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Feng X, Ren Z, Cao Y, Sui W, Wang F, Wu J, Zhou J, Zhang F, Zhou W, Shen C. Hydrogel binding sodium alginate based optical fiber surface plasmon resonance for calcium ion trace detection. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1316:342870. [PMID: 38969414 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
A plasmonic tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG)-based sensor for the detection of calcium ion (Ca2+) was proposed and demonstrated experimentally. Hydrogel material was synthesized by utilizing hydrogen bond recombination between cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Sodium alginate (SA) was incorporated into this hydrogel material, resulting in a composite membrane with specific binding properties for Ca2+. The membrane was applied as a coating on the surface of a gold-coated TFBG. The CNC/PVA-SA modified gold on the TFBG surface enhanced the localized refractive index changes caused by variations of Ca2+ concentrations. The experimental results demonstrated an impressive limit of detection (LOD) of approximately 0.025 fM, which is five orders of magnitude better than the current LODs of similar Ca2+ sensors. And the proposed Ca2+ sensor exhibited a wide dynamic range of 10-16 M to 10-6 M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijie Feng
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Ziqiao Ren
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Yunjie Cao
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Wenbo Sui
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Fuxiang Wang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Jun Wu
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Fanli Zhang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Changyu Shen
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China.
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2
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Aygun A, Cobas I, Tiri RNE, Sen F. Hydrothermal synthesis of B, S, and N-doped carbon quantum dots for colorimetric sensing of heavy metal ions. RSC Adv 2024; 14:10814-10825. [PMID: 38577431 PMCID: PMC10993042 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00397g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, glucose was used as the carbon source to synthesize carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and also aimed to synthesize CQDs doped with heteroatoms such as sulphur, nitrogen, and boron to enhance their functionality. The obtained material has been characterized by several techniques. According to FL analysis, the highest peaks for CQD, N-CQD, B-CQD, and S-CQD were determined as 432 nm (ex 350), 425 (ex 350), 430 nm (ex 340 nm), and 436 nm (ex 340 nm), respectively. FTIR spectra showed different characteristic peaks for CQD, and the FTIR results show that CQDs have a unique structure. According to TEM analysis, the morphology of all CQDs was found to be spherical and monodisperse with average sizes in the range of 5-7 nm. The characterization results of CQDs show that the addition of heteroatoms changes the properties of CQDs. The synthesized CQDs were also tested as colorimetric sensors for the detection of heavy metals. It was observed that CQDs detected Fe3+ metal ions, B-CQD and S-CQD detected Fe3+ and Ag+ metal ions, and N-CQDs detected Ca2+ metal ions. Sensor studies were performed for all CQDs and linear plots were obtained against metal concentrations in the range of 0.06-1.23 μM. LOD values for CQD, N-CQD, S-CQD, and B-CQD were calculated as 0.187 μM (Fe3+), 0.391 μM (Ca2+), 0.224 μM (Fe3+)-0.442 μM (Ag+), and 0.182 μM (Fe3+)-0.174 μM (Ag+), respectively. The results show that the addition of B, N, and S atoms to CQDs plays a role in the improvement and modification of colorimetric sensor properties and has the potential to be used in sensor applications for the detection of heavy metals in areas such as the environment and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysenur Aygun
- Sen Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Dumlupinar University 43000 Kutahya Turkey
| | - Ipek Cobas
- Sen Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Dumlupinar University 43000 Kutahya Turkey
| | - Rima Nour Elhouda Tiri
- Sen Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Dumlupinar University 43000 Kutahya Turkey
| | - Fatih Sen
- Sen Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Dumlupinar University 43000 Kutahya Turkey
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3
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Hyun TH, Cho WJ. Pushing the Limits of Biosensing: Selective Calcium Ion Detection with High Sensitivity via High- k Gate Dielectric Engineered Si Nanowire Random Network Channel Dual-Gate Field-Effect Transistors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6720. [PMID: 37571503 PMCID: PMC10422466 DOI: 10.3390/s23156720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca2+) are abundantly present in the human body; they perform essential roles in various biological functions. In this study, we propose a highly sensitive and selective biosensor platform for Ca2+ detection, which comprises a dual-gate (DG) field-effect transistor (FET) with a high-k engineered gate dielectric, silicon nanowire (SiNW) random network channel, and Ca2+-selective extended gate. The SiNW channel device, which was fabricated via the template transfer method, exhibits superior Ca2+ sensing characteristics compared to conventional film channel devices. An exceptionally high Ca2+ sensitivity of 208.25 mV/dec was achieved through the self-amplification of capacitively coupled DG operation and an enhanced amplification ratio resulting from the high surface-to-volume ratio of the SiNW channel. The SiNW channel device demonstrated stable and reliable sensing characteristics, as evidenced by minimal hysteresis and drift effects, with the hysteresis voltage and drift rate measuring less than 6.53% of the Ca2+ sensitivity. Furthermore, the Ca2+-selective characteristics of the biosensor platform were elucidated through experiments with pH buffer, NaCl, and KCl solutions, wherein the sensitivities of the interfering ions were below 7.82% compared to the Ca2+ sensitivity. The proposed Ca2+-selective biosensor platform exhibits exceptional performance and holds great potential in various biosensing fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Won-Ju Cho
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 139-701, Republic of Korea;
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4
