Strategien für die Synthese funktioneller Naphthalindiimide

The Radical Anion, Dianion and Electron Transport Properties of Tetraiodotetraazapentacene

Tetraiodotetraazapentacene I₄ TAP, the last missing derivative in the series of halogenated silylated tetraazapentacenes, was synthesized via condensation chemistry from a TIPS-ethynylated diaminobenzothiadiazol in three steps. Single and double reduction furnished its air-stable monoanion and relatively air-stable dianion, both of which were characterized by crystallography. All three species are structurally and spectroscopically compared to non-halogenated TAP and Br₄ TAP. I₄ TAP is an n-channel material in thin-film transistors with average electron mobilities exceeding 1 cm² (Vs)^-1 .

Molecular Encapsulation of Naphthalene Diimide (NDI) Based π-Conjugated Polymers: A Tool for Understanding Photoluminescence

Conjugated polymers are an important class of chromophores for optoelectronic devices. Understanding and controlling their excited state properties, in particular, radiative and non‐radiative recombination processes are among the greatest challenges that must be overcome. We report the synthesis and characterization of a molecularly encapsulated naphthalene diimide‐based polymer, one of the most successfully used motifs, and explore its structural and optical properties. The molecular encapsulation enables a detailed understanding of the effect of interpolymer interactions. We reveal that the non‐encapsulated analogue P(NDI‐2OD‐T) undergoes aggregation enhanced emission; an effect that is suppressed upon encapsulation due to an increasing π‐interchain stacking distance. This suggests that decreasing π‐stacking distances may be an attractive method to enhance the radiative properties of conjugated polymers in contrast to the current paradigm where it is viewed as a source of optical quenching.

syn/anti-Oligothienoacene Diimides with up to 10 Fused Rings

We report a facile and powerful strategy to prepare libraries of oligothienoacene diimides that include anti- and syn-isomers using palladium-catalyzed C-H activation and an unexpected 1,2-sulfur migration. Through this strategy, a series of oligothienoacene diimides containing 6, 8, and 10 fused rings were synthesized. The molecular geometry and extent of π-conjugation have dramatic effects on the electronic properties, degree of crystallinity, and charge-carrier transport properties. Notably, single-crystal microfibers of syn-3 c show electron mobilities up to 4.2 cm²  V^-1  s^-1 , illustrating the significant potential of these materials for organic electronic devices. Our work demonstrates the versatility of this strategy for the development of oligothienoacene diimide libraries, in particular complex and large syn-oligothienoacene diimides, which are difficult to prepare by present methods.

Synthesis and Surface Behaviour of NDI Chromophores Mounted on a Tripodal Scaffold: Towards Self-Decoupled Chromophores for Single-Molecule Electroluminescence

This paper reports the efficient synthesis, absorption and emission spectra, and the electrochemical properties of a series of 2,6-disubstituted naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxdiimide (NDI) tripodal molecules with thioacetate anchors for their surface investigations. Our studies showed that, in particular, the pyrrolidinyl group with its strong electron-donating properties enhanced the fluorescence of such core-substituted NDI chromophores and caused a significant bathochromic shift in the absorption spectrum with a correspondingly narrowed bandgap of 1.94 eV. Cyclic voltammetry showed the redox properties of NDIs to be influenced by core substituents. The strong electron-donating character of pyrrolidine substituents results in rather high HOMO and LUMO levels of -5.31 and -3.37 eV when compared with the parental unsubstituted NDI. UHV-STM measurements of a sub-monolayer of the rigid tripodal NDI chromophores spray deposited on Au(111) show that these molecules mainly tend to adsorb flat in a pairwise fashion on the surface and form unordered films. However, the STML experiments also revealed a few molecular clusters, which might consist of upright oriented molecules protruding from the molecular island and show electroluminescence photon spectra with high electroluminescence yields of up to 6×10-3 . These results demonstrate the promising potential of the NDI tripodal chromophores for the fabrication of molecular devices profiting from optical features of the molecular layer.

