et al. called relatively small ACTH-immunoreactive (ACTH-IR) cells observed in basophil invasion "proopiomelanocortin (POMC) cells," and these cells were supposed to be different from larger ACTH-IR cells in human adenohypophysis. To clarify the existence of "anterior POMC cells," we examined 21 autopsy cases taking note of follicular cells (FCs). We found that smaller ACTH-IR cells were clustered forming small areas without FC association, clustered small cell island (CSCI). CSCI was found in all the specimens we examined using immunohistochemical staining for ACTH and cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) in serial sections. ACTH-IR cells outside CSCI were of various sizes, mainly consisting of larger ACTH-IR cells that were diffusely scattered among other hormone-secreting cells and closely associated with FCs. By immunohistochemistry, ACTH-IR cells within CSCI and basophil invasion showed uniformly weak reactivity and common patterns for cytokeratins (CAM5.2 and 35 beta H11), carboxypeptidase D, and LeuM1, whereas those outside CSCI showed a great variety of immunoreactivity. The similarity in the immunoreactivity of ACTH-IR cells between CSCI and basophil invasion suggests that ACTH-IR cells in these two areas have common characteristics and ACTH-IR cells in CSCI are most likely "POMC cells." The clustered "anterior POMC cells" may be distinguishable by light microscopic immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Yamashita
- Department of Human Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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6
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Sato Y, Hashitani H, Shirasawa N, Sakuma E, Naito A, Suzuki H, Asai Y, Sato G, Wada I, Herbert DC, Soji T. Intercellular communications within the rat anterior pituitary XII: immunohistochemical and physiological evidences for the gap junctional coupling of the folliculo-stellate cells in the rat anterior pituitary. Tissue Cell 2005; 37:281-91. [PMID: 15979114 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Revised: 03/18/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Since Farquhar [1957. "Corticotrophs" of the rat adenohypophysis as revealed by electron microscopy. Anat. Rec. 127, 291] was the first to report the presence of agranular folliculo-stellate cells as corticotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland, there were no reports about electro-physiological characteristics of the folliculo-stellate cells because of its no hormonal activity and the chaotic distribution of the parenchyma cells. Male Wistar rats, aged 7 weeks with weighing 250--300 g, were separated into two groups. One group was used for immunohistochemical and light microscopical studies to detect S-100 protein and connexin 43. The other group was used for the electro-physiological study and then for the electron microscopical study to know the fine structural character of folliculo-stellate cells after the electro-physiological experiment. Clusters of S-100 protein cells (agranulated folliculo-stellate cells) and numerous connexin 43 positive sites on S-100 protein cells were clear in the "transitional zone" at which the pituitary tissue made the transition from the pars tuberalis to the proximal part of the anterior lobe. Penetration of electrodes to the cells distributed in the transitional zone showed stable membrane potential ranged between--27 and--67mV with no spontaneous activity. Random penetration of electrode showed that larger populations of cell ( approximately 80%) had membrane potentials with -55.6+/-5.1 mV, and less than 20% of cells had the resting membrane potential with -36.0+/-4.4 mV. There were two types of cell couplings; one major group for the recordings from cells with similar deep resting membrane potentials and the other for the recordings from cells with different resting membrane potentials. The former indicated that two cells were electrically coupled while the latter no electrical couples were observed. Carbenoxolone depolarized the membrane by 12.3+/-5.5 mV and reduced the amplitude of electrotonic potentials, and the response recovered by removal of carbenoxolone by the superfusate. The transitional zones of the pituitary glands examined the electrical coupling were observed by an electron microscopy. Almost cytological profiles were observed as intact. The results clearly indicated that the folliculo-stellate cell system deeply participated in the regulation of the anterior pituitary parallel with the portal vessel system, which was the main regulatory system for pituitary hormone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Sato
- Functional Morphology, Nagoya City University Medical Science, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya City, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
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7
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Mogi C, Miyai S, Nishimura Y, Fukuro H, Yokoyama K, Takaki A, Inoue K. Differentiation of skeletal muscle from pituitary folliculo-stellate cells and endocrine progenitor cells. Exp Cell Res 2004; 292:288-94. [PMID: 14697336 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2003.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the ectopic differentiation of skeletal muscle cells in a pituitary gland transplanted beneath a kidney capsule. Morphological observation suggested that the skeletal muscle cells may have differentiated from folliculo-stellate (FS) cells in the anterior pituitary gland. However, at that time, we did not confirm this directly with an in vitro system. To obtain direct evidence, we used the Tpit/F1 cell line. The Tpit/F1 cell line was recently established from the pituitary gland of a temperature-sensitive T antigen transgenic mouse and has the characters of pituitary FS cells. Using Tpit/F1 cells, we have found that FS cells of the pituitary are able to differentiate into muscle cells in vitro. Additionally, we showed that the cells have some characteristics of pituitary FS cells and also express pituitary endocrine cell-specific transcription factor (pit-1) and prolactin genes, and can differentiate into striated muscle cells. The anterior pituitary gland is known to be of ectodermal origin, so the differentiation of its cells into striated muscle is completely unexpected. This is the first report of direct evidence of ectopic differentiation of skeletal muscle cells from pituitary cells.