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Shao L, Zhang J, Fu Y, Chen J. Metal-Organic Framework Flowers as a Naked-Eye Colorimetric Indicator of Trace Water. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:13526-13534. [PMID: 36877610 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Convenient and sensitive trace water indication is of great significance in various industrial processes. Here, a flower-like metal-organic framework Cu-FMM is assembled from ultrathin nanosheets that change its coordination structure reversibly with the capture and loss of water molecules, enabling sensitive trace water naked-eye colorimetric indication ability. A recognizable black/yellow color change can be observed when the dried Cu-FMM is exposed to the atmosphere or solvent with trace water as low as RH 3% and a water content of 0.25‰ (v/v) and further enables potential trace water imaging applications. The excellent accessibility of the multi-scale pore structure of Cu-FMM contributes to a fast response time of 3.8 s with good reversibility (>100 cycles), outperforming traditional coordination polymer humidity sensors. The present study provides new inspirations for the design of sensitive and applicable naked-eye water indicator materials that are applicable to in situ and continuous monitoring in industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Resources Utilization in South Xinjiang of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Life Science, Tarim University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Alar 843300, China
| | - Jidong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Resources Utilization in South Xinjiang of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Life Science, Tarim University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Alar 843300, China
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5
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Cameron SJ, Sheng J, Hosseinian F, Willmore WG. Nanoparticle Effects on Stress Response Pathways and Nanoparticle-Protein Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7962. [PMID: 35887304 PMCID: PMC9323783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used in a wide variety of applications and products; however, NPs may affect stress response pathways and interact with proteins in biological systems. This review article will provide an overview of the beneficial and detrimental effects of NPs on stress response pathways with a focus on NP-protein interactions. Depending upon the particular NP, experimental model system, and dose and exposure conditions, the introduction of NPs may have either positive or negative effects. Cellular processes such as the development of oxidative stress, the initiation of the inflammatory response, mitochondrial function, detoxification, and alterations to signaling pathways are all affected by the introduction of NPs. In terms of tissue-specific effects, the local microenvironment can have a profound effect on whether an NP is beneficial or harmful to cells. Interactions of NPs with metal-binding proteins (zinc, copper, iron and calcium) affect both their structure and function. This review will provide insights into the current knowledge of protein-based nanotoxicology and closely examines the targets of specific NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana J. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (S.J.C.); (F.H.)
| | - Jessica Sheng
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
| | - Farah Hosseinian
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (S.J.C.); (F.H.)
| | - William G. Willmore
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (S.J.C.); (F.H.)
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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6
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Chatterjee S, Lou XY, Liang F, Yang YW. Surface-functionalized gold and silver nanoparticles for colorimetric and fluorescent sensing of metal ions and biomolecules. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Zhang Y, Li L, Yue J, Cao L, Liu P, Dong WF, Liu G. Yttrium-mediated red fluorescent carbon dots for sensitive and selective detection of calcium ions. LUMINESCENCE 2021; 36:1969-1976. [PMID: 34374196 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As the second messenger in cells, calcium ions are indispensable in various physiological activities of the body. In this work, a special red fluorescent carbon dot was designed and synthesized using the secondary hydrothermal method with yttrium, p-phenylenediamine, and ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid as precursors for the detection of calcium ions. The designed carbon dot exhibited bright red fluorescence, and the fluorescence emission wavelength showed good photostability. When the calcium ion concentration was controlled from 0 to 400 μM, the carbon dot tended to respond to fluorescence quenching. At the same time, a test paper experiment was carried out, which proved the potential application of the nano-sensor in detecting calcium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Nanotechnology at University of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Jinan Guokeyigong Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd, Jinan, China
| | - Juan Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Lei Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Pai Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Wen-Fei Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Jinan Guokeyigong Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd, Jinan, China
| | - Guixia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Nanotechnology at University of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
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8
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Sharma A, Badea M, Tiwari S, Marty JL. Wearable Biosensors: An Alternative and Practical Approach in Healthcare and Disease Monitoring. Molecules 2021; 26:748. [PMID: 33535493 PMCID: PMC7867046 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of growing population, aging and chronic diseases continuously rising healthcare costs, the healthcare system is undergoing a vital transformation from the traditional hospital-centered system to an individual-centered system. Since the 20th century, wearable sensors are becoming widespread in healthcare and biomedical monitoring systems, empowering continuous measurement of critical biomarkers for monitoring of the diseased condition and health, medical diagnostics and evaluation in biological fluids like saliva, blood, and sweat. Over the past few decades, the developments have been focused on electrochemical and optical biosensors, along with advances with the non-invasive monitoring of biomarkers, bacteria and hormones, etc. Wearable devices have evolved gradually with a mix of multiplexed biosensing, microfluidic sampling and transport systems integrated with flexible materials and body attachments for improved wearability and simplicity. These wearables hold promise and are capable of a higher understanding of the correlations between analyte concentrations within the blood or non-invasive biofluids and feedback to the patient, which is significantly important in timely diagnosis, treatment, and control of medical conditions. However, cohort validation studies and performance evaluation of wearable biosensors are needed to underpin their clinical acceptance. In the present review, we discuss the importance, features, types of wearables, challenges and applications of wearable devices for biological fluids for the prevention of diseased conditions and real-time monitoring of human health. Herein, we summarize the various wearable devices that are developed for healthcare monitoring and their future potential has been discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Sharma
