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Frazier CL, Deb D, Weeks AM. Engineered reactivity of a bacterial E1-like enzyme enables ATP-driven modification of protein C termini. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.13.593989. [PMID: 38798401 PMCID: PMC11118369 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.13.593989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In biological systems, ATP provides an energetic driving force for peptide bond formation, but protein chemists lack tools that emulate this strategy. Inspired by the eukaryotic ubiquitination cascade, we developed an ATP-driven platform for C-terminal activation and peptide ligation based on E. coli MccB, a bacterial ancestor of ubiquitin-activating (E1) enzymes that natively catalyzes C-terminal phosphoramidate bond formation. We show that MccB can act on non-native substrates to generate an O-AMPylated electrophile that can react with exogenous nucleophiles to form diverse C-terminal functional groups including thioesters, a versatile class of biological intermediates that have been exploited for protein semisynthesis. To direct this activity towards specific proteins of interest, we developed the Thioesterification C-terminal Handle (TeCH)-tag, a sequence that enables high-yield, ATP-driven protein bioconjugation via a thioester intermediate. By mining the natural diversity of the MccB family, we developed two additional MccB/TeCH-tag pairs that are mutually orthogonal to each other and to the E. coli system, facilitating the synthesis of more complex bioconjugates. Our method mimics the chemical logic of peptide bond synthesis that is widespread in biology for high-yield in vitro manipulation of protein structure with molecular precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara L. Frazier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, USA 53706
| | - Debashrito Deb
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, USA 53706
| | - Amy M. Weeks
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, USA 53706
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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Abdullahi AD, Unban K, Saenjum C, Kodchasee P, Kangwan N, Thananchai H, Shetty K, Khanongnuch C. Antibacterial activities of Miang extracts against selected pathogens and the potential of the tannin-free extracts in the growth inhibition of Streptococcus mutans. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302717. [PMID: 38718045 PMCID: PMC11078415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens have remained a major public health concern for several decades. This study investigated the antibacterial activities of Miang extracts (at non-neutral and neutral pH) against Bacillus cereus TISTR 747, Escherichia coli ATCC 22595, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium TISTR 292 and Streptococcus mutans DMST 18777. The potential of Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP)-precipitated tannin-free Miang extracts in growth-inhibition of the cariogenic Streptococcus mutans DMST 18777 and its biofilms was also evaluated. The tannin-rich fermented extracts had the best bacterial growth inhibition against S. mutans DMST 18777 with an MIC of 0.29 and 0.72 mg/mL for nonfilamentous fungi (NFP) Miang and filamentous-fungi-processed (FFP) Miang respectively. This observed anti-streptococcal activity still remained after PVPP-mediated precipitation of bioactive tannins especially, in NFP and FFP Miang. Characterization of the PVPP-treated extracts using High performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (HPLC-QToF-MS) analysis, also offered an insight into probable compound classes responsible for the activities. In addition, Crystal violet-staining also showed better IC50 values for NFP Miang (4.30 ± 0.66 mg/mL) and FFP Miang (12.73 ± 0.11 mg/mL) against S. mutans DMST 18777 biofilms in vitro. Homology modeling and molecular docking analysis using HPLC-MS identified ligands in tannin-free Miang supernatants, was performed against modelled S. mutans DMST 18777 sortase A enzyme. The in silico analysis suggested that the inhibition by NFP and FFP Miang might be attributed to the presence of ellagic acid, flavonoid aglycones, and glycosides. Thus, these Miang extracts could be optimized and explored as natural active pharmaceutical ingredients (NAPIs) for applications in oral hygienic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliyu Dantani Abdullahi
- Interdisciplinary Program in Biotechnology, The Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kridsada Unban
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Division of Food Science and Technology, School of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chalermpong Saenjum
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pratthana Kodchasee
- Research Center for Multidisciplinary Approaches to Miang, Multidisciplinary Research Institute (MDRI), Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Napapan Kangwan
- Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Hathairat Thananchai
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kalidas Shetty
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Chartchai Khanongnuch
- Research Center for Multidisciplinary Approaches to Miang, Multidisciplinary Research Institute (MDRI), Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Amacher JF, Antos JM. Sortases: structure, mechanism, and implications for protein engineering. Trends Biochem Sci 2024:S0968-0004(24)00100-2. [PMID: 38692993 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Sortase enzymes are critical cysteine transpeptidases on the surface of bacteria that attach proteins to the cell wall and are involved in the construction of bacterial pili. Due to their ability to recognize specific substrates and covalently ligate a range of reaction partners, sortases are widely used in protein engineering applications via sortase-mediated ligation (SML) strategies. In this review, we discuss recent structural studies elucidating key aspects of sortase specificity and the catalytic mechanism. We also highlight select recent applications of SML, including examples where fundamental studies of sortase structure and function have informed the continued development of these enzymes as tools for protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine F Amacher
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA.
| | - John M Antos
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA.
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Bapat RA, Mak KK, Pichika MR, Pang JC, Lin SL, Khoo SP, Daood U. Newly discovered clouting interplay between matrix metalloproteinases structures and novel quaternary Ammonium K21: computational and in-vivo testing. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:382. [PMID: 38528501 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To analyze anti-MMP mode of action of Quaternary Ammonium Silane (QAS, codenamed as k21) by binding onto specific MMP site using computational molecular simulation and Anti-Sortase A (SrtA) mode of action by binding onto specific site using computational molecular simulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS In silico Molecular Dynamics (MD) was used to determine the interactions of K21 inside the pocket of the targeted protein (crystal structure of fibroblast collagenase-1 complexed to a diphenyl-ether sulphone based hydroxamic acid; PDB ID: 966C; Crystal structure of MMP-2 active site mutant in complex with APP-derived decapeptide inhibitor. MD simulations were accomplished with the Desmond package in Schrödinger Drug Discovery Suite. Blood samples (~ 0.5 mL) collected into K2EDTA were immediately transferred for further processing using the Litron MicroFlow® PLUS micronucleus analysis kit for mouse blood according to the manufacturer's instructions. Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test of K21 Molecule was performed to evaluate K21 and any possible metabolites for their potential to induce point mutations in amino acid-requiring strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) (WP2 uvrA (tryptophan-deficient)). RESULTS Molecular Simulation depicted that K21 has a specific pocket binding on various MMPs and SrtA surfaces producing a classical clouting effect. K21 did not induce micronuclei, which are the result of chromosomal damage or damage to the mitotic apparatus, in the peripheral blood reticulocytes of male and female CD-1 mice when administered by oral gavage up to the maximum recommended dose of 2000 mg/kg. The test item, K21, was not mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) strains TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537 and E. coli strain WP2 uvrA in the absence and presence of metabolic activation when tested up to the limit of cytotoxicity or solubility under the conditions of the test. CONCLUSION K21 could serve as a potent protease inhibitor maintaining the physical and biochemical properties of dental structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Ajit Bapat
- Restorative Dentistry Division, School of Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kit-Kay Mak
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mallikarjuna Rao Pichika
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jia Chern Pang
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Seow Liang Lin
- Restorative Dentistry Division, School of Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Suan Phaik Khoo
- Division of Clinical Oral Health, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Umer Daood
- Restorative Dentistry Division, School of Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Mahmood Janlou MA, Sahebjamee H, Yazdani M, Fozouni L. Structure-based virtual screening and molecular dynamics approaches to identify new inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus sortase A. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:1157-1169. [PMID: 37184111 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2201863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a prevalent Gram-positive bacteria leading cause of a wide range of human pathologies. Moreover, antibiotic résistance of pathogenesis bacteria is one of the worldwide health problems. In Gram-positive bacteria, the enzyme of SrtA, is responsible for the anchoring of surface-exposed proteins to the cell wall peptidoglycan. Because of its critical role in Gram-positive bacterial pathogenesis, SrtA is an attractive target for anti-virulence during drug development. To date, some SrtA inhibitors have been discovered most of them being derived from flavonoid compounds, like Myricetin. In order to provide potential hit molecules against SrtA for clinical use, we obtained a total of 293 compounds by performing in silico shape-based screening of compound libraries against Myristin as a reference structure. Employing molecular docking and scoring functions, the top 3 compounds Apigenin, Efloxate, and Compound 8261032 were screened by comparing their docking scores with Myricetin. Furthermore, MD simulations and MM-PBSA binding energy calculation studies revealed that only Compound 8261032 strongly binds to the catalytic core of the SrtA enzyme than Myricetin, and stable behavior was consistently observed in the docking complex. Compound 8261032 showed a good number of hydrogen bonds with SrtA and higher MM-PBSA binding energy when compared to all three molecules. Also, it makes strength interactions with Arg139 and His62, which are critical for SrtA biological activity. This study showed that the development of this inhibitor could be a fundamental strategy against resistant bacteria, but further studies in vitro are needed to confirm this claim.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehr Ali Mahmood Janlou
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hassan Sahebjamee
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Science, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran
| | - Mohsen Yazdani
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Drug Design, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Fozouni
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran
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Chen F, Di H, Wang Y, Peng C, Chen R, Pan H, Yang CG, Liang H, Lan L. The enzyme activity of sortase A is regulated by phosphorylation in Staphylococcus aureus. Virulence 2023; 14:2171641. [PMID: 36694285 PMCID: PMC9928477 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2171641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In many Gram-positive bacteria, the transpeptidase enzyme sortase A (SrtA) anchors surface proteins to cell wall and plays a critical role in the bacterial pathogenesis. Here, we show that in Staphylococcus aureus, an important human pathogen, the SrtA is phosphorylated by serine/threonine protein kinase Stk1. S. aureus SrtA can also be phosphorylated by small-molecule phosphodonor acetyl phosphate (AcP) in vitro. We determined that various amino acid residues of S. aureus SrtA are subject to phosphorylation, primarily on its catalytic site residue cysteine-184 in the context of a bacterial cell lysate. Both Stk1 and AcP-mediated phosphorylation inhibited the enzyme activity of SrtA in vitro. Consequently, deletion of gene (i.e. stp1) encoding serine/threonine phosphatase Stp1, the corresponding phosphatase of Stk1, caused an increase in the phosphorylation level of SrtA. The stp1 deletion mutant mimicked the phenotypic traits of srtA deletion mutant (i.e. attenuated growth where either haemoglobin or haem as a sole iron source and reduced liver infections in a mouse model of systemic infection). Importantly, the phenotypic defects of the stp1 deletion mutant can be alleviated by overexpressing srtA. Taken together, our finding suggests that phosphorylation plays an important role in modulating the activity of SrtA in S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Chen
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, China,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China,Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Di
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Peng
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongrong Chen
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huiwen Pan
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cai-Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China,Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haihua Liang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, China,School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China,Haihua Liang School of Medicine Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lefu Lan
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, China,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China,Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,CONTACT Lefu Lan
