|
1
|
Morozova A, Ushakova V, Pavlova O, Bairamova S, Andryshenko N, Ochneva A, Abramova O, Zorkina Y, Spektor VA, Gadisov T, Ukhov A, Zubkov E, Solovieva K, Alexeeva P, Khobta E, Nebogina K, Kozlov A, Klimenko T, Gurina O, Shport S, Kostuyk G, Chekhonin V, Pavlov K. BDNF, DRD4, and HTR2A Gene Allele Frequency Distribution and Association with Mental Illnesses in the European Part of Russia. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:240. [PMID: 38397229 PMCID: PMC10887670 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of mental disorders and how they are diagnosed represent some of the major problems in psychiatry. Modern genetic tools offer the potential to reduce the complications concerning diagnosis. However, the vast genetic diversity in the world population requires a closer investigation of any selected populations. In the current research, four polymorphisms, namely rs6265 in BDNF, rs10835210 in BDNF, rs6313 in HTR2A, and rs1800955 in DRD4, were analyzed in a case-control study of 2393 individuals (1639 patients with mental disorders (F20-F29, F30-F48) and 754 controls) from the European part of Russia using the TaqMan SNP genotyping method. Significant associations between rs6265 BDNF and rs1800955 DRD4 and mental impairments were detected when comparing the general group of patients with mental disorders (without separation into diagnoses) to the control group. Associations of rs6265 in BDNF, rs1800955 in DRD4, and rs6313 in HTR2A with schizophrenia in patients from the schizophrenia group separately compared to the control group were also found. The obtained results can extend the concept of a genetic basis for mental disorders in the Russian population and provide a basis for the future improvement in psychiatric diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Morozova
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (V.U.); (O.P.); (S.B.); (A.O.); (O.A.); (Y.Z.); (T.G.); (A.U.); (E.Z.); (O.G.); (K.P.)
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeriya Ushakova
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (V.U.); (O.P.); (S.B.); (A.O.); (O.A.); (Y.Z.); (T.G.); (A.U.); (E.Z.); (O.G.); (K.P.)
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Neurobiology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Pavlova
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (V.U.); (O.P.); (S.B.); (A.O.); (O.A.); (Y.Z.); (T.G.); (A.U.); (E.Z.); (O.G.); (K.P.)
| | - Sakeena Bairamova
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (V.U.); (O.P.); (S.B.); (A.O.); (O.A.); (Y.Z.); (T.G.); (A.U.); (E.Z.); (O.G.); (K.P.)
| | - Nika Andryshenko
- Department of Biology, MSU-BIT Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518172, China;
| | - Aleksandra Ochneva
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (V.U.); (O.P.); (S.B.); (A.O.); (O.A.); (Y.Z.); (T.G.); (A.U.); (E.Z.); (O.G.); (K.P.)
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Abramova
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (V.U.); (O.P.); (S.B.); (A.O.); (O.A.); (Y.Z.); (T.G.); (A.U.); (E.Z.); (O.G.); (K.P.)
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yana Zorkina
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (V.U.); (O.P.); (S.B.); (A.O.); (O.A.); (Y.Z.); (T.G.); (A.U.); (E.Z.); (O.G.); (K.P.)
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery A. Spektor
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (V.U.); (O.P.); (S.B.); (A.O.); (O.A.); (Y.Z.); (T.G.); (A.U.); (E.Z.); (O.G.); (K.P.)
| | - Timur Gadisov
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (V.U.); (O.P.); (S.B.); (A.O.); (O.A.); (Y.Z.); (T.G.); (A.U.); (E.Z.); (O.G.); (K.P.)
| | - Andrey Ukhov
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (V.U.); (O.P.); (S.B.); (A.O.); (O.A.); (Y.Z.); (T.G.); (A.U.); (E.Z.); (O.G.); (K.P.)
| | - Eugene Zubkov
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (V.U.); (O.P.); (S.B.); (A.O.); (O.A.); (Y.Z.); (T.G.); (A.U.); (E.Z.); (O.G.); (K.P.)
| | - Kristina Solovieva
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina Alexeeva
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Khobta
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kira Nebogina
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (V.U.); (O.P.); (S.B.); (A.O.); (O.A.); (Y.Z.); (T.G.); (A.U.); (E.Z.); (O.G.); (K.P.)
| | - Alexander Kozlov
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (V.U.); (O.P.); (S.B.); (A.O.); (O.A.); (Y.Z.); (T.G.); (A.U.); (E.Z.); (O.G.); (K.P.)
| | - Tatyana Klimenko
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (V.U.); (O.P.); (S.B.); (A.O.); (O.A.); (Y.Z.); (T.G.); (A.U.); (E.Z.); (O.G.); (K.P.)
| | - Olga Gurina
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (V.U.); (O.P.); (S.B.); (A.O.); (O.A.); (Y.Z.); (T.G.); (A.U.); (E.Z.); (O.G.); (K.P.)
| | - Svetlana Shport
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (V.U.); (O.P.); (S.B.); (A.O.); (O.A.); (Y.Z.); (T.G.); (A.U.); (E.Z.); (O.G.); (K.P.)
| | - George Kostuyk
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Chekhonin
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (V.U.); (O.P.); (S.B.); (A.O.); (O.A.); (Y.Z.); (T.G.); (A.U.); (E.Z.); (O.G.); (K.P.)
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnologies, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin Pavlov
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (V.U.); (O.P.); (S.B.); (A.O.); (O.A.); (Y.Z.); (T.G.); (A.U.); (E.Z.); (O.G.); (K.P.)
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Yang HM, Lung H, Yang MC, Lung FW. DRD4 VNTR 4/4 homozygosity as a genetic biomarker for treatment selection in patients with schizophrenia. Asian J Psychiatr 2024; 91:103831. [PMID: 37988928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There seems to be an association between the DRD4 48-bp VNTR polymorphisms and antipsychotic treatment response, but there is a rare reference to confirm this finding. Hence, the present study tried to investigate the association between DRD4 48-bp VNTR polymorphisms and the treatment response of antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia in Taiwan, using a propensity score matching (PSM) method. METHODS A total of 882 participants were enrolled in this study and completed informed consent, research questionnaires, including demographic information and the revised Chinese version Beliefs about Voices Questionnaire, and blood sampling. For descreasing of the selection bias and confounding variables, the PSM nearest neighbor matching method was used to select 765 paitents with schizophrenia (ratio of 1:8 between 85 persistent auditory hallucination and 680 controls) with matched and controlled the age and gender. RESULTS Schizophrenia patients with DRD4 4 R homozygosity had a lower rate of good antipsychotic treatment response than the other DRD4 genotype carriers (DRD4 non-4/4). Among those 4 R homozygosity carriers, 60 cases of 503 (11.9%) retain persistent auditory hallucinations. Furthermore, this subgroup of patients is accounted for up to 70.6% of cases with poor neuroleptic treatment response. CONCLUSIONS A poor treatment outcome for patients with the 4 R homozygosity had presented,that comparing with those DRD non-4/4 genotype carriers. DRD4 VNTR 4 R homozygosity could be a genetic biomarker to predict poor antipsychotic treatment response in schizophrenia. Patients with DRD 4/4 probably receive novel antipsychotic medications preferentially or in combination with alternative therapy, such as psychotherapy or milieu therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ming Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan Lung
- Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | - For-Wey Lung
- Calo Psychiatric Center, Pingtung County, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; International Graduate Program of Education and Human Development, National SunYat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Education, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Xu FL, Wu X, Zhang JJ, Wang BJ, Yao J. A meta-analysis of data associating DRD4 gene polymorphisms with schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:153-164. [PMID: 29379288 PMCID: PMC5757990 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s156479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the association between DRD4 polymorphisms and schizophrenia risk, a meta-analysis was carried out with 41 case-control articles. Specifically, we included 28 articles (5,735 cases and 5,278 controls) that pertained to the 48 bp variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism, nine articles (1,517 cases and 1,746 controls) that corresponded to the 12 bp tandem repeat (TR), six articles (1,912 cases and 1,836 controls) that addressed the 120 bp TR, 10 articles (2,927 cases and 2,938 controls) that entailed the -521 C>T polymorphism, six articles (1,735 cases and 1,724 controls) that pertained to the -616 C>G polymorphism, and four articles (1,191 cases and 1,215 controls) that involved the -376 C>T polymorphism. Pooled analysis, subgroup analysis, and sensitivity analysis were performed, and the data were visualized by means of forest and funnel plots. Results of pooled analysis indicated that the -521 CC variant (Pz=0.009, odds ratio [OR] =1.218, 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.050-1.413) and genotype L/L (ie, long allele) of the 120 bp TR were risk factors of schizophrenia (Pz=0.004, OR =1.275, 95% CI =1.081-1.504). The 48 bp VNTR, the 12 bp TR, the -616 C>G polymorphism, and the -376 C>T polymorphism were not associated with schizophrenia. Additional research is warranted to explore the association between polymorphisms of DRD4 and schizophrenia risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng-ling Xu
- Department of Forensic, Genetic and Biology Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue Wu
- Department of Forensic, Genetic and Biology Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing-jing Zhang
- Department of Forensic, Genetic and Biology Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bao-jie Wang
- Department of Forensic, Genetic and Biology Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Forensic, Genetic and Biology Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Azorin JM, Belzeaux R, Fakra E, Hantouche EG, Adida M. Characteristics of depressive patients according to family history of affective illness: Findings from a French national cohort. J Affect Disord 2016; 198:15-22. [PMID: 26998792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Literature is scarce about the characteristics of mood disorder patients with a family history (FH) of affective illness. The aim of the current study was to compare the prominent features of depressive patients with a FH of mania (FHM), those of depressive patients with a FH of depression (FHD), and those of depressive patients with no FH of affective illness (FHO). METHODS As part of the EPIDEP National Multisite French Study of 493 consecutive DSM-IV major depressive patients evaluated in at least two semi-structured interviews 1 month apart, 45 (9.1%) were classified as FHM, 210 (42.6%) as FHD, and 238 (48.3%) as FHO. RESULTS The main characteristics of FHM patients were a cyclothymic temperament, the presence of mixed features and diurnal variations of mood during depression, early sexual behaviour, a high number of mood episodes and hypomanic switches, high rates of suicide attempts and rapid cycling; diagnosis of bipolar disorder was more frequent in this group as well as comorbid obsessive compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, bulimia, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and impulse control disorders. The FHD patients had more depressive temperament, generalized anxiety disorder, and anorexia nervosa. Compared to FHO, FHM and FHD showed an earlier age at onset, more comorbid anxiety disorders, as well as more psychotic features. LIMITATIONS The following are the limitations of this study: retrospective design, recall bias, and preferential enrolment of bipolar patients with a depressive predominant polarity. CONCLUSIONS In light of genetic studies conducted in affective disorder patients, our findings may support the hypothesis of genetic risks factors common to affective disorders and dimensions of temperament, that may extend to comorbid conditions specifically associated with bipolar or unipolar illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Azorin
- Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Marguerite Hospital, Marseilles, France.
