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Quadrado RFN, Silvestri S, de Souza JF, Iglesias BA, Fajardo AR. Advances in porphyrins and chlorins associated with polysaccharides and polysaccharides-based materials for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 334:122017. [PMID: 38553216 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the convergence of advanced materials and innovative applications has fostered notable scientific progress within the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. Porphyrins and their derivatives, distinguished by an extended conjugated π-electron system, have a relevant role in propelling these advancements, especially in drug delivery systems, photodynamic therapy, wound healing, and (bio)sensing. However, despite their promise, the practical clinical application of these macrocycles is hindered by their inherent challenges of low solubility and instability under physiological conditions. To address this limitation, researchers have exploited the synergistic association of porphyrins and chlorins with polysaccharides by engineering conjugated systems and composite/hybrid materials. This review compiles the principal advances in this growing research field, elucidating fundamental principles and critically examining the applications of such materials within biomedical and pharmaceutical contexts. Additionally, the review addresses the eventual challenges and outlines future perspectives for this poignant research field. It is expected that this review will serve as a comprehensive guide for students and researchers dedicated to exploring state-of-the-art materials for contemporary medicine and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael F N Quadrado
- Laboratório de Tecnologia e Desenvolvimento de Compósitos e Materiais Poliméricos (LaCoPol), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/n, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Siara Silvestri
- Laboratório de Tecnologia e Desenvolvimento de Compósitos e Materiais Poliméricos (LaCoPol), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/n, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Engenharia de Meio Ambiente (LEMA), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Campus Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline F de Souza
- Laboratório de Bioinorgânica e Materiais Porfirínicos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Campus Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bernardo A Iglesias
- Laboratório de Bioinorgânica e Materiais Porfirínicos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Campus Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - André R Fajardo
- Laboratório de Tecnologia e Desenvolvimento de Compósitos e Materiais Poliméricos (LaCoPol), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/n, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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2
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Pradhan SR, Prasad CK, Das M, Srinivasan A. The (o-p-o)-Terphenyl Embedded Calix[2]phyrin(2.2.1.1.1) and Its Cu(II) Complex. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400135. [PMID: 38503696 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The introduction of a higher arene unit as a structural motif is unprecedented in calixphyrin chemistry. Herein, the syntheses, spectral and structural characterization of heretofore anonymous terphenylene unit (o-p-o) incorporated calixphyrin with fused sp2 meso carbons is reported. The explicitly tailored macrocyclic core is utilized to stabilize the Cu(II) metal ion. The molecular structures of the calixbenziphyrin and Cu(II) complex are unambiguously confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Moreover, theoretical supports uphold experimental conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Ranjan Pradhan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Chetan Kumar Prasad
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Mainak Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - A Srinivasan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
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3
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Hemmer K, Kronawitter SM, Grover N, Twamley B, Cokoja M, Fischer RA, Kieslich G, Senge MO. Understanding and Controlling Molecular Compositions and Properties in Mixed-Linker Porphyrin Metal-Organic Frameworks. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:2122-2130. [PMID: 38205788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Porphyrin-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are attractive materials for photo- and thermally activated catalysis due to their unique structural features related to the porphyrin moiety, guest-accessible porosity, and high chemical tunability. In this study, we report the synthetic incorporation of nonplanar β-ethyl-functionalized porphyrin linkers into the framework structure of PCN-222, obtaining a solid-solution series of materials with different modified linker contents. Comprehensive analysis by a combination of characterization techniques, such as NMR, UV-vis and IR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and N2 sorption analysis, allows for the confirmation of linker incorporation. A detailed structural analysis of intrinsic material properties, such as the thermal response of the different materials, underlines the complexity of synthesizing and understanding such materials. This study presents a blueprint for synthesizing and analyzing porphyrin-based mixed-linker MOF systems and highlights the hurdles of characterizing such materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Hemmer
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Silva M Kronawitter
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Nitika Grover
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin D02R590, Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mirza Cokoja
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Roland A Fischer
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Gregor Kieslich
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin D02R590, Ireland
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Focus Group - Molecular and Interfacial Engineering of Organic Nanosystems, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenberg-Str. 2a, 85748 Garching, Germany
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4
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Tarai A, Mallick J, Singh P, Conradie J, Kar S, Ghosh A. Free-Base Corrole Anion. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13022-13029. [PMID: 37647416 PMCID: PMC10763984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Free-base corroles have long been known to be acidic, readily undergoing deprotonation by mild bases and in polar solvents. The conjugate base, however, has not been structurally characterized until now. Presented here is a first crystal structure of a free-base corrole anion, derived from tris(p-cyanophenyl)corrole, as the tetrabuylammonium salt. The low-temperature (100 K) structure reveals localized hydrogens on a pair of opposite pyrrole nitrogens. DFT calculations identify such a structure as the global minimum but also point to two cis tautomers only 4-7 kcal/mol above the ground state. In terms of free energy, however, the cis tautomers are above or essentially flush with the trans-to-cis barrier so the cis tautomers are unlikely to exist or be observed as true intermediates. Thus, the hydrogen bond within each dipyrrin unit on either side of the molecular pseudo-C2 axis through C10 (i.e., between pyrrole rings A and B or between C and D) qualifies as or closely approaches a low-barrier hydrogen bond. Proton migration across the pseudo-C2 axis entails much higher activation energies >20 kcal/mol, reflecting the relative rigidity of the molecule along the C1-C19 pyrrole-pyrrole linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup Tarai
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Institute
of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar 752050, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - Jyotiprakash Mallick
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Institute
of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar 752050, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - Pranjali Singh
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Institute
of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar 752050, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, Republic
of South Africa
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT − The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sanjib Kar
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Institute
of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar 752050, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT − The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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5
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Osadchuk I, Luts HE, Norvaiša K, Borovkov V, Senge MO. Supramolecular Chirogenesis in a Sterically Hindered Porphyrin: A Critical Theoretical Analysis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301408. [PMID: 37227167 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The determination of molecular stereochemistry and absolute configuration is an important part of modern chemistry, pharmacology, and biology. Electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy is a widely used tool for chirality assignment, especially with porphyrin macrocycles employed as reporter chromophores. However, the mechanisms of induced ECD in porphyrin complexes are yet to be comprehensively rationalized. In this work, the ECD spectra of a sterically hindered hexa-cationic porphyrin with two camphorsulfonic acids in dichloromethane and chloroform were experimentally measured and computationally analyzed. The influence of geometric factors such as the position of chiral guest molecules, distortion of the porphyrin macrocycle, and orientation of aromatic and non-aromatic peripheral substituents on the ECD spectra was theoretically studied. Various potential pitfalls, such as a lack of significant conformations and accidental agreement of experimental and simulated spectra, are considered and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Osadchuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Hanna-Eliisa Luts
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Karolis Norvaiša
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, D02R590, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Victor Borovkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, D02R590, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenberg Str. 2a, 85748, Garching, Germany
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6