Cata-Annulated Azaacene Bisimides

Ultra‐electron‐deficient azaacenes were synthesized via Buchwald‐Hartwig coupling of ortho‐diaminoarenes with chlorinated mellophanic diimide followed by oxidation of the intermediate N,N’‐dihydro compounds with MnO₂ or PbO₂. The resulting cata‐annulated bisimide azaacenes have ultrahigh electron affinities with first reduction potentials as low as −0.35 V recorded for a tetraazapentacene. Attempts to prepare a tetrakis(dicarboximide)tetraazaheptacene resulted in the formation of a symmetric butterfly dimer.

Room-Temperature Phosphorescence Emitters Exhibiting Red to Near-Infrared Emission Derived from Intermolecular Charge-Transfer Triplet States of Naphthalenediimide-Halobenzoate Triad Molecules

Room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) emitters have attracted significant attention. However, purely organic RTP emitters in red to near-infrared region have not been properly investigated. In this study, a series of naphthalenediimide-halobenzoate-linked molecules are synthesized, one of which exhibits efficient RTP properties, showing red to near-infrared emission in solid and aqueous dispersion. Spectroscopic studies and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis have shown that the difference in the stacking modes of compounds affects the optical properties, and the formation of intermolecular charge-transfer complexes of naphthalenediimide-halobenzoate moiety results in a bathochromic shift of absorption and RTP properties. The time-dependent density functional theory calculations showed that the formation of charge-transfer triplet states and the external heavy atom effect of the halogen atom enhance the intersystem crossing between excited singlet and triplet states.

Electron Storage Capability and Singlet Oxygen Productivity of a RuII Photosensitizer Containing a Fused Naphthaloylenebenzene Moiety at the 1,10-Phenanthroline Ligand

As a novel rylene type dye a diimine ligand with a fully rigid and extended π-system in its backbone was prepared by directly fusing a 1,10-phenanthroline building block with 1,8-naphthalimide. The corresponding heteroleptic ruthenium photosensitizer bearing one biipo and two tbbpy ligands was synthesized and extensively analyzed by a combination of NMR, single crystal X-ray diffraction, steady-state absorption and emission, time-resolved spectroscopy and different electrochemical measurements supported by time-dependent density functional theory calculations. The cyclic and differential pulse voltammograms revealed, that the naphthaloylenebenzene moiety enables an additional second reduction of the ligand. Moreover, this ligand possesses a very broad absorption in the visible region. In the RuII complex this causes an overlap of ligand-centered and metal-to-ligand charge transfer transitions. The emission of the complex is clearly redshifted compared to the ligand emission with very long-lived excited states lifetimes of 1.7 and 24.7 μs in oxygen-free acetonitrile solution. This behavior is accompanied by a surprisingly high oxygen sensitivity. Finally, this photosensitizer was successfully applied for the effective evolution of singlet oxygen challenging some of the common RuII prototype complexes.

Naphthalenediimides with Cyclic Oligochalcogenides in Their Core

Naphthalenediimides (NDIs) are privileged scaffolds par excellence, of use in functional systems from catalysts to ion channels, photosystems, sensors, ordered matter in all forms, tubes, knots, stacks, sheets, vesicles, and colored over the full visible range. Despite this extensively explored chemical space, there is still room to discover core-substituted NDIs with fundamentally new properties: NDIs with cyclic trisulfides (i.e., trisulfanes) in their core absorb at 668 nm, emit at 801 nm, and contract into disulfides (i.e., dithietes) upon irradiation at <475 nm. Intramolecular 1,5-chalcogen bonds account for record redshifts with trisulfides, ring-tension mediated chalcogen-bond-mediated cleavage for blueshifts to 492 nm upon ring contraction. Cyclic oligochalcogenides (COCs) in the NDI core open faster than strained dithiolanes as in asparagusic acid and are much better retained on thiol exchange affinity columns. This makes COC-NDIs attractive not only within the existing multifunctionality, particularly artificial photosystems, but also for thiol-mediated cellular uptake.