| | - R Belzeaux
- Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Marguerite Hospital, Marseilles, France
| | - E Fakra
- Department of Psychiatry, North Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - M Adida
- Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Marguerite Hospital, Marseilles, France
| |
Collapse
|
|
5
|
Ryu S, Won HH, Oh S, Kim JW, Park T, Cho EY, Cho Y, Park DY, Lee YS, Kwon JS, Hong KS. Genome-wide linkage scan of quantitative traits representing symptom dimensions in multiplex schizophrenia families. Psychiatry Res 2013; 210:756-60. [PMID: 24035701 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Symptom dimensions of schizophrenia are likely to be the intermediate phenotypes under the control of disease-susceptibility genes, or separate traits related to disease-modifier genes. This study aimed to identify chromosomal loci linked to symptom dimensions of schizophrenia through genome-wide quantitative trait locus (QTL) linkage analysis. The study subjects consisted of 56 families with 183 members including 123 affected individuals. Symptom evaluations were performed on lifetime basis. Through principal component factor analysis, eight quantitative phenotypes representing symptom dimensions were identified. Genotyping was done for 6008 SNP markers, and genome-wide QTL linkage analysis was performed. No symptom dimension showed a significant linkage attaining genome-wide empirical thresholds. We observed seven regions yielding linkage signals attaining genome-wide empirical thresholds for suggestive linkage (NPL Z score = 2.78-3.49); chromosome 15q26.1 for 'non-paranoid delusion factor', 2p24.3 and 7q31.1 for 'prodromal impairment factor', 1q32.1, 9p21.3, and 9q31.2 for 'negative symptom factor', and 10p13 for 'disorganization factor'. Among these loci, chromosome 2p24.3 and 1q32.1 overlap with susceptibility loci of schizophrenia identified in our previous linkage studies. This study suggests the existence of genetic loci related to various clinical features of schizophrenia. Further genetic analyses for these dimensional phenotypes are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyong Ryu
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
6
|
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) as a novel candidate gene of anxiety. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80613. [PMID: 24324616 PMCID: PMC3855631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a neurotrophic factor for dopaminergic neurons with promising therapeutic potential in Parkinson's disease. A few association analyses between GDNF gene polymorphisms and psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and drug abuse have also been published but little is known about any effects of these polymorphisms on mood characteristics such as anxiety and depression. Here we present an association study between eight (rs1981844, rs3812047, rs3096140, rs2973041, rs2910702, rs1549250, rs2973050 and rs11111) GDNF single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and anxiety and depression scores measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) on 708 Caucasian young adults with no psychiatric history. Results of the allele-wise single marker association analyses provided significant effects of two single nucleotide polymorphisms on anxiety scores following the Bonferroni correction for multiple testing (p = 0.00070 and p = 0.00138 for rs3812047 and rs3096140, respectively), while no such result was obtained on depression scores. Haplotype analysis confirmed the role of these SNPs; mean anxiety scores raised according to the number of risk alleles present in the haplotypes (p = 0.00029). A significant sex-gene interaction was also observed since the effect of the rs3812047 A allele as a risk factor of anxiety was more pronounced in males. In conclusion, this is the first demonstration of a significant association between the GDNF gene and mood characteristics demonstrated by the association of two SNPs of the GDNF gene (rs3812047 and rs3096140) and individual variability of anxiety using self-report data from a non-clinical sample.
Collapse
|
|
7
|
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview of clinical and molecular genetic as well as pharmacogenetic studies regarding the clinical phenotype of "psychotic depression." Results are discussed with regard to the long-standing debate on categorical vs dimensional disease models of affective and psychotic disorders on a continuum from unipolar depression over bipolar disorder and schizoaffective disorder to schizophrenia. Clinical genetic studies suggest a familial aggregation and a considerable heritability (39%) of psychotic depression partly shared with schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, and affective disorders. Molecular genetic studies point to potential risk loci of psychotic depression shared with schizoaffective disorder (1q42, 22q11, 19p13), depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia (6p, 8p22, 10p13-12, 10p14, 13q13-14, 13q32, 18p, 22q11-13) and several vulnerability genes possibly contributing to an increased risk of psychotic symptoms in depression (eg, BDNF, DBH, DTNBP1, DRD2, DRD4, GSK-3beta, MAO-A). Pharmacogenetic studies implicate 5-HTT, TPH1, and DTNBP1 gene variation in the mediation of antidepressant treatment response in psychotic depression. Genetic factors are suggested to contribute to the disease risk of psychotic depression in partial overlap with disorders along the affective-psychotic spectrum. Thus, genetic research focusing on psychotic depression might inspire a more dimensional, neurobiologically and symptom-oriented taxonomy of affective and psychotic disorders challenging the dichotomous Kraepelinian view. Additionally, pharmacogenetic studies might aid in the development of a more personalized treatment of psychotic depression with an individually tailored antidepressive/antipsychotic pharmacotherapy according to genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
|
8
|
DeRosse P, Malhotra AK, Lencz T. Molecular genetics of the psychosis phenotype. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2012; 57:446-53. [PMID: 22762300 PMCID: PMC4211610 DOI: 10.1177/070674371205700708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Relative to recent successes in elucidating the genetic mechanisms associated with complex diseases, including macular degeneration, diabetes mellitus, type 2, heart disease, and cancer, molecular genetic approaches to psychiatric illness have met with more limited success. While factors such as small allelic effects, allelic heterogeneity, and variation in population substructure have received considerable attention in attempt to explain the paucity of significant results in psychiatric genetics, significantly less focus has been directed toward phenotypic factors. METHOD Data derived from molecular genetic studies of the psychosis phenotype in patients with a range of psychiatric illnesses are reviewed. RESULTS Available data suggest that genes do not respect the boundaries of the current diagnostic system but may confer risk for symptom-based phenotypic variation that traverses those boundaries. CONCLUSIONS Molecular genetic studies offer convincing evidence for a relation between genetic variation and symptom-based phenotypic variation within psychiatric illness. These data may provide novel insights into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and other related disorders. The exploration of relations between genetic variation and symptom variation that traverses traditional diagnostic boundaries may ultimately lead to more refined classification systems that more closely reflect the genetic etiology of psychiatric illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela DeRosse
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
9
|
Camarena B, Fresán A, Aguilar A, Escamilla R, Saracco R, Palacios J, Tovilla A, Nicolini H. Monoamine oxidase a and B gene polymorphisms and negative and positive symptoms in schizophrenia. ISRN PSYCHIATRY 2012; 2012:852949. [PMID: 23738213 PMCID: PMC3658801 DOI: 10.5402/2012/852949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Given that schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disorder, the analysis of clinical characteristics could help to identify homogeneous phenotypes that may be of relevance in genetic studies. Linkage and association studies have suggested that a locus predisposing to schizophrenia may reside within Xp11. We analyzed uVNTR and rs1137070, polymorphisms from MAOA and rs1799836 of MAOB genes to perform single SNP case-control association study in a sample of 344 schizophrenia patients and 124 control subjects. Single polymorphism analysis of uVNTR, rs1137070 and rs1799836 SNPs did not show statistical differences between cases and controls. Multivariate ANOVA analysis of clinical characteristics showed statistical differences between MAOB/rs1799836 and affective flattening scores (F = 4.852, P = 0.009), and significant association between MAOA/uVNTR and affective flattening in female schizophrenia patients (F = 4.236, P = 0.016) after Bonferroni's correction. Our preliminary findings could suggest that severity of affective flattening may be associated by modifier variants of MAOA and MAOB genes in female Mexican patients with schizophrenia. However, further large-scale studies using quantitative symptom-based phenotypes and several candidate variants should be analyzed to obtain a final conclusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Camarena
- Posgrado de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, 03100 México, DF, Mexico ; Departmento de Genética Psiquiátrica, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, 14370 México, DF, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
10
|
Bigdeli TB, Maher BS, Zhao Z, van den Oord EJCG, Thiselton DL, Sun J, Webb BT, Amdur RL, Wormley B, O'Neill FA, Walsh D, Riley BP, Kendler KS, Fanous AH. Comprehensive gene-based association study of a chromosome 20 linked region implicates novel risk loci for depressive symptoms in psychotic illness. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21440. [PMID: 22220189 PMCID: PMC3248394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior genomewide scans of schizophrenia support evidence of linkage to regions of chromosome 20. However, association analyses have yet to provide support for any etiologically relevant variants. METHODS We analyzed 2988 LD-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 327 genes on chromosome 20, to test for association with schizophrenia in 270 Irish high-density families (ISHDSF, N = 270 families, 1408 subjects). These SNPs were genotyped using an Illumina iSelect genotyping array which employs the Infinium assay. Given a previous report of novel linkage with chromosome 20p using latent classes of psychotic illness in this sample, association analysis was also conducted for each of five factor-derived scores based on the Operational Criteria Checklist for Psychotic Illness (delusions, hallucinations, mania, depression, and negative symptoms). Tests of association were conducted using the PDTPHASE and QPDTPHASE packages of UNPHASED. Empirical estimates of gene-wise significance were obtained by adaptive permutation of a) the smallest observed P-value and b) the threshold-truncated product of P-values for each locus. RESULTS While no single variant was significant after LD-corrected Bonferroni-correction, our gene-dropping analyses identified loci which exceeded empirical significance criteria for both gene-based tests. Namely, R3HDML and C20orf39 are significantly associated with depressive symptoms of schizophrenia (P(emp)<2×10⁻⁵) based on the minimum P-value and truncated-product methods, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Using a gene-based approach to family-based association, R3HDML and C20orf39 were found to be significantly associated with clinical dimensions of schizophrenia. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of gene-based analysis and support previous evidence that chromosome 20 may harbor schizophrenia susceptibility or modifier loci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. Bernard Bigdeli