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He X, Wu H, Chen M, Lv J, Xiao H, Salas MNL, Wu B, Liu P, Zeng K, Yang G. Improve the Crosslinking Reactivity of Nitrile: Design of Nitrile-Functionalized Pyrazine and its Hydrogen Bond-Assisted Nucleophilic Enhancement Study. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300199. [PMID: 37247428 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, molecular engineering and biomimetic principles are utilized to prepare highly effective nitrile-functionalized pyrazine crosslinking units by exploiting pyrazine's unique nucleophilic strengthening mechanism and proton bonding ability. The curing behaviors of pyrazine-2,3-dicarbonitrile and phthalonitrile are investigated through model curing systems and molecular simulation. The results indicate that pyrazine-2,3-dicarbonitrile exhibits higher reactivity than phthalonitrile, promoted by amine. The cured products of pyrazine-2,3-dicarbonitrile predominantly comprise thermally stable azaisoindoline and azaphthalocyanine. This novel type of highly effective crosslinking unit, and the comprehended mechanism of action of pyrazine at the molecular level, significantly expand the application of pyrazine in materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian He
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Menghao Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Jiangbo Lv
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Hang Xiao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Maria Nieves López Salas
- Department Sustainable Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, D-33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Baile Wu
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Pengqing Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Ke Zeng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Gang Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
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7
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Ma Z, An R, Chen M, Wang X, Zhu M. Random versus Block Glycopolymers Bearing Betulin and Porphyrin for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:5074-5083. [PMID: 36350056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins and their derivatives, representing the second-generation photosensitizers, can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and kill tumors upon light irradiation. To compensate for the fluorescence quenching and reduced ROS production caused by aggregation and rigid inherent hydrophobicity of porphyrins, a series of comparable random and block glycopolymers bearing betulin and porphyrin were prepared via RAFT polymerization. Betulin was introduced into the copolymers to decrease aggregation-induced quenching of porphyrins and to improve the photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficiency of copolymers. The characteristics, self-assembly, and photophysical chemistry properties of these copolymers were systemically studied. The effect of polymer structure on photophysical chemistry properties and cellular interaction was investigated as well to demonstrate their potential targeting for PDT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai201620, China
| | - Ran An
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai201620, China
| | - Man Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai201620, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai201620, China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai201620, China
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8
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Boakye A, Yu K, Asinyo BK, Chai H, Raza T, Xu T, Zhang G, Qu L. A Portable Electrochemical Sensor Based on Manganese Porphyrin-Functionalized Carbon Cloth for Highly Sensitive Detection of Nitroaromatics and Gaseous Phenol. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:12058-12069. [PMID: 36126097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic pollutants (OPs) have garnered a considerable amount of attention in recent times due to their extreme toxicity toward humans and the ecosystem. The need for an inexpensive yet robust, sensitive, selective, and easy-to-operate method for detecting OPs remains a challenge. Herein, a portable electrochemical sensor is proposed based on manganese porphyrin-functionalized carbon cloth (CC). To explain the electrochemical performance of the sensor, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were employed. The presence of manganese(III) ion in the center of the porphyrin ligand acted as an agent for the transfer of electrons and enhanced sensitivity toward analyte-specific redox catalysis. Moreover, it allowed for the concurrent detection of multiple analytes in a complex environment. The modified CC electrode can selectively detect nitroaromatic and phenolic compounds with accessible data collected through wireless means onto a smartphone device. The as-synthesized electrode demonstrated a higher sensitivity toward the detection of nitrobenzene (NB) and aqueous phenol with a limit of detection (LOD) found to be 5.9268 × 10-10 M and 4.0178 × 10-10 M, respectively. Additionally, our proposed portable electrochemical sensor demonstrates a high selectivity and reproducibility toward nitroaromatic and phenolic compounds, which can be employed in real complex water samples. With regard to the sensor's remarkable electrochemical performance, it is envisaged that such a sensor could pave the way for environmental point of care (POC) testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrews Boakye
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Kun Yu
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Benjamin K Asinyo
- Department of Industrial Art, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi AK-039-5028, Ghana
| | - Huining Chai
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Tahir Raza
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Tailin Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guangyao Zhang
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Lijun Qu
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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9
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Nanoformulation of Tetrapyrroles Derivatives in Photodynamic Therapy: A Focus on Bacteriochlorin. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3011918. [PMID: 36212948 PMCID: PMC9546677 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3011918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-known remedial treatment for cancer, infections, and various other diseases. PDT uses nontoxic dyes called photosensitizers (PS) that are activated in visible light at the proper wavelength to generate ROS (reactive oxygen species) that aid in killing tumor cells and destroying pathogenic microbes. Deciding a suitable photosensitizer is essential for enhancing the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy. It is challenging to choose the photosensitizer that is appropriate for specific pathological circumstances, such as different cancer species. Porphyrin, chlorin, and bacteriochlorin are tetrapyrroles used with proper functionalization in PDT, among which some compound has been clinically approved. Most photosensitizers are hydrophobic, have minimum solubility, and exhibit cytotoxicity due to the dispersion in biological fluid. This paper reviewed some nanotechnology-based strategies to overcome these drawbacks. In PDT, metal nanoparticles are widely used due to their enhanced surface plasmon resonance. The self-assembled nano-drug carriers like polymeric micelles, liposomes, and metal-based nanoparticles play a significant role in solubilizing the photosensitizer to make them biocompatible.
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10
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Liu Y, Hu X, Liang F, Cao Y. A FRET sensor based on quantum dots-porphyrin assembly for Fe(III) detection with ultra-sensitivity and accuracy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7741-7751. [PMID: 36056266 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04305-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Exploring sensors based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) systems enables the continuous development of biological sensing technologies. Herein, we report the construction of a FRET sensor with dual-emissive quantum dots (QDs) and meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl) porphine (TSPP). The sensor is composed of mesial green-emissive QDs with a thick silica shell (gQD@SiO2) and circumjacent blue-emissive QDs coated with ultra-thin silica spacer, on which is linked TSPP (bQD@SiO2-TSPP). The gQD@SiO2 endows the sensor with a fluorescent background. Due to the ultra-thin silica spacing, coupled with the superior resonance effect of bQD fluorescence and the Soret-band absorption of TSPP, the FRET efficiency is highly sensitive to the chelation state of TSPP. Relying on the absorbance transition of TSPP complexed with Fe(III), the FRET sensor is applied for ultra-sensitive Fe(III) detection. In aqueous solution, the sensor is demonstrated to linearly detect Fe(III) in the range of 0-1 μM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 40 nM. More importantly, reliable Fe(III) detection can be achieved via the specific complexation of Fe(III) by TSPP and the ratiometric fluorescent response. As such, the inter-/intra-day precisions in standard samples, as well as the recovery rate in biological matrices, are fully validated. The excellent analytical performance, in combination with the excellent biocompatibility of the FRET sensor, allows semi-quantitative Fe(III) imaging in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Xianyun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medical Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China.,Qiannan Medical College for Nationalities, Duyun, 558000, China
| | - Fangyuan Liang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yajing Cao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
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11
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Ishizuka T, Grover N, Kingsbury CJ, Kotani H, Senge MO, Kojima T. Nonplanar porphyrins: synthesis, properties, and unique functionalities. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7560-7630. [PMID: 35959748 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00391k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins are variously substituted tetrapyrrolic macrocycles, with wide-ranging biological and chemical applications derived from metal chelation in the core and the 18π aromatic surface. Under suitable conditions, the porphyrin framework can deform significantly from regular planar shape, owing to steric overload on the porphyrin periphery or steric repulsion in the core, among other structure modulation strategies. Adopting this nonplanar porphyrin architecture allows guest molecules to interact directly with an exposed core, with guest-responsive and photoactive electronic states of the porphyrin allowing energy, information, atom and electron transfer within and between these species. This functionality can be incorporated and tuned by decoration of functional groups and electronic modifications, with individual deformation profiles adapted to specific key sensing and catalysis applications. Nonplanar porphyrins are assisting breakthroughs in molecular recognition, organo- and photoredox catalysis; simultaneously bio-inspired and distinctly synthetic, these molecules offer a new dimension in shape-responsive host-guest chemistry. In this review, we have summarized the synthetic methods and design aspects of nonplanar porphyrin formation, key properties, structure and functionality of the nonplanar aromatic framework, and the scope and utility of this emerging class towards outstanding scientific, industrial and environmental issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Ishizuka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Nitika Grover
