1
|
Walton IS, McCann E, Weber A, Morton JEV, Noons P, Wilson LC, Ching RC, Cilliers D, Johnson D, Phipps JM, Shears DJ, Thomas GPL, Wall SA, Twigg SRF, Wilkie AOM. Reassessing the association: Evaluation of a polyalanine deletion variant of RUNX2 in non-syndromic sagittal and metopic craniosynostosis. J Anat 2024. [PMID: 38760592 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The RUNT-related transcription factor RUNX2 plays a critical role in osteoblast differentiation, and alterations to gene dosage cause distinct craniofacial anomalies. Uniquely amongst the RUNT-related family, vertebrate RUNX2 encodes a polyglutamine/polyalanine repeat (Gln23-Glu-Ala17 in humans), with the length of the polyalanine component completely conserved in great apes. Surprisingly, a frequent 6-amino acid deletion polymorphism, p.(Ala84_Ala89)del, occurs in humans (termed 11A allele), and a previous association study (Cuellar et al. Bone 137:115395;2020) reported that the 11A variant was significantly more frequent in non-syndromic sagittal craniosynostosis (nsSag; allele frequency [AF] = 0.156; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.126-0.189) compared to non-syndromic metopic craniosynostosis (nsMet; AF = 0.068; 95% CI 0.045-0.098). However, the gnomAD v.2.1.1 control population used by Cuellar et al. did not display Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, hampering interpretation. To re-examine this association, we genotyped the RUNX2 11A polymorphism in 225 individuals with sporadic nsSag as parent-child trios and 164 singletons with sporadic nsMet, restricting our analysis to individuals of European ancestry. We compared observed allele frequencies to the non-transmitted alleles in the parent-child trios, and to the genome sequencing data from gnomAD v.4, which display Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Observed AFs (and 95% CI) were 0.076 (0.053-0.104) in nsSag and 0.082 (0.055-0.118) in nsMet, compared with 0.062 (0.042-0.089) in non-transmitted parental alleles and 0.065 (0.063-0.067) in gnomAD v.4.0.0 non-Finnish European control genomes. In summary, we observed a non-significant excess, compared to gnomAD data, of 11A alleles in both nsSag (relative risk 1.18, 95% CI 0.83-1.67) and nsMet (relative risk 1.29, 95% CI 0.87-1.92), but we did not replicate the much higher excess of RUNX2 11A alleles in nsSag previously reported (p = 0.0001).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac S Walton
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma McCann
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK
| | - Astrid Weber
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK
| | - Jenny E V Morton
- West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Service and Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Craniofacial Unit, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Peter Noons
- Birmingham Craniofacial Unit, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Louise C Wilson
- Clinical Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rosanna C Ching
- Oxford Craniofacial Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Deirdre Cilliers
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - David Johnson
- Oxford Craniofacial Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Julie M Phipps
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Deborah J Shears
- Oxford Craniofacial Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Gregory P L Thomas
- Oxford Craniofacial Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Steven A Wall
- Oxford Craniofacial Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen R F Twigg
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew O M Wilkie
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Craniofacial Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Albaugh SL, Diaz A, Wang E, Shen TC, Williams L, He TC, Reid RR. Systematic Review of Nonsyndromic Craniosynostosis: Genomic Alterations and Impacted Signaling Pathways. Plast Reconstr Surg 2024; 153:383e-396e. [PMID: 37070824 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000010522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic research in nonsyndromic craniosynostosis remains limited compared with syndromic craniosynostosis. This systematic review aimed to comprehensively summarize the genetic literature of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis and highlight key signaling pathways. METHODS The authors performed a systematic literature search of PubMed, Ovid, and Google Scholar databases from inception until December of 2021 using search terms related to nonsyndromic craniosynostosis and genetics. Two reviewers screened titles and abstract for relevance, and three reviewers independently extracted study characteristics and genetic data. Gene networks were constructed using Search Tool for Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (version 11) analysis. RESULTS Thirty-three articles published between 2001 and 2020 met inclusion criteria. Studies were further classified into candidate gene screening and variant identification studies ( n = 16), genetic expression studies ( n = 13), and common and rare variant association studies ( n = 4). Most studies were good quality. Using our curated list of 116 genes extracted from the studies, two main networks were constructed. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review concerns the genetics of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis, with network construction revealing TGF-β/BMP, Wnt, and NF-κB/RANKL as important signaling pathways. Future studies should focus on rare rather than common variants to examine the missing heritability in this defect and, going forward, adopt a standard definition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley Diaz
- From the Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago
| | - Esther Wang
- From the Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago
| | - Timothy C Shen
- From the Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago
| | - Lydia Williams
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center
| | - Russell R Reid
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Türkyılmaz A, Cimbek EA, Çebi AH, Acar Arslan E, Karagüzel G. De novo Pure Partial Trisomy 6p Associated with Facial Dysmorphism, Developmental Delay, Brain Anomalies, and Primary Congenital Hypothyroidism. Mol Syndromol 2023; 14:35-43. [PMID: 36777706 PMCID: PMC9912003 DOI: 10.1159/000525393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Partial trisomy 6p is a rare chromosomal anomaly, characterized by low birth weight, developmental delay, craniofacial abnormalities, feeding difficulties, congenital heart defects, and renal abnormalities. Some of the partial trisomy 6p cases reported in the literature included partial monosomy of another chromosome. This is often due to the fact that one of the parents is a balanced translocation carrier, thereby making it difficult to determine the genotype-phenotype relationship. Pure partial trisomy 6p cases are even rarer and may occur as a result of a marker chromosome, tandem or inverted duplication, and interchromosomal insertion. Case Presentation In this study, we evaluated the physical characteristics and genetic data of a 2-year-old girl with developmental delay and facial dysmorphic features. Dysmorphology assessment revealed the presence of a prominent forehead, short and narrow palpebral fissures, blepharoptosis, convex nasal ridge, hemangioma on the left eyelid, high-arched palate, retromicrognathia, and low-set ears. The patient‧s G-banded karyotype was 46,XX,der(2)t(2;6)(q37.3;p22.1). Upon SNP-array analysis, aimed to determine the origin of the extra chromosomal material detected in chromosome 2 of the patient, there was a de novo 27.5-Mb duplication at 6p, arr[GRCh37] 6p25.3p22.1(204,909_27,835,272)×3, interpreted to be pathogenic. Conclusion We present this case report to clarify the clinical findings of a rare chromosomal anomaly, discuss the genes that may be related to the phenotype and contribute to the literature in terms of knowledge regarding genotype-phenotype correlation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayberk Türkyılmaz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey,*Ayberk Türkyılmaz,
| | - Emine Ayça Cimbek
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Alper Han Çebi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Elif Acar Arslan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Gülay Karagüzel
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sguinzi RM, Aissaoui S, Genevay-Infante M, Breguet R, Charbonnet P, Francis K, Kini R, Bühler L. Retroperitoneal liposarcoma and craniosynostosis: possible genomic relationship, case report, and literature review. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 23:8. [PMID: 36538187 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00924-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Based on a case report, this review explores the genomic landscape for patients with liposarcomas and possible relationships with gene mutations related to craniosynostosis. We describe the case of a 40-year-old man, known for a surgical correction of craniosynostosis before the age of 1 year, who underwent a radical resection of a voluminous retroperitoneal liposarcoma; histopathological analysis revealed a low-grade well-differentiated, mostly sclerosing, liposarcoma. A genetic analysis searching for mutations in blood DNA was performed and did not detect any specific mutation. A literature review was also conducted. Several tumors related to syndromic and non-syndromic craniosynostosis are mentioned in the literature; no specific link with retroperitoneal liposarcoma is established but the FGFR3 mutation is detected in dedifferentiated liposarcomas. To date, no case has been reported in the literature demonstrating a genetic relationship between craniosynostosis and low-grade differentiated retroperitoneal liposarcoma. We conclude that further studies for gene complex mutations should be conducted to show a possible genetic relationship between retroperitoneal liposarcoma and craniosynostosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Souria Aissaoui
- Genetic Consultation, Genesupport - Centre du Sein, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Riad Kini
- Vesenaz Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Leo Bühler
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Hirslanden Clinic Grangettes, Geneva, Switzerland.,Vesenaz Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liang W, Zhao E, Li G, Bi H, Zhao Z. Suture Cells in a Mechanical Stretching Niche: Critical Contributors to Trans-sutural Distraction Osteogenesis. Calcif Tissue Int 2022; 110:285-293. [PMID: 34802070 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00927-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Trans-sutural distraction osteogenesis has been proposed as an alternative technique of craniofacial remodelling surgery for craniosynostosis correction. Many studies have defined the contribution of a series of biological events to distraction osteogenesis, such as changes in gene expression, changes in suture cell behaviour and changes in suture collagen fibre characteristics. However, few studies have elucidated the systematic molecular and cellular mechanisms of trans-sutural distraction osteogenesis, and no study has highlighted the contribution of cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions with respect to the whole expansion process to date. Therefore, it is difficult to translate largely primary mechanistic insights into clinical applications and optimize the clinical outcome of trans-sutural distraction osteogenesis. In this review, we carefully summarize in detail the literature related to the effects of mechanical stretching on osteoblasts, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, immune cells (macrophages and T cells), mesenchymal stem cells and collagen fibres in sutures during the distraction osteogenesis process. We also briefly review the contribution of cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions to bone regeneration at the osteogenic suture front from a comprehensive viewpoint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Enzhe Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Guan Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongsen Bi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Zhenmin Zhao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Di Pietro L, Barba M, Palacios D, Tiberio F, Prampolini C, Baranzini M, Parolini O, Arcovito A, Lattanzi W. Shaping modern human skull through epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of the RUNX2 master bone gene. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21316. [PMID: 34716352 PMCID: PMC8556228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
RUNX2 encodes the master bone transcription factor driving skeletal development in vertebrates, and playing a specific role in craniofacial and skull morphogenesis. The anatomically modern human (AMH) features sequence changes in the RUNX2 locus compared with archaic hominins' species. We aimed to understand how these changes may have contributed to human skull globularization occurred in recent evolution. We compared in silico AMH and archaic hominins' genomes, and used mesenchymal stromal cells isolated from skull sutures of craniosynostosis patients for in vitro functional assays. We detected 459 and 470 nucleotide changes in noncoding regions of the AMH RUNX2 locus, compared with the Neandertal and Denisovan genomes, respectively. Three nucleotide changes in the proximal promoter were predicted to alter the binding of the zinc finger protein Znf263 and long-distance interactions with other cis-regulatory regions. By surface plasmon resonance, we selected nucleotide substitutions in the 3'UTRs able to affect miRNA binding affinity. Specifically, miR-3150a-3p and miR-6785-5p expression inversely correlated with RUNX2 expression during in vitro osteogenic differentiation. The expression of two long non-coding RNAs, AL096865.1 and RUNX2-AS1, within the same locus, was modulated during in vitro osteogenic differentiation and correlated with the expression of specific RUNX2 isoforms. Our data suggest that RUNX2 may have undergone adaptive phenotypic evolution caused by epigenetic and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, which may explain the delayed suture fusion leading to the present-day globular skull shape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Di Pietro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Barba
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Palacios
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Tiberio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Prampolini
- Dipartimento Testa-Collo e Organi di Senso, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Mirko Baranzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Ornella Parolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Arcovito
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Wanda Lattanzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A Pilot Study of Identification Genetic Background of Craniosynostosis Cases. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 32:1059-1062. [PMID: 33252532 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000007285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The early fusion of the cranial sutures was described as a craniosynostosis. The early diagnosis and management of craniosynostosis is very important. Environmental factors and genetic abnormalities plays a key role during the development of craniosynostosis. Syndromic craniosynostosis cases are related with autosomal dominant disorders but nearly half of the affected cases carry a new mutation. In this study, in order to identify the genetic etiology of craniosynostosis the authors analyzed 20 craniosynostosis patients by using conventional karyotype, aCGH, sanger sequencing, next generation sequencing (NGS) and Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) techniques. The authors identified mutations on FGFR2 and FGFR3 genes which were associated with Muenke syndrome, Crouzon syndrome and skeletal dysplasia syndromes. NGS applied all of the cases and 7 clinical variations in 5 different gene were detected in %20 of cases. In addition to these abnormalities; del(11)(q14.1q22.2), del(17)(q21.31), dup(22)(q13.31) and t(2;16)(q37;p13) have been identified in our cohort which are not previously detected in craniosynostosis cases. Our study demonstrates the importance of detailed genetic analysis for the diagnosis, progression and management of the craniosynostosis.