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Budhera, Gurugram, Haryana 122505, India
| | - Mihaela Badea
- Fundamental, Prophylactic and Clinical Specialties Department, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania;
| | - Swapnil Tiwari
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, CHATTISGARH 492010, India;
| | - Jean Louis Marty
- University of Perpignan via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, CEDEX 9, 66860 Perpignan, France
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9
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Lakshmi BA, Sangubotla R, Kim J, Ha HT, Kim S. Lanthanum mediated rutin yellow-fluorescent carbon dots as multifaceted sensing probes for the detection of calcium ions in melanoma and plant cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 120:111644. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Heaton I, Platt M. DNAzyme Sensor for the Detection of Ca 2+ Using Resistive Pulse Sensing. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20205877. [PMID: 33080851 PMCID: PMC7589696 DOI: 10.3390/s20205877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
DNAzymes are DNA oligonucleotides that can undergo a specific chemical reaction in the presence of a cofactor. Ribonucleases are a specific form of DNAzymes where a tertiary structure undergoes cleavage at a single ribonuclease site. The cleavage is highly specificity to co-factors, which makes them excellent sensor recognition elements. Monitoring the change in structure upon cleavage has given rise to many sensing strategies; here we present a simple and rapid method of following the reaction using resistive pulse sensors, RPS. To demonstrate this methodology, we present a sensor for Ca2+ ions in solution. A nanoparticle was functionalised with a Ca2+ DNAzyme, and it was possible to follow the cleavage and rearrangement of the DNA as the particles translocate the RPS. The binding of Ca2+ caused a conformation change in the DNAzyme, which was monitored as a change in translocation speed. A 30 min assay produced a linear response for Ca2+ between 1–9 μm, and extending the incubation time to 60 min allowed for a concentration as low as 0.3 μm. We demonstrate that the signal is specific to Ca2+ in the presence of other metal ions, and we can quantify Ca2+ in tap and pond water samples.
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11
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Ghosh S, Chen Y, George A, Dutta M, Stroscio MA. Fluorescence Resonant Energy Transfer-Based Quantum Dot Sensor for the Detection of Calcium Ions. Front Chem 2020; 8:594. [PMID: 32903607 PMCID: PMC7438717 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple optical aptasensor has been synthesized for the detection of calcium ions. This sensing approach employs a semiconductor quantum dot (QD)–gold nanoparticle as the donor–quencher pair and operates on the principle of fluorescence resonant energy transfer (FRET). On binding with calcium ions, the DNA aptamer undergoes a conformational change, which changes the distance between the quantum dot and the gold nanoparticle, conjugated on the 5′ terminal and 3′ terminal of the aptamer, respectively. This phenomenon results in the quenching of the quantum dot emission. In this sensor, a maximum quenching of 22.42 ± 0.71% has been achieved at 35 nM calcium ion concentration while the limit of detection has been determined to be 3.77 pM. The sensor has been found to have high specificity for calcium ions in comparison to other metal ions like sodium, magnesium, and potassium. The molecular apta-beacons also demonstrated successful endocytosis and FRET-based calcium ion detection in osteocyte cells when conjugated with a cell-penetrating peptide (DSS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Ghosh
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Yinghua Chen
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Anne George
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mitra Dutta
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Michael A Stroscio
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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12
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Oh J, Eom MS, Han MS. Co-functionalization with phosphate and carboxylate on polydiacetylene for colorimetric detection of calcium ions in serum. Analyst 2020; 144:7064-7070. [PMID: 31660545 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00855a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, co-functionalization with phosphate and carboxylate on polydiacetylene (PDA) was proposed to detect calcium ions in serum, inspired by biologically abundant phosphate-calcium ion and carboxylate-calcium ion binding. The cooperative interaction of calcium ions with phosphate and carboxylate in PDA induced the change of electronic properties in the backbone without aggregation of liposomes, accompanied by blue-to-purple color transition. The cooperative effect through the introduction of mixed ligands facilitated the selective detection of calcium ions over magnesium ions, which was a source of major interference in many calcium ion probes, and in the presence of major serum metal ions. The sensor system exhibited highly sensitive detection of calcium ions with an estimated limit of detection of 0.97 μM. In addition, the detection method was employed to determine the concentration of calcium ions in various serums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Kwon SH, Wi T, Park YI, Kim MW, Lee G, Higaki T, Choi JH, Lee R. Noninvasive Early Detection of Calpain 2-Enriched Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Using a Human Serum Albumin-Bounded Calpain 2 Nanosensor. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:803-812. [PMID: 32069035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is diagnosed at an advanced stage due to its unrecognized symptoms, resulting in high mortality. In recent decades, research into the development of an early diagnostic method for lung cancer has expanded in order to overcome the high mortality rate. Calpain 2 (CAPN2) has been suggested as a tumor marker linked to angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and migration in non-small cell lung cancer. In this study, CAPN2 enzyme-activatable near-infrared peptide sensor linked to human serum albumin (HSA-CAPN2) was developed. Intracellular localization and strong recovered fluorescence signals of HSA-CAPN2 were observed in in vitro experiments using A549-Luc cells, and signal recovery was inhibited by ALLN (a CAPN2 inhibitor). In vivo distribution and signal recovery evaluations performed using A549-Luc cell xenograft mice revealed that HSA-CAPN2 accumulated in the tumor region and produced high fluorescent signal recovery. Three-dimensional reconstructed images using single-plane illumination microscopy after tissue clarity visualized localization of HSA-CAPN2 in tumors. In addition, ALLN pretreatment showed a significant inhibitory effect on signal recovery of HSA-CAPN2, and that inhibition was induced by downregulation of CAPN2 at the gene and protein levels followed by decreases in Ca2+ levels. Overall, the results demonstrate the potential of HSA-CAPN2 as a sensor for CAPN2-enriched cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taemin Wi