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Christopher J Kingsbury
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hiroaki Kotani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Mathias O Senge
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Technical University of Munich, Focus Group - Molecular and Interfacial Engineering of Organic Nanosystems, Lichtenbergstrasse 2a, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Takahiko Kojima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
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12
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Asif HM, Khan MA, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Iqbal A, Hussain S, Khalid M, Rani S, Sun R. Synthesis, Characterization and Remarkable Nonlinear Absorption of a Pyridyl Containing Symmetrical Porphyrin-Polyoxometalate Hybrid. J CLUST SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-022-02315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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13
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Norvaiša K, O'Brien JE, Osadchuk I, Twamley B, Borovkov V, Senge MO. Importance of molecular symmetry for enantiomeric excess recognition by NMR. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5423-5426. [PMID: 35416216 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01319c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently prochiral solvating agents (pro-CSA) came under the spotlight for the detection of enantiopurity by NMR. Chemical shift non-equivalency in achiral hosts introduced by the presence of chiral guests yields observable resonance signal splitting (Δδ) correlating to the enantiomeric excess (e.e.). In this work, symmetry is our lens to explain porphyrin-based supramolecular receptor activity in a chiral environment. Based on extensive NMR analyses of the atropisomeric receptors, the host symmetry is shown to be affected by porphyrin nonplanarity and further desymmetrized in the presence of a chiral guest. As such, the exposed porphyrin inner core (N-H), with its strong hydrogen bond abilities, for the first time, has been exploited in enantiomeric composition analysis. Our approach in e.e. detection by N-H signals appearing in a previously underutilized region of the spectrum (below 0 ppm) shows chemical shift splitting (Δδ) three times more sensitive to enantiomeric compositions than previously reported systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolis Norvaiša
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - John E O'Brien
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Irina Osadchuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Victor Borovkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS) Technical University of Munich, Focus Group - Molecular and Interfacial Engineering of Organic Nanosystems, Lichtenbergstrasse 2a, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
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14
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Thuita DW, Brückner C. Metal Complexes of Porphyrinoids Containing Nonpyrrolic Heterocycles. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7990-8052. [PMID: 35302354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of one or more pyrrolic building block(s) of a porphyrin by a nonpyrrolic heterocycle leads to the formation of so-called pyrrole-modified porphyrins (PMPs), porphyrinoids of broad structural variability. The wide range of coordination environments (type, number, charge, and architecture of the donor atoms) that the pyrrole-modified frameworks provide to the central metal ions, the frequent presence of donor atoms at their periphery, and their often observed nonplanarity or conformational flexibility distinguish the complexes of the PMPs clearly from those of the traditional square-planar, dianionic, N4-coordinating (hydro)porphyrins. Their different coordination properties suggest their utilization in areas beyond which regular metalloporphyrins are suitable. Following a general introduction to the synthetic methodologies available to generate pyrrole-modified porphyrins, their general structure, history, coordination chemistry, and optical properties, this Review highlights the chemical, electronic (optical), and structural differences of specific classes of metalloporphyrinoids containing nonpyrrolic heterocycles. The focus is on macrocycles with similar "tetrapyrrolic" architectures as porphyrins, thusly excluding the majority of expanded porphyrins. We highlight the relevance and application of these metal complexes in biological and technical fields as chemosensors, catalysts, photochemotherapeutics, or imaging agents. This Review provides an introduction to the field of metallo-PMPs as well as a comprehensive snapshot of the current state of the art of their synthesis, structures, and properties. It also aims to provide encouragement for the further study of these intriguing and structurally versatile metalloporphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Waiyigo Thuita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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15
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Spectral studies of protonated and anionic forms of porphyrins with an asymmetric substitution system. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-022-01131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Verma PK, Sawant SD. Unravelling reaction selectivities via bio-inspired porphyrinoid tetradentate frameworks. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Taylor CM, Ellingsen TA, Breadmore MC, Kilah NL. Porphyrin-based colorimetric sensing of perfluorooctanoic acid as proof of concept for perfluoroalkyl substance detection. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11649-11652. [PMID: 34668492 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04903h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A functionalized porphyrin receptor was prepared to bind perfluorooctanoic acid. UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis showed the receptor gave a rapid colorimetric response that could also be detected visually at environmentally relevant concentrations. Spiked soil samples were used to demonstrate detection of perfluorooctanoic acid without intensive sample pre-treatment or laboratory instrument analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe M Taylor
- Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
| | - Theo A Ellingsen
- Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
| | - Michael C Breadmore
- Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia. .,Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Nathan L Kilah
- Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
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18
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Mchiri C, Gassoumi B, Acherar S, Sh. El-Sharief MA, Nasri H. Synthesis, X-ray molecular structure and QTAIM and NCI-RDG theoretic studies of a new cadmium (II) (4′4 diaminodiphenylmethane) (meso-arylporphyrin) coordination compound. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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19
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Koga D, Ono T, Shinjo H, Hisaeda Y. Hydrogen Bond Engineering Visualized by Picometer-Level Distortion of Planar Porphyrin Isomers. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:10429-10436. [PMID: 34672583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Directly investigating hydrogen bond (HB) dynamics in molecular materials is a challenging task. Here, we report a set of porphyrin isomers, porphycenes, that visualize slight changes on the order of picometers in the intramolecular HB dynamics. Intramolecular HBs of porphycenes were regulated by the systematic modification at meso positions with methyl (Me), cyclopentyl (Cy5), and cyclohexyl (Cy6) moieties. Notably, the quantum yields varied from 35 to 0.04% in chloroform, depending on a slight distortion in the porphycene framework. SC-XRD, XPS, and NMR clearly revealed that the Me and Cy6 moieties increased the nonradiative deactivation by strengthening the intramolecular NH···N HBs whereas Cy5 retained their photoluminescence properties. This is the first example of how the distortion of planar porphyrinoids at the picometer level along with the strength of the intramolecular NH···N HBs can drastically affect their optical properties. The results revealed new avenues of HB engineering based on porphyrinoids.
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20
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Ma S, Wang Y, Zhang W, Wang Y, Li G. Solid-Contact Ion-Selective Electrodes for Histamine Determination. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:6658. [PMID: 34640978 PMCID: PMC8512055 DOI: 10.3390/s21196658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Solid-contact ion-selective electrodes for histamine (HA) determination were fabricated and studied. Gold wire (0.5 mm diameter) was coated with poly(3,4-ethlenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as a solid conductive layer. The polyvinyl chloride matrix embedded with 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl(porphyrinato)iron(iii) chloride as an ionophore, 2-nitrophenyloctyl ether as a plasticizer and potassium tetrakis(p-chlorophenyl) borate as an ion exchanger was used to cover the PEDOT:PSS layer as a selective membrane. The characteristics of the HA electrodes were also investigated. The detection limit of 8.58 × 10-6 M, the fast response time of less than 5 s, the good reproducibility, the long-term stability and the selectivity in the presence of common interferences in biological fluids were satisfactory. The electrode also performed stably in the pH range of 7-8 and the temperature range of 35-41 °C. Additionally, the recovery rate of 99.7% in artificial cerebrospinal fluid showed the potential for the electrode to be used in biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Guang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (S.M.); (Y.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.W.)