Collapse
|
8
|
Cuellar A, Bala K, Di Pietro L, Barba M, Yagnik G, Liu JL, Stevens C, Hur DJ, Ingersoll RG, Justice CM, Drissi H, Kim J, Lattanzi W, Boyadjiev SA. Gain-of-function variants and overexpression of RUNX2 in patients with nonsyndromic midline craniosynostosis. Bone 2020; 137:115395. [PMID: 32360898 PMCID: PMC7358991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis (CS), the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures, is a relatively common congenital anomaly, occurring in 3-5 per 10,000 live births. Nonsyndromic CS (NCS) accounts for up to 80% of all CS cases, yet the genetic factors contributing to the disorder remain largely unknown. The RUNX2 gene, encoding a transcription factor critical for bone and skull development, is a well known CS candidate gene, as copy number variations of this gene locus have been found in patients with syndromic craniosynostosis. In the present study, we aimed to characterize RUNX2 to better understand its role in the genetic etiology and in the molecular mechanisms underlying midline suture ossification in NCS. We report four nonsynonymous variants, one intronic variant and one 18 bp in-frame deletion in RUNX2 not found in our study control population. Significant difference in allele frequency (AF) for the deletion variant RUNX2 p.Ala84-Ala89del (ClinVar 257,095; dbSNP rs11498192) was observed in our sagittal NCS cohort when compared to the general population (P = 1.28 × 10-6), suggesting a possible role in the etiology of NCS. Dual-luciferase assays showed that three of four tested RUNX2 variants conferred a gain-of-function effect on RUNX2, further suggesting their putative pathogenicity in the tested NCS cases. Downregulation of RUNX2 expression was observed in prematurely ossified midline sutures. Metopic sites showed significant downregulation of promoter 1-specific isoforms compared to sagittal sites. Suture-derived mesenchymal stromal cells showed an increased expression of RUNX2 over matched unfused suture derived cells. This demonstrates that RUNX2, and particularly the distal promoter 1-isoform group, are overexpressed in the osteogenic precursors within the pathological suture sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Cuellar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Krithi Bala
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Lorena Di Pietro
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Biologia Applicata, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Barba
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Biologia Applicata, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Garima Yagnik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jia Lie Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Christina Stevens
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - David J Hur
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Roxann G Ingersoll
- Mc-Kusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cristina M Justice
- Genometrics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, Division of Intramural Research, NHGRI, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hicham Drissi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jinoh Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, IA, USA
| | - Wanda Lattanzi
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Biologia Applicata, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Simeon A Boyadjiev
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yilmaz E, Mihci E, Nur B, Alper ÖM, Taçoy Ş. Recent Advances in Craniosynostosis. Pediatr Neurol 2019; 99:7-15. [PMID: 31421914 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis is a pathologic craniofacial disorder and is defined as the premature fusion of one or more cranial (calvarial) sutures. Cranial sutures are fibrous joints consisting of nonossified mesenchymal cells that play an important role in the development of healthy craniofacial skeletons. Early fusion of these sutures results in incomplete brain development that may lead to complications of several severe medical conditions including seizures, brain damage, mental delay, complex deformities, strabismus, and visual and breathing problems. As a congenital disease, craniosynostosis has a heterogeneous origin that can be affected by genetic and epigenetic alterations, teratogens, and environmental factors and make the syndrome highly complex. To date, approximately 200 syndromes have been linked to craniosynostosis. In addition to being part of a syndrome, craniosynostosis can be nonsyndromic, formed without any additional anomalies. More than 50 nuclear genes that relate to craniosynostosis have been identified. Besides genetic factors, epigenetic factors like microRNAs and mechanical forces also play important roles in suture fusion. As craniosynostosis is a multifactorial disorder, evaluating the craniosynostosis syndrome requires and depends on all the information obtained from clinical findings, genetic analysis, epigenetic or environmental factors, or gene modulators. In this review, we will focus on embryologic and genetic studies, as well as epigenetic and environmental studies. We will discuss published studies and correlate the findings with unknown aspects of craniofacial disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elanur Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Akdeniz University Medical School, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ercan Mihci
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University Medical School, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Banu Nur
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University Medical School, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Özgül M Alper
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Akdeniz University Medical School, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Şükran Taçoy
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University Medical School, Antalya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Calvarial osteoblast gene expression in patients with craniosynostosis leads to novel polygenic mouse model. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221402. [PMID: 31442251 PMCID: PMC6707563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis is the premature fusion of the sutures of the calvaria and is principally designated as being either syndromic (demonstrating characteristic extracranial malformations) or non-syndromic. While many forms of syndromic craniosynostosis are known to be caused by specific mutations, the genetic etiology of non-syndromic, single-suture craniosynostosis (SSC) is poorly understood. Based on the low recurrence rate (4–7%) and the fact that recurrent mutations have not been identified for most cases of SSC, we propose that some cases of isolated, single suture craniosynostosis may be polygenic. Previous work in our lab identified a disproportionately high number of rare and novel gain-of-function IGF1R variants in patients with SSC as compared to controls. Building upon this result, we used expression array data from calvarial osteoblasts isolated from infants with and without SSC to ascertain correlations between high IGF1 expression and expression of other osteogenic genes of interest. We identified a positive correlation between increased expression of IGF1 and RUNX2, a gene known to cause SSC with increased gene dosage. Subsequent phosphorylation assays revealed that osteoblast cell lines from cases with high IGF1 expression demonstrated inhibition of GSK3β, a serine/threonine kinase known to inhibit RUNX2, thus activating osteogenesis through the IRS1-mediated Akt pathway. With these findings, we have utilized established mouse strains to examine a novel model of polygenic inheritance (a phenotype influenced by more than one gene) of SSC. Compound heterozygous mice with selective disinhibition of RUNX2 and either overexpression of IGF1 or loss of function of GSK3β demonstrated an increase in the frequency and severity of synostosis as compared to mice with the RUNX2 disinhibition alone. These polygenic mouse models reinforce, in-vivo, that the combination of activation of the IGF1 pathway and disinhibition of the RUNX2 pathway leads to an increased risk of developing craniosynostosis and serves as a model of human SSC.