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7
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Godse S, Sapar T, Amacher JF. An idea to explore: Engaging high school students in structure-function studies of bacterial sortase enzymes and inhibitors - A comprehensive computational experimental pipeline. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION : A BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 51:606-615. [PMID: 37462254 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.21769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
High school science fairs provide an exceptional opportunity for students to gain experience with scientific research, and participation has positive outcomes with respect to chosen careers in the sciences. However, it can be challenging to engage high school students in university-level research outside of formal internship programs. Here, we describe an experimental pipeline for a computational structural biology project that engages high school students. Students are involved at every step of the investigation and utilize freely available software to dock inhibitors onto protein homologues, and then analyze the resulting complexes. Bacterial sortases are transpeptidases on the cell surface of Gram-positive bacteria and are a potential target for the development of antibiotics. Students modeled inhibitors bound to sortases from several organisms, asking questions about affinity and selectivity. Their project was ranked in the top 10% at both regional and state science fairs. This project design is easily adaptable to countless other protein systems and provides a pipeline for collaborative high school student/university professor inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanvi Sapar
- Tesla STEM High School, Redmond, Washington, USA
| | - Jeanine F Amacher
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA
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Obeng EM, Steer DL, Fulcher A, Wagstaff KM. Steric-Deficient Oligoglycine Surrogates Facilitate Multivalent and Bifunctional Nanobody Synthesis via Combined Sortase A Transpeptidation and Click Chemistry. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1667-1678. [PMID: 37534819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Conferring multifunctional properties to proteins via enzymatic approaches has greatly facilitated recent progress in protein nanotechnology. In this regard, sortase (Srt) A transpeptidation has facilitated many of these developments due to its exceptional specificity, mild reaction conditions, and complementation with other bioorthogonal techniques, such as click chemistry. In most of these developments, Srt A is used to seamlessly tether oligoglycine-containing molecules to a protein of interest that is equipped with the enzyme's recognition sequence, LPXTG. However, the dependence on oligoglycine attacking nucleophiles and the associated cost of certain derivatives (e.g., cyclooctyne) limit the utility of this approach to lab-scale applications only. Thus, the quest to identify appropriate alternatives and understand their effectiveness remains an important area of research. This study identifies that steric and nucleophilicity-associated effects influence Srt A transpeptidation when two oligoglycine surrogates were examined. The approach was further used in complementation with click chemistry to synthesize bivalent and bifunctional nanobody conjugates for application in epithelial growth factor receptor targeting. The overall technique and tools developed here may facilitate the advancement of future nanotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene M Obeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - David L Steer
- Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alex Fulcher
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kylie M Wagstaff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
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Singh AK, Krężel A. Calcium-assisted sortase A cleavage of SUMOylated metallothionein constructs leads to high-yield production of human MT3. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:125. [PMID: 37434134 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian metallothioneins (MTs) are small (6-7 kDa), intracellular, cysteine-rich, metal-binding proteins involved, inter alia, in the homeostasis of zinc and copper, detoxification of heavy metals, antioxidation against reactive oxygen species, and protection against DNA damage. The high cysteine content (~ 30%) in MTs makes them toxic to bacterial cells during protein production, resulting in low yield. To address this issue, we present for the first time a combinatorial approach using the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) and/or sortase as fusion tags for high-level expression of human MT3 in E. coli and its purification by three different strategies. RESULTS Three different plasmids were generated using SUMO, sortase A pentamutant (eSrtA), and sortase recognition motif (LPETG) as removable fusion tags for high-level expression and purification of human MT3 from the bacterial system. In the first strategy, SUMOylated MT3 was expressed and purified using Ulp1-mediated cleavage. In the second strategy, SUMOylated MT3 with a sortase recognition motif at the N-terminus of MT3 was expressed and purified using sortase-mediated cleavage. In the final strategy, the fusion protein His6-SUMO-eSrtA-LPETG-MT3 was expressed and purified by one-step sortase-mediated inducible on-bead autocleavage. Using these three strategies the apo-MT3 was purified in a yield of 11.5, 11, and 10.8 mg/L, respectively, which is the highest yield achieved for MT expression and purification to date. No effect of MT3 on Ni2+-containing resin was observed. CONCLUSION The SUMO/sortase-based strategy used as the production system for MT3 resulted in a very high expression level and protein production yield. The apo-MT3 purified by this strategy contained an additional glycine residue and had similar metal binding properties as WT-MT3. This SUMO-sortase fusion system is a simple, robust, and inexpensive one-step purification approach for various MTs as well as other toxic proteins with very high yield via immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Artur Krężel
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
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Abujubara H, Hintzen JCJ, Rahimi S, Mijakovic I, Tietze D, Tietze AA. Substrate-derived Sortase A inhibitors: targeting an essential virulence factor of Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6975-6985. [PMID: 37389257 PMCID: PMC10306101 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01209c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial transpeptidase Sortase A (SrtA) is a surface enzyme of Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. It has been shown to be an essential virulence factor for the establishment of various bacterial infections, including septic arthritis. However, the development of potent Sortase A inhibitors remains an unmet challenge. Sortase A relies on a five amino acid sorting signal (LPXTG), by which it recognizes its natural target. We report the synthesis of a series of peptidomimetic inhibitors of Sortase A based on the sorting signal, supported by computational binding analysis. By employing a FRET-compatible substrate, our inhibitors were assayed in vitro. Among our panel, we identified several promising inhibitors with IC50 values below 200 μM, with our strongest inhibitor - LPRDSar - having an IC50 of 18.9 μM. Furthermore, it was discovered that three of our compounds show an effect on growth and biofilm inhibition of pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus, with the inclusion of a phenyl ring seemingly key to this effect. The most promising compound in our panel, BzLPRDSar, could inhibit biofilm formation at concentrations as low as 32 μg mL-1, manifesting it as a potential future drug lead. This could lead to treatments for MRSA infections in clinics and diseases such as septic arthritis, which has been directly linked with SrtA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helal Abujubara
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg Kemigården 4 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Jordi C J Hintzen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg Kemigården 4 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Shadi Rahimi
- Division of Systems & Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 10 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Ivan Mijakovic
- Division of Systems & Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 10 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation, Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Daniel Tietze
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg Kemigården 4 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Alesia A Tietze
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg Kemigården 4 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
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11
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Obeng EM, Fulcher AJ, Wagstaff KM. Harnessing sortase A transpeptidation for advanced targeted therapeutics and vaccine engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 64:108108. [PMID: 36740026 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The engineering of potent prophylactic and therapeutic complexes has always required careful protein modification techniques with seamless capabilities. In this light, methods that favor unobstructed multivalent targeting and correct antigen presentations remain essential and very demanding. Sortase A (SrtA) transpeptidation has exhibited these attributes in various settings over the years. However, its applications for engineering avidity-inspired therapeutics and potent vaccines have yet to be significantly noticed, especially in this era where active targeting and multivalent nanomedications are in great demand. This review briefly presents the SrtA enzyme and its associated transpeptidation activity and describes interesting sortase-mediated protein engineering and chemistry approaches for achieving multivalent therapeutic and antigenic responses. The review further highlights advanced applications in targeted delivery systems, multivalent therapeutics, adoptive cellular therapy, and vaccine engineering. These innovations show the potential of sortase-mediated techniques in facilitating the development of simple plug-and-play nanomedicine technologies against recalcitrant diseases and pandemics such as cancer and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene M Obeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Alex J Fulcher
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kylie M Wagstaff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Naranjo-Alcazar R, Bendix S, Groth T, Gallego Ferrer G. Research Progress in Enzymatically Cross-Linked Hydrogels as Injectable Systems for Bioprinting and Tissue Engineering. Gels 2023; 9:gels9030230. [PMID: 36975679 PMCID: PMC10048521 DOI: 10.3390/gels9030230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels have been developed for different biomedical applications such as in vitro culture platforms, drug delivery, bioprinting and tissue engineering. Enzymatic cross-linking has many advantages for its ability to form gels in situ while being injected into tissue, which facilitates minimally invasive surgery and adaptation to the shape of the defect. It is a highly biocompatible form of cross-linking, which permits the harmless encapsulation of cytokines and cells in contrast to chemically or photochemically induced cross-linking processes. The enzymatic cross-linking of synthetic and biogenic polymers also opens up their application as bioinks for engineering tissue and tumor models. This review first provides a general overview of the different cross-linking mechanisms, followed by a detailed survey of the enzymatic cross-linking mechanism applied to both natural and synthetic hydrogels. A detailed analysis of their specifications for bioprinting and tissue engineering applications is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Naranjo-Alcazar
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (CBIT), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Sophie Bendix
- Department of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thomas Groth
- Department of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center of Material Research, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gloria Gallego Ferrer
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (CBIT), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Carlos III Health Institute (CIBER-BBN, ISCIII), 46022 Valencia, Spain
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13
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Development of new spiro[1,3]dithiine-4,11'-indeno[1,2-b]quinoxaline derivatives as S. aureus Sortase A inhibitors and radiosterilization with molecular modeling simulation. Bioorg Chem 2023; 131:106307. [PMID: 36481380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant microbes have become a severe threat to human health and arise a worldwide concern. A total of fifteen spiro-1,3-dithiinoindenoquinoxaline derivatives 2-7 were synthesized and evaluated for their biological activities against five standard and MDRB pathogens. The MIC and MBC/MFC for the most active derivatives were determined in vitro via broth microdilution assay. These derivatives showed significant activity against the tested strains with microbicidal behavior, with compound 4b as the most active compound (MIC range between 0.06 and 0.25 µg/mL for bacteria strains and MIC = 0.25 µg/mL for C. albicans). The most active spiro-1,3-dithiinoindenoquinoxaline derivatives were able to inhibit the activity of SrtA with IC50 values ranging from 22.15 ± 0.4 µM to 37.12 ± 1.4 µM. In addition, the active spiro-1,3-dithiinoindenoquinoxaline attenuated the in vitro virulence-related phenotype of SrtA by weakening the adherence of S. aureus to fibrinogen and reducing the biofilm formation. Surprisingly, compound 4b revealed potent SrtA inhibitory activity with IC50 = 22.15 µM, inhibiting the adhesion of S. aureus with 39.22 ± 0.15 % compared with untreated 9.43 ± 1.52 %, and showed a reduction in the biofilm biomass of S. aureus with 32.27 ± 0.52 %. We further investigated the effect of gamma radiation as a sterilization method on the microbial load and found that a dose of 5 kGy was sufficient to eradicate the microbial load. The quantum chemical studies exhibited that the tested derivatives have a small energy band gap (ΔE = -2.95 to -3.61 eV) and therefore exert potent bioactivity by interacting with receptors more stabilizing.