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Yong Il Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Min Woo Kim
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Gibok Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Takumi Higaki
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Jung Hoon Choi
- Department of Anatomy & Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Ruda Lee
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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14
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Wang H, Rao H, Luo M, Xue X, Xue Z, Lu X. Noble metal nanoparticles growth-based colorimetric strategies: From monocolorimetric to multicolorimetric sensors. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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15
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Guo JY, Pasquetti TJ, Kim SW. Lowering dietary cation-anion difference increases sow blood and milk calcium concentrations. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:2927-2939. [PMID: 31150088 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding an acidogenic diet with a low dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) on acid-base balance, blood, milk, and urine Ca concentrations of sows during lactation. A total of 30 multiparous sows (parity: 4.5 ± 2.9, Smithfield Premium Genetic, Rose Hill, NC) were allotted to 1 of 2 dietary treatments: CON (control diets were corn-soybean meal based with a calculated DCAD of 170 and 226 mEq/kg during late gestation and lactation, respectively) or ACI (acidogenic diets had a DCAD 100 mEq/kg lower than the control diets). The lower DCAD was achieved by the addition of an acidogenic mineral. The DCAD was calculated as mEq (Na + K - Cl)/kg diet. Sows had a daily access to 2-kg feed from day 94 of gestation to parturition and ad libitum access to feed during lactation. Blood and urine pH and Ca, serum macrominerals, serum biochemistry, Ca-regulating hormones, and milk composition were measured. Sows in ACI had a lower (P < 0.05) blood pH than sows in CON at day 1 of lactation. Sows in ACI had a lower (P < 0.05) urine pH at day 108 of gestation, days 1, 9, and 18 of lactation compared with sows in CON. Sows in ACI had greater (P < 0.05) concentrations of serum total Ca at days 1 and 18 of lactation than sows in CON. There was a greater (P < 0.05) concentration of colostrum Ca in ACI than in CON. There was no difference in urine Ca concentration between treatments during lactation. Concentrations of parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol were not different between treatments at either day 1 or 18 of lactation. Sows in ACI tended to have a smaller (P = 0.086) concentration of total alkaline phosphatase in serum at day 18 of lactation compared with sows in CON. At day 1 of lactation, the concentration of serum Cl in ACI was greater (P < 0.05) than that in CON. Feed intake, BW loss, and litter performance were not different between treatments. Collectively, feeding an acidogenic diet with a low DCAD to sows can induce a mild metabolic acidosis at farrowing, reduce the urine pH consistently, and increase serum total Ca and colostrum Ca concentrations during lactation but without altering the parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol levels during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yao Guo
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | | | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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16
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Optimization of CIEL*a*b*/Yxy colour system for colorimetric devices fabricated with gold nanoparticles. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Luo X, Xie X, Meng Y, Sun T, Ding J, Zhou W. Ligands dissociation induced gold nanoparticles aggregation for colorimetric Al 3+ detection. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1087:76-85. [PMID: 31585569 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum is a very important analyte, and developing biosensors for aluminum is an important analytical task. In this work, we report a novel mechanism to design colorimetric sensor based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The AuNPs were prepared by reducing HAuCl4 using catechols, and the resulting AuNPs can be directly adapted for Al3+ detection without any post-modifications, showing high sensitivity and selectivity against other metal ions. Interestingly, our mechanistic studies revealed that Al3+-induced AuNPs aggregation was not due to the formation of interparticle crosslinks that refers to the design principle of most AuNPs-based colorimetric sensors reported before. But rather, Al3+ competitively coordinated with the capping ligands on AuNPs surface through the formation of stable Al-O bond, which dissociated these ligands from AuNPs surface. As a result, the AuNPs aggregated due to the loss of surface stabilizers. Based on this mechanism, several catechols, including pyrocatechol (PC), 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) propionic acid (DHCA), levodopa (LDA) and dopamine (DA), were used as reductant to prepare AuNPs for Al3+ sensing, and the AuNPs prepared by DA (AuNPs/DA) displayed the highest sensitivity, with detection limit of 0.81 μM. The sensor was then tested for Al content analysis in river water and food samples, and the results supported its practical applications. Importantly, this work expands the design principles for colorimetric sensors by using AuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Luo
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Xin Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Yingcai Meng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Taoli Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Jinsong Ding
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Wenhu Zhou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.
