Rapid immunohistochemical detection of lymph node micrometastasis during operation for upper gastrointestinal carcinoma

Key nodal stations for predicting splenic hilar nodal metastasis in upper advanced gastric cancer without invasion of the greater curvature

Background

Standard surgery for upper advanced gastric cancer without invasion of the greater curvature (UGC-GC) is spleen-preserving D2 total gastrectomy without dissection of the splenic-hilar nodes (#10). However, some patients with nodal metastasis to #10 survive more than 5 years due to nodal dissection of #10. If nodal metastasis to #10 is predictable based on the positivity of other nodes dissected by the current standard surgery without #10 nodal dissection, physicians may be able to consider #10 dissection.

Methods

This study retrospectively reviewed data from the National Cancer Center Hospital in Japan between 2000 and 2012. We selected cases that met the following criteria: (1) D2 or more total gastrectomy with splenectomy, (2) UGC-GC, and (3) histological type is gastric adenocarcinoma. We performed univariate and multivariate analyses concerning lymph node stations associated with #10 metastasis.

Results

A total of 366 patients were examined. A multivariate analysis revealed that #10 metastasis was associated with positivity of the nodes along the short gastric arteries (#4sa) and distal nodes along the splenic artery (#11d) (#4sa: p = 0.003, #11d: p = 0.016). When either key node was positive, the metastatic rate of #10 was 24.4%, and the therapeutic value index was 13.3.

Conclusions

#4sa and #11d were key lymph nodes predicting #10 nodal metastasis in UGC-GC. When these key nodes are positive on computed tomography before surgery or according to a rapid pathological examination during surgery, dissection of #10 should be considered even if upper advanced tumors are not invading the greater curvature.

Pathologic Lymph Node Staging of Gastric Cancer

OBJECTIVES

The TNM classification is the main tool for lymph node (LN) staging in gastric cancer (GC). However, alternative LN staging systems have been proposed, and the role of features other than the number of metastatic LNs is being investigated. Our aim is to discuss the main challenges of LN assessment in GC.

METHODS

Comprehensive review of the literature on alternative LN staging systems, examined LNs, sentinel LN (SLN) biopsy, LN micrometastases (LNMIs), extracapsular extension (ECE), and tumor deposits (TDs) in GC.

RESULTS

Many controversies exist regarding LN assessment in GC. The TNM classification shows excellent prognostic performance, but alternative prognostic methods such as the LN ratio or log odds of positive LNs have demonstrated to be better than the TNM system in terms of prognostic accuracy. The value of SLN biopsy and LNMIs in GC is still unclear, and several challenges concerning their clinical impact and pathologic analysis must be overcome before their introduction in clinical practice. Most authors have identified ECE and TDs as independent prognostic factors for survival in GC.

CONCLUSIONS

Further studies should be performed to evaluate the impact of these features on the TNM classification and patient outcomes, as well as to standardize alternative LN staging systems.

Magnetically Promoted Rapid Immunofluorescence Staining for Frozen Tissue Sections

Current immunohistochemistry methods for diagnosing abnormal cells, such as cancer cells, require multiple steps and can be relatively slow compared with intraoperative frozen hematoxylin and eosin staining, and are therefore rarely used for intraoperative examination. Thus, there is a need for novel rapid detection methods. We previously demonstrated that functionalized fluorescent ferrite beads (FF beads) magnetically promoted rapid immunoreactions. The aim of this study was to improve the magnetically promoted rapid immunoreaction method using antibody-coated FF beads and a magnet subjected to a magnetic field. Using frozen sections of xenograft samples of A431 human epidermoid cancer cells that express high levels of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anti-EGFR antibody-coated FF beads, we reduced the magnetically promoted immunohistochemistry procedure to a 1-min reaction and 1-min wash. We also determined the optimum magnetic force for the antibody reaction (from 7.79 × 10^-15 N to 3.35 × 10^-15 N) and washing (4.78 × 10^-16 N), which are important steps in this technique. Furthermore, we stained paraffin-embedded tissue arrays and frozen sections of metastatic breast cancer lymph nodes with anti-pan-cytokeratin antibody-coated FF beads to validate the utility of this system in clinical specimens. Under optimal conditions, this ultra-rapid immunostaining method may provide an ancillary method for pathological diagnosis during surgery. (J Histochem Cytochem 58:XXX-XXX, 2010).

Prognostic Significance of Solitary Lymphnode Metastasis and Micrometastasis in Gastric Cancer

Gastric cancer (GC) used to be one of the most common malignancies in the world and still is the second leading cause of malignancy-related death in the Far East. The most significant factors that were found to be associated with the clinical outcome in patients with non-metastatic (M₀) gastric cancer is tumor's depth of invasion, the presence and the extend of lymphnode involvement, as well as the histological type according to Lauren (intestinal or diffuse). Although it is generally accepted that D2 gastrectomy is the procedure of choice to achieve adequate oncologic excision, there are quite many concerns for its use in patients with early gastric cancer (EGC), where N_o or N₁ specimens are frequently reported. The last two decades, with the evolvement of cancer cell detection techniques, the attend of the medical community is focused on GC patients with solitary lymphnode metastasis (SLN) or micrometastasis (mM). There is a discussion whether SLN should be attributed as the “real” sentinel node (SN) and its projection on patients' survival. The aim of this study is to review the recent literature and attempt to clarify the clinical significance of SLN in gastric cancer.

Current status of lymph node micrometastasis in gastric cancer

Lymph node metastasis is one of the most important prognostic factors in patients with gastric cancer. An inadequate number of dissected lymph nodes is an independent risk factor affecting recurrence, even in patients who are node negative. Oddly, certain early-stage patients still experience recurrence or metastasis within a short time, even if they have undergone standard radical mastectomy. Many researchers have attributed these adverse events to lymph node micrometastasis (LNM), which is defined as a microscopic deposit of malignant cells of less than 2 mm in diameter. With the development of diagnostic tools such as immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, the rate of detection of LNM has been constantly increasing. Although there is no clear consensus about risk factors for or the definitive clinical significance of LNM, the clinical impact of LNM is remarkable in gastric cancer. For minimally invasive treatment in particular, such as endoscopic submucosal dissection and laparoscopic surgery, accurate diagnosis of LNM is regarded as the potential key to maintaining the balance between curability and safety. This review provides an overview of the definition, detection and significance of LNM in gastric cancer. We also summarize several attention-drawing controversies regarding the treatment of patients who may have LNM.

Rapid Immunohistochemistry With Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 for Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

Intraoperative pathologic diagnosis of solitary pulmonary tumors to differentiate between metastatic and primary lung cancer is extremely important to determine the appropriate range of excision. Accurate intraoperative pathologic evaluation may be often difficult, however, and needs additional immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluation to support the diagnosis. Although conventional IHC is a powerful tool for diagnosis, its clinical use is limited intraoperatively because of time constraints. To address this issue, we developed a device that enables complete and rapid IHC (R-IHC) analyses within 20 minutes. We aimed to evaluate the discriminative ability of the R-IHC with anti-thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) antibody, which is a highly specific IHC marker for primary lung adenocarcinoma.

METHODS

A total of 61 pulmonary tumors that were resected at our institute from May 2011 to September 2013 were retrospectively examined. The samples were sectioned, labeled with anti-TTF-1 antibody using the R-IHC method, and pathologically evaluated. The standard used for evaluation was conventional IHC with TTF-1.

RESULTS

With the R-IHC procedure, analyses were completed within 20 minutes, with a diagnostic accuracy of 96.7% (59 of 61). Among the 47 primary lung adenocarcinomas, the R-IHC detected 31 (66%) tumors that were positive for TTF-1, with a positive predictive value of 100% (31 of 31).