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Brion S. Maher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Departments of Psychiatry, Biomedical Informatics, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Edwin J. C. G. van den Oord
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Dawn L. Thiselton
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jingchun Sun
- Departments of Psychiatry, Biomedical Informatics, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bradley T. Webb
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Richard L. Amdur
- Mental Health Service Line, Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, D. C., United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D. C., United States of America
| | - Brandon Wormley
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | | | | | - Brien P. Riley
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ayman H. Fanous
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Mental Health Service Line, Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, D. C., United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D. C., United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
|
11
|
Lauzon NM, Laviolette SR. Dopamine D4-receptor modulation of cortical neuronal network activity and emotional processing: Implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Behav Brain Res 2009; 208:12-22. [PMID: 19948192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) transmission within cortical and subcortical structures is involved critically in the processing of emotionally relevant sensory information. Three interconnected neural regions, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) have received considerable experimental attention, both in animal and clinical research models, as essential interconnected processors of emotional information. Neuronal network activity within both the mPFC and BLA are strongly modified by DA inputs from the VTA through both DA D(2)-like and D(1)-like receptors. However, emerging evidence from clinical, genetic, behavioral and electrophysiological investigations demonstrates a critical role for the DA D(4)-receptor subtype as a crucial modulator of emotional memory encoding and expression, both at the level of the single neuron, and at the systems level. In this review, we will examine recent evidence at the neuronal, behavioral and genetic levels of analysis that increasingly demonstrates an important role for DA D(4) transmission within cortical and subcortical emotional processing circuits. We will present evidence and some theoretical frameworks suggesting how disturbances in D(4)-receptor related neural circuitry may be involved in the neuropathological manifestations common in many neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Lauzon
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
12
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite effective pharmacological treatments for bipolar disorder, we still lack a comprehensive pathophysiological model of the illness. Recent neurobiological research has implicated a number of key brain regions and neuronal components in the behavioural and cognitive manifestations of bipolar disorder. Dopamine has previously been investigated in some depth in bipolar disorder, but of late has not been a primary focus of attention. This article examines the role of dopamine in bipolar disorder, incorporating recent advances into established models where possible. METHODS A critical evaluation of the literature was undertaken, including a review of behavioural, neurochemical, receptor, and imaging studies, as well as genetic studies focusing on dopamine receptors and related metabolic pathways. In addition, pharmacologic manipulation of the central dopaminergic pathways and comparisons with other disease states such as schizophrenia were considered, principally as a means of exploring the hypothesised models. RESULTS Multiple lines of evidence, including data from pharmacological interventions and structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies, suggest that the dopaminergic system may play a central role in bipolar disorder. CONCLUSION Future research into the pathophysiological mechanisms of bipolar disorder and the development of new treatments for bipolar disorder should focus on the dopaminergic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Cousins
- Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
13
|
Abstract
This papers aims at familiarizing psychiatric and nonpsychiatric readers with delusional infestation (DI), also known as delusional parasitosis. It is characterized by the fixed belief of being infested with pathogens against all medical evidence. DI is no single disorder but can occur as a delusional disorder of the somatic type (primary DI) or secondary to numerous other conditions. A set of minimal diagnostic criteria and a classification are provided. Patients with DI pose a truly interdisciplinary problem to the medical system. They avoid psychiatrists and consult dermatologists, microbiologists, or general practitioners but often lose faith in professional medicine. Epidemiology and history suggest that the imaginary pathogens change constantly, while the delusional theme "infestation" is stable and ubiquitous. Patients with self-diagnosed "Morgellons disease" can be seen as a variation of this delusional theme. For clinicians, clinical pathways for efficient diagnostics and etiology-specific treatment are provided. Specialized outpatient clinics in dermatology with a liaison psychiatrist are theoretically best placed to provide care. The most intricate problem is to engage patients in psychiatric therapy. In primary DI, antipsychotics are the treatment of choice, according to limited but sufficient evidence. Pimozide is no longer the treatment of choice for reasons of drug safety. Future research should focus on pathophysiology and the neural basis of DI, as well as on conclusive clinical trials, which are widely lacking. Innovative approaches will be needed, since otherwise patients are unlikely to adhere to any study protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland W Freudenmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, Leimgrubenweg 12, 89075 Ulm, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
14
|
Bergen SE, Fanous AH, Walsh D, O’Neill FA, Kendler KS. Polymorphisms in SLC6A4, PAH, GABRB3, and MAOB and modification of psychotic disorder features. Schizophr Res 2009; 109:94-7. [PMID: 19268543 PMCID: PMC2682723 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We tested four genes [phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), and the gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor beta-3 subunit (GABRB3)] for their impact on five schizophrenia symptom factors: delusions, hallucinations, mania, depression, and negative symptoms. In a 90 family subset of the Irish Study of High Density Schizophrenia Families, the PAH 232 bp microsatellite allele demonstrated significant association with the delusions factor using both QTDT (F=8.0, p=.031) and QPDTPHASE (chi-square=12.54, p=.028). Also, a significant association between the GABRB3 191 bp allele and the hallucinations factor was detected using QPDTPHASE (chi-square=15.51, p=.030), but not QTDT (chi-square=2.07, p=.560).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Bergen
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Richmond, Virginia, USA,Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ayman H. Fanous
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Psychiatry, Richmond, Virginia, USA,Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA,Georgetown University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington, DC, USA,Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Dermot Walsh
- Health Research Board and St. Loman’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Richmond, Virginia, USA,Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Psychiatry, Richmond, Virginia, USA,Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
15
|
Serretti A, Calati R, Giegling I, Hartmann AM, Möller HJ, Rujescu D. Serotonin receptor HTR1A and HTR2C variants and personality traits in suicide attempters and controls. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43:519-25. [PMID: 18715570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Serotonin has been extensively studied in relation to both personality features and suicidal behaviours. OBJECTIVE In this study, we considered the association between the serotonin receptor 1A (HTR1A) and 2C (HTR2C) SNPs and personality traits, as measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), in a sample of suicide patients and healthy volunteers. METHODS The SNPs considered were, for HTR1A rs1423691, rs878567 and rs6295, and for HTR2C rs547536, rs2192372, rs6318, rs2428707, rs4272555 and rs1801412. The sample was composed of three groups: two German samples, consisting of a healthy control group of 289 subjects (42.6% males, mean age: 45.2+/-14.9) and a psychiatric patient group of 111 suicide attempters (38.7% males, mean age: 39.2+/-13.6), and an Italian sample, composed of 64 mood disorder patients (35.9% males, mean age: 43.0+/-14.8). In the German samples all the SNPs were investigated, while in the Italian sample only the HTR1A rs6295 and the HTR2C rs6318 SNPs were considered. RESULTS Controlling for sex, age and educational level, single markers and haplotypes were not or only marginally associated with personality dimensions. CONCLUSIONS Our study does not support the role of HTR1A and HTR2C gene variants on personality traits in both healthy volunteers and mood disorder patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Serretti
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Bologna, Viale Carlo Pepoli 5, 40123 Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
16
|