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14
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Fan L, Du M, Kong L, Cai Y, Hu X. Recognition Site Modifiable Macrocycle: Synthesis, Functional Group Variation and Structural Inspection. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031338. [PMID: 36771008 PMCID: PMC9921963 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional macrocyclic molecules encode recognition sites in their structural backbones, which limits the variation of the recognition sites and thus, would restrict the adjustment of recognition properties. Here, we report a new oligoamide-based macrocycle capable of varying the recognition functional groups by post-synthesis modification on its structural backbone. Through six steps of common reactions, the parent macrocycle (9) can be produced in gram scale with an overall yield of 31%. The post-synthesis modification of 9 to vary the recognition sites are demonstrated by producing four different macrocycles (10-13) with distinct functional groups, 2-methoxyethoxyl (10), hydroxyl (11), carboxyl (12) and amide (13), respectively. The 1H NMR study suggests that the structure of these macrocycles is consistent with our design, i.e., forming hydrogen bonding network at both rims of the macrocyclic backbone. The 1H-1H NOESY NMR study indicates the recognition functional groups are located inside the cavity of macrocycles. At last, a preliminary molecular recognition study shows 10 can recognize n-octyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (14) in chloroform.
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15
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Shanmugasundarasamy T, Karaiyagowder Govindarajan D, Kandaswamy K. A review on pilus assembly mechanisms in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Cell Surf 2022; 8:100077. [PMID: 35493982 PMCID: PMC9046445 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2022.100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria contains long hair-like proteinaceous protrusion known as pili or fimbriae. Historically, pilin proteins were considered to play a major role in the transfer of genetic material during bacterial conjugation. Recent findings however elucidate their importance in virulence, biofilm formation, phage transduction, and motility. Therefore, it is crucial to gain mechanistic insights on the subcellular assembly of pili and the localization patterns of their subunit proteins (major and minor pilins) that aid the macromolecular pilus assembly at the bacterial surface. In this article, we review the current knowledge of pilus assembly mechanisms in a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including subcellular localization patterns of a few pilin subunit proteins and their role in virulence and pathogenesis.
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16
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Structures of Streptococcus pyogenes Class A sortase in complex with substrate and product mimics provide key details of target recognition. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102446. [PMID: 36055407 PMCID: PMC9520033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall is a critical extracellular barrier for bacteria and many other organisms. In bacteria, this structural layer consists of peptidoglycan, which maintains cell shape and structural integrity and provides a scaffold for displaying various protein factors. To attach proteins to the cell wall, Gram-positive bacteria utilize sortase enzymes, which are cysteine transpeptidases that recognize and cleave a specific sorting signal, followed by ligation of the sorting signal–containing protein to the peptidoglycan precursor lipid II (LII). This mechanism is the subject of considerable interest as a target for therapeutic intervention and as a tool for protein engineering, where sortases have enabled sortase-mediated ligation or sortagging strategies. Despite these uses, there remains an incomplete understanding of the stereochemistry of substrate recognition and ligation product formation. Here, we solved the first structures of sortase A from Streptococcus pyogenes bound to two substrate sequences, LPATA and LPATS. In addition, we synthesized a mimetic of the product of sortase-mediated ligation involving LII (LPAT-LII) and solved the complex structure in two ligand conformations. These structures were further used as the basis for molecular dynamics simulations to probe sortase A-ligand dynamics and to construct a model of the acyl–enzyme intermediate, thus providing a structural view of multiple key states in the catalytic mechanism. Overall, this structural information provides new insights into the recognition of the sortase substrate motif and LII ligation partner and will support the continued development of sortases for protein engineering applications.
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17
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Edwardson TGW, Levasseur MD, Tetter S, Steinauer A, Hori M, Hilvert D. Protein Cages: From Fundamentals to Advanced Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:9145-9197. [PMID: 35394752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proteins that self-assemble into polyhedral shell-like structures are useful molecular containers both in nature and in the laboratory. Here we review efforts to repurpose diverse protein cages, including viral capsids, ferritins, bacterial microcompartments, and designed capsules, as vaccines, drug delivery vehicles, targeted imaging agents, nanoreactors, templates for controlled materials synthesis, building blocks for higher-order architectures, and more. A deep understanding of the principles underlying the construction, function, and evolution of natural systems has been key to tailoring selective cargo encapsulation and interactions with both biological systems and synthetic materials through protein engineering and directed evolution. The ability to adapt and design increasingly sophisticated capsid structures and functions stands to benefit the fields of catalysis, materials science, and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephan Tetter
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Steinauer
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mao Hori
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Hanna CC, Kriegesmann J, Dowman LJ, Becker CFW, Payne RJ. Chemische Synthese und Semisynthese von lipidierten Proteinen. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 134:e202111266. [PMID: 38504765 PMCID: PMC10947004 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractLipidierung ist eine ubiquitäre Modifikation von Peptiden und Proteinen, die entweder co‐ oder posttranslational auftreten kann. Für die Vielzahl von Lipidklassen wurde gezeigt, dass diese viele entscheidende biologische Aktivitäten, z. B. die Regulierung der Signalweiterleitung, Zell‐Zell‐Adhäsion sowie die Anlagerung von Proteinen an Lipid‐Rafts und Phospholipidmembranen, beeinflussen. Während die Natur Enzyme nutzt, um Lipidmodifikationen in Proteine einzubringen, ist ihre Nutzung für die chemoenzymatische Herstellung von lipidierten Proteinen häufig ineffizient. Eine Alternative ist die Kombination moderner synthetischer und semisynthetischer Techniken, um lipidierte Proteine in reiner und homogen modifizierter Form zu erhalten. Dieser Aufsatz erörtert Fortschritte in der Entwicklung der Lipidierungs‐ und Ligationschemie und deren Anwendung in der Synthese und Semisynthese homogen lipidierter Proteine, die es ermöglichen, den Einfluss dieser Modifikationen auf die Proteinstruktur und ‐funktion zu untersuchen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron C. Hanna
- School of ChemistryThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australien
| | - Julia Kriegesmann
- Institut für Biologische ChemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität WienWienÖsterreich
| | - Luke J. Dowman
- School of ChemistryThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australien
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein ScienceThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australien
| | | | - Richard J. Payne
- School of ChemistryThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australien
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein ScienceThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australien
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19
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Scutellarin potentiates vancomycin against lethal pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus through dual inhibition of sortase A and caseinolytic peptidase P. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:114982. [PMID: 35247333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The strategy of targeting virulence factor has received great attention as it barely develops bacterial resistance. Sortase A (SrtA) and caseinolytic peptidase P (ClpP), as important virulence factors, are considered to be ideal pharmacological targets for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. Through screening hundreds of compounds, we found scutellarin, a natural flavonoid, markedly inhibited SrtA and ClpP activities of MRSA strain USA300 with an IC50 of 53.64 μg/mL and 107.00 μg/mL, respectively. Subsequently, we observed that scutellarin could inhibit the SrtA-related virulence of MRSA. To demonstrate whether scutellarin directly binding to SrtA, fluorescence quenching assay and molecular docking were performed and the results indicated that scutellarin directly bonded to SrtA molecule with a KA value of 7.58 × 104 L/mol. In addition to direct SrtA inhibition, scutellarin could also inhibit hemolytic activity of S. aureus by inhibiting the expression of Hla in a SrtA-independent manner. Further assays confirmed that scutellarin inhibited hemolysis by inhibiting ClpP. The combination of scutellarin and vancomycin showed enhancing inhibition of USA300 in vitro and in vivo, evidenced by decreased MIC from 3 μg/mL to 0.5 μg/mL and increased survival and improvement of lung pathology in pneumonia mice. Taken together, these results suggest that scutellarin exhibited di-inhibitory effects on SrtA and ClpP of USA300. The di-inhibition of virulence factors by scutellarin combined with vancomycin to prevent MRSA invasion of A549 cells and pneumonia in mice, indicating that scutellarin is expected to be a potential adjuvant against MRSA in the future.