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18
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19
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Development and evaluation of an improved quantitative loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of Morganella morganii. Talanta 2019; 191:54-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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20
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Sahu A, Hwang Y, Vilos C, Lim JM, Kim S, Choi WI, Tae G. A novel alendronate functionalized nanoprobe for simple colorimetric detection of cancer-associated hypercalcemia. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:13375-13383. [PMID: 29786742 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02570c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The calcium (Ca2+) ion concentration in the blood serum is tightly regulated, and any abnormalities in the level of serum calcium ions are associated with many potentially dangerous diseases. Thus, monitoring of the Ca2+ ion concentration in the blood serum is of fundamental importance. Gold nanoparticle (GNP)-based colorimetric biosensors have enormous potential in clinical diagnostic applications due to their simplicity, versatility, and unique optical properties. In this study, we have developed an alendronate functionalized gold nanoparticle (GNP-ALD) system for the measurement of Ca2+ ion concentration in biological samples. The GNP-ALD system showed higher sensitivity towards the Ca2+ ion compared to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The strong interaction between the Ca2+ ion and ALD at the GNP/solution interface resulted in significant aggregation of the ALD conjugated GNPs, and induced a color change of the solution from red to blue, which could be visually observed with the naked eye. The interaction between the Ca2+ ion and GNP-ALD was characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. Under the optimized conditions, the lower limit of Ca2+ ion detection using this method was found to be 25 μM and a linear response range from 25 μM to 300 μM Ca2+ ions was obtained with excellent discrimination against other metal ions. The GNP-ALD nanoprobe could successfully determine the ionized Ca2+ concentration in various serum samples and the results were validated using a commercial calcium assay kit. Moreover, as a practical application, we demonstrated the utility of this nanoprobe for the detection of cancer-associated hypercalcemia in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Sahu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan Gwagi-ro, Oryong dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Ling X, Chen X, Riddell IA, Tao W, Wang J, Hollett G, Lippard SJ, Farokhzad OC, Shi J, Wu J. Glutathione-Scavenging Poly(disulfide amide) Nanoparticles for the Effective Delivery of Pt(IV) Prodrugs and Reversal of Cisplatin Resistance. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:4618-4625. [PMID: 29902013 PMCID: PMC6271432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite the broad antitumor spectrum of cisplatin, its therapeutic efficacy in cancer treatment is compromised by the development of drug resistance in tumor cells and systemic side effects. A close correlation has been drawn between cisplatin resistance in tumor cells and increased levels of intracellular thiol-containing species, especially glutathione (GSH). The construction of a unique nanoparticle (NP) platform composed of poly(disulfide amide) polymers with a high disulfide density for the effective delivery of Pt(IV) prodrugs capable of reversing cisplatin resistance through the disulfide-group-based GSH-scavenging process, as described herein, is a promising route by which to overcome limitations associated with tumor resistance. Following systematic screening, the optimized NPs (referred to as CP5 NPs) showed a small particle size (76.2 nm), high loading of Pt(IV) prodrugs (15.50% Pt), a sharp response to GSH, the rapid release of platinum (Pt) ions, and notable apoptosis of cisplatin-resistant A2780cis cells. CP5 NPs also exhibited long blood circulation and high tumor accumulation after intravenous injection. Moreover, in vivo efficacy and safety results showed that CP5 NPs effectively inhibited the growth of cisplatin-resistant xenograft tumors with an inhibition rate of 83.32% while alleviating serious side effects associated with cisplatin. The GSH-scavenging nanoplatform is therefore a promising route by which to enhance the therapeutic index of Pt drugs used currently in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ling
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Imogen A. Riddell
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Junqing Wang
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Geoffrey Hollett
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Stephen J. Lippard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Omid C. Farokhzad
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jinjun Shi
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
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22
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Bang J, Park H, Choi WI, Sung D, Lee JH, Lee KY, Kim S. Sensitive detection of dengue virus NS1 by highly stable affibody-functionalized gold nanoparticles. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj02244e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The anti-NS1 affibody-functionalized gold nanoparticles based ELISA resulted in a 14.2-fold signal amplification performance for dengue NS1 detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Bang
- Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology
- Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials
- Cheongjusi
- South Korea
- Department of Bioengineering
| | - Heesun Park
- Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology
- Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials
- Cheongjusi
- South Korea
| | - Won Il Choi
- Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology
- Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials
- Cheongjusi
- South Korea
| | - Daekyung Sung
- Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology
- Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials
- Cheongjusi
- South Korea
| | - Jin Hyung Lee
- Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology
- Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials
- Cheongjusi
- South Korea
| | - Kuen Yong Lee
- Department of Bioengineering
- Hanyang University
- Seoul
- South Korea
| | - Sunghyun Kim
- Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology
- Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials
- Cheongjusi
- South Korea
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23
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Wang F, Lu Y, Yang J, Chen Y, Jing W, He L, Liu Y. A smartphone readable colorimetric sensing platform for rapid multiple protein detection. Analyst 2017; 142:3177-3182. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00990a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a very simple colorimetric sensor array by using only unmodified gold nanoparticles and NaCl salt for discrimination of multiple proteins. The inexpensive and convenient sensor array and the ubiquitous smartphone are coupled to achieve an immediate point-of-care diagnosis without additional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Capital Normal University
- Xisanhuan North Rd. 105
- P.R. China
| | - Yuexiang Lu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology
- Beijing Key Lab of Radioactive Waste Treatment
- Tsinghua University
- P.R. China
| | - Jiacheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Capital Normal University
- Xisanhuan North Rd. 105
- P.R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Capital Normal University
- Xisanhuan North Rd. 105
- P.R. China
| | - Wenjie Jing
- Department of Chemistry
- Capital Normal University
- Xisanhuan North Rd. 105
- P.R. China
| | - Liuying He
- Department of Chemistry
- Capital Normal University
- Xisanhuan North Rd. 105
- P.R. China
| | - Yueying Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- Capital Normal University
- Xisanhuan North Rd. 105
- P.R. China
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24
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Conformation-sensitive antibody-based point-of-care immunosensor for serum Ca2+ using two-dimensional sequential binding reactions. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 85:611-617. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Yu RJ, Ma W, Peng MP, Bai ZS, Long YT. A redox-mediated chromogenic reaction and application in immunoassay. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 934:226-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Khodaveisi J, Shabani AMH, Dadfarnia S, Moghadam MR, Hormozi-Nezhad MR. Development of a novel method for determination of mercury based on its inhibitory effect on horseradish peroxidase activity followed by monitoring the surface plasmon resonance peak of gold nanoparticles. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 153:709-713. [PMID: 26474243 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and simple indirect spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of trace amounts of inorganic mercury (Hg(2+)) in aqueous media. The method is based on the inhibitory effect of Hg(2+) on the activity of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the oxidation of ascorbic acid by hydrogen peroxide followed by the reduction of Au(3+) to Au-NPs by unreacted ascorbic acid and the measurement of the absorbance of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak of gold nanoparticles (at 530 nm) which is directly proportional to the concentration of Hg(2+). Under the optimum conditions, the calibration curve was linear in the concentration range of 1-220 ng mL(-1). Limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.2 and 0.7 ng mL(-1), respectively and the relative standard deviation at 100 ng mL(-1) level of Hg(2+) was 2.6%. The method was successfully applied to the determination of mercury in different water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Khodaveisi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, 89195-741 Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Shayessteh Dadfarnia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, 89195-741 Yazd, Iran.