CONCLUSIONS

Our newly developed method of R-IHC with anti-TTF-1 antibody was useful for diagnosing and differentiation of solitary pulmonary tumors. This technology may prove to be an important supplement to standard intraoperative pathologic diagnosis in routine practice.

The clinical significance and risk factors of solitary lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer

AIMS

To assess the clinical significance and risk factors of solitary lymph node metastasis (SLM) in gastric carcinoma and establish a more accurate method to evaluate the possibility of lymph node metastasis (LM).

METHODS

A total of 385 patients with gastric carcinoma who underwent D2 lymphadenectomy at the Cancer Center of Sun Yat-Sen University were included in this research. Then we used a group of data from Sun Yat-sen University Gastrointestinal Hospital (SYSUGIH) to validate the accuracy of our developed method. The χ2 test, Kaplan-Meier analysis, log-rank test, COX model, and discriminate analysis were used to analyze the data with SPSS13.0.

RESULTS

We found that the LM number and pathological T staging were independent prognostic risk factors. CEA grading, LN status by CT, and T staging by CT were independent risk factors for LM in gastric carcinoma. In addition, we developed the equation Y = -5.0 + X1 + 1.8X3 + 0.7X4 (X1 = CEA grading, X3 = LN status by CT, X4 = T staging by CT) to evaluate the situation of LM. The data from SYSUGIH shows this equation has a better accuracy compared with CT.

CONCLUSIONS

SLM is an independent risk factor in gastric cancer. And there was no survival difference between the skip metastasis group and the other SLM group (P = 0.659). It is inappropriate for the patient with SLM doing a standard D2 lymphadenectomy, due to the fact that LM rarely occurs in the splenic artery, splenic hilum. The risk factors for LM include CEA grading, LN status by CT, and T staging by CT. And we can use Y = -5.0 + X1 + 1.8X3 + 0.7X4 (X1, CEA grading, X3 = LN status by CT, X4 = T staging by CT, the critical value is 0.3) to estimate the possibility of LM, which has a better accuracy compared with CT.

Clinical significance of molecular diagnosis for gastric cancer lymph node micrometastasis

Advances in molecular diagnostic tools have allowed the identification of lymph node micrometastasis (LNM), including isolated tumor cells, in cancer patients. While immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction have been used to identify LNM in patients with gastric cancer, the clinical significance of this finding remains unclear. Recently, minimally invasive treatments, such as endoscopic submucosal dissection and laparoscopic surgery, are widely performed to help improve postsurgical quality of life (QOL). However, it is important to maintain the balance between QOL and curability when making treatments decision for patients with gastric cancer. If minimally invasive surgery based on accurate intraoperative LNM diagnosis was established, it could be performed safely. Therefore, we reviewed the clinical significance of LNM detected by molecular techniques as an important target for treatment decision making with gastric cancer patients.

The prognostic impact of occult lymph node metastasis in node-negative gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

To conduct a meta-analysis to clarify whether occult lymph node metastasis (OLNM), which is identified by molecular detection techniques but is not detected by routine histological examination within regional lymph nodes, represents a prognostic factor for patients with node-negative gastric cancer.

METHODS

PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched from their inception to November 2012. The published studies that investigated the association between OLNM and the prognosis of patients with node-negative gastric cancer were included. We extracted hazard ratios (HRs) and associated standard errors from the identified studies and performed random-effects model meta-analyses on overall survival and disease-specific survival. Subgroup analyses were also conducted.

RESULTS

A total of 14 eligible studies that included 1,478 patients were identified. Meta-analyses revealed that OLNM was associated with poor overall survival [HR 2.72; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.61-4.60], and disease-specific survival (HR 2.91; 95% CI 1.25-6.79). Subgroup analyses suggested that OLNM was associated with poor survival in early gastric cancer (HR 3.57; 95% CI 1.23-10.33). However, subgroup analyses of studies that exclusively enrolled patients with D2 lymph node dissection demonstrated that OLNM did not have an influence on the prognosis (HR 1.97; 95% CI 0.82-4.70).

CONCLUSIONS

OLNM correlates with poor prognosis for patients with node-negative gastric cancer, and D2 lymph node dissection could eliminate this correlation. For OLNM-positive patients with node-negative gastric cancer, D2 lymph node dissection is necessary.

Assessment of sentinel node concept in esophageal cancer based on lymph node micrometastasis

PURPOSE

The clinical significance of lymph node micrometastasis remains unclear in patients with esophageal cancer. Therefore, accurate assessment of lymph node status including micrometastasis is important when performing sentinel node (SN) navigation surgery. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the adequacy of SN concept based on lymph node micrometastasis determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in patients with esophageal cancer.

METHODS

A total of 57 patients with esophageal cancer who were preoperatively diagnosed as having T1-T2 (cT1-T2) and N0 (cN0) were enrolled. They underwent standard esophagectomy with lymph node dissection. One day before surgery, a total of 3 mCi of 99mTechnetium-tin colloid was endoscopically injected into the submucosa around the tumor. During the operation, radioisotope uptake in the lymph nodes was measured using Navigator GPS. All dissected lymph nodes were investigated by RT-PCR using the double marker of CEA and SCC, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and IHC.

RESULTS

Node-positive incidence identified by HE and IHC was 12.3% (7/57) and 19.3% (11/57), respectively. RT-PCR demonstrated micrometastasis in four of 46 patients without nodal metastasis determined by HE staining and IHC. No non-SN metastases were found in 42 patients without micrometastasis identified by IHC and RT-PCR of SN. Accuracy and false negative rates were 100% (57/57) and 0% (0/42), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

SN concept might be acceptable in patients with cT1-T2 and cN0 esophageal cancer, even in the presence of micrometastasis identified by IHC and RT-PCR.

Clinical significance of lymph node micrometastasis in gastric cancer

Recently, the existence of lymph node micrometastasis (LNM), including isolated tumor cells, has been focused on during the development of molecular diagnostic tools for lymph node metastasis in various malignant neoplasms. In particular, immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction have been reported to be available for the detection of LNM in gastric cancer. However, at present, the clinical significance of LNM remains unclear in patients with gastric cancer. Therefore, we cannot strategically make light of this issue in clinical management. Currently, minimally invasive treatments, such as endoscopic submucosal dissection and laparoscopic surgery with personalized lymphadenectomy, are widely performed in consideration of postsurgical quality of life (QOL). However, it is important to maintain the balance between QOL and curability when selecting surgical treatments for patients with gastric cancer. If minimally invasive surgery based on LNM status was established for patients with early gastric cancer, it could be performed safely. We reviewed the clinical significance of LNM as an important strategic target in patients with gastric cancer.

The efficiency of micrometastasis by sentinel node navigation surgery using indocyanine green and infrared ray laparoscopy system for gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

The clinical application of sentinel node navigation surgery (SNNS) for patients with gastric cancer requires accurate intraoperative diagnosis of lymph node metastasis. However, the clinical significance of the diagnosis of lymph node micrometastasis for gastric cancer has not been established. In this study, we evaluated lymph nodes dissected during SNNS by immunohistochemistry with anti-cytokeratin antibody (IHC) staining for gastric cancer to investigate the usefulness of SNNS.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The subjects were 130 patients with gastric cancer (3,381 lymph nodes) who underwent SNNS with infrared ray observation and lymph node dissection of D1+α or more. The dissected lymph nodes were stained with IHC (CAM 5.2), and the results were compared with intra- and postoperative diagnoses by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. In addition, the association of metastatic lymph nodes and ICG-positive lymph nodes was examined.