Chen PL, Avramopoulos D, Lasseter VK, McGrath JA, Fallin MD, Liang KY, Nestadt G, Feng N, Steel G, Cutting AS, Wolyniec P, Pulver AE, Valle D. Fine mapping on chromosome 10q22-q23 implicates Neuregulin 3 in schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet 2009; 84:21-34. [PMID: 19118813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Linkage studies have implicated 10q22-q23 as a schizophrenia (SZ) susceptibility locus in Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) and Han Chinese from Taiwan populations. To further explore our previous linkage signal in the AJ population (NPL score: 4.27, empirical p = 2 x 10(-5)), we performed a peakwide association fine mapping study by using 1414 SNPs across approximately 12.5 Mb in 10q22-q23. We genotyped 1515 AJ individuals, including 285 parent-child trios, 173 unrelated cases, and 487 unrelated controls. We analyzed the binary diagnostic phenotype of SZ and 9 heritable quantitative traits derived from a principal components factor analysis of 73 items from our consensus diagnostic ratings and direct assessment interviews. Although no marker withstood multiple test correction for association with the binary SZ phenotype, we found strong evidence of association by using the "delusion" factor as the quantitative trait at three SNPs (rs10883866, rs10748842, and rs6584400) located in a 13 kb interval in intron 1 of Neuregulin 3 (NRG3). Our best p value from family-based association analysis was 7.26 x 10(-7). We replicated this association in the collection of 173 unrelated AJ cases (p = 1.55 x 10(-2)), with a combined p value of 2.30 x 10(-7). After performing 10,000 permutations of each of the phenotypes, we estimated the empirical study-wide significance across all 9 factors (90,000 permutations) to be p = 2.7 x 10(-3). NRG3 is primarily expressed in the central nervous system and is one of three paralogs of NRG1, a gene strongly implicated in SZ. These biological properties together with our linkage and association results strongly support NRG3 as a gene involved in SZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Lung Chen
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
17
|
Hattori E, Nakajima M, Yamada K, Iwayama Y, Toyota T, Saitou N, Yoshikawa T. Variable number of tandem repeat polymorphisms of DRD4: re-evaluation of selection hypothesis and analysis of association with schizophrenia. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 17:793-801. [PMID: 19092778 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Associations have been reported between the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms in the exon 3 of dopamine D4 receptor gene gene and multiple psychiatric illnesses/traits. We examined the distribution of VNTR alleles of different length in a Japanese cohort and found that, as reported earlier, the size of allele '7R' was much rarer (0.5%) in Japanese than in Caucasian populations (approximately 20%). This presents a challenge to an earlier proposed hypothesis that positive selection favoring the allele 7R has contributed to its high frequency. To further address the issue of selection, we carried out sequencing of the VNTR region not only from human but also from chimpanzee samples, and made inference on the ancestral repeat motif and haplotype by use of a phylogenetic analysis program. The most common 4R variant was considered to be the ancestral haplotype as earlier proposed. However, in a gene tree of VNTR constructed on the basis of this inferred ancestral haplotype, the allele 7R had five descendent haplotypes in relatively long lineage, where genetic drift can have major influence. We also tested this length polymorphism for association with schizophrenia, studying two Japanese sample sets (one with 570 cases and 570 controls, and the other with 124 pedigrees). No evidence of association between the allele 7R and schizophrenia was found in any of the two data sets. Collectively, this study suggests that the VNTR variation does not have an effect large enough to cause either selection or a detectable association with schizophrenia in a study of samples of moderate size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Hattori
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
18
|
DeRosse P, Lencz T, Burdick KE, Siris SG, Kane JM, Malhotra AK. The genetics of symptom-based phenotypes: toward a molecular classification of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2008; 34:1047-53. [PMID: 18628273 PMCID: PMC2632513 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbn076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genetic linkage studies in schizophrenia (SZ) have primarily focused on the phenotype of disease susceptibility. A limited number of studies, however, have reported suggestive linkage to specific SZ symptom domains including regions on chromosomes 6, 8, and 20. We examined these chromosomal regions for association to positive, negative, and disorganized symptom clusters, using a dense set of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). METHODS We ascertained 178 Caucasian patients with SZ for lifetime severity of clinical symptomatology using a structured diagnostic interview. The cohort was genotyped with the Affymetrix 500K microarray, from which we selected, a priori, 4833 intragenic SNPs located within chromosomal regions previously linked to specific SZ symptom clusters. Parametric tests, corrected for multiple testing, were used to compare the effects of allelic variation within these SNPs to the lifetime severity of the specific symptom domain that had been implicated by prior linkage studies. RESULTS We were able to extend previous reports of linkage between chromosome 6q and both positive and disorganized symptoms. Lifetime severity of positive symptoms was significantly (P = 2.50 x 10(-5)) associated with a SNP within the origin recognition complex subunit 3-like (ORC3L) gene, a gene implicated in synaptic plasticity. Level of disorganized symptoms was significantly (P < 6.00 x 10(-5)) associated 2 SNPs within the brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 3 (BAI3) gene, which is highly expressed in brain during development. CONCLUSIONS These data point toward specific candidate genes located within previously implicated linkage peaks for clinical symptomatology. Identification of functional variants within these regions and a characterization of the effect of these risk genotypes on the treatment of specific clinical symptoms are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela DeRosse
- Center for Translational Psychiatry, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.
| | - Todd Lencz
- Center for Translational Psychiatry, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY,Department of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY
| | - Katherine E. Burdick
- Center for Translational Psychiatry, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY,Department of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY
| | - Samuel G. Siris
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY,Division of Continuing Psychiatric Services for Schizophrenia and Related Conditions, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY
| | - John M. Kane
- Center for Translational Psychiatry, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY,Department of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY
| | - Anil K. Malhotra
- Center for Translational Psychiatry, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY,Department of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY
| |
Collapse
|
|
19
|
Aguirre AJ, Apiquián R, Fresán A, Cruz-Fuentes C. Association analysis of exon III and exon I polymorphisms of the dopamine D4 receptor locus in Mexican psychotic patients. Psychiatry Res 2007; 153:209-15. [PMID: 17822780 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2006.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether polymorphisms of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene were associated with psychotic symptomatology rather than with a unique diagnosis such as schizophrenia. A number of association studies between the DRD4 gene 48 bp-VNTR polymorphism at exon 3 and psychotic disorders have been reported, but the results have been controversial. Both 48 bp-VNTR and the 12 bp-VNTR (at exon 1) polymorphisms of this gene were analyzed in a group of 149 unrelated Mexican subjects with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder, major depression and bipolar disorder, both with psychotic symptoms, brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder and non-specific psychotic disorder, and in 169 individuals free of psychiatric illnesses. There were no differences in allele or genotype frequencies between groups for the 12 bp-VNTR polymorphisms. However, a significant excess of "rare" alleles (3-, 5-, 6- and 8-48 bp repeats alleles) was found in the group of psychotics. Moreover, haplotypes 3-A1, 5-A1, 6-A1 and 8-A1 were significantly more frequently associated with cases. This positive association supports a role of this molecule as a genetic risk factor in psychotic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Julia Aguirre
- Departamento de Genética Psiquiátrica, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, cp 14370 D.F., México
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
20
|
Serretti A, Calati R, Giegling I, Hartmann AM, Möller HJ, Colombo C, Rujescu D. 5-HT2A SNPs and the Temperament and Character Inventory. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007; 31:1275-81. [PMID: 17590256 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Temperamental traits, the most basic part of personality, have been largely correlated with neurotransmitter systems and are under genetic control. Among serotonin candidates, the 2A receptor (5-HT(2A)) received considerable attention. We analyzed four SNPs (rs643627, rs594242, rs6311 and rs6313) in the 5-HT(2A) gene and their association with personality traits, as measured with the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). The sample was composed of three sub-groups: two German sub-samples, consisting of a healthy group of 289 subjects (42.6% males, mean age: 45.2+/-14.9) and a psychiatric patient group of 111 suicide attempters (38.7% males, mean age: 39.2+/-13.6), and an Italian sub-sample, composed of 60 mood disorder patients (35.0% males, mean age: 44.0+/-14.8). Controlling for sex, age and educational level, the SNPs were not strongly associated with personality dimensions. Only the rs594242 showed an association with Self-Directedness (p=0.003) in the German sample, while rs6313 was marginally associated with Novelty Seeking (p=0.01) in the Italian sample. We conclude that 5-HT(2A) SNPs may marginally modulate personality traits but further studies are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Serretti
- Institute of Psychiatry University of Bologna, Viale Carlo Pepoli 5, 40123 Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
21
|