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21
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Thiourea Organocatalysts as Emerging Chiral Pollutants: En Route to Porphyrin-Based (Chir)Optical Sensing. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Environmental pollution with chiral organic compounds is an emerging problem requiring innovative sensing methods. Amino-functionalized thioureas, such as 2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)thiourea (Takemoto’s catalyst), are widely used organocatalysts with virtually unknown environmental safety data. Ecotoxicity studies based on the Vibrio fischeri luminescence inhibition test reveal significant toxicity of Takemoto’s catalyst (EC50 = 7.9 mg/L) and its NH2-substituted analog (EC50 = 7.2–7.4 mg/L). The observed toxic effect was pronounced by the influence of the trifluoromethyl moiety. En route to the porphyrin-based chemosensing of Takemoto-type thioureas, their supramolecular binding to a series of zinc porphyrins was studied with UV-Vis and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, computational analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The association constant values generally increased with the increasing electron-withdrawing properties of the porphyrins and electron-donating ability of the thioureas, a result of the predominant Zn⋯N cation–dipole (Lewis acid–base) interaction. The binding event induced a CD signal in the Soret band region of the porphyrin hosts—a crucial property for chirality sensing of Takemoto-type thioureas.
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22
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Aguilar A, He Q, Lammer A, Thordarson P, Sessler JL. Double tailed scorpiand-type calix[10]phyrin: Synthesis and proton-driven anion recognition features. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Flanagan KJ, Paradiz Dominguez M, Melissari Z, Eckhardt HG, Williams RM, Gibbons D, Prior C, Locke GM, Meindl A, Ryan AA, Senge MO. Structural effects of meso-halogenation on porphyrins. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1149-1170. [PMID: 34093881 PMCID: PMC8144917 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of halogens in the crystal engineering of supramolecular porphyrin assemblies has been a topic of strong interest over the past decades. With this in mind we have characterized a series of direct meso-halogenated porphyrins using single crystal X-ray crystallography. This is accompanied by a detailed conformational analysis of all deposited meso-halogenated porphyrins in the CSD. In this study we have used the Hirshfeld fingerprint plots together with normal-coordinate structural decomposition and determined crystal structures to elucidate the conformation, present intermolecular interactions, and compare respective contacts within the crystalline architectures. Additionally, we have used density functional theory calculations to determine the structure of several halogenated porphyrins. This contrasts conformational analysis with existing X-ray structures and gives a method to characterize samples that are difficult to crystallize. By using the methods outlined above we were able to deduce the impact a meso halogen has on a porphyrin, for example, meso-halogenation is dependent on the type of alternate substituents present when forming supramolecular assemblies. Furthermore, we have designed a method to predict the conformation of halogenated porphyrins, without need of crystallization, using DFT calculations with a high degree of accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith J Flanagan
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Maximilian Paradiz Dominguez
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zoi Melissari
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans-Georg Eckhardt
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - René M Williams
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dáire Gibbons
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Caroline Prior
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Gemma M Locke
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Alina Meindl
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Aoife A Ryan
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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24
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Bhyrappa P, Sarangi UK. Effect of solvent on the electronic absorption spectral properties of mixed β-octasubstituted free base tetraphenylporphyrins. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621500371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A near planar macrocycle containing 2,3,12,13-tetraphenylethynyl-5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(4[Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-butylphenyl)porphyrin, H2T(4[Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-Bu Ph)P(PE)4 and a series of antipodally mixed substituted nonplanar porphyrins, 2,3,5,10,12,13,15,20-octaphenyl-7,8,17,18-tetra(2[Formula: see text]-thienyl/phenylethynyl, PE)porphyrin, H2OPP(2[Formula: see text]-Th/PE)4 and 2,3,12,13-tetramethyl-7,8,17,18-tetra(2[Formula: see text]-thienyl/PE)-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin, H2TPP(CH[Formula: see text](2[Formula: see text]-Th/PE)4were examined by electronic absorption spectroscopy in twenty different solvents. The presence of push-pull substituents at the antipodal [Formula: see text]-pyrrole positions of the nonplanar macrocycle induces varying degrees of orthogonal dipole moments to the porphyrin ring. The influence of different solvents on the degree of nonplanarity and electronic nature of the macrocycle on their electronic absorption spectral properties were examined. Generally, free base porphyrins showed dramatic solvent dependent absorption spectral band shifts and follow the order: H2OPP(PE)4 > H2OPP(2[Formula: see text]-Th)[Formula: see text] H2TPP(CH[Formula: see text](2[Formula: see text]-Th)4 >[Formula: see text]H2TPP(CH[Formula: see text](PE)4 > H2T(4[Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]Bu Ph)P(PE)4. Absorption spectral data in different solvents was analyzed using selected solvatochromic parameters, ([Formula: see text] – 1)/(2[Formula: see text] + 1), [Formula: see text] (30),[Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]*. The enhanced red-shift of the absorption bands of the mixed substituted porphyrins in polar solvents was influenced by solvent-core (porphyrin) interaction and is reflected from the 1H NMR chemical shift of the core imino-hydrogens in polar solvents relative that observed in less polar solvents. The magnitude of the difference in chemical shift ([Formula: see text], ppm) of imino-hydrogens in DMSO-d6 relative to that in CDCl3 follow the order: H2TPP(CH[Formula: see text](2[Formula: see text]-Th)4 (1.37 ppm) > H2OPP(PE)4 (1.17 ppm) > H2TPP(CH[Formula: see text](PE)4 (0.57 ppm). The large red-shift in B and Q bands in polar solvents relative to apolar (or less polar) solvents has been possible due to the combined effect of the electronic nature of the macrocycle, its nonplanarity, and solvent-porphyrin core interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Bhyrappa
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. Chennai 600 036, India
| | - U. K. Sarangi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. Chennai 600 036, India
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25
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Dmitrieva OA, Chizhova NV, Tesakova MV, Parfenyuk VI, Mamardashvili NZ. Meso-nitro substitution as a means of Mn-octaethylporphyrin redox state controlling. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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26
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Palepu NR, Adinarayana B, Murugavel M, Garima K, Chitranshi S, Srinivasan A. 3-D Cryptand Like Normal and Doubly N-Confused Calixbenzophyrins: Synthesis and Structural Studies. Org Lett 2021; 23:2600-2603. [PMID: 33719465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional (3-D) cryptand-like normal and doubly-N-confused calixbenzophyrins embedded with phenyl rings in the macrocyclic skeleton are successfully synthesized from single starting materials. These structural isomers are characterized by spectral studies and unambiguously confirmed by crystal analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - A Srinivasan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
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27
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Mrinalini M, Naresh M, Prasanthkumar S, Giribabu L. Porphyrin-based supramolecular assemblies and their applications in NLO and PDT. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621500243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tetrapyrrolic systems largely inspired by nature have attracted much attention in organic electronics and biomedical applications owing to their planar structure and extended [Formula: see text]-conjugated double bonds. As a result, delocalization of [Formula: see text]-electron cloud leads the excellent optical absorption and fluorescent properties. Nonetheless, the utilization of non-covalent interactions result in the self-assembled nanostructures providing applications in bioimaging and electronics. In this review, it is demonstrated that the recent reports on the self-assembly in tetrapyrrolic systems via supramolecular interactions lead to well-defined nanoarchitectures. Moreover, the importance of porphyrin based derivatives in nanoelectronics and chemotherapeutic applications is reported. Therefore, the inclination of tetrapyrroles towards the design and development of novel supramolecular nanostructures are considered the hallmark for nanorobotics, shape memory polymers and bionic arms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoori Mrinalini
- Polymer and Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Madarapu Naresh
- Polymer and Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Seelam Prasanthkumar
- Polymer and Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Lingamallu Giribabu
- Polymer and Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
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28