RESULTS

The number of patients (lymph nodes) with lymph node metastasis by HE and IHC staining was 16 (52 nodes) and 31 (91 nodes), respectively. Fifteen patients (27 nodes) diagnosed with pN0 by HE staining were diagnosed to be metastatic by IHC staining. The tumor depth of these patients was pT1 in ten patients (m, 3; sm, 7) and pT2 in five (mp, 4; ss, 1). Regarding the histological type, three patients were classified as well-differentiated type, while six patients each had moderately and poorly differentiated types. The grade of lymphatic invasion was ly0 in 5, ly1 in 6, and ly2 in 4, respectively. Histological assessment of 27 IHC-positive and HE-negative cells indicated 5 single cells, 16 clusters, and 6 micrometastases. These lymph nodes were all included in the sentinel nodes (SN) identified during surgery. All but one patient (0.8%) were recurrence-free at 2-8 years after surgery (median 74.7 months). The one patient developed anastomotic recurrence 4.5 years after the first operation and died.

CONCLUSION

Since all 27 lymph nodes in 15 patients with metastasis by IHC staining but not by HE staining were micrometastasis or less and included in the SN, ICG-positive lymphatic basin dissection by SNNS with infrared ray observation seems to be an adequate method of lymph node dissection for gastric cancer.

Sentinel node navigation surgery is acceptable for clinical T1 and N0 esophageal cancer

BACKGROUND

If the sentinel node (SN) concept is established for esophageal cancer, it will be possible to reduce safely the extent of lymphadenectomy. Our objective was to perform SN mapping in esophageal cancer to assess distribution of lymph node metastases with the goal to reduce the need for extensive lymphadenectomy.

METHODS

A total of 134 patients who underwent esophagectomy with lymph node dissection were enrolled. The number of patients with clinical T1, T2, and T3 tumors was 60, 31, and 32, respectively. Eleven patients also received neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRT). (99m)Tc-Tin colloid was injected endoscopically into the esophageal wall around the tumor 1 day before surgery. SNs were identified by using radioisotope (RI) uptake. RI uptake of all dissected lymph nodes was measured during and after surgery. Lymph node metastases, including micrometastases, were confirmed by hematoxylin eosin and immunohistochemical staining.

RESULTS

Detection rates of SNs were 93.3% in cT1, 100% in cT2, 87.5% in cT3, and 45.5% in CRT patients. In the 120 cases where SNs were identified, lymph node metastases were found in 12 patients with cT1, 18 with cT2, 24 with cT3 tumors, and 3 with CRT. Accuracy rate of SN mapping was 98.2% in cT1, 80.6% in cT2, 60.7% in cT3, and 40% in CRT patients. Although one false-negative case had cT1 tumor, the lymph node metastasis was detected preoperatively.

CONCLUSIONS

SN mapping can be applied to patients with cT1 and cN0 esophageal cancer. SN concept might enable to perform less invasive surgery with reduction of lymphadenectomy.

A novel immunohistochemical staining method allows ultrarapid detection of lymph node micrometastases while conserving antibody

We developed a novel ultrarapid immunohistochemical staining method in which an AC electric field is used to facilitate detection of tumor cells. Frozen sections of non-small cell lung cancer in lymph nodes were fixed in acetone for 2 min, after which they were incubated for 2 min with an anti-pancytokeratin antibody cocktail and then with EnVision(TM) complex under an alternating current (AC) electric field. The sections were then incubated with a chromogen (3,3'diaminobenzidine) for 3 min and counterstained with hematoxylin. This method enabled detection of tumor cells in frozen sections in less than 15 min. In addition, we were able to reduce the amount of antibody used by more than 90% when the sections were incubated under the AC electric field for a longer period. This method could be a useful tool for frozen section diagnosis and research. Furthermore, with this method the cost of immunohistochemical staining can be reduced.

Clinical course and outcome after esophagectomy with three-field lymphadenectomy in esophageal cancer

BACKGROUND

Esophagectomy with three-field lymphadenectomy has been performed for esophageal cancer. Detailed analysis of cause of death and mode of recurrence is required to determine the need for further adjuvant therapy and follow-up.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 208 patients who underwent esophagectomy through right thoracotomy with three-field lymphadenectomy were enrolled into the present study. Mode of first recurrence was divided into four groups: lymph node, hematogenous, mixed, and local recurrence.

RESULTS

Excluding 16 hospital deaths, the number of deaths and 5-year survival rates were 104 patients and 7.8% for cancer recurrence, 12 patients and 53.8% for second primary cancers in other organs, and 34 patients and 31.0% for causes of death unrelated to carcinoma. In the 104 patients with relapse, 5-year survival rate of patients was 14.3% with lymph node recurrence (n = 29), 9.1% with hematogenous recurrence (n = 32), 3.1% with mixed recurrence (n = 35), and 12.5% with local recurrence (n = 8).

CONCLUSION

To improve outcomes for esophagectomy with three-field lymphadenectomy, early detection of recurrent disease and regular examination of the entire body for secondary cancer is necessary.

Development of an ultrasound-emitting device for performing rapid immunostaining procedures

Although intraoperative rapid diagnosis is conventionally performed using hematoxylin-eosin (HE)-stained specimens, the use of additional special staining, together with immunostaining techniques, has been examined in recent years to improve diagnostic accuracy. In intraoperative rapid diagnosis, immunostaining should be completed within 7-10 min, because the pathologist is typically presented with an HE-stained specimen within the same time period. We hypothesized that ultrasound may enhance antigen-antibody reactions and reduce the number of immunostaining steps. To clarify the ability of ultrasound to support immunostaining, we first created an ultrasonic generator specifically for immunostaining. Next, we explored the optimal conditions for immunostaining of formalin-fixed specimens to examine the utility of the ultrasonic generator. Finally, we tried immunostaining with the ultrasonic generator using frozen specimens to simulate intraoperative rapid diagnosis. We report herein that ultrasound enables immunostaining of frozen specimens in approximately 10 min.

Current status of sentinel lymph node biopsy in adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus, gastric cardia, and proximal stomach

The resection of the adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction should be considered to the extent of the lymphatic drainage. This, on the other hand, depends on the possible lymphatic metastasizing. As an adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction is located along the borderline between two visceral cavities (mediastinal/abdominal), it can, in principle, metastasize in both cavities. There is not, however, an imaging (CT, MRI, PET) that can adequately assure the detection of a beginning lymph node metastasis in particular. The sentinel lymph node biopsy could provide the beginning of a solution in this case. The initial results, with all of the necessary accompanying technical work, have been encouraging. The paper presented here provides an introduction to the challenge of the SLNB and the background of a specialized surgical therapy of the AEG. If a lymph nodal metastasis can be definitely confirmed or ruled out, many patients could be spared an unnecessary lymphadenectomy. This is especially important at the AEG because minimizing the evasiveness of the surgery with adequate radical oncological resection (e.g., without thoracotomy) would mean a substantial reduction of postoperative mortality.

Carcinoembryonic antigen messenger RNA expression in blood can predict relapse in gastric cancer

PURPOSE

To clarify the clinical implications of intraoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) mRNA copy number in peripheral blood samples from gastric cancer patients.

METHODS

Blood samples were obtained from 67 gastric cancer patients immediately after curative gastrectomy. mRNA in blood samples was extracted and amplified for CEA mRNA detection. CEA mRNA levels were examined by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay targeting CEA mRNA.