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu X, Gu Y. Signaling Mechanisms Underlying Genetic Pathophysiology of Craniosynostosis. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:298-311. [PMID: 30745822 PMCID: PMC6367540 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.29183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis, is the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures which is the second most common cranial facial anomalies. The premature cranial sutures leads to deformity of skull shape and restricts the growth of brain, which might elicit severe neurologic damage. Craniosynostosis exhibit close correlations with a varieties of syndromes. During the past two decades, as the appliance of high throughput DNA sequencing techniques, steady progresses has been made in identifying gene mutations in both syndromic and nonsyndromic cases, which allow researchers to better understanding the genetic roles in the development of cranial vault. As the enrichment of known mutations involved in the pathogenic of premature sutures fusion, multiple signaling pathways have been investigated to dissect the underlying mechanisms beneath the disease. In addition to genetic etiology, environment factors, especially mechanics, have also been proposed to have vital roles during the pathophysiological of craniosynostosis. However, the influence of mechanics factors in the cranial development remains largely unknown. In this review, we present a brief overview of the updated genetic mutations and environmental factors identified in both syndromic and nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. Furthermore, potential molecular signaling pathways and its relations have been described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology,Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, No. 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR. China
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology,Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, No. 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Occurring once in every 2000 live births, craniosynostosis is one of the most frequent congenital anomalies encountered by the craniofacial surgeon. Syndromic craniosynostoses account for approximately 15 percent of cases and demonstrate Mendelian patterns of inheritance with well-established genetic causes; however, nonsyndromic craniosynostoses, which account for approximately 85 percent of cases, are genetically heterogeneous and largely unexplored. Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis is sporadic in more than 95 percent of affected families; thus, surgeons have suggested for decades that nonsyndromic craniosynostosis is likely a fluke occurrence. Contrary to this, recent studies have established that genetics underlie a substantial fraction of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis risk. Given the predominantly sporadic occurrence of disease, parents are often bewildered by the primary occurrence of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis or even recurrence in their own families and request genetic testing. Existing genetic testing panels are useful when the phenotype strongly resembles a known syndrome, wherein the risk of disease recurrence can be accurately predicted for future offspring of the parents and the future offspring of the affected child. The diagnostic utility of existing panels for nonsyndromic craniosynostosis, however, is extremely low, and these tests are quite costly. Recent genetic studies have identified several novel genes and pathways that cause nonsyndromic craniosynostosis, providing genetic evidence linking the causes of syndromic and nonsyndromic craniosynostoses, and allowing for genotype-based prediction of risk of recurrence in some nonsyndromic families. Based on analysis of exome sequence data from 384 families, the authors provide recommendations for a new genetic testing protocol for children with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis, which include testing nonsyndromic cases of sagittal, metopic, and coronal craniosynostosis.
Collapse
|
13
|
Schliermann A, Nickel J. Unraveling the Connection between Fibroblast Growth Factor and Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103220. [PMID: 30340367 PMCID: PMC6214098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ontogeny of higher organisms as well the regulation of tissue homeostasis in adult individuals requires a fine-balanced interplay of regulating factors that individually trigger the fate of particular cells to either stay undifferentiated or to differentiate towards distinct tissue specific lineages. In some cases, these factors act synergistically to promote certain cellular responses, whereas in other tissues the same factors antagonize each other. However, the molecular basis of this obvious dual signaling activity is still only poorly understood. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are two major signal protein families that have a lot in common: They are both highly preserved between different species, involved in essential cellular functions, and their ligands vastly outnumber their receptors, making extensive signal regulation necessary. In this review we discuss where and how BMP and FGF signaling cross paths. The compiled data reflect that both factors synchronously act in many tissues, and that antagonism and synergism both exist in a context-dependent manner. Therefore, by challenging a generalization of the connection between these two pathways a new chapter in BMP FGF signaling research will be introduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schliermann
- Lehrstuhl für Tissue Engineering und Regenerative Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97222 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Joachim Nickel
- Lehrstuhl für Tissue Engineering und Regenerative Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97222 Würzburg, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institut für Silicatforschung, Translationszentrum TLZ-RT, Röntgenring 11, 97222 Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kreiborg S, Jensen BL. Tooth formation and eruption – lessons learnt from cleidocranial dysplasia. Eur J Oral Sci 2018; 126 Suppl 1:72-80. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Kreiborg
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry and Clinical Genetics Department of Odontology Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - B. L. Jensen
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry and Clinical Genetics Department of Odontology Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Craniosynostosis refers to a condition during early development in which one or more of the fibrous sutures of the skull prematurely fuse by turning into bone, which produces recognizable patterns of cranial shape malformations depending on which suture(s) are affected. In addition to cases with isolated cranial dysmorphologies, craniosynostosis appears in syndromes that include skeletal features of the eyes, nose, palate, hands, and feet as well as impairment of vision, hearing, and intellectual development. Approximately 85% of the cases are nonsyndromic sporadic and emerge after de novo structural genome rearrangements or single nucleotide variation, while the remainders consist of syndromic cases following mendelian inheritance. By karyotyping, genome wide linkage, and CNV analyses as well as by whole exome and whole genome sequencing, numerous candidate genes for craniosynostosis belonging to the FGF, Wnt, BMP, Ras/ERK, ephrin, hedgehog, STAT, and retinoic acid signaling pathways have been identified. Many of the craniosynostosis-related candidate genes form a functional network based upon protein-protein or protein-DNA interactions. Depending on which node of this craniosynostosis-related network is affected by a gene mutation or a change in gene expression pattern, a distinct craniosynostosis syndrome or set of phenotypes ensues. Structural variations may alter the dosage of one or several genes or disrupt the genomic architecture of genes and their regulatory elements within topologically associated chromatin domains. These may exert dominant effects by either haploinsufficiency, dominant negative partial loss of function, gain of function, epistatic interaction, or alteration of levels and patterns of gene expression during development. Molecular mechanisms of dominant modes of action of these mutations may include loss of one or several binding sites for cognate protein partners or transcription factor binding sequences. Such losses affect interactions within functional networks governing development and consequently result in phenotypes such as craniosynostosis. Many of the novel variants identified by genome wide CNV analyses, whole exome and whole genome sequencing are incorporated in recently developed diagnostic algorithms for craniosynostosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Poot
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
A three-generation family with metaphyseal dysplasia, maxillary hypoplasia and brachydactyly (MDMHB) due to intragenic RUNX2 duplication. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 26:1288-1293. [PMID: 29891876 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metaphyseal dysplasia with maxillary hypoplasia and brachydactyly (MDMHB) is an autosomal-dominant skeletal dysplasia characterised by metaphyseal flaring of the long bones, enlargement of the medial halves of the clavicles, maxillary hypoplasia, brachydactyly, dental anomalies and mild osteoporosis. To date, only one large French Canadian family and a Finnish woman have been reported with the condition. In both, intragenic duplication encompassing exons 3-5 of the RUNX2 gene was identified. We describe a new, three-generation family with clinical features of MDMHB and an intragenic tandem duplication of RUNX2 exons 3-6. Dental problems were the primary presenting feature in all four affected individuals. We compare the features in our family to those previously reported in MDMHB, review the natural history of this condition and highlight the importance of considering an underlying skeletal dysplasia in patients presenting with significant dental problems and other suggestive features, including disproportionate short stature and/or digital anomalies.
Collapse
|
17
|
Sowińska-Seidler A, Olech EM, Socha M, Larysz D, Jamsheer A. Novel 1q22-q23.1 duplication in a patient with lambdoid and metopic craniosynostosis, muscular hypotonia, and psychomotor retardation. J Appl Genet 2018; 59:281-289. [PMID: 29845577 PMCID: PMC6060980 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-018-0447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis (CS) refers to the group of craniofacial malformations characterized by the premature closure of one or more cranial sutures. The disorder is clinically and genetically heterogeneous and occurs usually as an isolated trait, but can also be syndromic. In 30-60% of patients, CS is caused by known genetic factors; however, in the rest of the cases, causative molecular lesions remain unknown. In this paper, we report on a sporadic male patient affected by complex CS (metopic and unilateral lambdoid synostosis), muscular hypotonia, psychomotor retardation, and facial dysmorphism. Since a subset of CS results from submicroscopic chromosomal aberrations, we performed array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) in order to identify possibly causative copy-number variation. Array CGH followed by breakpoint sequencing revealed a previously unreported de novo 1.26 Mb duplication at chromosome 1q22-q23.1 that encompassed two genes involved in osteoblast differentiation: BGLAP, encoding osteocalcin (OCN), and LMNA, encoding lamin A/C. OCN is a major component of bone extracellular matrix and a marker of osteogenesis, whereas mutations in LMNA cause several genetic disorders called laminopathies, including mandibuloacral dysostosis (MAD) that manifests with low bone mass, severe bone deformities, and delayed closure of the cranial sutures. Since LMNA and BGLAP overexpression promote osteoblast differentiation and calcification, phenotype of our patient may result from misexpression of the genes. Based on our findings, we hypothesize that both LMNA and BGLAP may be implicated in the pathogenesis of CS in humans. However, further studies are needed to establish the exact pathomechanism underlying development of this defect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sowińska-Seidler
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8 Street, 60-806, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Ewelina M Olech
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8 Street, 60-806, Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Socha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8 Street, 60-806, Poznan, Poland
| | - Dawid Larysz
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Maria Skłodowska Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Aleksander Jamsheer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8 Street, 60-806, Poznan, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Merametdjian L, Prud'Homme T, Le Caignec C, Isidor B, Lopez-Cazaux S. Oro-dental phenotype in patients with RUNX2 duplication. Eur J Med Genet 2018; 62:85-89. [PMID: 29852250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) is well-known for its role in bone development and tooth morphogenesis. Most RUNX2 mutations described in the literature result in loss-of-function mutations of RUNX2 responsible for cleidocranial dysplasia, an autosomal dominant disorder. We describe here the oro-dental phenotype of four patients of a unique family with a 285 kb duplication including the entire sequence of RUNX2, likely responsible for three functional copies of the gene, leading to an increased RUNX2 dosage. Several dental anomalies of number (hypodontia or oligodontia), morphology (microdontia, radiculomegaly, taurodontism or dens invaginatus) and tooth position (rotation) were found in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Merametdjian