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Norvaiša K, Yeow K, Twamley B, Roucan M, Senge MO. Strategic Synthesis of 'Picket Fence' Porphyrins Based on Nonplanar Macrocycles. European J Org Chem 2021; 2021:1871-1882. [PMID: 33889056 PMCID: PMC8048935 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Traditional 'picket fence' porphyrin systems have been a topic of interest for their capacity to direct steric shielding effects selectively to one side of the macrocycle. Sterically overcrowded porphyrin systems that adopt macrocycle deformations have recently drawn attention for their applications in organocatalysis and sensing. Here we explore the combined benefits of nonplanar porphyrins and the old molecular design to bring new concepts to the playing field. The challenging ortho-positions of meso-phenyl residues in dodecasubstituted porphyrin systems led us to transition to less hindered para- and meta-sites and develop selective demethylation based on the steric interplay. Isolation of the symmetrical target compound [2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3,5-dipivaloyloxyphenyl)porphyrin] was investigated under two synthetic pathways. The obtained insight was used to isolate unsymmetrical [2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2-nitro-5-pivaloyloxyphenyl)porphyrin]. Upon separation of the atropisomers, a detailed single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis highlighted intrinsic intermolecular interactions. The nonplanarity of these systems in combination with 'picket fence' motifs provides an important feature in the design of supramolecular ensembles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolis Norvaiša
- Chair of Organic ChemistrySchool of ChemistryTrinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College DublinThe University of Dublin152–160 Pearse StreetDublin2Ireland
| | - Kathryn Yeow
- Chair of Organic ChemistrySchool of ChemistryTrinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College DublinThe University of Dublin152–160 Pearse StreetDublin2Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of ChemistryTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Marie Roucan
- Chair of Organic ChemistrySchool of ChemistryTrinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College DublinThe University of Dublin152–160 Pearse StreetDublin2Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Chair of Organic ChemistrySchool of ChemistryTrinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College DublinThe University of Dublin152–160 Pearse StreetDublin2Ireland
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS)Technical University of MunichLichtenbergstrasse 2a85748GarchingGermany
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29
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30
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Senge MO, Sergeeva NN, Hale KJ. Classic highlights in porphyrin and porphyrinoid total synthesis and biosynthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4730-4789. [PMID: 33623938 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00719a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins feature prominently in nature, be it as enzymatic cofactors, electron and exciton shuffles, as photoactive dyes, or as signaling substances. Their involvement in the generation, storage and use of oxygen is pivotal to life, while their photochemical properties are central to the biochemical functioning of plants. When complexed to metals, porphyrins can engage in a multitude of contemporary applications ranging from solar energy generation to serving as catalysts for important chemical reactions. They are also able to function as useful theranostic agents, and as novel materials for a wide range of applications. As such, they are widely considered to be highly valuable molecules, and it almost goes without saying that synthetic organic chemistry has dramatically underpinned all the key advances made, by providing reliable access to them. In fact, strategies for the synthesis of functionalized porphyrins have now reached a state of refinement where pretty well any desired porphyrin can successfully be synthesized with the approaches that are available, including a cornucopia of related macrocycle-modified porphyrinoids. In this review, we are going to illustrate the development of this exciting field by discussing a number of classic syntheses of porphyrins. Our coverage will encompass the natural protoporphyrins and chlorophylls, while also covering general strategies for the synthesis of unsymmetrical porphyrins and chlorins. Various industrial syntheses of porphyrins will also be discussed, as will other routes of great practical importance, and avenues to key porphyrinoids with modified macrocycles. A range of selected examples of contemporary functionalization reactions will be highlighted. The various key syntheses will be described and analyzed from a traditional mechanistic organic chemistry perspective to help student readers, and those who are new to this area. The aim will be to allow readers to mechanistically appreciate and understand how many of these fascinating ring-systems are built and further functionalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Sample HC, Senge MO. Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (S NAr) and Related Reactions of Porphyrinoids: Mechanistic and Regiochemical Aspects. European J Org Chem 2021; 2021:7-42. [PMID: 33519299 PMCID: PMC7821298 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The nucleophilic substitution of aromatic moieties (SNAr) has been known for over 150 years and found wide use for the functionalization of (hetero)aromatic systems. Currently, several "types" of SNAr reactions have been established and notably the area of porphyrinoid macrocycles has seen many uses thereof. Herein, we detail the SNAr reactions of seven types of porphyrinoids with differing number and type of pyrrole units: subporphyrins, norcorroles, corroles, porphyrins, azuliporphyrins, N-confused porphyrins, and phthalocyanines. For each we analyze the substitution dependent upon: a) the type of nucleophile and b) the site of substitution (α, β, or meso). Along with this we evaluate this route as a synthetic strategy for the generation of unsymmetrical porphyrinoids. Distinct trends can be identified for each type of porphyrinoid discussed, regardless of nucleophile. The use of nucleophilic substitution on porphyrinoids is found to often be a cost-effective procedure with the ability to yield complex substituent patterns, which can be conducted in non-anhydrous solvents with easily accessible simple porphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry C. Sample
- School of ChemistryTrinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteThe University of Dublin152‐160 Pearse StreetDublin 2Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM‐IAS)Technical University of MunichLichtenbergstrasse 2a85748GarchingGermany
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32
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dela Cruz JAB, Hung CH. Ni and Zn N-confused porphyrin complexes as recyclable catalysts for high efficiency solvent-free CO2 fixation into cyclic carbonates. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy02182b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ZnII[2-N(CH2)5N+(CH3)3Br−NCTPP] is a bifunctional catalyst that exhibits efficiency for CO2 fixation with epoxides with TOF up to 370 000 h−1 and TON 1.3 × 106. It can also be recycled for the formation of glycerol carbonate from CO2 and glycidol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay-ar B. dela Cruz
- Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology
- Taiwan International Graduate Program
- Republic of China
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiao Tung University
| | - Chen-Hsiung Hung
- Institute of Chemistry
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 11529
- Republic of China
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33
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Nayak S, Ray A, Bhattacharya S. Size selective supramolecular interaction upon molecular complexation of a designed porphyrin with C60 and C70 in solution. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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34
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Norvaiša K, O'Brien JE, Gibbons DJ, Senge MO. Elucidating Atropisomerism in Nonplanar Porphyrins with Tunable Supramolecular Complexes. Chemistry 2020; 27:331-339. [PMID: 33405259 PMCID: PMC7839692 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atropisomerism is a fundamental feature of substituted biaryls resulting from rotation around the biaryl axis. Different stereoisomers are formed due to restricted rotation about the single bond, a situation often found in substituted porphyrins. Previously NMR determination of porphyrin atropisomers proved difficult, if not almost impossible to accomplish, due to low resolution or unresolvable resonance signals that predominantly overlapped. Here, we shed some light on this fundamental issue found in porphyrinoid stereochemistry. Using benzenesulfonic acid (BSA) for host‐guest interactions and performing 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses, we were able to characterize all four rotamers of the nonplanar 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(2‐aminophenyl)‐2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18‐octaethylporphyirin as restricted H‐bonding complexes. Additionally, X‐ray structural analysis was used to investigate aspects of the weak host–guest interactions. A detailed assignment of the chemical signals suggests charge‐assisted complexation as a key to unravel the atropisomeric enigma. From a method development perspective, symmetry operations unique to porphyrin atropisomers offer an essential handle to accurately identify the rotamers using NMR techniques only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolis Norvaiša
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - John E O'Brien
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Dáire J Gibbons
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland.,Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 2 a, 85748, Garching, Germany
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35