RESULTS

Thirty-three of 67 patients (49%) were positive for CEA mRNA expression. Positivity for CEA mRNA was not correlated with clinical stage, or presence or absence of postoperative relapse. CEA mRNA copy number was not correlated with serum levels of CEA. However, CEA mRNA copy number was correlated with presence or absence of tumor recurrence (P < 0.01). When confined to 21 gastric cancer patients with relapsed disease, CEA mRNA copy number was significantly and negatively correlated with postoperative period before recurrence discovery (r = 0.52, P = 0.007). Outcomes in patients with high CEA mRNA copy number and high serum CEA levels were significantly poorer than those in patients with normal CEA mRNA copy number and normal serum CEA levels (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

CEA mRNA copy number, not positivity, was significantly associated with postoperative term of recurrent disease. Copy number of CEA mRNA, as detected by real-time quantitative PCR, appears to be a promising marker to evaluate the risk and period of postoperative tumor spread.

Expression of CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 correlates with lymph node metastasis in submucosal esophageal cancer

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

The chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 are involved in cell migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis, and promote organ-specific localization of distant metastases in various carcinomas. We examined their expression and microvessel density (MVD) in submucosal esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and analyzed their connection to clinicopathological findings including lymph node micrometastasis (LMM).

METHODS

Eighty-six patients with submucosal ESCC underwent curative resection from 1985 to 2002. Immunohistochemical staining of CXCL12, CXCR4, and CD34 was performed with primary tumors, and staining of cytokeratin was performed with dissected lymph nodes. MVD was calculated from CD34 expression, and LMM detected by cytokeratin staining.

RESULTS

Expression of CXCL12, but not CXCR4, correlated with lymph node metastasis. There was no significant correlation between the expression of CXCL12 and/or CXCR4 and MVD. LMM was detected in 8 cases and 14 lymph nodes. CXCL12 expression and high MVD were found in tumors with lymph node metastasis including LMM. Furthermore, in the CXCR4-positive tumors, positive CXCL12 expression was more significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis and/or LMM than negative CXCL12 expression.

CONCLUSIONS

Evaluation of CXCL12 and CXCR4 expression should assist detection of lymph node metastasis including LMM in submucosal ESCC.

Histological features of lymph node metastasis in patients with biliary tract cancer

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

The presence of lymph node (LN) metastases is an important prognostic factor in patients with biliary cancers. The aim of this study was to characterize systematically the morphological features of metastatic LNs in biliary cancers.

METHODS

Four hundred ninety-six LNs (including 112 para-aortic LNs) dissected from 47 patients with biliary cancer were examined. The diameter of the long axis (size) and the percent metastatic area relative to whole-node area were measured from histologic specimens.

RESULTS

The average size of metastatic LNs (9.5 mm) was significantly larger than those without metastasis (6.5 mm; P < 0.01). The optimum cut-off size for positive LNs was >7.5 mm, but the sensitivity of this predictor of metastasis was low (60.8%). In general, metastatic area correlated significantly with the size of metastatic LNs (P = 0.023). Para-aortic LNs contained metastasis in 7.1% of cases, and only 25% of para-aortic LNs with a high ratio of metastatic area could be evaluated from preoperative CT scans.

CONCLUSIONS

Although large LNs are highly suggestive of metastasis, poor detection of many small LNs with a low percentage of metastatic area can increase risk in patients with biliary tract cancer.

Detection of sentinel and non-sentinel lymph node micrometastases by complete serial sectioning and immunohistochemical analysis for gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

We investigated the presence and distribution of the sentinel and the non-sentinel node micrometastases using complete serial sectioning and immunohistochemical staining (IHC), to inspect whether lymph node micrometastases spread to the sentinel lymph nodes first.

METHODS

A total of 35 patients, who underwent gastrectomy with a sentinel lymph node biopsy for gastric cancer, were enrolled in this study. Total of 1028 lymph nodes of 35 patients having gastric cancer without metastasis of lymph node by permanent section with hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E) were selected. There were 252 sentinel nodes and the other 776 were non-sentinel nodes. All nodes were sectioned serially and stained alternately with H&E and IHC. Lymph node micrometastases was defined as proving to be positive first either the IHC or the complete serial sectioning.

RESULTS

Micrometastases were detected in 4 (11%) of the 35 patients, 6 (0.58%) of 1028 nodes. Of these 4 patients, 3 had micrometastases exclusively in sentinel nodes, and the other had micrometastasis in both sentinel and non-sentinel nodes. There was no patient who had the micrometastases only in non-sentinel nodes.

CONCLUSION

These results support the concept that lymph node micrometastasis of gastric cancer spreads first to sentinel nodes.

Sentinel node micrometastases have high proliferative potential in gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

The 6th edition of the TNM classification has recently defined "sentinel nodes (SN)," "micrometastasis," and "isolated tumor cells (ITC)." The present study examines the frequency and proliferative activity of such metastases with focus on the SNs of gastric cancer.

METHODS

We enrolled 133 patients with cT1-2 tumors (cT1: 104, cT2: 29) and mapped SNs. Lymph node metastases were examined by routine histology and by immunohistochemistry with anti-cytokeratin. We used the Ki-67 antibody to detect the primary tumor and lymph node metastases to evaluate proliferative activity.

RESULTS

The number of patients with SNs metastases and metastatic SNs was 19 and 52, respectively. The frequencies of macrometastasis, micrometastasis, and ITC were 48%, 25%, and 27%, respectively. Ki-67 expression in the tumor closely correlated with lymphatic invasion (P = 0.0001), venous invasion (P < 0.0001), and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.0001). Cells in 96% of macrometastases, 92% of micrometastases, and 29% of ITCs were Ki-67 positive.

CONCLUSIONS

We showed that micrometastasis and some ITCs in SNs had proliferative activity. We suggest that micrometastasis and ITCs should be removed, especially during SN navigation surgery, until their clinical significance is clarified.

Prognostic significance of gastric cancer metastasis in second-tier lymph nodes detected on reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry

To determine the prognostic significance of the methods used to determine the presence of metastasis in second-tier lymph nodes of patients with gastric cancer, the authors studied lymph nodes surgically removed from 100 patients with gastric cancer (55 with early cancer, 45 with progressive). The results of HE staining were compared with those of immunohistochemistry using the anticytokeratin (CK) antibody and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. Lymph node 7 or 8a was obtained intraoperatively, then mRNA was extracted using an immunobeads method, and RT-PCR with CK19 mRNA was performed. The P for Cox regression analysis for metastasis detected by HE staining, CK staining, and RT-PCR of all 100 cases was 0.312, 0.426, and 0.021, respectively, while for second-tier lymph nodes it was 0.154, 0.013, and 0.006, respectively. In conclusion, RT-PCR and CK staining for detection of metastasis in second-tier lymph nodes were more reliable prognostic indicators than conventional HE staining.

Morphological distribution of metastatic foci in sentinel lymph nodes with gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

The TNM classification defines micrometastasis (MM) and isolated tumor cells (ITC) in lymph nodes (LN). Sentinel node (SN) navigation surgery has been introduced in gastrointestinal cancer. Few reports have examined the morphological distribution of MM and ITC of SN in gastric cancer. The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinical significance of the morphological distribution of cancer cells in SNs according to metastasis (MA), MM, and ITC.

METHODS

All dissected LNs obtained from 160 consecutive patients with mapped SNs arising from cT1-2 N0 tumors were examined. Metastasis in these LNs was examined by histology and cytokeratin staining. The distribution of MA, MM, and ITC was classified as marginal sinus (MS), intermediate sinus (IS), parenchymal (PA), and diffuse types (DF).

RESULTS

Nodal metastases were detected in 65 SNs from 30 patients and MA, MM, and ITC accounted for 53.9%, 21.5%, and 24.6%, respectively. MS, IS, PA, and DF accounted for 57%, 6%, 17%, and 20.0%, respectively. Patients with metastasis of non-MS had more nodal metastasis in non-SNs (P = .025) and had nodal metastasis in second tier (P = .009), compared with the patients with metastasis of MS. The incidence of metastasis in non-MS was higher in tumors larger than 40 mm than those smaller than 40 mm (P = .011).