Halogen-Bonded Assemblies of Arylene Imides and Diimides: Insight from Electronic, Structural, and Computational Studies

Halogen-bonding interactions in electron-deficient π scaffolds have largely been underexplored. Herein, the halogen-bonding properties of arylene imide/diimide-based electron-deficient scaffolds were studied. The influence of scaffold size, from small (phthalimide) to moderately sized (pyromellitic diimide or naphthalenediimides) to large (perylenediimide), axial-group modification, and number of halo substituents on the halogen bonding and its self-assembly was probed in a set of nine compounds. The structural modification leads to tunable optical and redox properties. The first reduction potential E 1 / 2 1 ranges between -1.09 and -0.17 V (vs. SCE). Two of the compounds, that is, 6 and 9, have deep-lying LUMOs with values reaching -4.2 eV. Single crystals of all nine systems were obtained, which showed Br⋅⋅⋅O, Br⋅⋅⋅Br, or Br⋅⋅⋅π halogen-bonding interactions, and a few systems are capable of forming all three types. These interactions lead to halogen-bonded rings (up to 12-membered), which propagate to form stacked 1D, 2D, or corrugated sheets. A few outliers were also identified, for example, molecules that prefer C-H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonding over halogen bonding, or noncentrosymmetric rather than centrosymmetric organization. Computational studies based on Atoms in Molecules and Natural Bond Orbital analysis provided further insight into the halogen-bonding interactions. This study can lead to a predictive design tool-box to further explore related systems on surfaces reinforced by these weak directional forces.

Base-Assisted Imidization: A Synthetic Method for the Introduction of Bulky Imide Substituents to Control Packing and Optical Properties of Naphthalene and Perylene Imides

We report the direct imidization of naphthalene and perylene dicarboxylic anhydrides/esters with bulky ortho,ortho‐diaryl‐ and ortho,ortho‐dialkynylaniline derivatives. This imidization method uses n‐butyllithium as a strong base to increase the reactivity of bulky amine derivatives, proceeds under mild reaction conditions, requires only stoichiometric amounts of reactants and gives straightforward access to new sterically crowded rylene dicarboximides. Mechanistic investigations suggest an isoimide as intermediary product, which was converted to the corresponding imide upon addition of an aqueous base. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses reveal dimeric packing motifs for monoimides, while two‐side shielded bisimides crystallize in isolated molecules without close π–π‐interactions. Spectroscopic investigations disclose the influence of the bulky substituents on the optical properties in the solid state.

Red-Emitting Delayed Fluorescence and Room Temperature Phosphorescence from Core-Substituted Naphthalene Diimides

Unprecedented ambient triplet-mediated emission in core-substituted naphthalene diimide (cNDI) derivatives is unveiled via delayed fluorescence and room temperature phosphorescence. Carbazole core-substituted cNDIs, with a donor-acceptor design, showed deep-red triplet emission in solution processable films with high quantum yield. This study, with detailed theoretical calculations and time-resolved emission experiments, enables new design insights into the triplet harvesting of cNDIs; an important family of molecules which has been, otherwise, extensively been investigated for its n-type electronic character and tunable singlet fluorescence.

Harnessing Brightness in Naphthalene Diimides

The development of brightly emissive compounds is of great research and commercial interest, with established and emerging applications across chemistry, biology, physics, medicine and engineering. Among the many types of molecules available, naphthalene diimides have been widely used for both fundamental photophysical studies and in practical applications that utilise fluorescence as an information readout. The monomeric naphthalene diimide is weakly fluorescent, however through various methods of core-derivatisation, it can be developed to be highly fluorescent and further functionalised to add utility. In this review, we highlight recent advances made in naphthalene diimide chemistry that have led to development of molecules with improved optical properties, and the design strategies utilised to produce bright fluorescence emission as small molecules or in supramolecular architectures.