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Ballester M, Ravotto L, E Quirke JM, López de la Vega R, Shelnutt JA, Cheprakov AV, Vinogradov SA, Medforth CJ. Protonation of Planar and Nonplanar Porphyrins: A Calorimetric and Computational Study. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:8994-9003. [PMID: 33073980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the first calorimetric study of the protonation of planar and nonplanar free-base porphyrins: H2OETPP (strongly saddled by its substituents), H2T(tBu)P (strongly ruffled by its substituents), and the nominally planar porphyrins (npPs) H2OEP, H2TPP, H2T(nPe)P, and H2T(iPr)P. The observed enthalpies of protonation in solution (ΔHprotsoln) for formation of the dications in 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane with 2% trifluoroacetic acid are -45 ± 1 kcal mol-1 for the npPs, -52.0 kcal mol-1 for H2T(tBu)P, and -70.9 kcal mol-1 for H2OETPP. The corresponding enthalpies of protonation (ΔHDFT) obtained from DFT calculations (-27 ± 5, -42, and -63 kcal mol-1, respectively) reproduce this trend. The much more negative enthalpy of protonation seen for H2OETPP is consistent with this molecule being pre-deformed into the saddle structure favored by porphyrin dications. Except for OETPP, the calculated enthalpies of the first protonations (ΔH1) are significantly more positive than the enthalpies of the second protonations (ΔH2). In addition, the structural strain energies for the first protonations (ΔEst(1)) are also significantly more positive than ΔEst(2). According to the calculations, the monocations thus have higher proton affinities than the corresponding free-base porphyrins due to a structural strain effect, which is consistent with the generally elusive nature of the porphyrin monocation. The recent observations of monocations for free-base porphyrins with a high degree of saddling can be rationalized in terms of ΔH1 and ΔH2 being similar; so, the monocation is no longer an unstable intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ballester
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33314-7796, United States
| | - Luca Ravotto
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.,Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - J Martin E Quirke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - R López de la Vega
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - John A Shelnutt
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1315, United States
| | | | - Sergei A Vinogradov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.,Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Craig J Medforth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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36
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Suzuki W, Kotani H, Ishizuka T, Kojima T. A Mechanistic Dichotomy in Two-Electron Reduction of Dioxygen Catalyzed by N,N'-Dimethylated Porphyrin Isomers. Chemistry 2020; 26:10480-10486. [PMID: 32329533 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Selective two-electron reduction of dioxygen (O2 ) to hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) has been achieved by two saddle-distorted N,N'-dimethylated porphyrin isomers, an N21,N'22-dimethylated porphyrin (anti-Me2 P) and an N21,N'23-dimethylated porphyrin (syn-Me2 P) as catalysts and ferrocene derivatives as electron donors in the presence of protic acids in acetonitrile. The higher catalytic performance in an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was achieved by anti-Me2 P with higher turnover number (TON=250 for 30 min) than that by syn-Me2 P (TON=218 for 60 min). The reactive intermediates in the catalytic ORR were confirmed to be the corresponding isophlorins (anti-Me2 Iph or syn-Me2 Iph) by spectroscopic measurements. The rate-determining step in the catalytic ORRs was concluded to be proton-coupled electron-transfer reduction of O2 with isophlorins based on kinetic analysis. The ORR rate by anti-Me2 Iph was accelerated by external protons, judging from the dependence of the observed initial rates on acid concentrations. In contrast, no acceleration of the ORR rate with syn-Me2 Iph by external protons was observed. The different mechanisms in the O2 reduction by the two isomers should be derived from that of the arrangement of hydrogen bonding of a O2 with inner NH protons of the isophlorins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kotani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ishizuka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan
| | - Takahiko Kojima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan
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37
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Flanagan KJ, Ryan AA, Twamley B, Senge MO. Influence of meso-linker attachment on the formation of core···π interactions in urea-functionalized porphyrins. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2020-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The ability to cover the face of a porphyrin macrocycle selectively is an attractive feature for concepts such as catalysis and anion binding that is reliant on porphyrin core interactions. Herein, we have synthesized a family of mono-urea functionalized porphyrin complexes with intent to investigate their potential to form core···π interactions selectively to one face of the porphyrin macrocycle. By altering the distance between the urea moiety and the porphyrin through direct linkage or introducing a linker group we can control the formation of the core interactions. This is clearly seen in the crystal structure of 1-phenyl-3-(2-([10,15,20-triphenylporphyrinato]zinc(II)-5-yl)phenyl)urea where a unique face capping effect is demonstrated. In the crystal of this complex, there is a hydrogen-bonding network between the urea group and the axial methanol ligand forming head-to-tail aggregates with the Zn–O axis all molecules pointing in one direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith J. Flanagan
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin , 152–160 Pearse Street , Dublin 2 , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Aoife A. Ryan
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin , 152–160 Pearse Street , Dublin 2 , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin , Dublin 2 , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin , 152–160 Pearse Street , Dublin 2 , Dublin , Ireland
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38
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Dechan P, Bajju GD. Preparations of Core H 2O-Bound 5, 10, 15, 20-Tetrakis-4-chlorophenyl Porphyrin, P 1 , and O-Methylation of Phenol and Its P-Substituted Analogues. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:17775-17786. [PMID: 32715264 PMCID: PMC7377681 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of a dichloromethane solution of 5, 10, 15, 20-tetrakis-4-chlorophenyl porphyrin, P 1 , with methanolic solutions of each of phenol, p-amino phenol, and p-nitro phenol for just 1 h results in the formation of water-molecule-bound amorphous solids of P 1 . In addition to the straightforward access to the H2O-molecule-coordinated species of P 1 thus produced, the another chief advantage of this synthetic strategy is the successful recoveries of anisole, p-amino anisole, and p-nitro anisole at the end of the reactions. The present work therefore further reports the use of P 1 as an efficient catalyst for the selective O-methylation of phenols using methanol as an environmentally friendly methylating agent. The H2O-bound amorphous solids of P 1 exhibit higher-intensity absorption as well as photoluminescence emission bands in dichloromethane compared with the parent crystalline form. Further, the measurement of the solid-state emission properties of both the crystalline and amorphous forms indicates quenching of fluorescence bands corresponding to amorphous solids in comparison with that of parent crystalline form. The crystalline form of P 1 and the H2O-bound amorphous solids were further studied by scanning electron microscope/transmission electron microscope (SEM/TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and thermal analysis techniques. The results of these studies indicate change in morphological and structural features, surface areas, porosities, and thermal robustness upon core coordination of water molecules with the macrocyclic rings of P 1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Padma Dechan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
| | - Gauri Devi Bajju
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
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39
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Weak Interactions and Conformational Changes in Core-Protonated A 2- and A x-Type Porphyrin Dications. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143195. [PMID: 32668713 PMCID: PMC7397311 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual chemical motifs are known to introduce structural distortions to the porphyrin macrocycle, be it in the core or at the periphery of the macrocycle. The interplay when introducing two or more of these known structural motifs has been scarcely explored and is not necessarily simply additive; these structural distortions have a chance to compound or negate to introduce new structural types. To this end, a series of compounds with complementary peripheral (5,15-disubstitution) and core (acidification) substitution patterns were investigated. The single-crystal X-ray structures of 18 5,15-diphenylporphyrin, 5,15-diphenylporphyrindi-ium diacid, and related compounds are reported, including the first example of a 5,15-dialkylporphyrindi-ium. Normal-coordinate structural decomposition (NSD) analysis is used for a detailed analysis of the conformation of the porphyrin subunit within the crystal structures. An elongation of porphyrin macrocycles along the C5,C15- axis (B2g symmetry) is observed in all of the free base porphyrins and porphyrin dications; distance across the core is around 0.3 Å in the free base and diacid compounds, and more than doubled in 5,15-dipentylporphyrin and 5,15-dipentylporphyrindi-ium diacid. While the free base porphyrins are largely planar, a large out-of-plane distortion can be observed in 5,15-diphenylporphyrin diacids, with the expected “projective saddle” shape characteristic for such systems. The combination of these two distortions (B2u and B2g) from regular porphyrin structure results in a macrocycle best characterized in the chiral point-group D2. A rare structural type of a cis-hydrogen bond chelate is observed for 5,15-dipentylporphyrindi-ium diacid, which adopts an achiral C2v symmetry. Crystallographic data indicate that the protonated porphyrin core forms hydrogen bonding chelates (N-H⋯X⋯H-N) to counter-anions. Weaker interactions, such as induced intramolecular C-H⋯O interactions from the porphyrin periphery are described, with distances characteristic of charge-assisted interactions. This paper offers a conceptual framework for accessing porphyrin macrocycles with designable distortion and symmetry, useful for the selective perturbation of electronic states and a design-for-application approach to solid state porphyrin materials.