- Département d'Odontologie Conservatrice et Endodontie, UFR Odontologie, Université de Nantes, France; Service d'Odontologie Conservatrice et Pédiatrique, Centre de compétences Malformations orales et dentaires rares, CHU de Nantes, France; INSERM, U1229, RMeS, Nantes, France
| | - Tony Prud'Homme
- Service d'Odontologie Conservatrice et Pédiatrique, Centre de compétences Malformations orales et dentaires rares, CHU de Nantes, France; Département D'Odontologie Pédiatrique, UFR Odontologie, Université de Nantes, France; Unité d'Investigation Clinique Odontologie (UIC), France
| | - Cédric Le Caignec
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de compétences Malformations orales et dentaires rares, CHU de Nantes, France; INSERM, UMR 1238, Bone Sarcoma and Remodeling of Calcified Tissue, Nantes, France
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de compétences Malformations orales et dentaires rares, CHU de Nantes, France; INSERM, UMR 1238, Bone Sarcoma and Remodeling of Calcified Tissue, Nantes, France
| | - Serena Lopez-Cazaux
- Service d'Odontologie Conservatrice et Pédiatrique, Centre de compétences Malformations orales et dentaires rares, CHU de Nantes, France; Département D'Odontologie Pédiatrique, UFR Odontologie, Université de Nantes, France; Unité d'Investigation Clinique Odontologie (UIC), France.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Qiu S, Wang J, Huang S, Sun S, Zhang Z, Bao N. Overactive autophagy is a pathological mechanism underlying premature suture ossification in nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6525. [PMID: 29695736 PMCID: PMC5916928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24885-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis (NSC) is the most common craniosynostosis with the primary defect being one or more fused sutures. In contrast to syndromic craniosynostosis, the etiopathogenesis of NSC is largely unknown. Here we show that autophagy, a major catabolic process required for the maintenance of bone homeostasis and bone growth, is a pathological change associated with NSC. Using calvarial suture mesenchymal cells (SMCs) isolated from the fused and unfused sutures of NSC patients, we demonstrate that during SMC differentiation, the level of the autophagosomal marker LC3-II increases as osteogenic differentiation progresses, particularly at differentiation day 7, a stage concurrent with mineralization. In fused SMCs, autophagic induction was more robust than that in unfused SMCs, which consequently led to enhanced mineralized nodule formation. Perturbation of autophagy with rapamycin or wortmannin promoted or inhibited the ossification of SMCs, respectively. Our findings suggest that autophagy is essential for the osteogenic differentiation of SMCs and that overactive autophagy is a molecular abnormality underlying premature calvarial ossification in NSC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Qiu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Siqi Huang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shouqing Sun
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Nan Bao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Qian Y, Zhang Y, Wei B, Zhang M, Yang J, Leng C, Ge Z, Xu X, Sun M. A novel Alu-mediated microdeletion in the RUNX2 gene in a Chinese patient with cleidocranial dysplasia. J Genet 2018; 97:137-143. [PMID: 29666333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD; OMIM: 119600) is a rare autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia caused by RUNX2 gene mutations. The present study described a sporadic case with CCD. The clinical data of the proband with CCD was reported and genetic analysis was performed. The proband presented with typical CCD features including supernumerary impacted teeth, bilateral clavicle dysplasia, delayed closure of cranial sutures, and short stature; while his hands were normal. Sequencing analysis of the entire coding region of the RUNX2 gene revealed no pathogenic changes; however, copy-number analysis with the Affymetrix HD array found ~500 kb genomicmicrodeletion. Real-time quantitative PCR validated this microdeletion in the 1-4 exons of the RUNX2 gene. The junction point of the breaking DNA was located in the directly oriented AluSz6 and AluSx repetitive elements, indicating that this microdeletion might be generated through an Alu-Alu mediated mechanism. In addition, this microdeletion existed in 21.8% of the asymptomatic mother's peripheral blood cells, demonstrating that the mosaicism was not associated with CCD phenotypes. In summary, a pathogenic microdeletion in the RUNX2 gene located on chromosome 6 was responsible for CCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhu Qian
- Center of Stomatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Qian Y, Zhang Y, Wei B, Zhang M, Yang J, Leng C, Ge Z, Xu X, Sun M. A novel Alu-mediated microdeletion in the RUNX2 gene in a Chinese patient with cleidocranial dysplasia. J Genet 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-018-0891-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
22
|
Biology of Bone Formation, Fracture Healing, and Distraction Osteogenesis. J Craniofac Surg 2017; 28:1380-1389. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000003625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
23
|
Lattanzi W, Barba M, Di Pietro L, Boyadjiev SA. Genetic advances in craniosynostosis. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:1406-1429. [PMID: 28160402 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis, the premature ossification of one or more skull sutures, is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous congenital anomaly affecting approximately one in 2,500 live births. In most cases, it occurs as an isolated congenital anomaly, that is, nonsyndromic craniosynostosis (NCS), the genetic, and environmental causes of which remain largely unknown. Recent data suggest that, at least some of the midline NCS cases may be explained by two loci inheritance. In approximately 25-30% of patients, craniosynostosis presents as a feature of a genetic syndrome due to chromosomal defects or mutations in genes within interconnected signaling pathways. The aim of this review is to provide a detailed and comprehensive update on the genetic and environmental factors associated with NCS, integrating the scientific findings achieved during the last decade. Focus on the neurodevelopmental, imaging, and treatment aspects of NCS is also provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Lattanzi
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Latium Musculoskeletal Tıssue Bank, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Barba
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorena Di Pietro
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Simeon A Boyadjiev
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Davis Medical Center, University of California, Sacramento, California
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Array comparative genomic hybridization and genomic sequencing in the diagnostics of the causes of congenital anomalies. J Appl Genet 2016; 58:185-198. [PMID: 27858254 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-016-0376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide the current state of knowledge about the usefulness of modern genetic technologies in uncovering the causality of isolated and multiple congenital anomalies. Array comparative genomic hybridization and next-generation sequencing have revolutionized the clinical approach to patients with these phenotypes. Both technologies enable early diagnosis, especially in clinically challenging newborn populations, and help to uncover genetic defects associated with various phenotypes. The application of both complementary methods could assist in identifying many variants that may simultaneously be involved in the development of a number of isolated or multiple congenital anomalies. Both technologies carry serious variant misinterpretation risks as well. Therefore, the methods of variant classification and accessible variant databases are mentioned. A useful strategy of clinical genetic testing with the application of both methodologies is presented. Finally, future directions and challenges are briefly commented on in this review.
Collapse
|
25
|
Rivera-Pedroza CI, Barraza-García J, Paumard-Hernández B, Nevado J, Orbea-Gallardo C, Sánchez Del Pozo J, Heath KE. Chromosome 1p31.1p31.3 Deletion in a Patient with Craniosynostosis, Central Nervous System and Renal Malformation: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Mol Syndromol 2016; 8:30-35. [PMID: 28232780 DOI: 10.1159/000452609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial deletions in the short arm of chromosome 1 are infrequent. We report a female with a 1p31.1p31.3 deletion and cloverleaf skull, who presented with renal and central nervous system malformations, cleft palate, severe ocular anomalies, and cutis laxa, in addition to the previously described clinical data present in other cases with deletions encompassing this region, such as developmental delay, seizures, round face with a prominent nose, micro/retrognathia, half-opened mouth, short neck, hand/foot malformations, hernia, congenital heart malformations, and abnormal external genitalia. The deletion spanned ∼18.6 Mb and included a total of 68 OMIM protein coding genes. We have reviewed 17 cases previously described in the literature and in DECIPHER involving the chromosomal region 1p31.1p31.3. Only 3 of these affect the whole region, 9 are partial deletions of this region, and 5 are much smaller deletions. Taking into account the MORBID ID and the haploinsufficiency score of the genes, we go on to propose which genes may explain particular clinical features observed in the patient. IL23R may be responsible for the craniosynostosis, FOXD2 for the renal anomalies, LHX8 for closure defects of the palate, and ST6GALNAC3 for skin anomalies. In summary, we have identified a chromosome 1p31.1p31.3 deletion in a patient with an atypical presentation of craniosynostosis amongst other more typical features observed in individuals with similar deletions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos I Rivera-Pedroza
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain; Multidisciplinary Unit for Skeletal Dysplasias (UMDE), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jimena Barraza-García
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain; Multidisciplinary Unit for Skeletal Dysplasias (UMDE), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto Carlos III, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Paumard-Hernández
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julian Nevado
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto Carlos III, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Karen E Heath
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain; Multidisciplinary Unit for Skeletal Dysplasias (UMDE), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto Carlos III, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Timberlake AT, Choi J, Zaidi S, Lu Q, Nelson-Williams C, Brooks ED, Bilguvar K, Tikhonova I, Mane S, Yang JF, Sawh-Martinez R, Persing S, Zellner EG, Loring E, Chuang C, Galm A, Hashim PW, Steinbacher DM, DiLuna ML, Duncan CC, Pelphrey KA, Zhao H, Persing JA, Lifton RP. Two locus inheritance of non-syndromic midline craniosynostosis via rare SMAD6 and common BMP2 alleles. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27606499 PMCID: PMC5045293 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature fusion of the cranial sutures (craniosynostosis), affecting 1 in 2000 newborns, is treated surgically in infancy to prevent adverse neurologic outcomes. To identify mutations contributing to common non-syndromic midline (sagittal and metopic) craniosynostosis, we performed exome sequencing of 132 parent-offspring trios and 59 additional probands. Thirteen probands (7%) had damaging de novo or rare transmitted mutations in SMAD6, an inhibitor of BMP – induced osteoblast differentiation (p<10−20). SMAD6 mutations nonetheless showed striking incomplete penetrance (<60%). Genotypes of a common variant near BMP2 that is strongly associated with midline craniosynostosis explained nearly all the phenotypic variation in these kindreds, with highly significant evidence of genetic interaction between these loci via both association and analysis of linkage. This epistatic interaction of rare and common variants defines the most frequent cause of midline craniosynostosis and has implications for the genetic basis of other diseases. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20125.001 The bones in the front, back and sides of the human skull are not fused to one another at birth in order to allow the brain to double in size during the first year of life and continue growing into adulthood. However, one in 2,000 infants is born with a condition called craniosynostosis in which some of these bones have already fused. This fusion prevents the skull from growing properly, and can lead to the brain becoming compressed. As such, surgeons routinely undo the fusion in these infants to allow the brain and skull to grow normally. Eighty-five percent of craniosynostosis cases occur in infants with no other abnormalities, (called non-syndromic cases) and most have no other affected family member. It has therefore been unclear whether these infants have craniosynostosis due to a genetic or non-genetic cause. If the cause is genetic, it is also not clear whether a mutation in a single gene, the combined effects of many genes, or something in between is responsible. Now, by focusing on a group of 191 infants with premature fusion of bones joined at the midline of the skull, Timberlake et al. asked if any of the approximately 20,000 genes in the human genome were altered more frequently in these infants than would be expected by chance. This search revealed that rare mutations that disable one copy of a gene called SMAD6 in combination with a common DNA variant near another gene called BMP2 account for about 7% of infants with midline forms of craniosynostosis. These genes are both known to regulate how bones form, which explains how the mutation of these genes could lead to craniosynostosis. In all cases, the parents of these children were unaffected. This was typically because one parent had only the SMAD6 mutation while the other had only the common BMP2 variant; the transmission of both to their offspring resulted in craniosynostosis. The finding that a rare mutation’s effect is strongly modified by a common variant from another site in the genome is unprecedented. These findings will allow doctors to counsel families about the risk of having additional children with craniosynostosis. Timberlake et al. next plan to study more patients with craniosynostosis to identify additional genes that contribute to this disease. They will also look at other diseases to see whether the combination of rare mutation and common DNA variant could be behind other unexplained disorders. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20125.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Timberlake