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MESH Headings
- Actin Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Actin Cytoskeleton/ultrastructure
- Animals
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Azacitidine/pharmacology
- Biomarkers
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor/ultrastructure
- Choristoma/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Ectoderm/metabolism
- Ectoderm/ultrastructure
- Embryonic Induction/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Mice
- Microscopy, Electron
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/ultrastructure
- Muscle, Skeletal/embryology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/ultrastructure
- MyoD Protein/genetics
- MyoD Protein/metabolism
- Myogenin/genetics
- Myogenin/metabolism
- Myoglobin/genetics
- Myoglobin/metabolism
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/embryology
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/metabolism
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/ultrastructure
- Prolactin/genetics
- Prolactin/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Stem Cells/ultrastructure
- Transcription Factor Pit-1
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Mogi
- Department of Regulation Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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8
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Azzali G, Arcari ML, Spaggiari B, Romita G. Ultrastructural aspects of the follicular cells of the pars tuberalis in bats related to the seasonal cycle. THE ANATOMICAL RECORD. PART A, DISCOVERIES IN MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 2003; 273:763-71. [PMID: 12845712 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.10091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The topography and structure of the follicular cells and the follicular cavity of the hypophyseal pars tuberalis (PT) were studied in adult hibernating bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) of both sexes, during the annual seasonal cycle and the reproductive cycle. The follicular cells were found to be organized around a central cavity. They showed a polyhedral shape and apical microvilli protruding into central cavities. During hibernation, the follicular cells showed active cytoplasmic organelles, clusters of glycogen particles, and lipid droplets. In the supranuclear cytoplasm, 9+2 type cilia, some dense bodies, microvesicular vacuoles, and thin actin-like filaments (rather scarce during autumn) were detected. The contents of the follicular cavity showed well-defined ultrastructural seasonal characteristics, with a colloid-like aspect during awakening and a strongly granular aspect during autumn oestrus and mating. Positive staining for PAS and paraldehyde fuchsin, and a marked reaction to lectins PHA-L4, MAM, and RCA 60 suggested the presence of sialo-glycoproteins in the follicular cavities. Both follicular and endocrine PT-specific cells appeared to mark the boundary of follicular cavities. This finding suggests that the follicular cavity contents are comprised of both types of cells, rather than by cell fragmentation or degeneration products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Azzali
- Department of Human Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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9
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Chowdhury VS, Yoshimura Y. Changes in the population of immunoreactive S-100-positive folliculo-stellate cells in hens during induced molting. Poult Sci 2002; 81:556-60. [PMID: 11989756 DOI: 10.1093/ps/81.4.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine whether the population of folliculo-stellate (FS) cells in the hen's pituitary change during induced molting. White Leghorn laying hens were subjected to induced molting by feed withdrawal; feeding was resumed on the fourth day after egg laying ceased. The anterior pituitaries were collected from hens at pretreatment, at 3 and 5 d after feed withdrawal and at 3 d after cessation of egg laying, 10 d after cessation of egg laying (6 d after resumption of feeding), on the day of and 1 wk after resumption of egg laying (RL and 1WRL, respectively). Pituitaries were processed to detect FS cells by immunocytochemistry for the S-100 protein. Sections were then examined under a light microscope with an image analysis computer system. S-100 immunoreactive cells were found in the cephalic and caudal lobes of the anterior pituitary in all groups of hens. The majority of S-100 immunoreactive cells formed clusters of cells that faced into the follicle and surrounded the glandular cells with long cytoplasmic processes. The S-100 immunoreactive area in the cephalic lobe was significantly increased in the RL group (P < 0.05), but decreased thereafter in 1WRL group. The S-100-positive cell area in the caudal lobe did not show significant changes during induced molting. These results suggest that FS cell population is likely to increase at the final stage of induced molting and may be involved in control of pituitary functions for the resumption of ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Chowdhury
- Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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10