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20
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Marzhoseyni Z, Shojaie L, Tabatabaei SA, Movahedpour A, Safari M, Esmaeili D, Mahjoubin-Tehran M, Jalili A, Morshedi K, Khan H, Okhravi R, Hamblin MR, Mirzaei H. Streptococcal bacterial components in cancer therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:141-155. [PMID: 33753868 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00308-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The incidence rate of cancer is steadily increasing all around the world, and there is an urgent need to develop novel and more effective treatment strategies. Recently, bacterial therapy has been investigated as a new approach to target cancer, and is becoming a serious option. Streptococcus strains are among the most common and well-studied virulent bacteria that cause a variety of human infections. Everyone has experienced a sore throat during their lifetime, or has been asymptomatically colonized by streptococci. The ability of Streptococcus bacteria to fight cancer was discovered more than 100 years ago, and over the years has undergone clinical trials, but the mechanism is not yet completely understood. Recently, several animal models and human clinical trials have been reported. Streptococcal strains can have an intrinsic anti-tumor activity, or can activate the host immune system to fight the tumor. Bacteria can selectively accumulate and proliferate in the hypoxic regions of solid tumors. Moreover, the bacteria can be genetically engineered to secrete toxins or enzymes that can specifically attack the tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Marzhoseyni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Layla Shojaie
- Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Seyed Alireza Tabatabaei
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Movahedpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahmood Safari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Davoud Esmaeili
- Department of Microbiology and Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute and Department of Microbiology, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahjoubin-Tehran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amin Jalili
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Korosh Morshedi
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Ranaa Okhravi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa.
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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21
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Production of pentaglycine-fused proteins using Escherichia coli expression system without in vitro peptidase treatment. Protein Expr Purif 2022; 194:106068. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Barthels F, Meyr J, Hammerschmidt SJ, Marciniak T, Räder HJ, Ziebuhr W, Engels B, Schirmeister T. 2-Sulfonylpyrimidines as Privileged Warheads for the Development of S. aureus Sortase A Inhibitors. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:804970. [PMID: 35047562 PMCID: PMC8763382 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.804970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequent causes of nosocomial and community-acquired infections, with emerging multiresistant isolates causing a significant burden to public health systems. We identified 2-sulfonylpyrimidines as a new class of potent inhibitors against S. aureus sortase A acting by covalent modification of the active site cysteine 184. Series of derivatives were synthesized to derive structure-activity relationship (SAR) with the most potent compounds displaying low micromolar KI values. Studies on the inhibition selectivity of homologous cysteine proteases showed that 2-sulfonylpyrimidines reacted efficiently with protonated cysteine residues as found in sortase A, though surprisingly, no reaction occurred with the more nucleophilic cysteine residue from imidazolinium-thiolate dyads of cathepsin-like proteases. By means of enzymatic and chemical kinetics as well as quantum chemical calculations, it could be rationalized that the SNAr reaction between protonated cysteine residues and 2-sulfonylpyrimidines proceeds in a concerted fashion, and the mechanism involves a ternary transition state with a conjugated base. Molecular docking and enzyme inhibition at variable pH values allowed us to hypothesize that in sortase A this base is represented by the catalytic histidine 120, which could be substantiated by QM model calculation with 4-methylimidazole as histidine analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Barthels
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jessica Meyr
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan J Hammerschmidt
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tessa Marciniak
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Wilma Ziebuhr
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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23
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Narayanan KB, Han SS. Peptide ligases: A Novel and potential enzyme toolbox for catalytic cross-linking of protein/peptide-based biomaterial scaffolds for tissue engineering. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 155:109990. [PMID: 35030384 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.109990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of novel biomaterial scaffolds with improved biological interactions and mechanical properties is an important aspect of tissue engineering. The three-dimensional (3D) protein/peptide-based polymeric scaffolds are promising in vitro biomaterials to replicate the in vivo microenvironment mimicking the extracellular matrix (ECM) for cell differentiation and subsequent tissue formation. Among different strategies in the fabrication of scaffolds, bioorthogonal enzymatic reactions for rapid in situ zero-length cross-linking are advantageous. Peptide ligases as a novel toolbox have the potentiality to enzymatically cross-link natural/synthetic protein/peptide-based polymeric chains for a wide range of biomedical applications. Although natural peptide ligases, such as sortases and butelase 1 are known cysteine proteases with ligase activity, some serine proteases, such as trypsin and subtilisin, are protein engineered to form trypsiligase and subtiligase, respectively, which exhibited efficient ligase activity by linking proteins/peptides with a great variety of molecules. Peptide ligase activity by these engineered proteases is more efficient than the hydrolysis of peptide bonds (peptidase activity). Peptide esters form acyl-enzyme intermediate with serine/cysteine residues of these proteases, with subsequent aminolysis forming covalent peptide bond with N-terminal residue of another polymeric chain. In addition, peptide ligases have the potential to conjugate with cell-adhesive ECM proteins or motifs and growth factors to (bio)polymeric networks to enhance cell attachment, growth, and differentiation. Here, we review the potential and limitations of natural and engineered peptide ligases as an enzyme toolbox with a focus on sortases (classes A-D), butelase 1, trypsiligase, and subtilisin variants, and the mechanisms for their zero-length cross-linking of (bio)polymeric scaffolds for various tissue engineering and regenerative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Badri Narayanan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Soo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Javanshir N, Hosseini GNG, Sadeghi M, Esmaeili R, Satarikia F, Ahmadian G, Allahyari N. Evaluation of the Function of Probiotics, Emphasizing the Role of their Binding to the Intestinal Epithelium in the Stability and their Effects on the Immune System. Biol Proced Online 2021; 23:23. [PMID: 34847891 PMCID: PMC8903605 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-021-00160-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the importance of using cost-effective methods for therapeutic purposes, the function of probiotics as safe microorganisms and the study of their relevant functional mechanisms have recently been in the spotlight. Finding the mechanisms of attachment and stability and their beneficial effects on the immune system can be useful in identifying and increasing the therapeutic effects of probiotics. In this review, the functional mechanisms of probiotics were comprehensively investigated. Relevant articles were searched in scientific sources, documents, and databases, including PubMed, NCBI, Bactibace, OptiBac, and Bagel4. The most important functional mechanisms of probiotics and their effects on strengthening the epithelial barrier, competitive inhibition of pathogenic microorganisms, production of antimicrobials, binding and interaction with the host, and regulatory effects on the immune system were discussed. In this regard, the attachment of probiotics to the epithelium is very important because the prerequisite for their proper functioning is to establish a proper connection to the epithelium. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the binding effect of probiotics, including sortase A, a significant factor involved in the expression of sortase-dependent proteins (SDP), on their surface as mediators of intestinal epithelial cell binding. In general, by investigating the functional mechanisms of probiotics, it was concluded that the mechanism by which probiotics regulate the immune system and adhesion capacity can directly and indirectly have preventive and therapeutic effects on a wide range of diseases. However, further study of these mechanisms requires extensive research on various aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Javanshir
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. (NIGEB), P.O. Box: 14155-6343, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahdieh Sadeghi
- Department of Science, Islamic Azad University - Parand Branch, Parand, Iran
| | | | - Fateme Satarikia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Ahmadian
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. (NIGEB), P.O. Box: 14155-6343, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Najaf Allahyari
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. (NIGEB), P.O. Box: 14155-6343, Tehran, Iran.