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27
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Ho YT, Poinard B, Yeo ELL, Kah JCY. An instantaneous colorimetric protein assay based on spontaneous formation of a protein corona on gold nanoparticles. Analyst 2015; 140:1026-36. [PMID: 25501998 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01819b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Commercial protein assays used ubiquitously in laboratories typically require long incubation times due to the inherently slow protein-reagent reactions. In this study, we report a novel facile technique for the instantaneous measurement of total protein concentration by exploiting the rapid aggregation dynamics of gold nanoparticles (NPs). By adsorbing different amounts of proteins on their surface to form a protein corona, these NPs can be sterically stabilized to different degrees by aggregation, thus exhibiting a spectrum of color change which can be quantitatively characterized by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. We evaluated this technique on four model proteins with different structures: bovine serum albumin (BSA), normal mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG), fibrinogen (FBG) and apolipoprotein A-I (Apo-A1) using two approaches, sequential and simultaneous. We obtained an approach-dependent linear concentration range up to 80 μg mL(-1) and 400 μg mL(-1) for sequential and simultaneous approaches, respectively. This linear working range was wider than that of the commercial Bradford assay and comparable to the Micro BCA assay. The simultaneous approach was also able to produce a linear working range of 200 to 1000 μg mL(-1) (R(2) = 0.995) in human urine, while the sequential approach was non-functional in urine. Similar to Micro BCA, the NP-based protein assay was able to elicit a linear response (R(2) > 0.87) for all four proteins with different structures. However, unlike Micro BCA which requires up to 120 min of incubation, we were able to obtain the read-out almost instantaneously without the need for incubation. The NP-based technique using the simultaneous approach can thus be exploited as a novel assay for instantaneous protein quantification to increase the productivity of laboratory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Teck Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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28
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Zheng LQ, Yu XD, Xu JJ, Chen HY. Reversible catalysis for the reaction between methyl orange and NaBH4 by silver nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:1050-3. [PMID: 25434675 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07711c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction between MO and NaBH4 catalyzed by Ag NPs has been studied. Ag NPs catalyzed the reduction of MO rapidly, while adding CTAB into the solution caused the regeneration of MO. Thus, reversible catalysis for the reaction between MO and NaBH4 by Ag NPs was discovered for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China.
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29
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Guo Y, Tong X, Ji L, Wang Z, Wang H, Hu J, Pei R. Visual detection of Ca2+based on aggregation-induced emission of Au(i)–Cys complexes with superb selectivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:596-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07592g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An interesting Au(i)–Cys complex was employed for the optical detection of Ca2+based on an aggregation-induced emission phenomenon. This AIE property of Au(i)–thiol complexes may provide a universal sensing strategy by employing different mercapto-appended ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
- 430072 China
| | - Xiaoyan Tong
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface
- Division of Nanobiomedicine
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou
| | - Liya Ji
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface
- Division of Nanobiomedicine
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou
| | - Zhili Wang
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface
- Division of Nanobiomedicine
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface
- Division of Nanobiomedicine
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou
| | - Jiming Hu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
- 430072 China
| | - Renjun Pei
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface
- Division of Nanobiomedicine
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou
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30
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Deng J, Yu P, Wang Y, Yang L, Mao L. Visualization and quantification of neurochemicals with gold nanoparticles: opportunities and challenges. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:6933-6943. [PMID: 24639384 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticle (Au-NP)-based colorimetric assays offer new opportunitites for the visualization and quantification of neurochemicals involved in physiological and pathological processes due to their high sensitivity, designability, and low technical demands. In this Research News, we systematically review the advances on the development of Au-NP-based colorimetric methods for visualization and quantification of neurochemicals and their potential applications for effectively monitoring neurochemicals in the central nervous system. By integration of the favourable surface chemistry with the high extinction coefficient of Au-NPs, some new principles and methods could be developed for the quantification of neurochemicals involved in brain functions. New strategies to design the surface chemistry of Au-NPs, along with the key challenges yet to be addressed to achieve online visualization and quantification of neurochemicals in the central nervous system, are illustrated and discussed. The questions opened here should inspire future investigations and lead to discoveries that continue the development of the effective analytical protocols based on Au-NPs for neurochemical visualization and quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Deng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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31
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Zhang L, Qi H, Wang Y, Yang L, Yu P, Mao L. Effective Visualization Assay for Alcohol Content Sensing and Methanol Differentiation with Solvent Stimuli-Responsive Supramolecular Ionic Materials. Anal Chem 2014; 86:7280-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5014546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hetong Qi
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuexiang Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lifen Yang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
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32