Fanous AH, Neale MC, Webb BT, Straub RE, Amdur RL, O'Neill FA, Walsh D, Riley BP, Kendler KS. A genome-wide scan for modifier loci in schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:589-95. [PMID: 17262803 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to detect genetic loci that influence clinical features of, but not necessarily susceptibility to, psychotic illness. In the Irish Study of High-Density Schizophrenia Families (n = 270 families, n = 1,408 individuals), subjects with non-affective psychosis were rated using the Operational Criteria Checklist for Psychotic Illness. Factor analysis identified hallucinations, delusions, and negative, manic, and depressive symptom factors. We performed autosomal genome-wide multipoint non-parametric quantitative trait locus linkage analysis, in affected individuals only, using these five factors, as well as age at onset, and course of illness. Determination of empirical significance and correction for multiple testing was implemented using 200 simulated genome scans. We also tested for pleiotropic loci by examining the sums of -log(10)'s of the empirical P values of multiple traits in selected regions. LODs of 2.42 and 2.35 were obtained near D9S934 (9q33.1) and D14S587 (14q24.2), respectively, for course of illness, and of 2.26 between D6S1040-D6S2420 (6q23.1-25.1) and age at onset. No other regions met criteria for suggestive linkage to any one trait. No loci were significant after correction for multiple testing. On 6q, however, the joint linkage of age of onset, course, delusions, and depressive symptoms resulted in a genome-wide P = 0.06. We conclude that genes located near 9q33.1 and 14q24.2 may modify the clinical course and severity of schizophrenia. A gene in 6q may affect several clinical features of illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman H Fanous
- Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
22
|
Nakajima M, Hattori E, Yamada K, Iwayama Y, Toyota T, Iwata Y, Tsuchiya KJ, Sugihara G, Hashimoto K, Watanabe H, Iyo M, Hoshika A, Yoshikawa T. Association and synergistic interaction between promoter variants of the DRD4 gene in Japanese schizophrenics. J Hum Genet 2006; 52:86-91. [PMID: 17089069 PMCID: PMC1705471 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-006-0084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Recent association studies suggest that polymorphisms in the promoter and exon 1 upstream region of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene play a functional role in the development of common psychiatric illnesses, although there are also conflicting results. In this study, we re-sequenced this region to identify all genomic variants, and tested them for association with schizophrenia. A total of 570 Japanese schizophrenic cases with matched controls were studied by genotyping all identified/validated common polymorphisms (−1106T>C, −906T>C, −809G>A, −616G>C, −521T>C, −376C>T, −291C>T and 12-bp repeat) and a known microsatellite (120-bp tandem duplication) in the upstream region. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) −809G>A in the promoter region was found to be significantly associated with disease (P=0.018 and 0.032 for allelic and genotypic comparisons, respectively), although not surviving after Bonferroni correction. Logistic regression analysis showed that a combination of the four polymorphisms, −809G>A, −616G>C, −291C>T and the 12-bp repeat, conferred a susceptibility to schizophrenia. These results suggest that the upstream variants have a primary functional effect in the etiology of schizophrenia in the Japanese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Nakajima
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Paediatrics, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Eiji Hattori
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamada
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoko Toyota
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kenji J Tsuchiya
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Genichi Sugihara
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akinori Hoshika
- Department of Paediatrics, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
|
23
|
Serretti A, Mandelli L, Lorenzi C, Landoni S, Calati R, Insacco C, Cloninger CR. Temperament and character in mood disorders: influence of DRD4, SERTPR, TPH and MAO-A polymorphisms. Neuropsychobiology 2006; 53:9-16. [PMID: 16319504 DOI: 10.1159/000089916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gene variants exert a complex range of effects on human normal and abnormal behavior. We previously reported the effect of gene variants in serotoninergic and dopaminergic pathways, in a range of clinical features in mood disorders, such as symptomathology, periodicity, social adjustment and treatment response. In this paper we hypothesized that the same gene variants could influence temperamental traits in mood disorders patients. We focused on genes of the serotoninergic and dopaminergic systems (dopamine receptor D4 gene, DRD4; serotonin transporter gene, promoter region SERTPR; tryptophan hydroxylase gene, TPH; monoamine oxidase A gene, MAO-A). Two hundred and seven euthymic subjects, affected by major depressive disorder (n=73) and bipolar disorder (n=134) were assessed by the Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and typed using PCR-based analyses. Possible stratification factors such as demographic, clinical and other temperamental factors were also taken into account. We observed that homozygosity for the short SERTPR allele was associated with low novelty-seeking scores (p=0.006) and genotypes containing the DRD4 long allele were marginally associated with low harm avoidance (p=0.05). Finally, the long MAO-A allele was associated with decreased persistence scores among females (p=0.006). Our observation of a pattern of influence on temperamental dimension exerted by serotonergic and dopaminergic genes suggests that the contribution of these polymorphisms to the clinical presentation of mood disorders could be mediated by an influence on personality differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Psychiatry, Vita-Salute University, San Raffaele Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
24
|
Serretti A, Olgiati P, Colombo C. Influence of postpartum onset on the course of mood disorders. BMC Psychiatry 2006; 6:4. [PMID: 16438725 PMCID: PMC1373619 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-6-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To ascertain the impact of postpartum onset (PPO) on the subsequent time course of mood disorders. METHODS This retrospective study compared per year rates of excited (manic or mixed) and depressive episodes between fifty-five women with bipolar (N = 22) or major depressive (N = 33) disorders with first episode occurring postpartum (within four weeks after childbirth according to DSM-IV definition) and 218 non-postpartum onset (NPPO) controls. Such patients had a traceable illness course consisting of one or more episodes alternating with complete symptom remission and no additional diagnoses of axis I disorders, mental retardation or brain organic diseases. A number of variables reported to influence the course of mood disorders were controlled for as possible confounding factors RESULTS Bipolar women with postpartum onset disorder had fewer excited episodes (p = 0.005) and fewer episodes of both polarities (p = 0.005) compared to non-postpartum onset subjects. No differences emerged in the rates of depressive episodes. All patients who met criteria for rapid cycling bipolar disorder (7 out of 123) were in the NPPO group. Among major depressives, PPO patients experienced fewer episodes (p = 0.016). With respect to clinical and treatment features, PPO-MDD subjects had less personality disorder comorbidity (p = 0.023) and were less likely to be on maintenance treatment compared to NPPO comparison subjects (p = 0.002) CONCLUSION Such preliminary findings suggest that PPO mood disorders may be characterized by a less recurrent time course. Future research in this field should elucidate the role of comorbid personality disorders and treatment. Moreover it should clarify whether PPO disorders are also associated with a more positive outcome in terms of social functioning and quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Psychiatry, Vita-Salute University, San Raffaele Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Olgiati
- Department of Psychiatry, Vita-Salute University, San Raffaele Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Colombo
- Department of Psychiatry, Vita-Salute University, San Raffaele Institute, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
|
25
|
Abstract
This article gives an overview of genetic research approaches and their application to delusional disorder. Most studies have been based on small samples and have had other methodological limitations, so it is not clear whether there is a genetic contribution to the aetiology of delusional disorder. It is unlikely that delusional disorder is strongly related genetically to affective disorder or schizophrenia, but more subtle relationships cannot be ruled out. The rarity of multiply affected families prohibits linkage studies and, to date, molecular genetic investigations have been mainly limited to small association studies of dopamine receptor polymorphisms. A range of considerably larger, epidemiologically rigorous studies is required, but the uncommonness and other features of the disorder put strong limitations on the prospects for ascertaining adequate samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alastair G Cardno
- Academic Unit of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, 15 Hyde Terrace, Leeds LS2 9LT, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
26
|
Abstract
The identification of endophenotypes in the personality disorders may provide a basis for the identification of underlying genotypes that influence the traits and dimensions of the personality disorders, as well as susceptibility to major psychiatric illnesses. Clinical dimensions of personality disorders that lend themselves to the study of corresponding endophenotypes include affective instability impulsiwity aggression, emotional information processing, cognitive disorganization, social deficits, and psychosis. For example, the propensity to aggression can be evaluated by psychometric measures, interview, laboratory paradigms, neurochemical imaging, and pharmacological studies. These suggest that aggression is a measurable trait that may be related to reduced serotonergic activity. Hyperresponsiveness of amygdala and other limbic structures may be related to affective instability, while structural and functional brain alterations underlie the cognitive disorganization in psychoticlike symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder. Thus, an endophenotypic approach not only provides clues to underlying candidate genes contributing to these behavioral dimensions, but may also point the way to a better understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms.