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25
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Hanna C, Kriegesmann J, Dowman L, Becker C, Payne RJ. Chemical Synthesis and Semisynthesis of Lipidated Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202111266. [PMID: 34611966 PMCID: PMC9303669 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lipidation is a ubiquitous modification of peptides and proteins that can occur either co‐ or post‐translationally. An array of different lipid classes can adorn proteins and has been shown to influence a number of crucial biological activities, including the regulation of signaling, cell–cell adhesion events, and the anchoring of proteins to lipid rafts and phospholipid membranes. Whereas nature employs a range of enzymes to install lipid modifications onto proteins, the use of these for the chemoenzymatic generation of lipidated proteins is often inefficient or impractical. An alternative is to harness the power of modern synthetic and semisynthetic technologies to access lipid‐modified proteins in a pure and homogeneously modified form. This Review aims to highlight significant advances in the development of lipidation and ligation chemistry and their implementation in the synthesis and semisynthesis of homogeneous lipidated proteins that have enabled the influence of these modifications on protein structure and function to be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Hanna
- The University of Sydney, Chemistry, 2006, Sydney, AUSTRALIA
| | - Julia Kriegesmann
- University of Vienna: Universitat Wien, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Vienna, AUSTRIA
| | - Luke Dowman
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemistry, 2006, Sydney, AUSTRALIA
| | - Christian Becker
- University of Vienna Faculty of Chemistry: Universitat Wien Fakultat fur Chemie, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Vienna, AUSTRIA
| | - Richard James Payne
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemistry, Eastern Avenue, 2006, Sydney, AUSTRALIA
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Sapra R, Rajora AK, Kumar P, Maurya GP, Pant N, Haridas V. Chemical Biology of Sortase A Inhibition: A Gateway to Anti-infective Therapeutic Agents. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13097-13130. [PMID: 34516107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of hospital-acquired infections. The enzyme sortase A, present on the cell surface of S. aureus, plays a key role in bacterial virulence without affecting the bacterial viability. Inhibition of sortase A activity offers a powerful but clinically less explored therapeutic strategy, as it offers the possibility of not inducing any selective pressure on the bacteria to evolve drug-resistant strains. In this Perspective, we offer a chemical space narrative for the design of sortase A inhibitors, as delineated into three broad domains: peptidomimetics, natural products, and synthetic small molecules. This provides immense opportunities for medicinal chemists to alleviate the ever-growing crisis of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachit Sapra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Amit K Rajora
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Pushpendra Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Govind P Maurya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Nalin Pant
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - V Haridas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
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27
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Kumari P, Bowmik S, Paul SK, Biswas B, Banerjee SK, Murty US, Ravichandiran V, Mohan U. Sortase A: A chemoenzymatic approach for the labeling of cell surfaces. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4577-4589. [PMID: 34491580 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sortase A, a transpeptidase enzyme is present in many Gram-positive bacteria and helps in the recruitment of the cell surface proteins. Over the last two decades, Sortase A has become an attractive tool for performing in vivo and in vitro ligations. Sortase A-mediated ligation has continuously been used for its specificity, robustness, and highly efficient nature. These properties make it a popular choice among protein engineers as well as researchers from different fields. In this review, we give an overview of Sortase A-mediated ligation of various molecules on the cell surfaces, which can have diverse applications in interdisciplinary fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Sujoy Bowmik
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Sudipto Kumar Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Bidisha Biswas
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Sanjay K Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | | | - Velayutham Ravichandiran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Utpal Mohan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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28
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Yang H, Qu J, Zou W, Shen W, Chen X. An overview and future prospects of recombinant protein production in Bacillus subtilis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6607-6626. [PMID: 34468804 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11533-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a well-characterized Gram-positive bacterium and a valuable host for recombinant protein production because of its efficient secretion ability, high yield, and non-toxicity. Here, we comprehensively review the recent studies on recombinant protein production in B. subtilis to update and supplement other previous reviews. We have focused on several aspects, including optimization of B. subtilis strains, enhancement and regulation of expression, improvement of secretion level, surface display of proteins, and fermentation optimization. Among them, optimization of B. subtilis strains mainly involves undirected chemical/physical mutagenesis and selection and genetic manipulation; enhancement and regulation of expression comprises autonomous plasmid and integrated expression, promoter regulation and engineering, and fine-tuning gene expression based on proteases and molecular chaperones; improvement of secretion level predominantly involves secretion pathway and signal peptide screening and optimization; surface display of proteins includes surface display of proteins on spores or vegetative cells; and fermentation optimization incorporates medium optimization, process condition optimization, and feeding strategy optimization. Furthermore, we propose some novel methods and future challenges for recombinant protein production in B. subtilis.Key points• A comprehensive review on recombinant protein production in Bacillus subtilis.• Novel techniques facilitate recombinant protein expression and secretion.• Surface display of proteins has significant potential for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiquan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Jinfeng Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wei Zou
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin, 644000, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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29
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Coutinho TDNP, Barroso FDD, da Silva CR, da Silva AR, Cabral VPDF, Sá LGDAV, Cândido TM, da Silva LJ, Ferreira TL, da Silva WMB, Silva J, Marinho ES, Cavalcanti BC, Moraes MO, Nobre Júnior H, Andrade Neto JBD. EFFECTS OF KETAMINE IN METHICILLIN RESISTANT S. aureus AND IN SILICO INTERACTION WITH SORTASE A. Can J Microbiol 2021; 67:885-893. [PMID: 34314621 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2021-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the main human pathogens and is responsible for many diseases ranging from skin infections to more invasive infections. These infections are dangerous and expensive to treat because these strains are resistant to a large number of conventional antibiotics. Having said that, Antibacterial effect of ketamine against MRSA strains, its mechanism of action and in silico interaction with sortase A was evaluated. The antibacterial effect of ketamine was assessed by the broth microdilution method. Subsequently, the mechanism of action was assessed using flow cytometry and molecular docking assays with sortase A. Our results showed that Ketamine has a significant antibacterial activity against MRSA strains in the range of 2.49 to 3.73 mM. Their mechanism of action involves alterations in the membrane integrity and DNA damage, reducing cell viability that provoke death by apoptosis. In addition, Ketamine compound had affinity for S. aureus sortase A. These results indicate that this compound can be an alternative to develop new strategies to combat of infections caused by MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jacilene Silva
- State University of Ceara, 67843, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil;
| | | | | | | | - Hélio Nobre Júnior
- Federal University of Ceará, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Rua Capitão Francisco Pedro, 1210 - Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Brazil, 60430-370;
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Sequence variation in the β7-β8 loop of bacterial class A sortase enzymes alters substrate selectivity. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100981. [PMID: 34302812 PMCID: PMC8361268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-positive bacteria contain sortase enzymes on their cell surfaces that catalyze transpeptidation reactions critical for proper cellular function. In vitro, sortases are used in sortase-mediated ligation (SML) reactions for a variety of protein engineering applications. Historically, sortase A from Staphylococcus aureus (saSrtA) has been the enzyme of choice to catalyze SML reactions. However, the stringent specificity of saSrtA for the LPXTG sequence motif limits its uses. Here, we describe the impact on substrate selectivity of a structurally conserved loop with a high degree of sequence variability in all classes of sortases. We investigate the contribution of this β7–β8 loop by designing and testing chimeric sortase enzymes. Our chimeras utilize natural sequence variation of class A sortases from eight species engineered into the SrtA sequence from Streptococcus pneumoniae. While some of these chimeric enzymes mimic the activity and selectivity of the WT protein from which the loop sequence was derived (e.g., that of saSrtA), others results in chimeric Streptococcus pneumoniae SrtA enzymes that are able to accommodate a range of residues in the final position of the substrate motif (LPXTX). Using mutagenesis, structural comparisons, and sequence analyses, we identify three interactions facilitated by β7–β8 loop residues that appear to be broadly conserved or converged upon in class A sortase enzymes. These studies provide the foundation for a deeper understanding of sortase target selectivity and can expand the sortase toolbox for future SML applications.
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31
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Exploiting pilus-mediated bacteria-host interactions for health benefits. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 81:100998. [PMID: 34294411 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface pili (or fimbriae) are an important but conspicuous adaptation of several genera and species of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. These long and non-flagellar multi-subunit adhesins mediate the initial contact that a bacterium has with a host or environment, and thus have come to be regarded as a key colonization factor for virulence activity in pathogens or niche adaptation in commensals. Pili in pathogenic bacteria are well recognized for their roles in the adhesion to host cells, colonization of tissues, and establishment of infection. As an 'anti-adhesive' ploy, targeting pilus-mediated attachment for disruption has become a potentially effective alternative to using antibiotics. In this review, we give a description of the several structurally distinct bacterial pilus types thus far characterized, and as well offer details about the intricacy of their individual structure, assembly, and function. With a molecular understanding of pilus biogenesis and pilus-mediated host interactions also provided, we go on to describe some of the emerging new approaches and compounds that have been recently developed to prevent the adhesion, colonization, and infection of piliated bacterial pathogens.
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32
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Susmitha A, Bajaj H, Madhavan Nampoothiri K. The divergent roles of sortase in the biology of Gram-positive bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:100055. [PMID: 34195501 PMCID: PMC8225981 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2021.100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial cell wall contains numerous surface-exposed proteins, which are covalently anchored and assembled by a sortase family of transpeptidase enzymes. The sortase are cysteine transpeptidases that catalyzes the covalent attachment of surface protein to the cell wall peptidoglycan. Among the reported six classes of sortases, each distinct class of sortase plays a unique biological role in anchoring a variety of surface proteins to the peptidoglycan of both pathogenic and non-pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria. Sortases not only exhibit virulence and pathogenesis properties to host cells, but also possess a significant role in gut retention and immunomodulation in probiotic microbes. The two main distinct functions are to attach proteins directly to the cell wall or assemble pili on the microbial surface. This review provides a compendium of the distribution of different classes of sortases present in both pathogenic and non-pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria and also the noteworthy role played by them in bacterial cell wall assembly which enables each microbe to effectively interact with its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliyath Susmitha
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR - National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Harsha Bajaj
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR - National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Kesavan Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR - National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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33
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Wu L, Wu ZC, Todosiichuk T, Korneva O. Nosocomial Infections: Pathogenicity, Resistance and Novel Antimicrobials. INNOVATIVE BIOSYSTEMS AND BIOENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.20535/ibb.2021.5.2.228970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The fight against the spread of infectious diseases creates the problem of resistance to pathogens and the most resistant of them – the propagators of nosocomial infections – are formed in hospitals because of a number of reasons. The solution of the problem lies in different areas, but the search of new effective means for the treatment of such diseases remains relevant right today. The shortest way to do this is to find the "pain points" of the pathogens themselves, i.e. the factors of their pathogenicity and resistance to which the action of novel antiseptics should be directed.