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Bar-Shir A, Avram L, Yariv-Shoushan S, Anaby D, Cohen S, Segev-Amzaleg N, Frenkel D, Sadan O, Offen D, Cohen Y. Alginate-coated magnetic nanoparticles for noninvasive MRI of extracellular calcium. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2014; 27:774-783. [PMID: 24764262 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have great potential to increase the diagnostic capacity of many imaging modalities. MRI is currently regarded as the method of choice for the imaging of deep tissues, and metal ions, such as calcium ions (Ca(2+)), are essential ingredients for life. Despite the tremendous importance of Ca(2+) for the well-being of living systems, the noninvasive determination of the changes in Ca(2+) levels in general, and extracellular Ca(2+) levels in particular, in deep tissues remains a challenge. Here, we describe the preparation and contrast mechanism of a flexible easy to prepare and selective superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) NPs for the noninvasive determination of changes in extracellular Ca(2+) levels using conventional MRI. We show that SPIO NPs coated with monodisperse and purified alginate, having a specific molecular weight, provide a tool to selectively determine Ca(2+) concentrations in the range of 250 µm to 2.5 mm, even in the presence of competitive ions. The alginate-coated magnetic NPs (MNPs) aggregate in the presence of Ca(2+) , which, in turn, affects the T2 relaxation of the water protons in their vicinity. The new alginate-coated SPIO NP formulations, which have no effect on cell viability for 24 h, allow the detection of Ca(2+) levels secreted from ischemic cell cultures and the qualitative examination of the change in extracellular Ca(2+) levels in vivo. These results demonstrate that alginate-coated MNPs can be used, at least qualitatively, as a platform for the noninvasive MRI determination of extracellular Ca(2+) levels in myriad in vitro and in vivo biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnon Bar-Shir
- School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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33
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Hormozi-Nezhad MR, Abbasi-Moayed S. A sensitive and selective colorimetric method for detection of copper ions based on anti-aggregation of unmodified gold nanoparticles. Talanta 2014; 129:227-32. [PMID: 25127588 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and selective colorimetric method for detection of copper ions, based on anti-aggregation of D-penicillamine (D-PC) induced aggregated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was developed. Copper ions can hinder the aggregation of AuNPs induced by D-PC, through formation of mixed-valence complex with D-PC that is a selective copper chelator. In the presence of a fixed amount of D-PC, the aggregation of AuNPs decreases with increasing concentrations of Cu(2+) along with a color change from blue to red in AuNPs solution and an increase in the absorption ratio (A520/A650). Under the optimum experimental conditions (pH 7, [AuNPs] =3.0 nmol L(-1) and [NaCl]=25 mmol L(-1)), a linear calibration curve for Cu(2+) was obtained within the range of 0.05-1.85 µmol L(-1) with a limit of detection (3Sb) of 30 nmol L(-1). Excellent selectivity toward Cu(2+) was observed among various metal ions due to a specific complex formation between Cu(2+) and D-PC. The proposed method has been successfully applied for the detection of Cu(2+) in various real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reza Hormozi-Nezhad
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-9516, Iran; Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Samira Abbasi-Moayed
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-9516, Iran; Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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34
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Nayal A, Kumar A, Chhatra RK, Pandey PS. Dual colorimetric sensing of mercury and iodide ions by steroidal 1,2,3-triazole-stabilized silver nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08080g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acid-based 1,2,3-triazole ligands have been synthesized, which show excellent ability to stabilize silver nanoparticles. These AgNPs have been found to exhibit highly selective dual colorimetric sensing of Hg2+ and I− ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aradhana Nayal
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi, India
| | - Anjul Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh K. Chhatra
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi, India
| | - Pramod S. Pandey
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi, India
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Zheng LQ, Yu XD, Xu JJ, Chen HY. Rapid visual detection of quaternary ammonium surfactants using citrate-capped silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) based on hydrophobic effect. Talanta 2014; 118:90-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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36
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Apyari VV, Arkhipova VV, Dmitrienko SG, Zolotov YA. Using gold nanoparticles in spectrophotometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934814010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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Yang B, Zhang XB, Liu WN, Hu R, Tan W, Shen GL, Yu RQ. Fluorosurfactant-capped gold nanoparticles-based label-free colorimetric assay for Au3+ with tunable dynamic range via a redox strategy. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 48:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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38
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Zhang YP, Chen J, Bai LY, Zhou XM, Wang LM. Gold Nanoparticle-Based Optical Probe for Quick Colorimetric Visualization of Cysteine. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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39
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A parallel G-quadruplex-selective luminescent probe for the detection of nanomolar calcium(II) ion. Methods 2013; 64:212-7. [PMID: 23876936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A parallel G-quadruplex-selective iridium(III) complex has been synthesized and employed as a luminescent probe in a label-free G-quadruplex-based detection assay for Ca(2+) ions in aqueous solution. In this assay, a guanine-rich oligonucleotide (G4, 5'-G4T4G4-3') initially exists in an antiparallel G-quadruplex conformation, resulting in a low luminescence signal. Upon incubation with Ca(2+) ions, the antiparallel G-quadruplex is induced into a parallel G-quadruplex conformation, which greatly enhances the luminescence emission of the iridium(III) probe. This method was highly sensitive for Ca(2+) ions with a limit of detection in the nanomolar range, and was selective for Ca(2+) over other metal ions.