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Jungmin Choi
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Samir Zaidi
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Qiongshi Lu
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Carol Nelson-Williams
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Eric D Brooks
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Kaya Bilguvar
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Yale Center for Genome Analysis, New Haven, United States
| | | | - Shrikant Mane
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Yale Center for Genome Analysis, New Haven, United States
| | - Jenny F Yang
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Rajendra Sawh-Martinez
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Sarah Persing
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Elizabeth G Zellner
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Erin Loring
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Yale Center for Genome Analysis, New Haven, United States
| | - Carolyn Chuang
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Amy Galm
- Craniosynostosis and Positional Plagiocephaly Support, New York, United States
| | - Peter W Hashim
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Derek M Steinbacher
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Michael L DiLuna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Charles C Duncan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Kevin A Pelphrey
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - John A Persing
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Richard P Lifton
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Yale Center for Genome Analysis, New Haven, United States.,The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Salehi A, Ott K, Skolnick GB, Nguyen DC, Naidoo SD, Kane AA, Woo AS, Patel KB, Smyth MD. Neosuture formation after endoscope-assisted craniosynostosis repair. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2016; 18:196-200. [PMID: 27128960 DOI: 10.3171/2016.2.peds15231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to identify the rate of neosuture formation in patients with craniosynostosis treated with endoscope-assisted strip craniectomy and investigate whether neosuture formation in sagittal craniosynostosis has an effect on postoperative calvarial shape. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed 166 cases of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis that underwent endoscope-assisted repair between 2006 and 2014. Preoperative and 1-year postoperative head CT scans were evaluated, and the rate of neosuture formation was calculated. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the CT data were used to measure cephalic index (CI) (ratio of head width and length) of patients with sagittal synostosis. Regression analysis was used to calculate significant differences between patients with and without neosuture accounting for age at surgery and preoperative CI. RESULTS Review of 96 patients revealed that some degree of neosuture development occurred in 23 patients (23.9%): 16 sagittal, 2 bilateral coronal, 4 unilateral coronal, and 1 lambdoid synostosis. Complete neosuture formation was seen in 14 of those 23 patients (9 of 16 sagittal, 1 of 2 bilateral coronal, 3 of 4 unilateral coronal, and 1 of 1 lambdoid). Mean pre- and postoperative CI in the complete sagittal neosuture group was 67.4% and 75.5%, respectively, and in the non-neosuture group was 69.8% and 74.4%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the CI between the neosuture and fused suture groups preoperatively or 17 months postoperatively in patients with sagittal synostosis. CONCLUSIONS Neosuture development can occur after endoscope-assisted strip craniectomy and molding helmet therapy for patients with craniosynostosis. Although the authors did not detect a significant difference in calvarial shape postoperatively in the group with sagittal synostosis, the relevance of neosuture formation remains to be determined. Further studies are required to discover long-term outcomes comparing patients with and without neosuture formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gary B Skolnick
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Dennis C Nguyen
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Sybill D Naidoo
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Alex A Kane
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Albert S Woo
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Kamlesh B Patel
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Flaherty K, Singh N, Richtsmeier JT. Understanding craniosynostosis as a growth disorder. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 5:429-59. [PMID: 27002187 PMCID: PMC4911263 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis is a condition of complex etiology that always involves the premature fusion of one or multiple cranial sutures and includes various anomalies of the soft and hard tissues of the head. Steady progress in the field has resulted in identifying gene mutations that recurrently cause craniosynostosis. There are now scores of mutations on many genes causally related to craniosynostosis syndromes, though the genetic basis for the majority of nonsyndromic cases is unknown. Identification of these genetic mutations has allowed significant progress in understanding the intrinsic properties of cranial sutures, including mechanisms responsible for normal suture patency and for pathogenesis of premature suture closure. An understanding of morphogenesis of cranial vault sutures is critical to understanding the pathophysiology of craniosynostosis conditions, but the field is now poised to recognize the repeated changes in additional skeletal and soft tissues of the head that typically accompany premature suture closure. We review the research that has brought an understanding of premature suture closure within our reach. We then enumerate the less well-studied, but equally challenging, nonsutural phenotypes of craniosynostosis conditions that are well characterized in available mouse models. We consider craniosynostosis as a complex growth disorder of multiple tissues of the developing head, whose growth is also targeted by identified mutations in ways that are poorly understood. Knowledge gained from studies of humans and mouse models for these conditions underscores the diverse, associated developmental anomalies of the head that contribute to the complex phenotypes of craniosynostosis conditions presenting novel challenges for future research. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:429-459. doi: 10.1002/wdev.227 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Flaherty
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, PA 16802
| | - Nandini Singh
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, PA 16802
| | - Joan T. Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, PA 16802
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hwang SK, Park KS, Park SH, Hwang SK. Update of Diagnostic Evaluation of Craniosynostosis with a Focus on Pediatric Systematic Evaluation and Genetic Studies. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2016; 59:214-8. [PMID: 27226851 PMCID: PMC4877542 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2016.59.3.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Most craniosynostoses are sporadic, but may have an underlying genetic basis. Secondary and syndromic craniosynostosis accompanies various systemic diseases or associated anomalies. Early detection of an associated disease may facilitate the interdisciplinary management of patients and improve outcomes. For that reason, systematic evaluation of craniosynostosis is mandatory. The authors reviewed systematic evaluation of craniosynostosis with an emphasis on genetic analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Kyeong Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ki-Su Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seong-Hyun Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sung Kyoo Hwang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Börnigen D, Tyekucheva S, Wang X, Rider JR, Lee GS, Mucci LA, Sweeney C, Huttenhower C. Computational Reconstruction of NFκB Pathway Interaction Mechanisms during Prostate Cancer. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004820. [PMID: 27078000 PMCID: PMC4831844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular research in cancer is one of the largest areas of bioinformatic investigation, but it remains a challenge to understand biomolecular mechanisms in cancer-related pathways from high-throughput genomic data. This includes the Nuclear-factor-kappa-B (NFκB) pathway, which is central to the inflammatory response and cell proliferation in prostate cancer development and progression. Despite close scrutiny and a deep understanding of many of its members’ biomolecular activities, the current list of pathway members and a systems-level understanding of their interactions remains incomplete. Here, we provide the first steps toward computational reconstruction of interaction mechanisms of the NFκB pathway in prostate cancer. We identified novel roles for ATF3, CXCL2, DUSP5, JUNB, NEDD9, SELE, TRIB1, and ZFP36 in this pathway, in addition to new mechanistic interactions between these genes and 10 known NFκB pathway members. A newly predicted interaction between NEDD9 and ZFP36 in particular was validated by co-immunoprecipitation, as was NEDD9's potential biological role in prostate cancer cell growth regulation. We combined 651 gene expression datasets with 1.4M gene product interactions to predict the inclusion of 40 additional genes in the pathway. Molecular mechanisms of interaction among pathway members were inferred using recent advances in Bayesian data integration to simultaneously provide information specific to biological contexts and individual biomolecular activities, resulting in a total of 112 interactions in the fully reconstructed NFκB pathway: 13 (11%) previously known, 29 (26%) supported by existing literature, and 70 (63%) novel. This method is generalizable to other tissue types, cancers, and organisms, and this new information about the NFκB pathway will allow us to further understand prostate cancer and to develop more effective prevention and treatment strategies. In molecular research in cancer it remains challenging to uncover biomolecular mechanisms in cancer-related pathways from high-throughput genomic data, including the Nuclear-factor-kappa-B (NFκB) pathway. Despite close scrutiny and a deep understanding of many of the NFκB pathway members’ biomolecular activities, the current list of pathway members and a systems-level understanding of their interactions remains incomplete. In this study, we provide the first steps toward computational reconstruction of interaction mechanisms of the NFκB pathway in prostate cancer. We identified novel roles for 8 genes in this pathway and new mechanistic interactions between these genes and 10 known pathway members. We combined 651 gene expression datasets with 1.4M interactions to predict the inclusion of 40 additional genes in the pathway. Molecular mechanisms of interaction were inferred using recent advances in Bayesian data integration to simultaneously provide information specific to biological contexts and individual biomolecular activities, resulting in 112 interactions in the fully reconstructed NFκB pathway. This method is generalizable, and this new information about the NFκB pathway will allow us to further understand prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Börnigen
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Svitlana Tyekucheva
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer R Rider