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Inoue K, Couch EF, Takano K, Ogawa S. The structure and function of folliculo-stellate cells in the anterior pituitary gland. ARCHIVES OF HISTOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY 1999; 62:205-18. [PMID: 10495875 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.62.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The folliculo-stellate cells (FS cells) in the anterior pituitary gland are characterized by their star-like appearance and their ability to form follicles. Although FS cells do not produce any pituitary hormones, their special tendency to surrounding endocrine cells with their long cytoplasmic processes suggests that they regulate endocrine cells by intercellular communication. In spite of many morphological and cytophysiological studies recently performed, a precise understanding of the major functions of FS cells in the pituitary gland remains obscure. We review here the morphological characteristics of FS cells and their suspected functions in the anterior pituitary gland. It is well established that the FS cell produces many kinds of growth factors, i.e., fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial cell growth factor and interleukin 6. The biological significances of these growth factors in the anterior pituitary gland are also discussed in this paper. The origin and differentiation of FS cells, especially the possibility that the FS cell is a kind of stem cell which has the potential to differentiate into endocrine cells, is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Inoue
- Department of Regulation Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Urawa, Japan.
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11
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Soji T, Mabuchi Y, Kurono C, Herbert DC. Folliculo-stellate cells and intercellular communication within the rat anterior pituitary gland. Microsc Res Tech 1997; 39:138-49. [PMID: 9361265 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19971015)39:2<138::aid-jemt5>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Folliculo-stellate (FS) cell are agranular and arranged around a follicle. They contain the S-100 protein and beta-adrenergic receptors. It has been suggested that they can act as stem cells, since they show mitotic figures, and could transform into granular or chromophilic cells according to the concept of a "cell renewal system." Cell-to-cell interactions among pituitary cells have been described, and recent progress with freeze-fracture electron microscopy has provided novel observations of the cell surface and gap junctions within the rat or teleost fish pituitary gland, or in cultured rat pituitary cells. In adult rats, the anterior pituitary was composed of lobules incompletely separated by a basement membrane. Follicles consisted exclusively of FS cells. Gap junctions were observed only between adjacent FS cells, in rare cases on the tips of their cytoplasmic processes. Thus, the FS cells, connected by gap junctions, made up a dense cellular network throughout the pituitary. Gap and tight junctions were absent on granular cells. Elongated follicles with columnar FS cells were observed in 10-day-old rats and were separated into smaller units. The number of gap junctions rapidly increased with age until 40-45 days of age. Few S-100 protein positive cells were observed on day 10, along the marginal cell layer and near the so-called postero-lateral wing. The frequency of positive cells increased with age and by day 40; numerous cells were observed throughout the anterior lobe. Gap junction number also varied with the stage of the estrous cycle, and frequency; during diestrus, they were half of that during proestrus or estrus. The number of gap junctions increased in late pregnancy and in lactating rats, probably due to changes in estrogen and progesterone. Hormone (LH-RH and testosterone) treated groups of rats showed accelerated development by almost 10 days, compared with controls. In castrated male rats, the ultrastructure of the pituitary remained immature even at 40 days of age, when the number of gap junctions was a quarter or less than the number in intact rats. Testosterone treatment restored the frequency of gap junctions to a normal level. We conclude that the appearance of gap junctions in the pituitary cells and maturation of the gland are dependent to a large degree upon gonadal steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Soji
- Department of Anatomy, Nagoya City University Medical School, Aichi, Japan
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12
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ELFVIN LG. THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE CELL SURFACE OF CHROMAFFIN CELLS IN THE RAT ADRENAL MEDULLA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 12:263-86. [PMID: 14330790 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(65)80099-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Nishizono H, Soji T, Herbert DC. Intercellular communication within the rat anterior pituitary gland: V. Changes in cell-to-cell communications as a function of the timing of castration in male rats. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1993; 235:577-82. [PMID: 8465989 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092350410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication by gap junctions was investigated in the male rat anterior pituitary gland following several experimental regimens involving castration. The regimens included the following animals: (1) Group 1, castrated at 10-day intervals from day 10 to 50 and sacrificed at 60 days of age; (2) Group 2, castrated every 10 days from days 10 to 50 and sacrificed 50 days after castration; (3) Group 3, castrated at 5 days of age and sacrificed every 10 days from day 10 to 60; or (4) Group 4, remained intact and sacrificed every 10 days from days 10 to 60. In all of the castrated animals, numerous so-called castration cells were scattered throughout the pars distalis of the pituitary gland, with occasional "signet ring cells" being observed. In Groups 1 and 2, the pattern of gap junction development and their number was no different from the intact control (Group 4). In contrast, the number of gap junctions in the animals castrated on day 5 remained very small even into adulthood. These data demonstrate that gonadal steroids are important in the initial development of gap junctions within the pituitary gland but are not necessary to sustain their presence once an animal becomes an adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nishizono