Collapse
|
|
27
|
López León S, Croes EA, Sayed-Tabatabaei FA, Claes S, Van Broeckhoven C, van Duijn CM. The dopamine D4 receptor gene 48-base-pair-repeat polymorphism and mood disorders: a meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57:999-1003. [PMID: 15860340 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Revised: 12/30/2004] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted a meta-analysis to re-evaluate the role of the dopamine D4 receptor gene 48-base-pair- repeat (DRD4) polymorphism in mood disorders. METHODS DRD4 allele frequencies were compared between 917 patients with unipolar (UP) or bipolar affective disorder (BP) and 1164 control subjects from 12 samples, using the Cochrane Review Manager. RESULTS An association was found between all mood disorder groups and DRD4.2. After correcting for multiple testing, the association between DRD4.2 and BP dropped to insignificance; however, the evidence of an association between the DRD4.2 allele and UP (p < .001) and the combined group (p < .001) remained. There was no evidence for heterogeneity or publication bias. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the DRD4.2 allele is a risk allele for depression symptomatology. Meta-analysis may be a valuable objective tool for a quantitative summary of evidence for association studies in psychiatric genetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra López León
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
28
|
Chotai J, Serretti A, Lorenzi C. Interaction between the tryptophan hydroxylase gene and the serotonin transporter gene in schizophrenia but not in bipolar or unipolar affective disorders. Neuropsychobiology 2005; 51:3-9. [PMID: 15627807 DOI: 10.1159/000082849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasing focus is being given to identify possible combinations of genes related to specific clinical phenotypes. In our sample of 814 patients comprising 114 with schizophrenia, 416 with bipolar affective disorder and 284 with unipolar affective disorder, we studied interactions between the tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR), and the dopamine receptor (DRD4) genes in relation to five major psychiatric symptomatology scores. There was significant interaction between the TPH and the 5-HTTLPR genes. With an increasing number of short (s) alleles of 5-HTTLPR, the scores for delusions, disorganization and negative symptoms were significantly decreasing among subjects having the TPH genotype AA but increasing among subjects having the TPH genotype AC, yielding the highest scores for the combinations AA x ll and AC x ss. Since high scores on just delusions, disorganization and negative symptoms but low scores on excitement and depression were found among subjects with schizophrenia, we conducted comparisons among the three diagnostic categories and controls as regards the combined TPH x 5-HTTLPR genotype distribution. Schizophrenia subjects had a significantly different distribution of the genotype combination for TPH x 5-HTTLPR as compared to 241 controls or to unipolar or bipolar subjects, and had significantly higher frequencies of AA x ll and of AC x ss. Thus, an interaction between TPH and 5-HTTLPR genes constitutes susceptibility to schizophrenia, thereby yielding apparent relationships between the major psychiatric symptomatology scores and genotype combinations in samples that are obtained by pooling schizophrenia with other diagnostic categories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayanti Chotai
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
29
|
Debnath M, Das SK, Bera NK, Nayak CR, Chaudhuri TK. A study of HLA-linked genes in a monosymptomatic psychotic disorder in an Indian Bengali population. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2005; 50:269-74. [PMID: 15968843 DOI: 10.1177/070674370505000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The etiology of delusional disorder is imperfectly understood. Involvement of biological factors has long been suspected. We examined the incidence of class I human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) in patients with delusional disorder to understand the role of HLA genes and explore a possible immunogenetic etiology for delusional disorder. METHODS We used a nested case-control study design. Psychiatric reference data were available for 27 500 patients registered between 1998 and 2003. Initially, we enrolled 150 patients with delusional disorder from the India-born Bengali population, using DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. After longitudinal follow-up, 80 patients were found to have only delusional disorder, while the remaining 70 patients represented different illnesses with paranoid symptoms and were excluded. We performed serological typing on all 150 patients and applied the polymerase chain reaction-based high-resolution molecular typing method to the 80 patients with delusional disorder. Eighty healthy donors of the same ethnic background, matched for age, sex, and other socioeconomic variables, formed the control group. RESULTS Some of the HLA alleles were associated with delusional disorder, and the gene HLA-A*03 was found to be significantly more frequent. This gene may influence patients' susceptibility to delusional disorder. CONCLUSION The study reveals important associations between HLA genes and delusional disorder. This preliminary observation may help our understanding of this disorder's genetic basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monojit Debnath
- Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, WB, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
30
|
Abstract
No specific gene has been identified for any major psychiatric disorder, including schizophrenia, in spite of strong evidence supporting a genetic basis for these complex and devastating disorders. There are several likely reasons for this failure, ranging from poor study design with low statistical power to genetic mechanisms such as polygenic inheritance, epigenetic interactions, and pleiotropy. Most study designs currently in use are inadequate to uncover these mechanisms. However, to date, genetic studies have provided some valuable insight into the causes and potential therapies for psychiatric disorders. There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that the understanding of the genetic etiology of psychiatric illnesses, including schizophrenia, will be more successful with integrative approaches considering both genetic and epigenetic factors. For example, several genes including those encoding dopamine receptors (DRD2, DRD3, and DRD4), serotonin receptor 2A (HTR2A) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) have been implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia and related disorders through meta-analyses and large, multicenter studies. There is also growing evidence for the role of DRD1, NMDA receptor genes (GRIN1, GRIN2A, GRIN2B), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and dopamine transporter (SLC6A3) in both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Recent studies have indicated that epigenetic modification of reelin (RELN), BDNF, and the DRD2 promoters confer susceptibility to clinical psychiatric conditions. Pharmacologic therapy of psychiatric disorders will likely be more effective once the molecular pathogenesis is known. For example, the hypoactive alleles of DRD2 and the hyperactive alleles of COMT, which degrade the dopamine in the synaptic cleft, are associated with schizophrenia. It is likely that insufficient dopaminergic transmission in the frontal lobe plays a role in the development of negative symptoms associated with this disorder. Antipsychotic therapies with a partial dopamine D2 receptor agonist effect may be a plausible alternative to current therapies, and would be effective in symptom reduction in psychotic individuals. It is also possible that therapies employing dopamine D1/D2 receptor agonists or COMT inhibitors will be beneficial for patients with negative symptoms in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The complex etiology of schizophrenia, and other psychiatric disorders, warrants the consideration of both genetic and epigenetic systems and the careful design of experiments to illumine the genetic mechanisms conferring liability for these disorders and the benefit of existing and new therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid M Abdolmaleky
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
31
|
Fanous AH, Kendler KS. Genetic heterogeneity, modifier genes, and quantitative phenotypes in psychiatric illness: searching for a framework. Mol Psychiatry 2005; 10:6-13. [PMID: 15618952 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has long been thought to be clinically heterogeneous. A range of studies suggests that this is due to genetic heterogeneity. Some clinical features, such as negative symptoms, are associated with a greater risk of illness in relatives. Affected sibling pairs are correlated for clinical and course features as well as subforms of illness, and twin studies suggest that this is due to genetic factors. This is further supported by findings that subjects from families linked to some chromosomal regions may differ clinically from those from unlinked families. Moreover, some genes may affect clinical features without altering susceptibility (ie are modifier genes). High-risk genotypes may have quantitative, rather than categorical effects, and may influence milder or subclinical phenotypes. Another recent finding is that nonpsychotic relatives may have personality features that resemble those of their affected relatives. These findings taken together suggest that there may be several classes of gene action in schizophrenia: some genes may influence susceptibility only, others may influence clinical features only, and still others may have a mixed effect. Furthermore, subsets of these classes may affect personality and other traits in nonpsychotic relatives. Understanding these classes of gene action may help guide the design of linkage and association studies that have increased power. We describe five classes of genes and their predictions of the outcomes of family, twin, and several types of linkage studies. We go on to explore how these predictions can in turn be used to aid in the design of linkage studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A H Fanous
- Washington VA Medical Center, Georgetown University Medical Center Schizophrenia Research Program, Washington DC 20008, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
32
|
Serretti A, Lorenzi C, Mandelli L, Cichon S, Schumacher J, Nöthen MM, Rietschel M, Tullius M, Ohlraun S. DRD4 exon 3 variants are not associated with symptomatology of major psychoses in a German population. Neurosci Lett 2004; 368:269-73. [PMID: 15364409 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Revised: 05/30/2004] [Accepted: 06/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported an association of DRD4 exon 3 long alleles with delusional symptomatology, independently from psychiatric diagnoses [Am. J. Med. Genet. 105 (2001) 283; Psychiatry Res. 80 (1998) 129]. The aim of this investigation was to replicate these results in an independent sample from Germany. We studied 394 subjects, affected by bipolar disorder (n = 32), schizoaffective disorder (n = 45), and schizophrenia (n = 317). All affected subjects were evaluated using the Operational Criteria for Psychotic Illness (OPCRIT) checklist. DRD4 variants were not associated with symptomatology of major psychosis. Our present results, obtained in an independent German sample, did not confirm the association between DRD4 variants and delusional symptomatology. However it should be considered that the original sample included a much higher rate of mood disorders and this could partially explain the discrepancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Psychiatry, San Raffaele Institute, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
33
|
Serretti A, Mandelli L, Lattuada E, Smeraldi E. Depressive syndrome in major psychoses: a study on 1351 subjects. Psychiatry Res 2004; 127:85-99. [PMID: 15261708 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2003.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2003] [Revised: 12/23/2003] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate depressive symptomatology across distinct major psychiatric disorders. A total of 1351 subjects affected by major depressive disorder (MDD = 389), bipolar disorder (BP = 511), delusional disorder (DD = 93) and schizophrenia (SKZ = 358) were included in our study. Subjects were assessed using the Operational Criteria for Psychotic Illness checklist (OPCRIT). The most frequently represented depressive symptoms in MDD were Loss of energy/tiredness, Loss of pleasure, Poor concentration, and Sleep disorders. Compared with MDD, BP had higher occurrences of Agitated activity, Excessive sleep, and Increased appetite and/or Weight gain, as well as lower Loss of pleasure. In our sample, 32.3% and 26.8% of DD and SKZ, respectively, had quite consistent depressive symptomatology, with at least four or more depressive symptoms. The most common depressive symptoms were Sleep disorders, Poor concentration and Loss of energy/Tiredness, followed by Psychomotor symptoms in SKZ only. Excessive self-reproach, Suicidal ideation, and Appetite and/or Weight changes were more specific to mood disorders. Finally, compared with SKZ, DD suffered from more depressive symptoms and had more severe depressive symptomatology. A quite consistent level of depressive symptomatology is therefore present in subpopulations of delusional and schizophrenic subjects other than in affective subjects. We identified some symptoms that are common across all major psychoses and symptoms that are more specific to each group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Psychiatry, San Raffaele Institute, Vita-Salute University, School of Medicine, Via Luigi Prinetti 29, 20127 Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