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Norvaiša K, Kielmann M, Senge MO. Porphyrins as Colorimetric and Photometric Biosensors in Modern Bioanalytical Systems. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1793-1807. [PMID: 32187831 PMCID: PMC7383976 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Advances in porphyrin chemistry have provided novel materials and exciting technologies for bioanalysis such as colorimetric sensor array (CSA), photo-electrochemical (PEC) biosensing, and nanocomposites as peroxidase mimetics for glucose detection. This review highlights selected recent advances in the construction of supramolecular assemblies based on the porphyrin macrocycle that provide recognition of various biologically important entities through the unique porphyrin properties associated with colorimetry, spectrophotometry, and photo-electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolis Norvaiša
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole LaboratoryTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin The University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Marc Kielmann
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole LaboratoryTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin The University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole LaboratoryTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin The University of DublinDublin2Ireland
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS)Lichtenberg-Strasse 2a85748GarchingGermany
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41
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Kielmann M, Flanagan KJ, Senge MO. Targeted Synthesis of Regioisomerically Pure Dodecasubstituted Type I Porphyrins through the Exploitation of Peri-interactions. J Org Chem 2020; 85:7603-7610. [PMID: 32393039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A targeted synthesis of dodecasubstituted type I porphyrins that utilizes the reaction of unsymmetrical 3,4-difunctionalized pyrroles and sterically demanding aldehydes was developed. This way, type I porphyrins could be obtained as the only type isomers, likely due to a minimization of the steric strain arising from peri-interactions. Uniquely, this method does not depend on lengthy precursor syntheses, the separation of isomers, or impractical limitations of the scale. In addition, single-crystal X-ray analysis was used to elucidate the structural features of the macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Kielmann
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Keith J Flanagan
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
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42
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Kruk MM, Klenitsky DV, Gladkov LL, Maes W. Corrole basicity in the excited states: Insights on structure–property relationships. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619501797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Steady-state fluorescence measurements and quantum-chemical DFT geometry optimizations are applied to extend the structure–property relationships between the free-base corrole macrocycle conformation and its basicity to the lowest excited S[Formula: see text] and T[Formula: see text] states. Direct basicity estimation in the lowest excited S[Formula: see text] state is demonstrated by means of fluorescence quantum yield measurements. The long wavelength T1 tautomer is found to retain its basicity in the S[Formula: see text] state, whereas the short wavelength T2 tautomer shows a noticeable decrease in basicity in the S[Formula: see text] state, which is related to the in-plane tilting of the pyrrole ring to be protonated. The conformational changes upon going from the ground to the lowest excited T[Formula: see text] state and the influence of the meso-aryl substitution pattern on the overall degree of distortions and tilting of the pyrrole ring to be protonated are also discussed from the point of view of macrocycle basicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikalai M. Kruk
- Belarusian State Technological University, Sverdlov Str., 13a, 220006, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Dmitry V. Klenitsky
- Belarusian State Technological University, Sverdlov Str., 13a, 220006, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Lev L. Gladkov
- Belarusian State Academy of Communications, F. Skorina Str., 8/2, 220114, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Wouter Maes
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Agoralaan 1, B-3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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43
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Callaghan S, Flanagan KJ, O'Brien JE, Senge MO. Short-Chained Anthracene Strapped Porphyrins and their Endoperoxides. European J Org Chem 2020; 2020:2735-2744. [PMID: 32612450 PMCID: PMC7319435 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The syntheses of short-chained anthracene-strapped porphyrins and their Zn(II)complexes are reported. The key synthetic step is a [2+2] condensation between a dipyrromethane and an anthracene bisaldehyde, 2,2'-((anthracene-9,10-diylbis(methylene))bis(oxy))dibenzaldehyde. Following exposure to white light, self-sensitized singlet oxygen and the anthracene moieties underwent [4+2] cycloaddition reactions to yield the corresponding endoperoxides. 1H NMR studies demonstrate that the endoperoxide readily formed in [D]chloroform and decayed at 85 °C. X-ray crystallography and absorption spectroscopy were used to confirm macrocyclic distortion in the parent strapped porphyrins and endoperoxides. Additionally, X-ray crystallography indicated that endoperoxide formation occurred exclusively on the outside face of the anthracene moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Callaghan
- School of ChemistryTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute152‐160 Pearse StreetDublin 2Ireland
| | - Keith J. Flanagan
- School of ChemistryTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute152‐160 Pearse StreetDublin 2Ireland
| | - John E. O'Brien
- School of ChemistryTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute152‐160 Pearse StreetDublin 2Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- School of ChemistryTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute152‐160 Pearse StreetDublin 2Ireland
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM‐IAS)Technische Universität MünchenLichtenberg‐Str. 2a85748GarchingGermany
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44
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Thomas K, Slebodnick C, Ghosh A. Facile Supramolecular Engineering of Porphyrin cis Tautomers: The Case of β-Octabromo- meso-tetraarylporphyrins. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:8893-8901. [PMID: 32337452 PMCID: PMC7178774 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A porphyrin cis tautomer, where the two central NH protons are on adjacent pyrrole rings, has long been invoked as an intermediate in porphyrin tautomerism. Only recently, however, has such a species been isolated and structurally characterized. Thus, single-crystal X-ray structure determinations of two highly saddled free-base porphyrins, β-heptakis(trifluoromethyl)-meso-tetrakis(p-fluorophenyl)porphyrin, H2[(CF3)7TFPP], and β-octaiodo-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4'-trifluoromethylphenyl)porphyrin, H2[I8TCF3PP], unambiguously revealed cis tautomeric structures, each stabilized as a termolecular complex with a pair of ROH (R = CH3 or H) molecules that form hydrogen-bonded N-H···O-H···N straps connecting the central NH groups with the antipodal unprotonated nitrogens. The unusual substitution patterns of these two porphyrins, however, have left open the question how readily such supramolecular assemblies might be engineered, which prompted us to examine the much more synthetically accessible β-octabromo-meso-tetraphenylporphyrins. Herein, single-crystal X-ray structures were obtained for two such compounds, 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octabromo-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4'-trifluoromethylphenyl)porphyrin, H2[Br8TCF3PP], and 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octabromo-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4'-fluorophenyl)porphyrin, H2[Br8TFPP], and although the central hydrogens could not all be located unambiguously, the electron density could be convincingly modeled as porphyrin cis tautomers, existing in each case as a bis-methanol adduct. In addition, a perusal of the Cambridge Structural Database suggests that there may well be additional examples of porphyrin cis tautomers that have not been recognized as such. We are therefore increasingly confident that porphyrin cis tautomers are readily accessible via supramolecular engineering, involving the simple stratagem of crystallizing a strongly saddled porphyrin from a solvent system containing an amphiprotic species such as water or an alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolle
E. Thomas
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT—The Arctic University