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Japan
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14
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Soji T, Yashiro T, Herbert DC. Intercellular communication within the rat anterior pituitary gland: IV. Changes in cell-to-cell communications during pregnancy. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1992; 233:97-102. [PMID: 1605382 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092330113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication by gap junctions was investigated in the female rat anterior pituitary gland from 9 through 21 days of pregnancy and subsequently on days 2 and 20 of the lactational period. Compared with intact estrus females, the major morphological characteristics of the pituitary gland during pregnancy were remarkably developed prolactin cells and gonadotrophs. A close relationship of both cell types was clearly evident. Gap junctions were present at each of the time intervals studied; however, they were noted only between adjacent folliculo-stellate cells. No remarkable changes were noted in the number of gap junctions during the middle stage of pregnancy (day 9 through day 15), with the relative number resembling that found in intact, 90-day-old controls during estrus (0.47 +/- .01 junctions/follicle-control vs. 0.50 +/- 0.08--day 15 of pregnancy). In the later stages of pregnancy (day 17 through day 21), a demonstrable increase was observed (0.64 +/- 0.10--day 17, 0.79 +/- 0.11--day 19 and 0.72 +/- 0.12--day 21), whereas during the lactation, this pattern returned to that seen at midpregnancy. Since both prolactin and the gonadal steroid hormones dramatically fluctuate during pregnancy and lactation, it is postulated that they may have an active role in gap junction formation during these two phases of reproductive life.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Soji
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Japan
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15
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Soji T, Nishizono H, Yashiro T, Herbert DC. Intercellular communication within the rat anterior pituitary gland. III. Postnatal development and periodic changes of cell-to-cell communications in female rats. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1991; 231:351-7. [PMID: 1763817 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092310309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication by gap junctions was investigated in the female rat anterior pituitary gland from 10 through 45 days of postnatal development and in 60-day-old animals. Gap junctions initially appeared between adjacent folliculo-stellate cells on day 25. Their appearance in female rats was 5 days later than that observed in males (Soji et al., 1990). Gap junction number increased until the animals became 40 days of age, when they reached a level that resembled that found in adults. In addition, a correlation was evident between the frequency of gap junctions and stages of the estrous cycle, where they were most numerous during either proestrus or estrus. These results along with those previously published suggest that gap junction formation within the female rat hypophysis is in part modulated by both gonadal steroid hormones as well as prolactin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Soji
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Japan
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16
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Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication within the rat anterior pituitary was investigated in 60-day-old male rats with immunohistochemistry, scanning electron microscopy, freeze-fracture electron microscopy, and conventional transmission electron microscopy. A dense cytoreticular network of cytoplasmic processes from the folliculostellate cells was found to contain immunoreactive S-100 protein and was observed throughout the anterior pituitary. Nonimmunoreactive cells, which were granular, were situated in the center of each network. Almost all of the granulated cells were situated in close proximity to the folliculostellate cells. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the gland consisted of microlobules enclosed by a basal lamina. On the surface of the microlobules were blood vessels whose branches invaded its internal structures. Cytoplasmic processes from folliculostellate cells projected outside the microlobule. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of numerous intramembranous particles on the P-face of the plasma membrane. Scattered on the cell surface were groups of particles forming gap junctions. Meshworks of ridges which were representations of tight junctions were also observed near clusters of microvillous fragments. Clusters of particles forming small gap junctions were located between the meshworks of tight junctions. Small gap junctions were clearly observed by conventional electron microscopy between junctional complexes in a manner similar to that seen by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Slender cytoplasmic processes of folliculostellate cells came in contact near the basal lamina and were adjoined by small gap junctions. The ratio of nongranular cells which contained gap junctions to those in which the junctions were absent was about 1:1. The size of the gap junctions ranged from 50 nm to 3 microns. No gap junctions were observed along the plasma membranes of the granular cells. The significance of an intercellular communication system within the anterior pituitary gland of the rat is to establish a mechanism for rapid transmission of information in an organ which lacks direct innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Soji
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Japan
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Harrisson F. Facts and hypotheses concerning the function of non-granulated cells in the adenohypophysis of vertebrates. Bioessays 1988; 8:168-71. [PMID: 3044359 DOI: 10.1002/bies.950080511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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18
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Scheuermann DW. Morphology and cytochemistry of the endocrine epithelial system in the lung. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1987; 106:35-88. [PMID: 3294719 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61710-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Bambauer HJ, Ueno S, Umar H, Ueck M. Histochemical and cytochemical demonstration of Ca++-ATPase activity in the stellate cells of the adenohypophysis of the guinea pig. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1985; 83:195-200. [PMID: 2931409 DOI: 10.1007/bf00953983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The histo- and cytochemical localization of Ca++-ATPase activity in the adenohypophysis of the guinea pig was studied utilizing a newly developed method (Ando et al. 1981). An intense reaction was observed in the wall of the blood vessels and between non-secretory cells (stellate cells) and endocrine cells of the pars distalis. Under the electron microscope the Ca++-ATPase reaction product was located extracellularly in relation to the plasmalemma of the stellate cells. This reaction was dependent on Ca++ and the substrate, ATP, and reduced by the addition of 0,1 mM quercetin to the standard incubation medium. Preheating of the sections before incubation completely inhibited the enzyme activity. When Mg++ in different concentrations were substituted for Ca++ in the incubation medium the reaction was always reduced. Both Ca++ and Mg++ in the incubation medium also reduced the reaction. The plasmalemma of the endocrine cells contains no demonstrable amount of Ca++-ATPase activity. The function of the Ca++-ATPase activity is discussed in relation to the regulation of the extracellular Ca++ concentration which seems to be important with respect not only to the secretory process of the endocrine cells but also to the metabolism of the adenohypophysis.
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Scheuermann DW, De Groodt-Lasseel MH, Stilman C. A light and fluorescence cytochemical and electron microscopic study of granule-containing cells in the intrapulmonary ganglia of Pseudemys scripta elegans. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1984; 171:377-99. [PMID: 6517038 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001710404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In the lung of the red-eared turtle, large numbers of intramural ganglia located in the intraparenchymal connective tissue are demonstrated. Numerous cells in close proximity to the principal ganglionic neurons displayed a bright blue-white formaldehyde-induced fluorescence. Microspectrofluorometric analysis revealed the presence of dopamine (DA) in all cells measured. Subsequent light histochemical staining of the fluorescent sections showed the DA-containing cells to display argentaffinity. Electron microscopy of serial sections revealed cells characterized by dense-cored vesicles corresponding to the intensely formaldehyde-induced fluorescent cells. The argentaffin technique performed directly on ultrathin sections selectively stained the dense-cored vesicles. After fixation with glutaraldehyde followed by dichromate, x-ray microanalysis showed the chromium to be incorporated into the dense granules. Cholinergic-type nerve endings formed axosomatic synaptic contacts with the DA-containing cells, which can therefore be considered as intrinsic postganglionic elements. No efferent synapses from the granule-containing cells to the principal ganglionic neurons could be observed. The granule-containing cells occurred solitarily and in clusters, partially invested with satellite cells, and usually located near fenestrated capillaries; they displayed cytoplasmic processes and indicated emiocytotic granule release. Adjacent granule-containing cells were separated by spaces about 20 nm wide, gradually widening to form intercellular channels with apically projecting microvilli and primary cilia. It is concluded that the intrapulmonary granule-containing cells of the red-eared turtle belong to the APUD system. Furthermore, morphologically these cells appeared to possess a special sensory apparatus which designates them as paraneurons. The possible physiological significance of these intrapulmonary granule-containing cells is discussed.