34
|
Paus S, Seeger G, Brecht HM, Köster J, El-Faddagh M, Nöthen MM, Klockgether T, Wüllner U. Association study of dopamine D2, D3, D4 receptor and serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms with sleep attacks in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2004; 19:705-7. [PMID: 15197713 DOI: 10.1002/mds.20134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Paus
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
35
|
Abdolmaleky HM, Smith CL, Faraone SV, Shafa R, Stone W, Glatt SJ, Tsuang MT. Methylomics in psychiatry: Modulation of gene-environment interactions may be through DNA methylation. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004; 127B:51-9. [PMID: 15108180 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.20142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fine-tuning of neuronal connections during development is regulated through environmental interactions. Some fine-tuning occurs through changes in gene expression and/or epigenetic gene-specific DNA methylation states. DNA methylation occurs by transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl methionine to cytosine residues in the dinucleotide sequence CpG. Although CpG sequences spread throughout the genome are usually heavily methylated, those occurring in CpG islands in the promoter regions of genes are less methylated. In most cases, the extent of DNA methylation correlates with the extent of gene inactivation. Other known epigenetic mechanisms include histone deacetylation and chromatin remodeling, RNA inhibition, RNA modification, and DNA rearrangement. Exposure memory expressed as epigenetic DNA modifications allows genomic plasticity and short-term adaptation of each generation to their environment. Environmental factors that affect DNA methylation include diet, proteins, drugs, and hormones. Induced methylation changes may produce altered gene response upon subsequent hormonal stimulation. The gene-specific DNA methylation state may be preserved upon transmission through mitosis and meiosis. An increasing amount of data implicates a role for DNA methylation in multi-factorial psychiatric disorders. For example, L-methionine treatment can exacerbate psychosis; while valproate, a drug producing hypomethylated DNA, reduces such symptoms. Hypermethylation of the promoter region of the RELN gene correlates with reduced gene expression. This gene's protein Reelin, which is necessary for neuronal migration and synaptogenesis, is reduced in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, suggesting hypermethylation of the promoter region in these disorders. Some evidence implicates methylation of the promoter regions of the DRD2 and HTR2A genes in schizophrenia and mood disorders as well. DNA methylation usually increases with age, although hypomethylation of the promoter region of the amyloid A4 precursor gene during aging may play a role in Alzheimer's disease. More studies are needed to define the role of methylomics and other epigenetic phenomena in the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Mostafavi Abdolmaleky
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
36
|
Tillman R, Geller B, Craney JL, Bolhofner K, Williams M, Zimerman B, Frazier J, Beringer L. Temperament and character factors in a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype compared to attention deficit hyperactive and normal controls. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2004; 13:531-43. [PMID: 14977466 DOI: 10.1089/104454603322724922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare temperament and character (T/C) factors in a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype (PEA-BP), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and normal community controls (NC). METHODS Subjects in PEA-BP (n = 101), ADHD (n = 68), and NC (n = 94) groups were diagnostically assessed with the Washington University in St. Louis Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia given separately to mothers about their children and to children about themselves. Diagnosis of PEA-BP was defined as Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, bipolar disorder (manic or mixed phase) with at least one cardinal symptom of mania (i.e., elation and/or grandiosity) to avoid diagnosing mania by symptoms that overlapped with those for ADHD. The Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI) was used to measure T/C factors. Separate JTCI data were obtained from mothers about their children and from children about themselves. RESULTS Parent- and child-reported novelty seeking were significantly higher in PEA-BP than in NC subjects. Novelty seeking was significantly higher in the ADHD group than in the NC group only by parent report. Parent and/or child report showed PEA-BP and ADHD subjects to be significantly less reward-dependent, persistent, self-directed, and cooperative than NC subjects. Parent-reported cooperativeness was significantly lower in PEA-BP than in ADHD subjects. CONCLUSION These findings are consistent with studies of novelty seeking in adults who had either BP or ADHD and are discussed in relationship to genetic studies of dopamine receptors and novelty seeking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Tillman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
37
|
Fanous AH, Neale MC, Straub RE, Webb BT, O'Neill AF, Walsh D, Kendler KS. Clinical features of psychotic disorders and polymorphisms in HT2A, DRD2, DRD4, SLC6A3 (DAT1), and BDNF: a family based association study. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004; 125B:69-78. [PMID: 14755448 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.20103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is clinically heterogeneous and multidimensional, but it is not known whether this is due to etiological heterogeneity. Previous studies have not consistently reported association between any specific polymorphisms and clinical features of schizophrenia, and have primarily used case-control designs. We tested for the presence of association between clinical features and polymorphisms in the genes for the serotonin 2A receptor (HT2A), dopamine receptor types 2 and 4, dopamine transporter (SLC6A3), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Two hundred seventy pedigrees were ascertained on the basis of having two or more members with schizophrenia or poor outcome schizoaffective disorder. Diagnoses were made using a structured interview based on the SCID. All patients were rated on the major symptoms of schizophrenia scale (MSSS), integrating clinical and course features throughout the course of illness. Factor analysis revealed positive, negative, and affective symptom factors. The program QTDT was used to implement a family-based test of association for quantitative traits, controlling for age and sex. We found suggestive evidence of association between the His452Tyr polymorphism in HT2A and affective symptoms (P = 0.02), the 172-bp allele of BDNF and negative symptoms (P = 0.04), and the 480-bp allele in SLC6A3 (= DAT1) and negative symptoms (P = 0.04). As total of 19 alleles were tested, we cannot rule out false positives. However, given prior evidence of involvement of the proteins encoded by these genes in psychopathology, our results suggest that more attention should be focused on the impact of these alleles on clinical features of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
38
|
Ambrósio AM, Kennedy JL, Macciardi F, Barr C, Soares MJ, Oliveira CR, Pato CN. No evidence of association or linkage disequilibrium between polymorphisms in the 5' upstream and coding regions of the dopamine D4 receptor gene and schizophrenia in a Portuguese population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004; 125B:20-4. [PMID: 14755438 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.20084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in dopaminergic system have been implicated in the pathophysiology of this disease for many years, and this study was performed to assess the possible involvement of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene polymorphisms either in the 5' upstream or in the coding regions, in the etiology of schizophrenia. The approach included an association study with 90 Portuguese trios by doing the analysis of the individual alleles and the haplotypes. For the polymorphisms in the 5' upstream region (-C616G and -C521T) and in the coding region (48 bp repeat) of the DRD4 gene, negative results were obtained with both haplotype relative risk (HRR) and transmission disequilibrium test (TDT), as well as transmit. These data suggest that polymorphisms (-C616G, -C521T, and 48 bp repeat) at the DRD4 gene do not have a minor effect in the susceptibility to schizophrenia in our sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alda M Ambrósio
- Center for Neuroscience of Coimbra, Department of Neurochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
39
|
Abstract
This article presents a conceptual review of the genetic underpinnings of psychotic mood disorders. Both unipolar and bipolar forms of mood disorder sometimes feature psychotic symptoms. Some evidence from epidemiological research suggests that psychotic forms of mood disorder specifically might be heritable. Linkage studies of mood disorders in general have also provided some support for that notion, as have associated studies involving serotonin and dopamine genes and psychotic mood disorder. Some research suggests there might be a genetic connection between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, undermining the Kraepelinian dichotomous classification of the psychoses. Future research should continue to examine psychotic forms of mood disorder using both epidemiological and molecular approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming T Tsuang
- Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry at the Massachusetts Mental Health Center, 74 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
40
|
Abstract
Despite significant effort, understanding of the molecular causes and mechanisms of bipolar disorder (BD) remains a major challenge. Numerous molecular genetic linkage and association studies have been conducted over the last two decades; however, the data are quite inconsistent or even controversial. This article develops an argument that molecular studies of BD would benefit significantly from adding an epigenetic (epiG) perspective. EpiG factors refer to modifications of DNA and chromatin that "orchestrate" the activity of the genome, including regulation of gene expression. EpiG mechanisms are consistent with various non-Mendelian features of BD such as the relatively high degree of discordance in monozygotic (MZ) twins, the critical age group for susceptibility to the disease, clinical differences in males and females, and fluctuation of the disease course, including interchanges of manic and depressive phases, among others. Apart from the phenomenological consistency, molecular epiG peculiarities may shed new light on the understanding of controversial molecular genetic findings. The relevance of epigenetics for the molecular studies of BD is demonstrated using the examples of genetic studies of BD on chromosome 11p and the X chromosome. A spectrum of epiG mechanisms such as genomic imprinting, tissue-specific effects, paramutagenesis, and epiG polymorphism, as well as epiG regulation of X chromosome inactivation, is introduced. All this serves the goal of demonstrating that epiG factors cannot be ignored anymore in complex phenotypes such as BD, and systematic large-scale epiG studies of BD have to be initiated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arturas Petronis
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toornto, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
|
41
|
Glatt SJ, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT. Schizophrenia is not associated with DRD4 48-base-pair-repeat length or individual alleles: results of a meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 54:629-35. [PMID: 13129658 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gene DRD4, coding for dopamine receptor D4, was considered a candidate for association with schizophrenia based on its upregulation in postmortem schizophrenic brain and affinity for clozapine. Many studies sought allelic association of a 48-base-pair repeat in DRD4 exon 3 with schizophrenia, but found no strong evidence for a relationship. The present work sought to determine if this observation reflected the true absence of association or the low power of individual studies. METHODS We performed four meta-analyses, sequentially considering the two-, four-, and seven-repeat alleles as risk alleles, and then considering repeat length of the 48-base-pair segment as a risk factor. Each meta-analysis included at least 2,300 cases and 2,100 controls from 14-16 studies. RESULTS The pooled odds ratio from each analysis approximated 1.0, and none were significant. Heterogeneity was not observed, although gender moderated the effects of repeat length and the seven-repeat allele. CONCLUSIONS Despite over 90% power to detect a significant odds ratio of 1.4 or less, none was observed. This polymorphism seems not to influence risk for most schizophrenia cases; however, a sex-dependent relationship, or a role in some clinical features of the disorder, cannot be excluded and should be pursued experimentally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Glatt