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gwo-Shu Lee
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher Sweeney
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Morris MLM, Baroneza JE, Teixeira P, Medina CTN, Cordoba MS, Versiani BR, Roese LL, Freitas EL, Fonseca ACS, Dos Santos MCG, Pic-Taylor A, Rosenberg C, Oliveira SF, Ferrari I, Mazzeu JF. Partial 1q Duplications and Associated Phenotype. Mol Syndromol 2016; 6:297-303. [PMID: 27022331 DOI: 10.1159/000443599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Duplications of the long arm of chromosome 1 are rare. Distal duplications are the most common and have been reported as either pure trisomy or unbalanced translocations. The paucity of cases with pure distal 1q duplications has made it difficult to delineate a partial distal trisomy 1q syndrome. Here, we report 2 patients with overlapping 1q duplications detected by G-banding. Array CGH and FISH were performed to characterize the duplicated segments, exclude the involvement of other chromosomes and determine the orientation of the duplication. Patient 1 presents with a mild phenotype and carries a 22.5-Mb 1q41q43 duplication. Patient 2 presents with a pure 1q42.13qter inverted duplication of 21.5 Mb, one of the smallest distal 1q duplications ever described and one of the few cases characterized by array CGH, thus contributing to a better characterization of distal 1q duplication syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - José E Baroneza
- Universidade Positivo, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Cristina T N Medina
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mara S Cordoba
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz R Versiani
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liege L Roese
- Rede Sarah de Hospitais de Reabilitação, Brasília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika L Freitas
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C S Fonseca
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria C G Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Pic-Taylor
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Rosenberg
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silviene F Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iris Ferrari
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana F Mazzeu
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Twigg SRF, Wilkie AOM. A Genetic-Pathophysiological Framework for Craniosynostosis. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 97:359-77. [PMID: 26340332 PMCID: PMC4564941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures of the skull, provides a paradigm for investigating the interplay of genetic and environmental factors leading to malformation. Over the past 20 years molecular genetic techniques have provided a new approach to dissect the underlying causes; success has mostly come from investigation of clinical samples, and recent advances in high-throughput DNA sequencing have dramatically enhanced the study of the human as the preferred "model organism." In parallel, however, we need a pathogenetic classification to describe the pathways and processes that lead to cranial suture fusion. Given the prenatal onset of most craniosynostosis, investigation of mechanisms requires more conventional model organisms; principally the mouse, because of similarities in cranial suture development. We present a framework for classifying genetic causes of craniosynostosis based on current understanding of cranial suture biology and molecular and developmental pathogenesis. Of note, few pathologies result from complete loss of gene function. Instead, biochemical mechanisms involving haploinsufficiency, dominant gain-of-function and recessive hypomorphic mutations, and an unusual X-linked cellular interference process have all been implicated. Although few of the genes involved could have been predicted based on expression patterns alone (because the genes play much wider roles in embryonic development or cellular homeostasis), we argue that they fit into a limited number of functional modules active at different stages of cranial suture development. This provides a useful approach both when defining the potential role of new candidate genes in craniosynostosis and, potentially, for devising pharmacological approaches to therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R F Twigg
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Andrew O M Wilkie
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Craniofacial Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Avela K, Hirvinen H, Ben Amor M, Rauch F. Metaphyseal dysplasia with maxillary hypoplasia and brachydactyly in a Finnish woman: first confirmation of a duplication in RUNX2 as pathogenic variant. Eur J Med Genet 2015; 57:617-20. [PMID: 25311905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metaphyseal dysplasia with maxillary hypoplasia and brachydactyly (MDMHB) is an autosomal-dominant bone dysplasia that until now has only been reported in French Canadian individuals. We have recently identified an intragenic duplication in RUNX2, encompassing exons 3 to 5, as a cause of MDMHB in French Canadian families. Here we describe a 20-year-old Finnish woman who had typical clinical and radiological signs of MDMHB, the first reported individual with MDMHB who is not of French-Canadian origin. Copy number variant assays based on quantitative PCR of genomic DNA showed the presence of three copies within a part of RUNX2. Sequencing RUNX2 cDNA from the skin fibroblasts revealed a duplication of exons 3 to 5. The results demonstrated that the intronic breakpoints of the duplication differed from those previously found in the French Canadian family, but that the consequences on RUNX2 transcript were identical. These findings demonstrate that the MDMHB phenotype results from an intragenic duplication of RUNX2 exons 3 to 5 also outside of the community where the disorder was first identified.
Collapse
|
34
|
Molin A, Lopez-Cazaux S, Pichon O, Vincent M, Isidor B, Le Caignec C. Patients with isolated oligo/hypodontia caused by RUNX2 duplication. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167:1386-90. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Molin
- Service de Génétique, Laboratoire de cytogénétique; CHU de Caen; Caen France
| | - Serena Lopez-Cazaux
- Departement d'odontologie pédiatrique; faculté de chirurgie dentaire; Nantes France
- Service d'odontologie conservatrice et pédiatrique; CHU de Nantes; Nantes France
| | - Olivier Pichon
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale; Nantes France
| | - Marie Vincent
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale; Nantes France
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale; Nantes France
- INSERM; UMR-957; Laboratoire de physiopathologie de la résorption osseuse et thérapie des tumeurs osseuses primitives; Nantes France
| | - Cédric Le Caignec
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale; Nantes France
- INSERM; UMR-957; Laboratoire de physiopathologie de la résorption osseuse et thérapie des tumeurs osseuses primitives; Nantes France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Pandey RK, Ali A, Singh A, Gayan S, Bajpai M. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T variant in Indian children with craniosynostosis: Its role in the pathogenesis, risk of craniosynostosis. INDIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 2014; 20:155-9. [PMID: 25400344 PMCID: PMC4228567 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6866.142882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 677C to T allele in the 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene has been implicated in the etiology of various syndromes and nonsyndromic diseases but till date no direct studies have been reported with craniosynostosis. OBJECTIVES The aim was to study the family-based association of MTHFR polymorphism in different categories of craniosynostosis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study in which 30 patients classified as Apert syndrome, Pfeiffr syndrome and nonsyndromic craniosynostosis patients with their family were recruited. A sample of 3 ml intravenous blood was taken from patients and from their family members (father and mother) in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-anticoagulated vacutainer for the purpose of the study. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes by phenol chloroform extraction method. Primers for MTHFR gene were designed. The polymerase chain reaction was carried out. After successful amplification, a small aliquot (5 μl) of the MTHFR reaction mixture was treated with 1 units of Hinf I restriction enzyme (NEB). Results were obtained and compiled. RESULTS A total of 30 patients/participants with craniosynostosis of Indian descent and their parents formed the study group. The genotyping did not confirm an association between the MTHFR 677C to T polymorphism and between different categories of craniosynostosis. When comparing the offspring of mothers statistically significant differences were found. CONCLUSION C667T polymorphism of the MTHFR gene is unlikely to play a role in the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis though maternal MTHFR C677T polymorphism may be a genetic risk factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Kumar Pandey
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Abid Ali
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sukanya Gayan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Minu Bajpai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
McGee-Lawrence ME, Carpio LR, Bradley EW, Dudakovic A, Lian JB, van Wijnen AJ, Kakar S, Hsu W, Westendorf JJ. Runx2 is required for early stages of endochondral bone formation but delays final stages of bone repair in Axin2-deficient mice. Bone 2014; 66:277-86. [PMID: 24973690 PMCID: PMC4125446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Runx2 and Axin2 regulate skeletal development. We recently determined that Axin2 and Runx2 molecularly interact in differentiating osteoblasts to regulate intramembranous bone formation, but the relationship between these factors in endochondral bone formation was unresolved. To address this, we examined the effects of Axin2 deficiency on the cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) phenotype of Runx2(+/-) mice, focusing on skeletal defects attributed to improper endochondral bone formation. Axin2 deficiency unexpectedly exacerbated calvarial components of the CCD phenotype in the Runx2(+/-) mice; the endocranial layer of the frontal suture, which develops by endochondral bone formation, failed to mineralize in Axin2(-/-):Runx2(+/-) mice, resulting in a cartilaginous, fibrotic and larger fontanel than observed in Runx2(+/-) mice. Transcripts associated with cartilage development (e.g., Acan, miR140) were expressed at higher levels, whereas blood vessel morphogenesis transcripts (e.g., Slit2) were suppressed in Axin2(-/-):Runx2(+/-) calvaria. Cartilage maturation was impaired, as primary chondrocytes from double mutant mice demonstrated delayed differentiation and produced less calcified matrix in vitro. The genetic dominance of Runx2 was also reflected during endochondral fracture repair, as both Runx2(+/-) and double mutant Axin2(-/-):Runx2(+/-) mice had enlarged fracture calluses at early stages of healing. However, by the end stages of fracture healing, double mutant animals diverged from the Runx2(+/-) mice, showing smaller calluses and increased torsional strength indicative of more rapid end stage bone formation as seen in the Axin2(-/-) mice. Taken together, our data demonstrate a dominant role for Runx2 in chondrocyte maturation, but implicate Axin2 as an important modulator of the terminal stages of endochondral bone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Hsu
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Closing the Gap: Genetic and Genomic Continuum from Syndromic to Nonsyndromic Craniosynostoses. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2014; 2:135-145. [PMID: 26146596 DOI: 10.1007/s40142-014-0042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis, a condition that includes the premature fusion of one or multiple cranial sutures, is a relatively common birth defect in humans and the second most common craniofacial anomaly after orofacial clefts. There is a significant clinical variation among different sutural synostoses as well as significant variation within any given single-suture synostosis. Craniosynostosis can be isolated (i.e., nonsyndromic) or occurs as part of a genetic syndrome (e.g., Crouzon, Pfeiffer, Apert, Muenke, and Saethre-Chotzen syndromes). Approximately 85 % of all cases of craniosynostosis are nonsyndromic. Several recent genomic discoveries are elucidating the genetic basis for nonsyndromic cases and implicate the newly identified genes in signaling pathways previously found in syndromic craniosynostosis. Published epidemiologic and phenotypic studies clearly demonstrate that nonsyndromic craniosynostosis is a complex and heterogeneous condition supporting a strong genetic component accompanied by environmental factors that contribute to the pathogenetic network of this birth defect. Large population, rather than single-clinic or hospital-based studies is required with phenotypically homogeneous subsets of patients to further understand the complex genetic, maternal, environmental, and stochastic factors contributing to nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. Learning about these variables is a key in formulating the basis of multidisciplinary and lifelong care for patients with these conditions.