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Watanabe YG. A quantitative electron microscopic study on the frequency of exocytosis in the anterior pituitary of perinatal rats. ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY 1984; 170:223-8. [PMID: 6524679 DOI: 10.1007/bf00318725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Granule exocytosis was quantitatively investigated in the perinatal rat anterior pituitary at the electron microscopic level. Both the number of cells in the process of exocytosis and the number of extruded granules per cell profile found in a standardized area of section were counted. The first distinct figure of exocytosis was detected in the anterior pituitary of fetal rats on day 18.5 of gestation, although occasional cells on day 17.5 had structures resembling granule extrusion. The frequency of cells showing granule discharge was very low on day 18.5 of gestation, but it sharply increased on day 19.5; a similar level was maintained up to day 21.5 of gestation. While the number of exocytosed granules per cell profile was almost unchanged during the fetal and neonatal period up to day 3 after birth. The frequency of cells undergoing exocytosis decreased near the time of birth, after which it transiently increased and dropped again to a minimum at 12 h after delivery. During days 1 to 3 of postnatal life, cells in the process of exocytosis were less frequent compared to fetuses between day 19.5 and 21.5. Both the number of cells undergoing exocytosis and the number of discharged granules per cell profile first exceeded the fetal values on the 6th postnatal day and were remarkably augmented between days 9-20 of the neonatal period. These data are discussed in relation to the hormone secreting activity of the anterior pituitary gland of perinatal rats.
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Ishikawa H, Nogami H, Shirasawa N. Novel clonal strains from adult rat anterior pituitary producing S-100 protein. Nature 1983; 303:711-3. [PMID: 6406910 DOI: 10.1038/303711a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
S-100 protein, one of the unique proteins found in the nervous system, has recently been discovered unexpectedly in the rat anterior pituitary. Immunocytochemistry reveals that stellate, follicular and folliculostellate cells, and marginal cells of the rat anterior pituitary contain this protein; however, as far as we know, there are no reports on the physiological role of this protein in the anterior pituitary. In the study reported here, three S-100 protein-producing clonal strains (JH-S3, JH-S8 and JH-S12) from adult rat anterior pituitaries were established by using the single cell-plating feeder layer method. These new clonal strains reveal that the S-100 protein-producing cell is an independent cell type of the anterior pituitary. Both cultures and grafts of the JH-S3 cells stain immunocytochemically with anti-S100 protein IgG fraction. Moreover, the S-100 protein and conditioned medium of JH-S3 clonal cells both stimulate release of prolactin from prolactin-secreting clonal cells (1G4) in vitro.
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James SC, Asher JH. A histological examination of the pars distalis from the Syrian hamster mutant Anophthalmic white (Wh). THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1981; 218:335-50. [PMID: 7200125 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402180305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The gene, Wh, causing anophthalmia in the Syrian hamster, Mesocricetus auratus, is a highly pleiotropic gene which has profound effects upon eye development, pigmentation, and reproduction. Hamsters homozygous for this gene also possess abnormalities in testicular size and composition which may be related solely to the lack of the visual pathway acting by means of altered pituitary function. The objective of this study was to determine whether morphological abnormalities existed in hypophyses of male hamsters homozygous for the mutant gene Wh. Accordingly, hypophyses from 10 normal, 10 heterozygous, 10 homozygous mutant, and 5 normal enucleated animals from the AN/As-Wh strain were compared at the light and electron microscopic level. At the light microscopic level, glands from anophthalmic individuals contained 33% fewer cells and many of the cells present either resembled signet ring cells or folliculo stellate cells. At the electron microscopic level, many cells from Wh homozygotes were greatly enlarged, contained only a few organelles and few to no secretory granules. In addition to the glandular cell types, agranular follicular cells were prevalent. Cells with numerous cilia, basal bodies, and a 9 + 2 microtubule configuration were also found within mutant glands. Since pituitaries from hamsters homozygous for Wh displayed far different morphological characteristics than did pituitaries from normal, heterozygous, or normal enucleated animals, it is postulated that either the gene (Wh) acts to alter cellular differentiation of the embryonic hyophysis or that the gene causes abnormal dedifferentiation in the adult.