of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Carla Slebodnick
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, 1040 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24601, United States
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT—The Arctic University
of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Thomas KE, Conradie J, Beavers CM, Ghosh A. Free-base porphyrins with localized NH protons. Can substituents alone stabilize the elusive cis tautomer? Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2861-2865. [PMID: 32215434 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00452a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The elusive cis tautomer of free-base porphyrins has recently been isolated and structurally characterized in the form of a supramolecular complex. The question as to whether a suitable set of peripheral substituents might lead to a stable cis tautomer in the absence of supramolecular interactions, however, remains unanswered and is one we have attempted to address here by means of density functional theory calculations. The fact that many antipodally β-tetrasubstituted tetraphenylporphyrin derivatives exhibit localized central protons attached to the β-unsubstituted pyrrole rings led us to surmise that β-tetrasubstitution of adjacent pyrrole rings might lead to a porphyrin cis tautomer, an idea that proved fruitful. Indeed, for the "adjacently" substituted tetraphenylporphyrin derivative H2[adj-(CF3)4(CH3)4TPP], the global energy minimum proved to be a highly saddled cis tautomer, with the trans tautomer about 0.07 eV higher in energy. It is important to underscore, however, that the asymmetric β-substitution pattern is far from the only factor contributing to the stability of the cis tautomer for this porphyrin. A strongly saddled conformation resulting from meso-β steric interactions also helps alleviate the repulsion between the two central NH protons, thereby stabilizing the cis tautomer relative to the trans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolle E Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway. and Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, Republic of South Africa
| | - Christine M Beavers
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720-8229, USA
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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Min Park J, Lee JH, Jang WD. Applications of porphyrins in emerging energy conversion technologies. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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47
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Kingsbury CJ, Flanagan KJ, Kielmann M, Twamley B, Senge MO. Crystal structures of 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octa-bromo-5,10,15,20-tetra-kis-(penta-fluoro-phen-yl)porphyrin as the chloro-form monosolvate and tetra-hydro-furan monosolvate. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2020; 76:214-220. [PMID: 32071749 PMCID: PMC7001836 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989020000432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of the title compounds, two solvates (CHCl3 and THF) of a symmetric and highly substituted porphyrin, C44H2Br8F20N4 or OBrTPFPP, are described. These structures each feature a non-planar porphyrin ring, exhibiting a similar conformation of the strained ring independent of solvent identity. These distorted porphyrins are able to form hydrogen bonds and sub-van der Waals halogen inter-actions with enclathrated solvent; supra-molecular inter-actions of proximal macrocycles are additionally affected by solvent choice. The crystal studied for compound 1·CHCl3 was refined as an inversion twin. One penta-fluoro-phenyl group was modelled as disordered over two sites [occupancy ratio = 0.462 (7):0.538 (7)]. The chloro-form solvate was also modelled as disordered over two orientations [occupancy ratio = 0.882 (7): 0.118 (7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Kingsbury
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Keith J. Flanagan
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Marc Kielmann
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Alex JM, McArdle P, Crowley PB. Supramolecular stacking in a high Z′ calix[8]arene–porphyrin assembly. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce01646e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A co-crystal structure of sulfonato-calix[8]arene (sclx8) and trimethylanilinium-porphyrin (tmap) at 1.0 Å resolution is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimi M. Alex
- School of Chemistry
- National University of Ireland Galway
- Galway
- Ireland
| | - Patrick McArdle
- School of Chemistry
- National University of Ireland Galway
- Galway
- Ireland
| | - Peter B. Crowley
- School of Chemistry
- National University of Ireland Galway
- Galway
- Ireland
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Chahal MK, Payne DT, Matsushita Y, Labuta J, Ariga K, Hill JP. Molecular Engineering of β‐Substituted Oxoporphyrinogens for Hydrogen‐Bond Donor Catalysis. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep K. Chahal
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Namiki 1‐1, Tsukuba 305‐0044 Ibaraki Japan
| | - Daniel T. Payne
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Namiki 1‐1, Tsukuba 305‐0044 Ibaraki Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Matsushita
- Research Network and Facility Services Division National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1‐2–1 Sengen, Tsukuba 305‐0047 Ibaraki Japan
| | - Jan Labuta
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Namiki 1‐1, Tsukuba 305‐0044 Ibaraki Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Namiki 1‐1, Tsukuba 305‐0044 Ibaraki Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science Graduate School of Frontier Sciences The University of Tokyo 5‐1–5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277‐8561 Chiba Japan
| | - Jonathan P. Hill
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Namiki 1‐1, Tsukuba 305‐0044 Ibaraki Japan
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Flanagan KJ, Twamley B, Senge MO. Investigating the Impact of Conformational Molecular Engineering on the Crystal Packing of Cavity Forming Porphyrins. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:15769-15787. [PMID: 31714759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis of 5,10,15,20-tetraaryl-(X)-substituted-2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyrins (OETArXPs) and a structural investigation of their solid-state properties via small molecule X-ray diffraction. A series of halogen (fluorine to iodine), nitrogenous (azido, cyano), alkyl (TMS-acetylene and acetylene), and chained (benzyloxy) porphyrins were chosen as the initial target molecules. Following this, a selection of tetravalent metal complexes [Cu(II), Ni(II), and Pd(II)] based on these porphyrins were synthesized to allow for an investigation of the effects of metal complexes on the structural properties of these highly substituted porphyrins. The size of the halogen atom affects the potential of intermolecular interactions and the resulting crystal packing in these 4-halo-OETArXP complexes. The fluorine series have an equal preference for alkyl or aryl groups (ortho-hydrogen), the chlorine series favor interactions between the alkyl groups, and the bromine appears to favor the aryl (ortho- and meta-hydrogens). This results in an extensive cupping pattern in the unit cell. For the 2,6-halo-OETArXP it was established that the change in position alters the types of the intermolecular contacts toward face-to-edge or face-to-face interactions and alters the packing patterns observed. Within the 4-benzyloxy-OETArXP series the meso-substituent favors interacting with the core of the porphyrin macrocycle. The 4-cyano-OETArXP is a suitable hydrogen-bond acceptor and results in an interesting Z-shape network. Additionally, it was highlighted that solvent effects play a much larger role in crystal packing than intermolecular/intramolecular interaction or metal(II) center substitution. This is accompanied by a study using both the azide- and acetylene-OETArXPs as a base molecule to allow for a quick one-step reaction for the generation of a variety of functionalized compounds. Using a copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction, we were able to append hydrogen bonding functionalities to the OETArXPs framework in high yields. The crystal packing images included in this work shows the potential to create selective and functional receptor sites based on free base porphyrins. However, insofar as analytical measurements indicate, the design of such a free base porphyrin through crystal engineering has not yet been realized. The variety of porphyrin packing arrangements herein indicates the need for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith J Flanagan
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin , The University of Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin , The University of Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin , The University of Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
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