Collapse
|
39
|
Hobbs CA, Chowdhury S, Cleves MA, Erickson S, MacLeod SL, Shaw GM, Shete S, Witte JS, Tycko B. Genetic epidemiology and nonsyndromic structural birth defects: from candidate genes to epigenetics. JAMA Pediatr 2014; 168:371-7. [PMID: 24515445 PMCID: PMC3981910 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.4858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Birth defects are a leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The vast majority of birth defects are nonsyndromic, and although their etiologies remain mostly unknown, evidence supports the hypothesis that they result from the complex interaction of genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Since our last review published in 2002 describing the basic tools of genetic epidemiology used to study nonsyndromic structural birth defects, many new approaches have become available and have been used with varying success. Through rapid advances in genomic technologies, investigators are now able to investigate large portions of the genome at a fraction of previous costs. With next-generation sequencing, research has progressed from assessing a small percentage of single-nucleotide polymorphisms to assessing the entire human protein-coding repertoire (exome)-an approach that is starting to uncover rare but informative mutations associated with nonsyndromic birth defects. Herein, we report on the current state of the genetic epidemiology of birth defects and comment on future challenges and opportunities. We consider issues of study design, and we discuss common variant approaches, including candidate gene studies and genome-wide association studies. We also discuss the complexities embedded in exploring interactions between genes and the environment. We complete our review by describing new and promising next-generation sequencing technologies and examining how the study of epigenetic mechanisms could become the key to unraveling the complex etiologies of nonsyndromic structural birth defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A. Hobbs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Little Rock
| | - Shimul Chowdhury
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Little Rock
| | - Mario A. Cleves
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Little Rock
| | - Stephen Erickson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Little Rock
| | - Stewart L. MacLeod
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Little Rock
| | - Gary M. Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Sanjay Shete
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - John S. Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Benjamin Tycko
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yoon WJ, Islam R, Cho YD, Woo KM, Baek JH, Uchida T, Komori T, van Wijnen A, Stein JL, Lian JB, Stein GS, Choi JY, Bae SC, Ryoo HM. Pin1-mediated Runx2 modification is critical for skeletal development. J Cell Physiol 2014; 228:2377-85. [PMID: 23702614 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Runx2 is the master transcription factor for bone formation. Haploinsufficiency of RUNX2 is the genetic cause of cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) that is characterized by hypoplastic clavicles and open fontanels. In this study, we found that Pin1, peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase, is a critical regulator of Runx2 in vivo and in vitro. Pin1 mutant mice developed CCD-like phenotypes with hypoplastic clavicles and open fontanels as found in the Runx2+/- mice. In addition Runx2 protein level was significantly reduced in Pin1 mutant mice. Moreover Pin1 directly interacts with the Runx2 protein in a phosphorylation-dependent manner and subsequently stabilizes Runx2 protein. In the absence of Pin1, Runx2 is rapidly degraded by the ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation pathway. However, Pin1 overexpression strongly attenuated uniquitin-dependent Runx2 degradation. Collectively conformational change of Runx2 by Pin1 is essential for its protein stability and possibly enhances the level of active Runx2 in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Joon Yoon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Prenatal diagnosis and molecular cytogenetic characterization of de novo pure partial trisomy 6p associated with microcephaly, craniosynostosis and abnormal maternal serum biochemistry. Gene 2014; 536:425-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
42
|
Campbell IM, Rao M, Arredondo SD, Lalani SR, Xia Z, Kang SHL, Bi W, Breman AM, Smith JL, Bacino CA, Beaudet AL, Patel A, Cheung SW, Lupski JR, Stankiewicz P, Ramocki MB, Shaw CA. Fusion of large-scale genomic knowledge and frequency data computationally prioritizes variants in epilepsy. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003797. [PMID: 24086149 PMCID: PMC3784560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Curation and interpretation of copy number variants identified by genome-wide testing is challenged by the large number of events harbored in each personal genome. Conventional determination of phenotypic relevance relies on patterns of higher frequency in affected individuals versus controls; however, an increasing amount of ascertained variation is rare or private to clans. Consequently, frequency data have less utility to resolve pathogenic from benign. One solution is disease-specific algorithms that leverage gene knowledge together with variant frequency to aid prioritization. We used large-scale resources including Gene Ontology, protein-protein interactions and other annotation systems together with a broad set of 83 genes with known associations to epilepsy to construct a pathogenicity score for the phenotype. We evaluated the score for all annotated human genes and applied Bayesian methods to combine the derived pathogenicity score with frequency information from our diagnostic laboratory. Analysis determined Bayes factors and posterior distributions for each gene. We applied our method to subjects with abnormal chromosomal microarray results and confirmed epilepsy diagnoses gathered by electronic medical record review. Genes deleted in our subjects with epilepsy had significantly higher pathogenicity scores and Bayes factors compared to subjects referred for non-neurologic indications. We also applied our scores to identify a recently validated epilepsy gene in a complex genomic region and to reveal candidate genes for epilepsy. We propose a potential use in clinical decision support for our results in the context of genome-wide screening. Our approach demonstrates the utility of integrative data in medical genomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Campbell
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mitchell Rao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sean D. Arredondo
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Seema R. Lalani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zhilian Xia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sung-Hae L. Kang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Weimin Bi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amy M. Breman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Janice L. Smith
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Carlos A. Bacino
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Arthur L. Beaudet
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ankita Patel
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sau Wai Cheung
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - James R. Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Paweł Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Melissa B. Ramocki
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chad A. Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Castiglione A, Guaran V, Astolfi L, Orioli E, Zeri G, Gemmati D, Bovo R, Montaldi A, Alghisi A, Martini A. Karyotype-phenotype correlation in partial trisomies of the short arm of chromosome 6: a family case report and review of the literature. Cytogenet Genome Res 2013; 141:243-59. [PMID: 23942271 DOI: 10.1159/000353846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The first child (proband) of nonconsanguineous Caucasian parents underwent genetic investigation because she was affected with congenital choanal atresia, heart defects and kidney hyposplasia with mild transient renal insufficiency. The direct DNA sequencing after PCR of the CHD7 gene, which is thought to be responsible for approximately 60-70% of the cases of CHARGE syndrome/association, found no mutations. The cytogenetic analysis (standard GTG banding karyotype) revealed the presence of extrachromosomal material on 10q. The chromosome analysis was completed with array CGH (30 kb resolution), MLPA and FISH, which allowed the identification of three 6p regions (6p.25.3p23 × 3): 2 of these regions are normally located on chromosome 6, and the third region is translocated to the long arm of chromosome 10. The same chromosomal rearrangement was subsequently found in the father, who was affected with congenital ptosis and progressive hearing loss, and in the proband's sister, the second child, who presented at birth with choanal atresia and congenital heart defects. The mutated karyotypes, which were directly inherited, are thought to be responsible for a variable phenotype, including craniofacial dysmorphisms, choanal atresia, congenital ptosis, sensorineural hearing loss, heart defects, developmental delay, and renal dysfunction. Nevertheless, to achieve a complete audiological assessment of the father, he underwent further investigation that revealed an increased level of the coagulation factor XIII (300% increased activity), fluctuating levels of fibrin D-dimer degradation products (from 296 to 1,587 ng/ml) and a homoplasmic mitochondrial DNA mutation: T961G in the MTRNR1 (12S rRNA) gene. He was made a candidate for cochlear implantation. Preoperative high-resolution computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the temporal bone revealed the presence of an Arnold-Chiari malformation type I. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the second report on partial 6p trisomy that involves the 10q terminal region. Furthermore, we report the first case of documented Arnold-Chiari malformation type I and increased factor XIII activity associated with 6p trisomy. We present a comprehensive report of the familial cases and an exhaustive literature review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Castiglione
- Department of Neurosciences, Complex Operative Unit of Otorhinolaryngology and Otosurgery, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
6p21.2–p12.3 deletion detected by aCGH in an 8-year-old girl with cleidocranial dysplasia and developmental delay. Gene 2013; 523:99-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
45
|
Kim SD, Yagnik G, Cunningham ML, Kim J, Boyadjiev SA. MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathway Analysis in Primary Osteoblasts From Patients With Nonsyndromic Sagittal Craniosynostosis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2013; 51:115-9. [PMID: 23566293 DOI: 10.1597/12-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The MAPK/ERK signaling pathway has been implicated in several craniosynostosis syndromes and represents a plausible target for therapeutic management of craniosynostosis. The causes of sagittal nonsyndromic craniosynostosis (sNSC) have not been well understood and the role that MAPK/ERK signaling cascade plays in this condition warrants an investigation. We hypothesized that MAPK-signaling is misregulated in calvarial osteoblasts derived from patients with sNSC. METHODS In order to analyze if the MAPK/ERK pathway is perturbed in sNSC, we established primary calvarial osteoblast cell lines from patients undergoing surgery for correction of this congenital anomaly. Appropriate negative and positive control cell lines were used for comparison, and we examined the levels of phosphorylated ERK by immunoblotting. RESULTS Primary osteoblasts from patients with sNSC showed no difference in ERK1/2 phosphorylation with or without FGF2 stimulation as compared with control osteoblasts. CONCLUSION Under the described test conditions, we did not observe convincing evidence that MAPK/ERK signaling contributes to the development of sNSC.