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40
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McKeague M, Foster A, Miguel Y, Giamberardino A, Verdin C, Chan JYS, DeRosa MC. Development of a DNA aptamer for direct and selective homocysteine detection in human serum. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43893g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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41
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42
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Simple silver nanoparticle colorimetric sensing for copper by paper-based devices. Talanta 2012; 99:552-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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43
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Lee IH, Kwon HK, An S, Kim D, Kim S, Yu MK, Lee JH, Lee TS, Im SH, Jon S. Imageable antigen-presenting gold nanoparticle vaccines for effective cancer immunotherapy in vivo. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8800-5. [PMID: 22847719 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- In-Hyun Lee
- Biological Science Department, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro,Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
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44
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Song J, Zhou J, Duan H. Self-assembled plasmonic vesicles of SERS-encoded amphiphilic gold nanoparticles for cancer cell targeting and traceable intracellular drug delivery. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:13458-69. [PMID: 22831389 DOI: 10.1021/ja305154a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of bioconjugated plasmonic vesicles assembled from SERS-encoded amphiphilic gold nanoparticles for cancer-targeted drug delivery. This new type of plasmonic assemblies with a hollow cavity can play multifunctional roles as delivery carriers for anticancer drugs and SERS-active plasmonic imaging probes to specifically label targeted cancer cells and monitor intracellular drug delivery. We have shown that the pH-responsive disassembly of the plasmonic vesicle, stimulated by the hydrophobic-to-hydrophilic transition of the hydrophobic brushes in acidic intracellular compartments, allows for triggered intracellular drug release. Because self-assembled plasmonic vesicles exhibit significantly different plasmonic properties and greatly enhanced SERS intensity in comparison with single gold nanoparticles due to strong interparticle plasmonic coupling, disassembly of the vesicles in endocytic compartments leads to dramatic changes in scattering properties and SERS signals, which can serve as independent feedback mechanisms to signal cargo release from the vesicles. The unique structural and optical properties of the plasmonic vesicle have made it a promising platform for targeted combination therapy and theranostic applications by taking advantage of recent advances in gold nanostructure based in vivo bioimaging and photothermal therapy and their loading capacity for both hydrophilic (nucleic acids and proteins) and hydrophobic (small molecules) therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Song
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457
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45
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Lee IH, Kwon HK, An S, Kim D, Kim S, Yu MK, Lee JH, Lee TS, Im SH, Jon S. Imageable Antigen-Presenting Gold Nanoparticle Vaccines for Effective Cancer Immunotherapy In Vivo. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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46
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Kim DK, Lee CH. Synthesis of Novel Copolymer for Selective Biomolecule Immobilization on Gold Surface. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.6.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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47
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Nakayama S, Roelofs K, Lee VT, Sintim HO. A C-di-GMP-proflavine-hemin supramolecular complex has peroxidase activity--implication for a simple colorimetric detection. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:726-9. [PMID: 22252690 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb05430b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate that the bacterial signaling molecule, c-di-GMP, can enhance the peroxidation of hemin when proflavine is present. The c-di-GMP-proflavine-hemin nucleotidezyme can oxidize the colorless compound 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), ABTS, to the colored radical cation ABTS˙(+) and hence provides simple colorimetric detection of c-di-GMP at low micromolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Nakayama
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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48
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Yuan X, Chen Y. Visual determination of Cu2+ through copper-catalysed in situ formation of Ag nanoparticles. Analyst 2012; 137:4516-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35956a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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49
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Kim S, Kim J, Lee NH, Jang HH, Han MS. A colorimetric selective sensing probe for calcium ions with tunable dynamic ranges using cytidine triphosphate stabilized gold nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:10299-301. [PMID: 21858364 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13489b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytidine triphosphate (CTP) stabilized-Au nanoparticles (CTP-AuNPs) allow a quantitative assay of Ca(2+) down to a concentration of 10(-4) M with high selectivity towards Ca(2+) ions over various metal ions including Mg(2+) and the detection range of this probe also can be easily tuned by changing the concentration of CTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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50
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Kim MI, Shim J, Li T, Lee J, Park HG. Fabrication of Nanoporous Nanocomposites Entrapping Fe
3
O
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Magnetic Nanoparticles and Oxidases for Colorimetric Biosensing. Chemistry 2011; 17:10700-7. [PMID: 21837719 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moon Il Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305‐701 (Korea), Fax: (+82) 42‐350‐3910
| | - Jongmin Shim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790‐784 (Korea)
| | - Taihua Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305‐701 (Korea), Fax: (+82) 42‐350‐3910
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790‐784 (Korea)
| | - Hyun Gyu Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305‐701 (Korea), Fax: (+82) 42‐350‐3910
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