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Nunez EA, Gershon MD. Specific paracrystalline structures of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the follicular (stellate) cells of the dog adenohypophysis. Cell Tissue Res 1981; 215:215-21. [PMID: 7226197 DOI: 10.1007/bf00236261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The fine structure of follicular cells of the adenohypophysis was examined in fetal, neonatal, and adult beagle dogs. Prior to birth, undifferentiated follicular cells are common. At birth mature cells that form follicles are routinely encountered. The fine structural appearance of follicular cells is unchanged between birth and adulthood. Follicular cells of puppies and adults are, however, distinguished by the presence of unusual complexes within distended cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. These complexes vary greatly in morphology, some appear as a maze of interconnecting tubules while others show a highly organized paracrystalline configuration. The presence of these paracrystalloid structures in follicular cells supports the view that they represent a distinct pituitary cell type.
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Frémont PH, Ferrand R. The differentiation of follicular-like cells from the epithelium of Rathke's pouch grown in vitro. ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY 1980; 160:275-84. [PMID: 7457922 DOI: 10.1007/bf00305108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial rudiment of 4 day-old quail embryo adenohypophysis, cultivated in vitro under conditions allowing glandular differentiation, displays peripheral cells that progressively acquire follicular cell features. They elongate, develop numerous microvilli, junctional complexes, interlocking membranes and bundles of microfilaments. These follicular-like cells derive from peripheral epithelial cells that, in situ, become glandular. These results show that follicular cells can develop from undifferentiated cells. They undergo this pathway of development, in all likelihood, as a result of perturbations in their microenvironment.
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Stefan Y. Demonstration of the existence of a single morphological type of gonadotrophic cell in Ellobius lutescens (Microtinae) by an ultrastructural analysis of their development under various physiological and experimental conditions. Cell Tissue Res 1976; 167:49-64. [PMID: 766978 DOI: 10.1007/bf00220159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ultrastructural studies of pituitaries from Ellobius lutescens (immature males and females, adult hypogonadic males, and virgin and pregnant females) show that the gonadotrophic cells are characterized by a lamellar or vacuolar rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), a spirally-arranged Golgi apparatus, elongated mitochondria and secretory granules of variable density and size (150-500 mmu). Ultrastructural differences between gonadotrophic cells previously determined by light microscopy correspond to changes in the development of the protein synthetic apparatus and in the intensity of hormonal discharge. Type 2 gonadotrophs always appear to be more active than type 1 gonadotrophs. After castration, all gonadotrophic cells develop into the same form of "castration cell", although type 1 gonadotrophs change more slowly than type 2 cells. Treatment with testosterone induces an inverse development of the gonadotrophic cells which take on the appearance of resting cells similar to those found in immature animals, where the two cell types are also identical. Thus, only one morphological type of gonadotrophic cell can be identified in Ellobius lutescens. Moreover, the gonadotrophic cells of the hypogonadic adult male have the same appearnance as those of the female two months after castration, whic proves that the negative feedback mechanism which regulates gonadtrophic function is defective in adult male Ellobius lutescens.
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Abstract
Forty-eight surgically removed pituitary adenomas have been investigated by electron microscopy. Distinct differences in fine structural appearances permitted their separation into 5 classes: 1) Growth hormone, (GH)-cell tumors; 2) Prolactin cell tumors; 3) Mixed adenomas composed of GH and prolactin cells; 4) Adrenocorticotrophic-Melanocyte stimulating hormone (ACTH-MSH) cell tumors; 5) Undifferentiated cell adenomas. Densely and sparsely granulated tumors were distinguished within classes 1, 2 and 4. Although these two forms appeared to represent well defined entities, they may be variants of the same tumor differing only in pace of hormone production and/or release. Number and size of secretory granules varied considerably among tumors composed of the same cell type indicating that pituitary tumor classification cannot be based solely on granule morphology. This classification takes into account morphogenesis with emphasis on clinical features and structure-function relationship.