CONCLUSION

When performing SN navigation surgery in gastric cancer, we should keep in mind that the patients with tumor larger than 40 mm in size and nodal metastasis of non-MS may have non-SN metastasis and nodal metastasis in second tier.

Treatment and outcome of 82 patients with angiosarcoma

BACKGROUND

Angiosarcomas are an uncommon type of malignancy that are generally thought to behave usually in a locally aggressive fashion; they often metastasize to distant sites.

METHODS

Patients with a diagnosis of angiosarcoma treated at our institution between 1980 and 2006 were analyzed for patient demographics, tumor characteristics, multimodality treatment, and outcomes.

RESULTS

A total of 82 patients were divided into those with primary and advanced disease. Overall, the median age was 65 (range, 22-91) years, and 44% of patients were women. Median size of tumors was 3.8 cm, and 76% of tumors were intermediate or high grade. Tumors were located throughout the body: 32 cutaneous, 22 deep soft tissues or organs, 10 radiation or lymphedema field, 8 bone, and 7 nonirradiated breast. Of 46 patients with primary disease, all patients underwent surgical resection, 67% received radiotherapy, and 27% received chemotherapy. Five-year disease-specific survival was 60%, and negative prognostic factors included intermediate or high grade, and tumors arising in a radiated or lymphedema field. Of 36 patients with advanced disease, 36% underwent a palliative operation, 78% received radiation, and 58% received chemotherapy. Median survival was just 7.3 months, and cutaneous tumors predicted a better prognosis compared with other sites.

CONCLUSIONS

Primary angiosarcomas treated with aggressive surgical resection and the addition of radiation for close margins or worrisome pathologic features can result in long-term survival in most patients. The role of adjuvant chemotherapy is unclear. Patients with advanced disease have a poor prognosis, but there can be dramatic responses to chemotherapy in a minority of patients.

Assessment of lymph node micrometastasis in early gastric cancer in relation to sentinel nodes

BACKGROUND

The development of endoscopic resection and reduced surgical procedures has progressed in recent years. Lymph node micrometastases can be cited as one of the problems with reduced operations. In this study, we investigated clinicopathological findings and sentinel lymph nodes (SNs) for associations with micrometastases. We discuss the indications for endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), reduced surgery, and sentinel node navigation surgery (SNNS) based on the results.

METHODS

Immunostaining with anti-cytokeratin antibodies was used as the method of exploring for micrometastases. Comparisons and assessments were made in regard to the presence or absence of micrometastases and various clinicopathological factors.

RESULTS

The relationship between the clinicopathological factors and micrometastases was investigated in 120 patients with pT1pN0 gastric cancer. Significant differences in depth of invasion (mucosal [m] versus submucosal [sm]) and histological type (differentiated versus undifferentiated) were observed in both univariate analysis and multivariate analysis. Micrometastases were observed in 32% of the sm cancers, and they were observed in group 2 lymph nodes (no. 7) in 8%. They tended to be more common in the undifferentiated type. The micrometastatic lymph nodes were restricted to blue nodes (BNs) and lymph nodes within the dye flow area of patent blue (used intraoperatively explore for SNs).

CONCLUSION

It is considered that the indications for current EMR and reduced surgery in early gastric cancer are valid from the standpoint of micrometastases. But if the SNNS that has been studied in recent years is introduced, the lymphatic basin dissection method seems valid only if the case is s-pN0 early cancer.

Adenomatoid tumour of the liver

An unusual primary adenomatoid tumour arising in the normal liver is described. Hepatectomy was performed, and the patient is alive and free of disease 1 year postsurgery. Grossly, the tumour showed a haemorrhagic cut surface with numerous microcystic structures. Histological examination revealed cystic or angiomatoid spaces of various sizes lined by cuboidal, low-columnar, or flattened epithelioid cells with vacuolated cytoplasm and round to oval nuclei. The epithelioid cells were entirely supported by proliferated capillaries and arteries together with collagenous stroma. Immunohistochemical studies showed that the epithelioid cells were strongly positive for a broad spectrum of cytokeratins (AE1/AE3, CAM5.2, epithelial membrane antigen and cytokeratin 7) and mesothelial markers (calretinin, Wilms’ tumour 1 and D2-40). These cells were negative for Hep par-1, carcinoembryonic antigen, neural cell adhesion molecule, CD34, CD31 and HMB45. Atypically, abundant capillaries were observed; however, the cystic proliferation of epithelioid cells with vacuoles and immunohistochemical profile of the epithelioid element were consistent with hepatic adenomatoid tumour.

Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C correlates with lymph node micrometastasis in submucosal esophageal cancer

Lymph node metastasis, including lymph node micrometastasis (LMM), is one of the most important prognostic factors in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) plays a key role in the process of lymphangiogenesis. We examined VEGF-C expression and tumor microvessel density of the primary tumors in ESCC and analyzed relationships between VEGF-C expression and clinicopathologic findings including LMM in submucosal ESCC. The subjects were 87 patients with submucosal ESCC. Immunohistochemical staining of VEGF-C and CD34 was performed with primary tumors, and staining of cytokeratin was performed with dissected lymph nodes. Microvessel density was calculated from CD34 expression, and LMM was detected by cytokeratin staining. VEGF-C overexpression significantly correlated with depth of tumor invasion, lymphatic invasion, and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05, P < 0.0001, and P < 0.0001, respectively). High microvessel density also correlated with lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.005 and P < 0.05, respectively). LMM was detected in 8 cases and 14 lymph nodes by cytokeratin staining. VEGF-C overexpression and high microvessel density were found in tumors with lymph node metastasis and/or LMM, compared with tumors without nodal metastasis or LMM (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.01, respectively). The present findings indicate that in ESCC with submucosal invasion, VEGF-C overexpression of the primary tumor is a strong high risk factor for lymph node metastasis, including LMM.

Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C correlates with lymph node micrometastasis in submucosal esophageal cancer

Lymph node metastasis, including lymph node micrometastasis (LMM), is one of the most important prognostic factors in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) plays a key role in the process of lymphangiogenesis. We examined VEGF-C expression and tumor microvessel density of the primary tumors in ESCC and analyzed relationships between VEGF-C expression and clinicopathologic findings including LMM in submucosal ESCC. The subjects were 87 patients with submucosal ESCC. Immunohistochemical staining of VEGF-C and CD34 was performed with primary tumors, and staining of cytokeratin was performed with dissected lymph nodes. Microvessel density was calculated from CD34 expression, and LMM was detected by cytokeratin staining. VEGF-C overexpression significantly correlated with depth of tumor invasion, lymphatic invasion, and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05, P < 0.0001, and P < 0.0001, respectively). High microvessel density also correlated with lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.005 and P < 0.05, respectively). LMM was detected in 8 cases and 14 lymph nodes by cytokeratin staining. VEGF-C overexpression and high microvessel density were found in tumors with lymph node metastasis and/or LMM, compared with tumors without nodal metastasis or LMM (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.01, respectively). The present findings indicate that in ESCC with submucosal invasion, VEGF-C overexpression of the primary tumor is a strong high risk factor for lymph node metastasis, including LMM.

Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C correlates with lymph node micrometastasis in submucosal esophageal cancer

Lymph node metastasis, including lymph node micrometastasis (LMM), is one of the most important prognostic factors in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) plays a key role in the process of lymphangiogenesis. We examined VEGF-C expression and tumor microvessel density of the primary tumors in ESCC and analyzed relationships between VEGF-C expression and clinicopathologic findings including LMM in submucosal ESCC. The subjects were 87 patients with submucosal ESCC. Immunohistochemical staining of VEGF-C and CD34 was performed with primary tumors, and staining of cytokeratin was performed with dissected lymph nodes. Microvessel density was calculated from CD34 expression, and LMM was detected by cytokeratin staining. VEGF-C overexpression significantly correlated with depth of tumor invasion, lymphatic invasion, and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05, P < 0.0001, and P < 0.0001, respectively). High microvessel density also correlated with lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.005 and P < 0.05, respectively). LMM was detected in 8 cases and 14 lymph nodes by cytokeratin staining. VEGF-C overexpression and high microvessel density were found in tumors with lymph node metastasis and/or LMM, compared with tumors without nodal metastasis or LMM (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.01, respectively). The present findings indicate that in ESCC with submucosal invasion, VEGF-C overexpression of the primary tumor is a strong high risk factor for lymph node metastasis, including LMM.

Impact of lymph node micrometastasis in hilar bile duct carcinoma patients

AIM

To immunohistochemically examine micrometastasis and VEGF-C expression in hilar bile duct carcinoma (HBDC) and to evaluate the clinical significance of the results.

METHODS

A total of 361 regional lymph nodes from 25 patients with node-negative HBDC were immunostained with an antibody against cytokeratins 8 and 18 (CAM 5.2), and immunohistochemical staining of VEGF-C was performed in 34 primary resected tumors.

RESULTS

Lymph node micrometastasis was detected in 6 (24%) of the 25 patients and 10 (2.8%) of the 361 lymph nodes. Patients with micrometastasis showed significantly poorer survival rates than those without (P = 0.025). VEGF-C expression was positive in 17 (50%) of 34 HBDC, and significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.042) and microscopic venous invasion (P = 0.035).

CONCLUSIONS

It is suggested that immunohistochemically detected lymph node micrometastasis has an impact on the outcome of HBDC. VEGF-C expression is highly correlated with lymph node metastasis in HBDC and might therefore be a useful predictor.

Ductal Carcinomain-situ of the breast detected by [F-18] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography

A 48-year-old Japanese woman underwent [F-18] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) as part of her medical examination. A small hot spot was detected in her right breast. Quadrantectomy with sentinel lymph node (SN) biopsy using an endoscope was performed, and ductal carcinoma in-situ of the breast was diagnosed. The tumor size was 0.9 cm in its greatest diameter, and there were no cancer cells detected in the SN on frozen hematoxylin-eosin staining and cytokeratin immunohistochemical staining. We reported this rare case of ductal carcinoma in-situ detected by FDG-PET as past of a medical checkup.

The sentinel node biopsy in early gastric cancer: a preliminary study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Sentinel node biopsy is currently used in surgery of malignant melanoma and breast cancer. The feasibility of sentinel node mapping in gastrointestinal cancers and its diagnostic sensitivity is unclear. It could be of particular value in the management of early gastric cancer in which radical D2 lymphadenectomy may be unnecessary.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

From January 2004 to June 2005, ten patients with preoperative diagnosis of early gastric cancer and no nodal involvement (cT1N0) were submitted to sentinel node biopsy using the dual mapping procedure with endoscopic blue dye and 99mTc radio colloid injection. All the patients underwent standard radical gastrectomy and D2 lymphadenectomy. The resected nodes were evaluated by routine (hematoxylin-eosin) histopathological examination; the sentinel (blue or hot) nodes, in addition, were evaluated with immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin.

RESULTS

The detection rate of this procedure was 100%. The preliminary results and perspectives for feasibility of sentinel node biopsy and its accuracy in predicting the nodal status in early gastric cancer are discussed.

Evaluation of sentinel node concept in gastric cancer based on lymph node micrometastasis determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction

OBJECTIVE

To determine the adequacy of sentinel node (SN) concept based on micrometastasis using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in gastric cancer.

SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA

The SN concept has recently been introduced in gastrointestinal tract cancers. The precise detection of lymph node metastasis including micrometastasis is important for SN navigation surgery.

METHODS

Sixty-one patients with gastric cancer who were preoperatively diagnosed with T1-T2 (cT1-T2) and N0 (cN0) were enrolled. They underwent standard radical gastrectomy with lymph node dissection. One day before surgery, 4 mCi of (99m)Technetium-tin colloid was endoscopically injected into the submucosa around the tumor. During surgery, radioisotope uptake in the lymph node was measured using Navigator GPS. All dissected lymph nodes were examined by RT-PCR in addition to hematoxylin and eosin staining and IHC.

RESULTS

Sentinel nodes were identified in all patients (100%). The incidences of metastasis determined by hematoxylin and eosin and IHC were 8.2% (5 of 61) and 13.1% (8 of 61), respectively. Micrometastases undetectable by IHC were identified in 14 patients (23.0%) by RT-PCR. Only 1 patient had micrometastasis detectable by RT-PCR in lymph nodes other than SN, but this patient had a cT2 tumor. In patients with cT1 and cN0 tumors, the false negative and accuracy rates were 0% and 100%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the incidence of micrometastasis detected by RT-PCR was quite high, SN navigation identified such metastasis in all patients except one. Thus, the SN concept was applicable to patients with cT1 and cN0 gastric cancer, even when micrometastasis was detectable by RT-PCR.

Significance of lymph node micrometastasis in pN0 hilar bile duct carcinoma

AIMS

To examine micrometastasis in node-negative hilar bile duct carcinoma (HBDC) using an immunohistochemical method and evaluated the clinical significance.

METHODS

Four hundred and twenty three regional lymph nodes from 28 patients with node-negative HBDC who had undergone a resection were immunostained with an antibody against cytokeratins eight and 18 (CAM 5.2).

RESULTS

Lymph node micrometastasis was detected in 11 of the 28 patients and 14 of the 423 lymph nodes. Lymph node micrometastasis was significantly correlated with the pT classification (p=0.03), the histopathological grading (p=0.01) and venous invasion (p=0.05). The 5-year survival rate of the patients with lymph node micrometastasis was 21.8%, as opposed to 66.5% in the patients without micrometastasis. Patients with micrometastasis showed a significantly poorer survival rate than those without micrometastasis (p=0.02).

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that immunohistochemically detected lymph node micrometastasis has an impact on the outcome in HBDC.

Intraoperative detection of lymph node micrometastasis with flow cytometry in non–small cell lung cancer

OBJECTIVE

We sought to determine whether cytokeratin-positive cells can be detected as markers of lymph node metastasis by using flow cytometry within a time frame suitable for intraoperative decision making in non-small cell lung cancer.

METHODS

Five lymph nodes from each of 20 patients with non-small cell lung cancer were randomly selected for study. Each node was divided longitudinally into 3 pieces: one piece for flow cytometry, one for immunohistochemical staining, and the last for conventional hematoxylin and eosin staining. In both flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, cytokeratin-positive cells were detected with the fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated anti-cytokeratin antibody AE1/AE3.

RESULTS

Cytokeratin-positive nodes were detected by means of flow cytometry within 40 minutes. Eight (8%) of the 100 lymph nodes from 4 (20%) of the 20 patients were deemed positive for metastasis on the basis of conventional histologic examination. By contrast, 33 (33%) lymph nodes from 13 (65%) patients were deemed positive on the basis of immunohistochemical cytokeratin staining, and 38 (38%) lymph nodes from 14 (70%) patients were deemed positive on the basis of flow cytometric cytokeratin-positive cell detection. All nodes deemed positive for metastasis on the basis of conventional and immunohistochemical methods were also positive on flow cytometry.