Objective. We aimed to analyse and evaluate the main factors of pathogenicity and resistance of pathogens of nosocomial infections to determine modern approaches to the development of novel antimicrobials.
Methods. Search and systematization of new scientific data and results concerning pathogenic factors of microbial pathogens that can be used as targets for the action of drugs.
Results. Over the last 10–20 years, due to the development of new research methods in biology, it has become possible to clarify the features and additional conditions for the detection of pathogenic factors of nosocomial infections. Additional mechanisms of manifestation of resistance, adhesiveness, invasiveness, transmission of signs, secretion of toxins by pathogens are shownthat determines the general increase of their resistance to the action of currently used means. The general idea of creating antiseptics that will not increase the resistance of pathogens can now be implemented by using substances with multidirectional or indirect mechanisms of action that minimally affect the metabolism of the cell and significantly reduce its resistance and pathogenicity.
Conclusions. Factors of pathogenicity of propagators of nosocomial infections and mechanisms of their implementation can be considered as the main targets for the action of novel antiseptics that will inhibit the spread of pathogens without increasing their resistance. The promising substances for such drugs, among other things, are bacteriophages and their modifications, enzybiotics, immunobiotics, autoinducer inhibitors, quorum sensing-system inhibitors, b-lactamase inhibitors and others. Some of these substances in combination with the new generation of antibiotics significantly enhance their effectiveness and together they are able to overcome the resistance of even multidrug-resistant pathogens.
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34
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Tian T, Zhao J, Wang Y, Li B, Qiao L, Zhang K, Liu B. Transpeptidation-mediated single-particle imaging assay for sensitive and specific detection of sortase with dark-field optical microscopy. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 178:113003. [PMID: 33486157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transpeptidation of surface proteins catalyzed by the transpeptidase sortase plays a critical role in the infection process of Gram-positive pathogen. Monitoring sortase activity and screening its inhibitors are of great significance to fundamental understanding of the infection mechanism and pharmaceutical development. Herein, we developed a digital single-particle imaging method to quantify sortase A (SrtA) activity based on transpeptidation-mediated assembly and enumeration of gold nanoparticles (GNPs). The assay utilizes two peptide stands, in which one has the SrtA recognition sequence LPXTG motif while the other carries an oligoglycine nucleophile at the one end and a biotin group at the other. The presence of SrtA enables the ligation of two peptides and allows for the immobilization of streptavidin-functionalized GNPs. Thus, SrtA activity can be quantified by imaging and enumeration of the surface-assembled GNPs at the single-particle level via dark-field microscopy. The single-particle method was highly sensitive to SrtA activity with a low detection limit of 7.9 pM and a wide linear dynamic range from 0.05 to 50 nM. Besides detection of SrtA in complex biological samples such as Gram-positive pathogen lysates, the proposed method was also successfully applied to estimate the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of SrtA inhibitors (curcumin, berberine hydrochloride and quercetin). The present method, combining single-GNP counting and dark-field imaging, provides a facile and novel analytical tool for SrtA activity and its inhibitor screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Jinzhi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Yuning Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Binxiao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China.
| | - Baohong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China.
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35
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Diversity, molecular mechanisms and structure-activity relationships of marine protease inhibitors-A review. Pharmacol Res 2021; 166:105521. [PMID: 33662574 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Marine habitats are well-known for their diverse life forms that are potential sources of novel bioactive compounds. Evidence from existing studies suggests that these compounds contribute significantly to the field of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. The isolation of natural compounds from a marine environment with protease inhibitory activity has gained importance due to drug discovery potential. Despite the increasing research endeavours focusing on protease inhibitors' design and characterization, many of these compounds have failed to reach final phases of clinical trials. As a result, the search for new sources for the development of protease inhibitors remains pertinent. This review focuses on the diverse marine protease inhibitors and their structure-activity relationships. Furthermore, the potential of marine protease inhibitors in drug discovery and molecular mechanism inhibitor binding are critically discussed.
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36
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Tytgat HLP, Rasinkangas P, Ritari J, Reunanen J, Aalvink S, Lin CW, Palva A, Douillard FP, de Vos WM. Selection and characterization of a SpaCBA pilus-secreting food-grade derivative of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1123-1131. [PMID: 33417041 PMCID: PMC7843469 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have established the functional properties of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG, previously known as Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, marketed worldwide as a probiotic. The extraordinary capacity of L. rhamnosus GG to bind to human mucus and influence the immune system especially stand out. Earlier, we have shown the key role of its SpaCBA sortase-dependent pili encoded by the spaCBA-srtC1 gene cluster herein. These heterotrimeric pili consist of a shaft pilin SpaA, a basal pilin SpaB, and tip pilin SpaC that contains a mucus-binding domain. Here, we set out to characterize a food-grade non-GMO mutant of L. rhamnosus GG, strain PA11, which secretes its pilins, rather than coupling them to the cell surface, due to a defect in the housekeeping sortase A. The sortase-negative strain PA11 was extensively characterized using functional genomics and biochemical approaches and found to secrete the SpaCBA pili into the supernatant. Given the functional importance and uniqueness of the mucus-binding pili of L. rhamnosus GG, strain PA11 offers novel opportunities towards the characterization and further therapeutic application of SpaCBA pili and their low-cost, large-scale production. •Creation of pilus-secreting mutant (PA11) of the key probiotic LGG. •Strain PA11 is defective in a functional housekeeping sortase SrtA. •Strain PA11 opens novel biotherapeutic application avenues. Graphical abstract![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne L P Tytgat
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pia Rasinkangas
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Kantvik, Finland
| | - Jarmo Ritari
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Justus Reunanen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Steven Aalvink
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chia-Wei Lin
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Airi Palva
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - François P Douillard
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Abstract
Enzymes are a class of protein that catalyze a wide range of chemical reactions, including the cleavage of specific peptide bonds. They are expressed in all cell types, play vital roles in tissue development and homeostasis, and in many diseases, such as cancer. Enzymatic activity is tightly controlled through the use of inactive pro-enzymes, endogenous inhibitors and spatial localization. Since the presence of specific enzymes is often correlated with biological processes, and these proteins can directly modify biomolecules, they are an ideal biological input for cell-responsive biomaterials. These materials include both natural and synthetic polymers, cross-linked hydrogels and self-assembled peptide nanostructures. Within these systems enzymatic activity has been used to induce biodegradation, release therapeutic agents and for disease diagnosis. As technological advancements increase our ability to quantify the expression and nanoscale organization of proteins in cells and tissues, as well as the synthesis of increasingly complex and well-defined biomaterials, enzyme-responsive biomaterials are poised to play vital roles in the future of biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Thomas Pashuck
- Department of Bioengineering, P.C. Rossin College of Engineering and Applied Science, Lehigh University Bethlehem Pennsylvania USA
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38
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Vlaeminck J, Raafat D, Surmann K, Timbermont L, Normann N, Sellman B, van Wamel WJB, Malhotra-Kumar S. Exploring Virulence Factors and Alternative Therapies against Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110721. [PMID: 33218049 PMCID: PMC7698915 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is an acute pulmonary infection associated with high mortality and an immense financial burden on healthcare systems. Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen capable of inducing S. aureus pneumonia (SAP), with some lineages also showing multidrug resistance. Given the high level of antibiotic resistance, much research has been focused on targeting S. aureus virulence factors, including toxins and biofilm-associated proteins, in an attempt to develop effective SAP therapeutics. Despite several promising leads, many hurdles still remain for S. aureus vaccine research. Here, we review the state-of-the-art SAP therapeutics, highlight their pitfalls, and discuss alternative approaches of potential significance and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Vlaeminck
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.V.); (L.T.)
| | - Dina Raafat
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (D.R.); (N.N.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Kristin Surmann
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Leen Timbermont
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.V.); (L.T.)
| | - Nicole Normann
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (D.R.); (N.N.)
| | - Bret Sellman
- Microbiome Discovery, Microbial Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R & D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA;
| | - Willem J. B. van Wamel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.V.); (L.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-3-265-27-52
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39
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Thappeta KRV, Zhao LN, Nge CE, Crasta S, Leong CY, Ng V, Kanagasundaram Y, Fan H, Ng SB. In-Silico Identified New Natural Sortase A Inhibitors Disrupt S. aureus Biofilm Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228601. [PMID: 33202690 PMCID: PMC7696255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sortase A (SrtA) is a membrane-associated enzyme that anchors surface-exposed proteins to the cell wall envelope of Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. As SrtA is essential for Gram-positive bacterial pathogenesis but dispensable for microbial growth or viability, SrtA is considered a favorable target for the enhancement of novel anti-infective drugs that aim to interfere with key bacterial virulence mechanisms, such as biofilm formation, without developing drug resistance. Here, we used virtual screening to search an in-house natural compound library and identified two natural compounds, N1287 (Skyrin) and N2576 ((4,5-dichloro-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-[2,4-dihydroxy-3-(4-methyl-pentyl)-phenyl]-methanone) that inhibited the enzymatic activity of SrtA. These compounds also significantly reduced the growth of S. aureus but possessed moderate mammalian toxicity. Furthermore, S. aureus strains treated with these compounds exhibited reduction in adherence to host fibrinogen, as well as biofilm formation. Hence, these compounds may represent an anti-infective therapy without the side effects of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Reddy Venkata Thappeta
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, #01-02 Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore; (K.R.V.T.); (C.E.N.); (S.C.); (C.Y.L.); (V.N.)
| | - Li Na Zhao
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore;
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, #3-09 Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Choy Eng Nge
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, #01-02 Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore; (K.R.V.T.); (C.E.N.); (S.C.); (C.Y.L.); (V.N.)
| | - Sharon Crasta
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, #01-02 Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore; (K.R.V.T.); (C.E.N.); (S.C.); (C.Y.L.); (V.N.)
| | - Chung Yan Leong
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, #01-02 Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore; (K.R.V.T.); (C.E.N.); (S.C.); (C.Y.L.); (V.N.)
| | - Veronica Ng
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, #01-02 Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore; (K.R.V.T.); (C.E.N.); (S.C.); (C.Y.L.); (V.N.)
| | - Yoganathan Kanagasundaram
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, #01-02 Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore; (K.R.V.T.); (C.E.N.); (S.C.); (C.Y.L.); (V.N.)