Collapse
|
46
|
Moffatt P, Ben Amor M, Glorieux FH, Roschger P, Klaushofer K, Schwartzentruber JA, Paterson AD, Hu P, Marshall C, Fahiminiya S, Majewski J, Beaulieu CL, Boycott KM, Rauch F. Metaphyseal dysplasia with maxillary hypoplasia and brachydactyly is caused by a duplication in RUNX2. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 92:252-8. [PMID: 23290074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metaphyseal dysplasia with maxillary hypoplasia and brachydactyly (MDMHB) is an autosomal-dominant bone dysplasia characterized by metaphyseal flaring of long bones, enlargement of the medial halves of the clavicles, maxillary hypoplasia, variable brachydactyly, and dystrophic teeth. We performed genome-wide SNP genotyping in five affected and four unaffected members of an extended family with MDMHB. Analysis for copy-number variations revealed that a 105 kb duplication within RUNX2 segregated with the MDMHB phenotype in a region with maximum linkage. Real-time PCR for copy-number variation in genomic DNA in eight samples, as well as sequence analysis of fibroblast cDNA from one subject with MDMHB confirmed that affected family members were heterozygous for the presence of an intragenic duplication encompassing exons 3 to 5 of RUNX2. These three exons code for the Q/A domain and the functionally essential DNA-binding runt domain of RUNX2. Transfection studies with murine Runx2 cDNA showed that cellular levels of mutated RUNX2 were markedly higher than those of wild-type RUNX2, suggesting that the RUNX2 duplication found in individuals with MDMHB leads to a gain of function. Until now, only loss-of-function mutations have been detected in RUNX2; the present report associates an apparent gain-of-function alteration of RUNX2 function with a distinct rare disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Moffatt
- Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Reduced dosage of ERF causes complex craniosynostosis in humans and mice and links ERK1/2 signaling to regulation of osteogenesis. Nat Genet 2013; 45:308-13. [PMID: 23354439 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular signal-related kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) are key proteins mediating mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling downstream of RAS: phosphorylation of ERK1/2 leads to nuclear uptake and modulation of multiple targets. Here, we show that reduced dosage of ERF, which encodes an inhibitory ETS transcription factor directly bound by ERK1/2 (refs. 2,3,4,5,6,7), causes complex craniosynostosis (premature fusion of the cranial sutures) in humans and mice. Features of this newly recognized clinical disorder include multiple-suture synostosis, craniofacial dysmorphism, Chiari malformation and language delay. Mice with functional Erf levels reduced to ∼30% of normal exhibit postnatal multiple-suture synostosis; by contrast, embryonic calvarial development appears mildly delayed. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and high-throughput sequencing, we find that ERF binds preferentially to elements away from promoters that contain RUNX or AP-1 motifs. This work identifies ERF as a novel regulator of osteogenic stimulation by RAS-ERK signaling, potentially by competing with activating ETS factors in multifactor transcriptional complexes.
Collapse
|
48
|
Varvagiannis K, Stefanidou A, Gyftodimou Y, Lord H, Williams L, Sarri C, Pandelia E, Bazopoulou-Kyrkanidou E, Noakes C, Lester T, Wilkie AOM, Petersen MB. Pure de novo partial trisomy 6p in a girl with craniosynostosis. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:343-51. [PMID: 23307468 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Duplications of chromosome 6p are rarely reported. We present the case of a girl with a de novo trisomy 6p12.3-p21.1 who showed clinical features characteristic of this syndrome, notably facial anomalies, psychomotor delay, and recurrent respiratory tract infections. The most striking feature, however, was craniosynostosis, manifested by the premature fusion of the right coronal and sagittal sutures. A review of the literature revealed that the presence of abnormal fontanelles and sutures is relatively common among patients with proximal trisomy 6p. Exclusion of the most frequently occurring craniosynostosis mutations, as well as of further chromosomal anomalies in our case, suggest the presence of a gene regulating suture formation within this region. Based on recent findings, we hypothesize that the runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) may be a reasonable candidate gene for craniosynostosis in such patients.
Collapse
|
49
|
McGee-Lawrence ME, Li X, Bledsoe KL, Wu H, Hawse JR, Subramaniam M, Razidlo DF, Stensgard BA, Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ, Lian JB, Hsu W, Westendorf JJ. Runx2 protein represses Axin2 expression in osteoblasts and is required for craniosynostosis in Axin2-deficient mice. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:5291-302. [PMID: 23300083 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.414995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Runx2 and Axin2 regulate craniofacial development and skeletal maintenance. Runx2 is essential for calvarial bone development, as Runx2 haploinsufficiency causes cleidocranial dysplasia. In contrast, Axin2-deficient mice develop craniosynostosis because of high β-catenin activity. Axin2 levels are elevated in Runx2(-/-) calvarial cells, and Runx2 represses transcription of Axin2 mRNA, suggesting a direct relationship between these factors in vivo. Here we demonstrate that Runx2 binds several regions of the Axin2 promoter and that Runx2-mediated repression of Axin2 transcription depends on Hdac3. To determine whether Runx2 contributes to the etiology of Axin2 deficiency-induced craniosynostosis, we generated Axin2(-/-):Runx2(+/-) mice. These double mutant mice had longer skulls than Axin2(-/-) mice, indicating that Runx2 haploinsufficiency rescued the craniosynostosis phenotype of Axin2(-/-) mice. Together, these studies identify a key mechanistic pathway for regulating intramembranous bone development within the skull that involves Runx2- and Hdac3-mediated suppression of Axin2 to prevent the untimely closure of the calvarial sutures.
Collapse
|
50
|
Justice CM, Yagnik G, Kim Y, Peter I, Jabs EW, Erazo M, Ye X, Ainehsazan E, Shi L, Cunningham ML, Kimonis V, Roscioli T, Wall SA, Wilkie AO, Stoler J, Richtsmeier JT, Heuzé Y, Sanchez-Lara PA, Buckley MF, Druschel CM, Mills JL, Caggana M, Romitti PA, Kay DM, Senders C, Taub PJ, Klein OD, Boggan J, Zwienenberg-Lee M, Naydenov C, Kim J, Wilson AF, Boyadjiev SA. A genome-wide association study identifies susceptibility loci for nonsyndromic sagittal craniosynostosis near BMP2 and within BBS9. Nat Genet 2012; 44:1360-4. [PMID: 23160099 PMCID: PMC3736322 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sagittal craniosynostosis is the most common form of craniosynostosis, affecting approximately one in 5,000 newborns. We conducted, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide association study for nonsyndromic sagittal craniosynostosis (sNSC) using 130 non-Hispanic case-parent trios of European ancestry (NHW). We found robust associations in a 120-kb region downstream of BMP2 flanked by rs1884302 (P = 1.13 × 10(-14), odds ratio (OR) = 4.58) and rs6140226 (P = 3.40 × 10(-11), OR = 0.24) and within a 167-kb region of BBS9 between rs10262453 (P = 1.61 × 10(-10), OR = 0.19) and rs17724206 (P = 1.50 × 10(-8), OR = 0.22). We replicated the associations to both loci (rs1884302, P = 4.39 × 10(-31) and rs10262453, P = 3.50 × 10(-14)) in an independent NHW population of 172 unrelated probands with sNSC and 548 controls. Both BMP2 and BBS9 are genes with roles in skeletal development that warrant functional studies to further understand the etiology of sNSC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M. Justice
- Genometrics Section, Inherited Disease Research Branch, Division of Intramural Research, NHGRI, NIH, Baltimore, MD
| | - Garima Yagnik
- Section of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Yoonhee Kim
- Genometrics Section, Inherited Disease Research Branch, Division of Intramural Research, NHGRI, NIH, Baltimore, MD
| | - Inga Peter
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Ethylin Wang Jabs
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Monica Erazo
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Xiaoqian Ye
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Edmond Ainehsazan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Lisong Shi
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Michael L. Cunningham
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Craniofacial Medicine, University of Washington and Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Virginia Kimonis
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Tony Roscioli
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Sydney Children’s Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Steven A. Wall
- Craniofacial Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Andrew O.M. Wilkie
- Craniofacial Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Joan Stoler
- Division of Genetics, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Joan T. Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Yann Heuzé
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Pedro A. Sanchez-Lara
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of South California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | - James L. Mills
- Division of Epidemiology, Statistics, and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michele Caggana
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY
| | - Paul A. Romitti
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Denise M. Kay
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY
| | - Craig Senders
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Peter J. Taub
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kravis Children’s Hospital, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Ophir D. Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA
- Program in Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - James Boggan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | | | - Cyril Naydenov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jinoh Kim
- Section of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Alexander F. Wilson
- Genometrics Section, Inherited Disease Research Branch, Division of Intramural Research, NHGRI, NIH, Baltimore, MD
| | - Simeon A. Boyadjiev
- Section of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
| |
Collapse
|