CONCLUSIONS

Flow cytometry enables rapid intraoperative diagnosis of nodal metastasis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Flow cytometric detection of cytokeratin-positive cells within lymph nodes correlates with their immunohistochemical detection, and its level of sensitivity is greater than that of conventional histologic staining and about equal to that of immunohistochemical staining.

Endoscopic quadrantectomy for breast cancer with sentinel lymph node navigation via a small axillary incision

A great deal of clinical experience has firmly established the concept of the sentinel lymph node (SN) in breast cancer. SN biopsy allows treatment without axillary lymphadenectomy and has made it possible to perform a surgical intervention via just a small skin incision. In partial resection of the breast (quadrantectomy), we use a double retractor to form a workspace under the skin via a small axillary incision. Resection does not require a large incision even in cases in which the cancer lesion is located in the upper inner or lower inner quadrant of the breast, as the endoscope allows the surgeon to see the workspace formed by the double retractors.

Sentinel node biopsy to evaluate the metastatic dissemination of oesophageal adenocarcinoma

Background

The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility and accuracy of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy for oesophageal adenocarcinoma.

Methods

Fifty-seven patients with adenocarcinoma of the lower oesophagus (n = 40) or gastric cardia (n = 17) underwent endoscopic peritumoral injection of 99mTc-radiolabelled nanocolloid before en bloc resection with extended lymphadenectomy. SLNs were identified during surgery using a handheld γ probe and the pattern of radioactive uptake was quantified after operation. All 1667 resected lymph nodes were examined immunohistochemically for micrometastases.

Results

SLNs were identified in all 57 patients. They contained metastases (n = 32) or micrometastases (n = 3) in 35 of 37 node-positive patients and there were two false-negative studies. The overall accuracy of SLN biopsy was 96 per cent and SLNs were more likely to contain tumour than other lymph nodes (P &lt; 0·001). Tumour-infiltrated nodal stations had a higher proportion of radioactive uptake (P &lt; 0·001). Lower oesophageal tumours had a greater proportion of SLNs (P = 0·018), radioactive uptake (P &lt; 0·001) and malignant nodes (P = 0·004) in the mediastinum than gastric cardia tumours.

Conclusion

The sentinel node concept is applicable to oesophageal adenocarcinoma and could be used to tailor the extent of lymphadenectomy. There is a close relationship between patterns of radioactive uptake and lymphatic tumour dissemination, which differ for lower oesophageal and gastric cardia tumours.

Angiosarcoma of the colon and rectum: report of a case and review of the literature

Angiosarcoma is a malignancy that occurs rarely in the gastrointestinal tract. We present a case of a 77-year-old male who had rectal bleeding and obstructive bowel symptoms. A large near-obstructing mass was seen endoscopically, but biopsies were inconclusive. A CT scan showed a large sigmoid lesion, and the patient had surgical resection. A large hemorrhagic-appearing tumor was found at operation. Angiosarcoma of the sigmoid colon was diagnosed on histologic examination. After colonic resection, the patient rapidly developed numerous liver metastases and died six months later. A review of the literature reveals only 12 other reported cases of colorectal angiosarcoma; 62 percent of these patients died within one year of surgical resection. The role of adjuvant radiation and/or chemotherapy is unclear. In conclusion, colorectal angiosarcomas are rare tumors that behave very aggressively, and the outcome is generally poor.

Proteomic analysis of cholangiocarcinoma cell line

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a malignant tumor derived from bile duct epithelium, occurs with a higher incidence in tropical countries, such as Thailand. Distinguishing CCA from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) of the liver often requires the use of histochemistry, so molecular markers for diagnosis and prognosis are still required. In this study, the two-dimensional (2-D) protein map of a Thai human bile duct epithelial carcinoma cell line (HuCCA-1) has been compared to human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (HepG2 and HCC-S102) and a human breast epithelial cancer cell line (MCF-7). Our results show that HuCCA-1 expressed a unique pattern of proteins. Forty-three major proteins were identified by matching to the map of MCF-7, and by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and electrospray ionization-tandem MS (ESI-MS/MS). Cytokeratins CK8 and CK18 were overexpressed in both HuCCA-1 and HCC, while CK7 and CK19 were only expressed in HuCCA-1. Four specific proteins with MW/pI 57.2/5.21 (U1, vimentin), 42.2/6.20 (U2), 43.2/6.20 (U3, EF-TU), and 42.2/6.40 (U4, unidentified) were absent from HepG2. U2 showed high expression in HuCCA-1, while U1 and U4 showed high expression in HCC-S102. U2 could be separated in 2 proteins, U2/1 (alpha-enolase) and U2/2 (not identified) by using IPG pH 4-7. Galectin-3 showed high expression level in HuCCA-1 by 1-DE immunodetection, and gave only one spot with MW 32.9 kDa and pI 8.29 on 2-DE immunoblotting, Thus, certain proteins, namely CK7, CK19, U2/2 and galectin-3, may be good markers useful for differential diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma compared to hepatocellular carcinoma.

Therapy of advanced esophageal malignancy

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

To evaluate the developments in the treatment of advanced esophageal cancer during the past year.

RECENT FINDINGS

Esophagectomy remains the treatment of choice for resectable esophageal malignancies even in locally advanced disease. Transthoracic en bloc esophagectomy with extended mediastinal lymphadenectomy seems to be superior to transmediastinal resection. Hospital and surgeon volume are the major factors that determine postoperative mortality. Promising short-term results were obtained in larger series with minimally-invasive esophagectomy, but concerns about oncologic appropriateness and the widespread applicability of this approach remain. Although neoadjuvant chemotherapy or radiochemotherapy is widely practiced, only responders appear to benefit. Positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose has been identified as a promising tool for response evaluation early after the onset of neoadjuvant treatment. Adjuvant chemotherapy or radiochemotherapy may be beneficial in a subgroup of patients after complete tumor resection.

SUMMARY

The transthoracic approach should be preferred for esophagectomy in locally advanced tumors. The surgeon's experience is the most important determinant of outcome after esophagectomy. Individualized indications for multimodality treatment appear possible.

Angiosarcoma involving the gastrointestinal tract: a series of primary and metastatic cases

Angiosarcoma occurs very rarely in the intestinal tract as either a primary or metastatic malignancy and can present great diagnostic difficulty, especially when it displays epithelioid cytomorphology. Since only isolated case reports have been published, the purpose of this study is to more fully delineate the histopathological and clinical features from a series of 8 angiosarcomas involving the gastrointestinal tract. There were 5 male and 3 female patients whose ages ranged from 25-85 years (median 57). Presenting symptoms included intestinal bleeding, anemia and pain. Five cases involved the small bowel and 3 involved the colon/rectum. Four cases were primary to the intestinal tract, 2 patients initially presented with secondary involvement of the large bowel from occult retroperitoneal primaries, 1 patient presented with disseminated disease including small bowel involvement, and 1 case was metastatic from a breast primary. Seven cases were composed predominantly of sheets of malignant appearing epithelioid cells with subtle areas forming cleft-like spaces suggestive of vascular differentiation. Immunohistochemical studies revealed the lesional cells to be immunoreactive for CD31 (8/8), CD34 (8/8), Factor VIII (8/8), cytokeratins AE1/AE3 (7/8), cytokeratin 7 (2/8), Cam5.2/cytokeratin 8 (5/8), and cytokeratin 19 (5/8). Cytokeratin 20 was negative in all eight cases, which contrasts sharply with the characteristic positivity for cytokeratin 20 in virtually all intestinal carcinomas. One case was weakly and focally positive for EMA and all cases were negative for S-100 protein. Cytokeratin staining was variable and ranged from focal to extensive. Follow-up was available in eight cases and ranged from 1-33 months (median 12.5). Five patients died of disease, between 1 and 33 months (median 6) after diagnosis. One recently diagnosed patient is alive with disease 18 months after diagnosis, and one patient is free of disease 27 months after original diagnosis. Angiosarcomas of the gastrointestinal tract commonly display epithelioid cytomorphology, may be diffusely and strongly positive for cytokeratins and only show subtle signs of vascular differentiation, creating potential diagnostic confusion with primary or metastatic carcinoma. Given the clinically aggressive behavior of angiosarcoma, proper classification and treatment is important. Immunohistochemistry with vascular markers, CK20, and S-100 protein may be helpful in differentiating angiosarcoma from carcinoma and melanoma.