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore;
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (H.F.); (S.B.N.); Tel.: +65-6586-9508 (Y.K.); +65-6478-8500 (H.F.); +65-6478-8513 (S.B.N.)
| | - Hao Fan
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore;
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (H.F.); (S.B.N.); Tel.: +65-6586-9508 (Y.K.); +65-6478-8500 (H.F.); +65-6478-8513 (S.B.N.)
| | - Siew Bee Ng
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, #01-02 Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore; (K.R.V.T.); (C.E.N.); (S.C.); (C.Y.L.); (V.N.)
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore;
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (H.F.); (S.B.N.); Tel.: +65-6586-9508 (Y.K.); +65-6478-8500 (H.F.); +65-6478-8513 (S.B.N.)
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van Zyl WF, Deane SM, Dicks LM. Molecular insights into probiotic mechanisms of action employed against intestinal pathogenic bacteria. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1831339. [PMID: 33112695 PMCID: PMC7595611 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1831339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, and in particular those caused by bacterial infections, are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Treatment is becoming increasingly difficult due to the increase in number of species that have developed resistance to antibiotics. Probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have considerable potential as alternatives to antibiotics, both in prophylactic and therapeutic applications. Several studies have documented a reduction, or prevention, of GI diseases by probiotic bacteria. Since the activities of probiotic bacteria are closely linked with conditions in the host's GI-tract (GIT) and changes in the population of enteric microorganisms, a deeper understanding of gut-microbial interactions is required in the selection of the most suitable probiotic. This necessitates a deeper understanding of the molecular capabilities of probiotic bacteria. In this review, we explore how probiotic microorganisms interact with enteric pathogens in the GIT. The significance of probiotic colonization and persistence in the GIT is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winschau F. van Zyl
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Shelly M. Deane
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Leon M.T. Dicks
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa,CONTACT Leon M.T. Dicks; Department of Microbiology; Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch7602, South Africa
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Park JS, Chung B, Lee WH, Lee J, Suh Y, Oh DC, Oh KB, Shin J. Sortase A-Inhibitory Coumarins from the Folk Medicinal Plant Poncirus trifoliata. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:3004-3011. [PMID: 32996318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen coumarins (1-13), including five new compounds (1-5), were isolated from the folk medicinal plant Poncirus trifoliata. Combined spectroscopic analyses revealed that coumarins 1-4 are bis-isoprenylated coumarins with diverse oxidation patterns, while 5 is an enantiomeric di-isoprenylated coumarin. The absolute configurations of the stereogenic centers in the isoprenyl chains were assigned through MTPA and MPA methods, and those of the known compounds triphasiol (6) and ponciol (7) were also assigned using similar methods. These coumarins inhibited significantly Staphylococcus aureus-derived sortase A (SrtA), a transpeptidase responsible for anchoring surface proteins to the peptidoglycan cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria. The present results obtained indicated that the bioactivity and underlying mechanism of action of these coumarins are associated with the inhibition of SrtA-mediated S. aureus adhesion to eukaryotic cell matrix proteins including fibrinogen and fibronectin, thus potentially serving as SrtA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Park
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim, Gwanak, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Beomkoo Chung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim, Gwanak, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Hee Lee
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim, Gwanak, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayho Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim, Gwanak, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngbae Suh
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim, Gwanak, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Chan Oh
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim, Gwanak, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Bong Oh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim, Gwanak, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongheon Shin
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim, Gwanak, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Lieser RM, Yur D, Sullivan MO, Chen W. Site-Specific Bioconjugation Approaches for Enhanced Delivery of Protein Therapeutics and Protein Drug Carriers. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:2272-2282. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Lieser
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States of America
| | - Daniel Yur
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States of America
| | - Millicent O. Sullivan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States of America
| | - Wilfred Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States of America
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Park SC, Chung B, Lee J, Cho E, Hwang JY, Oh DC, Shin J, Oh KB. Sortase A-Inhibitory Metabolites from a Marine-Derived Fungus Aspergillus sp. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18070359. [PMID: 32668629 PMCID: PMC7401278 DOI: 10.3390/md18070359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven alkaloidal compounds (2-8) and one polyketide (1) were isolated from a semisolid rice culture of the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus sp. F452. Structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on spectroscopic data and comparisons with previously reported data. The alkaloidal compounds (2-8) displayed weak to moderate inhibitory activities against Staphylococcus aureus-derived sortase A (SrtA) without affecting cell viability. Aspermytin A (1) strongly inhibited SrtA activity, with an IC50 value of 146.0 μM, and significantly reduced bacterial adherence to fibronectin-coated surfaces. The present results indicate that the underlying mechanism of action of compound 1 is associated with the inhibition of SrtA-mediated S. aureus adhesion to fibronectin, thus potentially serving as an SrtA inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Chul Park
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.C.P.); (J.-Y.H.); (D.-C.O.)
| | - Beomkoo Chung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (B.C.); (J.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Jayho Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (B.C.); (J.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Eunji Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (B.C.); (J.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Ji-Yeon Hwang
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.C.P.); (J.-Y.H.); (D.-C.O.)
| | - Dong-Chan Oh
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.C.P.); (J.-Y.H.); (D.-C.O.)
| | - Jongheon Shin
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.C.P.); (J.-Y.H.); (D.-C.O.)
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (K.-B.O.); Tel.: +82-2-880-2484 (J.S.); +82-2-880-4646 (K.-B.O.)
| | - Ki-Bong Oh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (B.C.); (J.L.); (E.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (K.-B.O.); Tel.: +82-2-880-2484 (J.S.); +82-2-880-4646 (K.-B.O.)
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Sue CK, McConnell SA, Ellis-Guardiola K, Muroski J, McAllister RA, Yu J, Alvarez AI, Chang C, Ogorzalek Loo RR, Loo JA, Ton-That H, Clubb RT. Kinetics and Optimization of the Lysine-Isopeptide Bond Forming Sortase Enzyme from Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1624-1634. [PMID: 32396336 PMCID: PMC8153732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Site-specifically modified protein bioconjugates have important applications in biology, chemistry, and medicine. Functionalizing specific protein side chains with enzymes using mild reaction conditions is of significant interest, but remains challenging. Recently, the lysine-isopeptide bond forming activity of the sortase enzyme that builds surface pili in Corynebacterium diphtheriae (CdSrtA) has been reconstituted in vitro. A mutationally activated form of CdSrtA was shown to be a promising bioconjugating enzyme that can attach Leu-Pro-Leu-Thr-Gly peptide fluorophores to a specific lysine residue within the N-terminal domain of the SpaA protein (NSpaA), enabling the labeling of target proteins that are fused to NSpaA. Here we present a detailed analysis of the CdSrtA catalyzed protein labeling reaction. We show that the first step in catalysis is rate limiting, which is the formation of the CdSrtA-peptide thioacyl intermediate that subsequently reacts with a lysine ε-amine in NSpaA. This intermediate is surprisingly stable, limiting spurious proteolysis of the peptide substrate. We report the discovery of a new enzyme variant (CdSrtAΔ) that has significantly improved transpeptidation activity, because it completely lacks an inhibitory polypeptide appendage ("lid") that normally masks the active site. We show that the presence of the lid primarily impairs formation of the thioacyl intermediate and not the recognition of the NSpaA substrate. Quantitative measurements reveal that CdSrtAΔ generates its cross-linked product with a catalytic turnover number of 1.4 ± 0.004 h-1 and that it has apparent KM values of 0.16 ± 0.04 and 1.6 ± 0.3 mM for its NSpaA and peptide substrates, respectively. CdSrtAΔ is 7-fold more active than previously studied variants, labeling >90% of NSpaA with peptide within 6 h. The results of this study further improve the utility of CdSrtA as a protein labeling tool and provide insight into the enzyme catalyzed reaction that underpins protein labeling and pilus biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K. Sue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Scott A. McConnell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ken Ellis-Guardiola
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - John Muroski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Rachel A. McAllister
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Justin Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ana I. Alvarez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Chungyu Chang
- Molecular Biology Institute and the University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Rachel R. Ogorzalek Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Joseph A. Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Molecular Biology Institute and the University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Hung Ton-That
- Molecular Biology Institute and the University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Robert T. Clubb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Molecular Biology Institute and the University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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Revitt-Mills SA, Watts TD, Lyras D, Adams V, Rood JI. The ever-expanding tcp conjugation locus of pCW3 from Clostridium perfringens. Plasmid 2020; 113:102516. [PMID: 32526229 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2020.102516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The spore-forming, anaerobic Gram positive pathogen Clostridium perfringens encodes many of its disease-causing toxins on closely related conjugative plasmids. Studies of the tetracycline resistance plasmid pCW3 have identified many of the genes involved in conjugative transfer, which are located in the tcp conjugation locus. Upstream of this locus is an uncharacterised region (the cnaC region) that is highly conserved. This study examined the importance in pCW3 conjugation of several highly conserved proteins encoded in the cnaC region. Conjugative mating studies suggested that the SrtD, TcpN and Dam proteins were required for efficient pCW3 transfer between C. perfringens cells from the same strain background. The requirement of these proteins for conjugation was amplified in matings between C. perfringens cells of different strain backgrounds. Additionally, the putative collagen adhesin protein, CnaC, was only required for the optimal transfer of pCW3 between cells of different strain backgrounds. Based on these studies we postulate that CnaC, SrtD, TcpN and Dam are involved in enhancing the transfer frequency of pCW3. These studies have led to a significant expansion of the tcp conjugation locus, which now encompasses a 19 kb region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Revitt-Mills