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Nakayama I, Matsuo T, Oyakawa Y, Takahara O, Tsuji K. Fine structural studies on the fate of "castration" cells in the rat adenohypophysis after bilateral oophorectomy. ACTA PATHOLOGICA JAPONICA 1975; 25:439-50. [PMID: 1180047 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1975.tb00864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The fate of castration cells has been studied by electron microscopy after bilateral oophorectomy. The castration cells were characterized by a large-like dilatation of rough endoplasmic reticulum which occupied almost the entire cytoplasm, and first appeared at 5 weeks after operation. Castration cells showed cellular suppression after 15 weeks of the experiment but no degenerative changes were observed at any experimental period. At the later stage of the experiment numerous secretory granules reaccumulated in the cytoplasm of the gonadotrophs and concomitantly lake-like dilatation of rough endoplasmic reticulum in some gonadotrophs gradually decreased and finally disappeared from the cytoplasm. Proportion of the castration cells and mean diameter of the largest cisterane of rough endoplasmic reticulum in each cell attained maximum value at 9 weeks after the operation; thereafter both parameters returned toward normal, although they still remained at a higher level than in controls at 18 weeks after the operation.
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Saeger W, Caselitz J. [Ultrastructure of the corticotrophic cells of the pituitary gland in rat following administration of steroidogenesis-inhibitors and methylprednisolone (author's transl)]. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. A, PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY 1974; 364:199-214. [PMID: 4371504 DOI: 10.1007/bf01240384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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30
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Saeger W. [Ultrastructure of hyperplastic and adenomatous corticotrophic cells in Cushing's syndrome of hypothalamic-hypophyseal origin (author's transl)]. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. A, PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY 1974; 362:73-88. [PMID: 4361449 DOI: 10.1007/bf00433776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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31
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Lagios MD. Foccicle boundary cells in the adenohypophysis of the chondrostean and holostean fishes: an ultrastructural study of their relationship to the follicular lumen, to endocrine cells, and to the hypophysial cleft. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1973; 20:362-76. [PMID: 4699371 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(73)90190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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32
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Fukuda T. Agranular stellate cells (so-called follicular cells) in human fetal and adult adenohypophysis and in pituitary adenoma. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. A, PATHOLOGY. PATHOLOGISCHE ANATOMIE 1973; 359:19-30. [PMID: 4632996 DOI: 10.1007/bf00549080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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33
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Forbes MS. Fine structure of the stellate cell in the pars distalis of the lizard, Anolis carolinensis. J Morphol 1972; 136:227-45. [PMID: 5009888 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051360207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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34
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Dingemans KP, Feltkamp CA. Nongranulated cells in the mouse adenohypophysis. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1972; 124:387-405. [PMID: 5011358 DOI: 10.1007/bf00355038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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35
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Le r�seau des cellules folliculo-stellaires et les follicules de l'ad�nohypophyse du rat (Pars distalis). Cell Tissue Res 1972. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00307293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Coates PW, Ashby EA, Krulich L, Dhariwal AP, McCann SM. Morphologic alterations in somatotrophs of the rat adenohypophysis following administration of hypothalamic extracts. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1970; 128:389-412. [PMID: 4915923 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001280402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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38
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Mikami S. Light and electron microscopic investigations of six types of glandular cells of the bovine adenohypophysis. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1970; 105:457-82. [PMID: 4097124 DOI: 10.1007/bf00335422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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40
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Young BA, Harrison RJ. Ultrastructure of the dolphin adenohypophysis. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1970; 103:475-82. [PMID: 4905577 DOI: 10.1007/bf00337522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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41
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Cardell RR. The ultrastructure of stellate cells in the pars distalis of the salamander pituitary gland. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1969; 126:429-55. [PMID: 5369109 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001260404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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42
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Schechter J. The ultrastructure of the stellate cell in the rabbit pars distalis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1969; 126:477-87. [PMID: 5369111 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001260406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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43
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Cells producing ACTH. Bull Exp Biol Med 1969. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00803426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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44
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Dent JN, Gupta BL. Ultrastructural observations on the developmental cytology of the pituitary gland in the spotted newt. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1967; 8:273-88. [PMID: 6033860 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(67)90074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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45
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Yamada K, Nakamura M, Yamashita K. Light and electron microscopic studies on the adenohypophysis of a diabetic (KK) strain of the mouse. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1967; 79:429-45. [PMID: 5598735 DOI: 10.1007/bf00335485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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46
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Rinne UK. Ultrastructure of the median eminence of the rat. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1966; 74:98-122. [PMID: 5969430 DOI: 10.1007/bf00342942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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47
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Girod C, Dubois C. [Ultrastructure study of the gonadotropic cells of the anterior pituitary in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus Waterh.)]. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1965; 13:212-32. [PMID: 5891448 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(65)80097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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