Paintable Room-Temperature Phosphorescent Liquid Formulations of Alkylated Bromonaphthalimide

Organic phosphors have been widely explored with an understanding that crystalline molecular ordering is a requisite for enhanced intersystem crossing. In this context, we explored the room-temperature phosphorescence features of a solvent-free organic liquid phosphor in air. While alkyl chain substitution varied the physical states of the bromonaphthalimides, the phosphorescence remained unaltered for the solvent-free liquid in air. As the first report, a solvent-free liquid of a long swallow-tailed bromonaphthalimide exhibits room-temperature phosphorescence in air. Doping of the phosphor with carbonyl guests resulted in enhanced phosphorescence, and hence a large-area paintable phosphorescent liquid composite with improved lifetime and quantum yield was developed.

Homochiral Asymmetric-Shaped Electron-Transporting Materials for Efficient Non-Fullerene Perovskite Solar Cells

A design strategy is proposed for electron-transporting materials (ETMs) with homochiral asymmetric-shaped groups for highly efficient non-fullerene perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The electron transporting N,N'-bis[(R)-1-phenylethyl]naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic diimide (NDI-PhE) consists of two asymmetric-shaped chiral (R)-1-phenylethyl (PhE) groups that act as solubilizing groups by reducing molecular symmetry and increasing the free volume. NDI-PhE exhibits excellent film-forming ability with high solubility in various organic solvents [about two times higher solubility than the widely used fullerene-based phenyl-C₆₁ -butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) in o-dichlorobenzene]. NDI-PhE ETM-based inverted PSCs exhibit very high power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of up to 20.5 % with an average PCE of 18.74±0.95 %, which are higher than those of PCBM ETM-based PSCs. The high PCE of NDI-PhE ETM-based PSCs may be attributed to good film-forming abilities and to three-dimensional isotropic electron transporting capabilities. Therefore, introducing homochiral asymmetric-shaped groups onto charge-transporting materials is a good strategy for achieving high device performance.

Fused Isoindigo Ribbons with Absorption Bands Reaching Near-Infrared

Through fusing isoindigo (IID) units at 6,7;6',7'-positions, a series of new near-infrared (NIR) absorbing and stable ribbon-like conjugated molecules, namely nIIDs in which n represents the number of IID units, have been synthesized. The optical band gaps of the molecules are lowered from 2.03 eV of 1IID to 1.12 eV of 6IID with the increase of the conjugation length. 3IID, 4IID, and 6IID have strong absorption in the NIR region and exhibit photothermal conversion efficiencies of greater than 50 % under laser irradiation at λ=808 nm.

An Imide-Based Pentacyclic Building Block for n-Type Organic Semiconductors

A new electron-deficient unit with a fused 5-membered heterocyclic ring was developed by replacing a cyclopenta-1,3-diene from electron-rich donor indacenodithiophene (IDT) with a cyclohepta-4,6-diene-1,3-diimde unit. The imide bridge endows dithienylbenzenebisimide (BBI) with a fixed planar configuration and low energy levels for both the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO; -6.24 eV) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbit (LUMO; -2.57 eV). Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) based on BBI polymers exhibit electron mobility up to 0.34 cm²  V^-1  s^-1 , which indicates that the BBI is a promising n-type building block for optoelectronics.

Excitonically Coupled States in Crystalline Coordination Networks

When chromophores are brought into close proximity, noncovalent interactions (π-π/CH-π) can lead to the formation of excitonically coupled states, which bestow new photophysical properties upon the aggregates. Because the properties of the new states not only depend on the strength of intermolecular interactions, but also on the relative orientation, supramolecular assemblies, where these parameters can be varied in a deliberate fashion, provide novel possibilities for the control of photophysical properties. This work reports that core-substituted naphthalene diimides (cNDIs) can be incorporated into surface-mounted metal- organic structures/frameworks (SURMOFs) to yield optical properties strikingly different from conventional aggregates of such molecules, for example, formed in solution or by crystallization. Organic linkers are used, based on cNDIs, well-known organic chromophores with numerous applications in different optoelectronic devices, to fabricate MOF thin films on transparent substrates. A thorough characterization of the properties of these highly ordered chromophoric assemblies reveals the presence of non-emissive excited states in the crystalline material. Structural modulations provide further insights into the nature of the coupling that gives rise to an excited-state energy level in the periodic structure.