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Thomas D Watts
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Dena Lyras
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Vicki Adams
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Julian I Rood
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Wu Z, Wu J, Lang F, Cai Z, Zeng X, Guo Y, Liu X, Pan D. Characterization of the sortase A from Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 involved in adherence to intestinal cells. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:485-496. [PMID: 32476478 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Confirmation of the enzymatic activity of Class A sortase (SrtA) in probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus associated with the adhesion properties. Materials & methods: SrtA from L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 was purified and its enzymatic properties was investigated by site-directed mutagenesis approach and the sensitivity to metal ions was also detected. Results: SrtA of L. acidophilus ATCC4356 can recognize LPxTG and LPxTD sorting motifs. The active sites of SrtA include His137, Cys198 and Arg205. Furthermore, acacetin can increase the activity of SrtA, while phenyl vinyl sulfone could effectively inhibit the activity of SrtA with an IC50 of 143.32 μg/ml. The adhesion ability of L. acidophilus was also decreased resulting from the inhibition of SrtA activity. Conclusion: The unique properties of SrtA of L. acidophilus can provide some insights into the development of high-adhesion Lactobacillus strains in the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, College of Food & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, College of Food & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Fengxuan Lang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, College of Food & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Zhendong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, College of Food & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xiaoqun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, College of Food & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yuxing Guo
- National R&D Center for Freshwater Fish Processing, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, PR China
| | - Xiaotao Liu
- Ningbo Dairy Group, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Daodong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, College of Food & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China.,National R&D Center for Freshwater Fish Processing, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, PR China
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Barthels F, Marincola G, Marciniak T, Konhäuser M, Hammerschmidt S, Bierlmeier J, Distler U, Wich PR, Tenzer S, Schwarzer D, Ziebuhr W, Schirmeister T. Asymmetric Disulfanylbenzamides as Irreversible and Selective Inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus Sortase A. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:839-850. [PMID: 32118357 PMCID: PMC7318353 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequent causes of nosocomial and community-acquired infections, with drug-resistant strains being responsible for tens of thousands of deaths per year. S. aureus sortase A inhibitors are designed to interfere with virulence determinants. We have identified disulfanylbenzamides as a new class of potent inhibitors against sortase A that act by covalent modification of the active-site cysteine. A broad series of derivatives were synthesized to derive structure-activity relationships (SAR). In vitro and in silico methods allowed the experimentally observed binding affinities and selectivities to be rationalized. The most active compounds were found to have single-digit micromolar Ki values and caused up to a 66 % reduction of S. aureus fibrinogen attachment at an effective inhibitor concentration of 10 μM. This new molecule class exhibited minimal cytotoxicity, low bacterial growth inhibition and impaired sortase-mediated adherence of S. aureus cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Barthels
- Institute for Pharmacy and BiochemistryJohannes-Gutenberg-University of MainzStaudinger Weg 555128MainzGermany
| | - Gabriella Marincola
- Institute for Molecular Infection BiologyJulius-Maximilians-University of WürzburgJosef-Schneider-Strasse 297080WürzburgGermany
| | - Tessa Marciniak
- Institute for Molecular Infection BiologyJulius-Maximilians-University of WürzburgJosef-Schneider-Strasse 297080WürzburgGermany
| | - Matthias Konhäuser
- Institute for Pharmacy and BiochemistryJohannes-Gutenberg-University of MainzStaudinger Weg 555128MainzGermany
| | - Stefan Hammerschmidt
- Institute for Pharmacy and BiochemistryJohannes-Gutenberg-University of MainzStaudinger Weg 555128MainzGermany
| | - Jan Bierlmeier
- Interfaculty Institute of BiochemistryEberhard-Karls-University of TübingenHoppe-Seyler-Strasse 472076TübingenGermany
| | - Ute Distler
- Institute for ImmunologyUniversity Medical CenterJohannes-Gutenberg-University of MainzLangenbeckstr. 155131MainzGermany
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN)University Medical CenterLangenbeckstr. 155131MainzGermany
| | - Peter R. Wich
- Institute for Pharmacy and BiochemistryJohannes-Gutenberg-University of MainzStaudinger Weg 555128MainzGermany
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesScience and Engineering BuildingSydneyNSW 2052Australia
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for ImmunologyUniversity Medical CenterJohannes-Gutenberg-University of MainzLangenbeckstr. 155131MainzGermany
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Interfaculty Institute of BiochemistryEberhard-Karls-University of TübingenHoppe-Seyler-Strasse 472076TübingenGermany
| | - Wilma Ziebuhr
- Institute for Molecular Infection BiologyJulius-Maximilians-University of WürzburgJosef-Schneider-Strasse 297080WürzburgGermany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute for Pharmacy and BiochemistryJohannes-Gutenberg-University of MainzStaudinger Weg 555128MainzGermany
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48
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Santoni M, Zampieri R, Avesani L. Plant Virus Nanoparticles for Vaccine Applications. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 21:344-356. [PMID: 32048964 DOI: 10.2174/1389203721666200212100255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the rapidly evolving field of nanotechnology, plant virus nanoparticles (pVNPs) are emerging as powerful tools in diverse applications ranging from biomedicine to materials science. The proteinaceous structure of plant viruses allows the capsid structure to be modified by genetic engineering and/or chemical conjugation with nanoscale precision. This means that pVNPs can be engineered to display peptides and proteins on their external surface, including immunodominant peptides derived from pathogens allowing pVNPs to be used for active immunization. In this context, pVNPs are safer than VNPs derived from mammalian viruses because there is no risk of infection or reversion to pathogenicity. Furthermore, pVNPs can be produced rapidly and inexpensively in natural host plants or heterologous production platforms. In this review, we discuss the use of pVNPs for the delivery of peptide antigens to the host immune in pre-clinical studies with the final aim of promoting systemic immunity against the corresponding pathogens. Furthermore, we described the versatility of plant viruses, with innate immunostimulatory properties, in providing a huge natural resource of carriers that can be used to develop the next generation of sustainable vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Santoni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona. Strada Le Grazie, 15. 37134 Verona, Italy
| | | | - Linda Avesani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona. Strada Le Grazie, 15. 37134 Verona, Italy
- Diamante srl. Strada Le Grazie, 15. 37134 Verona, Italy
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49
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Chen JL, Wang X, Xiao YH, Su XC. Resonance Assignments of Lowly Populated and Unstable Enzyme Intermediate Complex under Real-Time Conditions. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2738-2742. [PMID: 31136055 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Unstable and low-abundance protein complexes represent a large family of transient protein complexes that are difficult to characterize, even by means of high-resolution NMR spectroscopy. A method to assign the NMR signals of these unstable complexes through a combination of selective isotope labeling of amino acids in a protein and site-specific labeling the protein with a paramagnetic tag is presented herein. By using this method, the resonances of unstable thioester intermediate complex (lifetime <5 h and highest concentration ≈20 μm) generated by Staphylococcus aureus sortase A and its peptide substrate under a real-time reaction have been assigned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China
| | - Xun-Cheng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China
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50
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Nitulescu G, Mihai DP, Nicorescu IM, Olaru OT, Ungurianu A, Zanfirescu A, Nitulescu GM, Margina D. Discovery of natural naphthoquinones as sortase A inhibitors and potential anti-infective solutions against Staphylococcus aureus. Drug Dev Res 2019; 80:1136-1145. [PMID: 31486108 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Three natural naphthoquinones were screened to find new anti-virulence agents as inhibitors against sortase A from Staphylococcus aureus (SaSrtA) by quantifying the increase in fluorescence intensity upon substrate cleavage at various concentrations. The 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione derivatives, juglone and plumbagin, demonstrated a potent inhibitory effect, with IC50 values of 1.78 μM, respectively, 16.71 μM. The related 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione derivative, lawsone, demonstrated the selectivity of the chemical scaffold having no significant effect on SaSrtA. The experimental assay was reinforced by molecular docking experiments, antimicrobial, and toxicological studies. Molecular docking studies and the electrophilic character analysis suggest bonding to the enzyme active cysteine residue by a Michael addition reaction. None of the compounds had a significant effect on the concentration of total thiol proteins in the Daphnia magna toxicological assay after 24 hr exposure. Juglone and plumbagin moderately inhibited biofilm formation with no significant effect on bacterial growth of S. aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, indicating a selective anti-virulence profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dragos P Mihai
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Octavian T Olaru
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Ungurianu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Zanfirescu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Denisa Margina
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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