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
42
|
Serretti A, Benedetti F, Mandelli L, Lorenzi C, Pirovano A, Colombo C, Smeraldi E. Genetic dissection of psychopathological symptoms: insomnia in mood disorders and CLOCK gene polymorphism. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2003; 121B:35-8. [PMID: 12898572 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.20053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the possible effect of the 3111T/C CLOCK gene polymorphism on sleep disorders in a sample of 620 patients affected by major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BP). We detected a significantly higher recurrence of initial (P = 0.0001), middle (P = 0.0009), and early (P = 0.0008) insomnia in homozygotes for the C variant and a similar trend concerning decreased need of sleep in BP (P = 0.0074). Other demographic and clinical features were found not related with CLOCK polymorphisms. This preliminary observation leads to hypothesize a possible involvement of the CLOCK gene polymorphism in the sleep disregulations in MDD and BP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Psychiatry, Vita-Salute University, Fondazione Centro San Raffaele del Monte Tabor, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
43
|
Serretti A, Artioli P, Zanardi R, Rossini D. Clinical features of antidepressant associated manic and hypomanic switches in bipolar disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2003; 27:751-7. [PMID: 12921905 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-5846(03)00104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated possible clinical differences between bipolar patients with and without manic or hypomanic switch during antidepressant (AD) treatment. The authors undertook a retrospective assessment of 169 individuals affected by bipolar disorder type I (BP I: n=96) and II (BP II: n=73) who experienced at least one manic or hypomanic episode following depression without any interposed normothymic period ("manic switch") during AD therapy. They were compared with a sex, age (+/-5 years), and ethnicity-matched group of 247 subjects, randomly selected from our pool of bipolar subjects who have never had manic switches. Only 2 of the 169 patients had had spontaneous switches before the AD-related one. Switched subjects were marginally older (t=-2.65, df=414, P=.008) compared to not switched and less frequently delusional (chi2=13.86, P=.0002). Polarity of the onset episode was more frequently depressive in switched patients (chi2=21.93, P=.00002), which had also less previous manic episodes than not switched (t=3.44, df=332, P=.0006). Those differences were more pronounced in the BP I subsample. Switched patients were more frequently BP I (chi2=29.66; P<.00001). Maintenance with mood stabilizers appears to be a strong protective factor; in fact, of the 124 individuals undertaking a mood stabilizer therapy, 21 had a switch and 103 had no switches (chi2=41.10, P<.000001). In conclusion, some clinical variables, such as the number of manic episodes, the presence of delusions, the polarity of onset episode, and the mood-stabilizing treatment, may be involved in AD-related switches. Further studies are required to investigate the causal relationships between those factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Vita-Salute University San Raffaele, Via Stamira D'Ancona 20, Milan 20127, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
44
|
Chotai J, Serretti A, Lattuada E, Lorenzi C, Lilli R. Gene-environment interaction in psychiatric disorders as indicated by season of birth variations in tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) and dopamine receptor (DRD4) gene polymorphisms. Psychiatry Res 2003; 119:99-111. [PMID: 12860364 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1781(03)00112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors, as well as their interactions, are likely to be involved in psychiatric disorders. Considerable progress has been made in association and linkage studies with various candidate genes, at times with conflicting or ambiguous results. An environmental factor that has persistently shown associations with several psychiatric and neurological disorders is the season of birth. If it is the interaction of a specific gene allele with a specific season of birth that constitutes an increased (or decreased) risk for a disorder, then the individuals with this disorder are likely to have a season of birth variation in this gene allele. We investigated the variations in TPH, 5-HTTLPR and DRD4 gene polymorphisms according to seasonality of birth in 954 patients with unipolar affective disorder, bipolar affective disorder, and schizophrenia, respectively, and in 395 controls. We first analyzed season of birth variations in the gene alleles with one cycle or two cycles per year, and then compared specified birth seasons with each other. We found season of birth variations in these gene alleles that were different for different psychiatric disorders. Significant differences between cases and controls could be obtained when restricting the analysis within certain birth seasons but not within others. Our results thus suggest an interaction between the seasons of birth and the expression of the candidate genes, and that season of birth is a confounding variable when investigating the role of the candidate genes in susceptibility to psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayanti Chotai
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Umeå, 901 85, Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
45
|
Zandi PP, Willour VL, Huo Y, Chellis J, Potash JB, MacKinnon DF, Simpson SG, McMahon FJ, Gershon E, Reich T, Foroud T, Nurnberger J, DePaulo JR, McInnis MG. Genome scan of a second wave of NIMH genetics initiative bipolar pedigrees: chromosomes 2, 11, 13, 14, and X. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2003; 119B:69-76. [PMID: 12707942 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.10063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
As part of the on-going NIMH Genetics Initiative on Bipolar Disorder, we have ascertained 153 multiplex bipolar pedigrees and genotyped them in two waves. We report here the genome scan results for chromosomes 2, 11, 13, 14, and X in the second wave of 56 families. A total of 354 individuals were genotyped and included in the current analyses, including 5 with schizoaffective/bipolar (SA/BP), 139 with bipolar I disorder (BPI), 41 with bipolar II disorder (BPII), and 43 with recurrent unipolar depression (RUP). Linkage analyses were carried out with multi-point parametric and non-parametric affected relative pair methods using three different definitions of the affected phenotype: (model 1) SA/BP and BPI; (model 2) SA/BP, BPI, and BPII; and (model 3) SA/BP, BPI, BPII, and RUP. The best findings were on 11p15.5 (NPL = 2.96, P = 0.002) and Xp11.3 (NPL = 2.19, P = 0.01). These findings did not reach conventional criteria for significance, but they were located near regions that have been identified in previous genetic studies of bipolar disorder. The relatively modest but consistent findings across studies may suggest that these loci harbor susceptibility genes of modest effect in a subset of families. Large samples such as that being collected by the NIMH Initiative will be necessary to examine the heterogeneity and identify these susceptibility genes.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Bipolar Disorder/classification
- Bipolar Disorder/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
- Chromosomes, Human, X
- Genetic Heterogeneity
- Genetic Linkage
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genome, Human
- Genotype
- Humans
- National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.)
- Pedigree
- Phenotype
- United States
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Zandi
- Department of Mental Hygiene, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21204, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
46
|
Jönsson EG, Sedvall GC, Nöthen MM, Cichon S. Dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) variants and schizophrenia: meta-analyses. Schizophr Res 2003; 61:111-9. [PMID: 12648742 DOI: 10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
|
47
|
Muglia P, Petronis A, Mundo E, Lander S, Cate T, Kennedy JL. Dopamine D4 receptor and tyrosine hydroxylase genes in bipolar disorder: evidence for a role of DRD4. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 7:860-6. [PMID: 12232779 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2001] [Revised: 01/14/2002] [Accepted: 01/31/2002] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system in behaviors that are compromised in patients with mood disorder has led to the investigation of dopamine system genes as candidates for bipolar disorder. In particular, the functional VNTRs in the exon III of the dopamine D4 (DRD4) and in intron I of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) genes have been investigated in numerous association studies that have produced contrasting results. Likewise, linkage studies in multiplex bipolar families have shown both positive and negative results for markers in close proximity to DRD4 and TH on 11p15.5. We performed a linkage disequilibrium analysis of the DRD4 and TH VNTRs in a sample of 145 nuclear families comprised of DSM-IV bipolar probands and their biological parents. An excess of transmissions and non transmissions was observed for the DRD4 4- and 2-repeat alleles respectively. The biased transmission showed a parent of origin effect (POE) since it was derived almost exclusively from the maternal meiosis (4-repeat allele maternally transmitted 40 times vs 20 times non-transmitted; chi(2) = 6.667; df = 1; P = 0.009; while paternally transmitted 26 times vs 21 times non-transmitted; chi(2) = 0.531; df = 1; P = 0.46). The analysis of TH did not reveal biased transmission of intron I VNTR alleles. Although replication of our study is necessary, the fact that DRD4 exhibit POE and is located on 11p15.5, in close proximity to a cluster of imprinted genes, suggests that genomic imprinting may be operating in bipolar disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Muglia
- Neurogenetics Section, Clarke Site, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street R-30, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
48
|
Serretti A, Cristina S, Lilli R, Cusin C, Lattuada E, Lorenzi C, Corradi B, Grieco G, Costa A, Santorelli F, Barale F, Nappi G, Smeraldi E. Family-based association study of 5-HTTLPR, TPH, MAO-A, and DRD4 polymorphisms in mood disorders. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 114:361-9. [PMID: 11992558 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Variants of the functional polymorphism in the serotonin transporter (upstream regulatory region: 5-HTTLPR), the tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), and the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) genes have all been associated with mood disorders. The aim of this study was to test those hypotheses by using a family-based association approach. Both diagnoses and psychopathology were used for phenotype definitions. A total of 134 nuclear families with mood disorders, with probands affected by bipolar (n = 103) or major depressive (n = 58) disorders, were included in the study. All subjects were typed for the above-mentioned gene variants using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. No significant transmission disequilibrium was found in the overall sample for any polymorphism. A separate analysis of bipolar subjects only, or the use of continuous psychopathologic traits as affectation status did not influence the observed results. Our study did not support the involvement of 5-HTTLPR, TPH, MAO-A, or DRD4 polymorphisms in mood disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Psychiatry, Vita-Salute University, San Raffaele Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
49
|
Cusin C, Serretti A, Lattuada E, Lilli R, Lorenzi C, Smeraldi E. Association study of MAO-A, COMT, 5-HT2A, DRD2, and DRD4 polymorphisms with illness time course in mood disorders. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 114:380-90. [PMID: 11992560 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate a possible influence of monoamine oxydase A (MAO-A), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), serotonin receptor 2A (5-HT2A), dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2), and dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene variants on timing of recurrence in mood disorders. Gene variants were determined using PCR-based techniques in 550 inpatients affected by recurrent mood disorders (major depressives: n = 212; bipolars: n = 338), rapid cycling mood disorder (n = 81), and 663 controls. We investigated possible genetic influences by comparing illness time course of subjects subdivided according to genotype using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). We could not observe a significantly different time course. No demographic and clinical variables such as sex, age or polarity of onset, presence of psychotic features, genetic loading, or education level influenced the observed results. Our results suggest that MAO-A, COMT, 5-HT2A, DRD2, and DRD4 gene variants are not involved in susceptibility toward different time courses in mood disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cusin
- Department of Psychiatry, Vita-Salute University, Fondazione Centro San Raffaele del Monte Tabor, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|