Immunohistochemical Studies in the Identification of Lymph Node Micrometastases in Patients with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck

In the prediction of likely disease-free and overall survival intervals in patients with squamous carcinomas of the head and neck, cervical lymph node status assumes a prime role, and patients with cervical node metastases have diminished survivals, as a group, compared with patients whose cervical nodes are reported as negative for metastatic carcinoma. Conventional means of pathologic examination of cervical node biopsy specimens include examination of a single section through each individual node identified on gross examination, a process which, of necessity, leaves a significant portion of the node unexamined by microscopy. Recently, it has become apparent that more exhaustive pathologic sampling techniques, such as examining multiple sections of each lymph node, or staining each lymph node with antibodies to keratin via immunohistochemistry, will reliably yield a greater incidence of positive cervical lymph nodes ("micrometastases") than do conventional pathologic techniques. This suggests that the next line of inquiry should answer this question: just because micrometastases can be detected, should they be? Does the identification of (otherwise likely to be overlooked) tiny microscopic foci of spread of tumor in regional nodes by more sophisticated techniques yield additional data of real import to the patients, or is such information of lesser value? Should a role be defined in the care of head and neck cancer patients for the use of such advanced inquiries in the structuring of therapies, then the best approach to finding such elusive micrometastases (intraoperative immunohistochemistry? immunohistochemistry using routinely fixed tissues? polymerase chain reaction?) may subsequently be established.

Preoperative genetic diagnosis of gastric carcinoma based on chromosomal loss and microsatellite instability

The degree of chromosomal losses and the presence of microsatellite instability (MSI) in gastric carcinomas have been categorized into low-risk (low-level loss and MSI) and high-risk (baseline- and high-level losses) genotypes. With the aim of making a preoperative diagnosis, this study confirmed the stem line genotype that is common over an entire tumor as well as in a single biopsy specimen. Biopsy specimens were obtained from 91 gastric carcinoma patients and examined for their microsatellite genotypes using a panel of 41 microsatellite markers on 8 cancer-associated chromosomes. The genotype of the biopsy specimens was compared with that of a surgical specimen, which had been multifocally examined for its intratumoral heterogeneity. Of the 91 pairs of biopsy and surgical specimens, 87 (96%) containing either the same (60 cases) or a similar (17 cases) number of chromosomal losses were categorized into the same microsatellite genotype, and the remaining 4 pairs (4%) were classified into a different genotype. The surgical specimens showed that an extraserosal invasion and lymph node metastasis are frequently associated with either a high-level (4 or more) of chromosomal losses irrespective of the tumor size (73% and 85%) or the large carcinomas > 5 cm in diameter irrespective of the tumor genotype (76% and 83%). The status of the extraserosal invasion and lymph node metastasis (0.691 and 0.802 receiver operating characteristic areas, respectively) predicted by the biopsy genotype and the tumor size corresponded closely to the surgical pathology results. Therefore, the extent of chromosomal losses and the presence of an MSI determined on a biopsy specimen will provide valuable information for making a preoperative genetic diagnosis of a gastric carcinoma.

Electrophysiological properties of gastric pacemaker potentials

Electrophysiological properties of pacemaker potentials recorded from myenteric interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-MY) within the guinea-pig gastric antrum are reviewed briefly. Pacemaker potentials consist of two components, a primary component forming a transient depolarization with a rapidly rising initial phase, followed by a secondary component as a plateau with sustained depolarization. The primary component is inhibited by low [Ca2+]o solutions or depolarization of the membrane with high [K+]o solutions. This inhibition could be mimicked by chelating [Ca2+]i with BAPTA-AM, suggesting that this component is produced by activation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ permeable channels. The plateau component is inhibited by low [Cl-]o solution or DIDS, an inhibitor of Ca2+-activated Cl(-)-channels, suggesting that this component is formed by Ca2+-activated Cl(-)-currents. Reduction of Ca2+ release from internal stores by inhibiting the internal Ca-pump with cyclopiazonic acid results in a shortened duration of the plateau component, with no alteration in the rate of rise of the primary component. 2-APB, an inhibitor of the IP3-receptor mediated Ca2+ release from internal stores, abolishes pacemaker potentials, suggesting that the release of Ca2+ from internal IP3-sensitive Ca2+ stores is required for generation of pacemaker potentials. CCCP, a mitochondrial protonophore, depolarizes the membrane and abolishes pacemaker potentials, suggesting that mitochondrial Ca2+ handling functions may be coupled with generation of pacemaker potentials. These results indicate that the two components of pacemaker potentials are generated by different mechanisms; the primary component may be produced by activation of voltage-dependent Ca2+-permeable channels, while the plateau component may be produced by the opening of Ca2+-activated Cl(-)-channels. It is hypothesized that pacemaker potentials are initiated by depolarization of the membrane due to generation of unitary potentials in response to mitochondrial Ca2+ handling. Activation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ influx, IP3-receptor mediated Ca2+ release from the internal stores and Ca2+-activated Cl(-)-channels may be involved as successive steps downstream to the generation of unitary potentials.

Dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy

The development of effective cancer vaccines depends heavily on the ability to deliver target antigens to generate an immune response. Dendritic cells are the most potent antigen-processing cells, capable of sensitizing T cells to new and recall antigens. Dendritic cells express high levels of major histocompatibility complex class I and II antigens, which are crucial to cancer immunotherapy, as well as a variety of important immunomodulatory proteins, adhesins, and a potent cytokine. Dendritic cells must undergo activation to induce an immune response, and this can be achieved through the use of certain carrier proteins, adjuvants, cytokines, or genetically engineered viruses. Dendritic cells are scattered throughout many tissues of the body, as well as bone marrow and peripheral blood. Most studies have used dendritic cells from peripheral blood; however, these cells are not prevalent in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The cytokine, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, has been found to induce the maturation and enhance the viability of dendritic cells isolated from peripheral blood. Numerous clinical trials of antigen-pulsed dendritic cells have been conducted in various types of cancer, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma, prostate cancer, malignant melanoma, colorectal cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer. These studies show that antigen-loaded dendritic cell vaccinations are safe and promising in the treatment of cancer. This review discusses the use of dendritic cells in immunotherapy and some of the clinical trials that have been conducted.

Indications and limitations of liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cause of cancer-related death worldwide, yet remains difficult to treat, with dismal overall long-term survival rates. Recent strategies using liver transplantation for carefully selected patients with stage I and II HCC and cirrhosis have shown promising results, with 5-year survival rates comparable to survival rates for transplantation patients without malignancy. Currently, however, limited resources and a severe organ shortage make liver transplantation an option for only a limited number of patients with HCC in the United States. Future studies must document the long-term success of this therapy and improve methods for disease control before and after transplantation.

[Retrogastral located gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) as a sonographically detected rare incidental finding]

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) represent compared to carcinomas a rare group of neoplasias of the gastro-intestinal tract of unclear dignity. We report the example of a patient suffering from a big retrogastral located gastrointestinal stromal tumor which had been detected as an incidental finding without previous complaints. Because origin and dignity of the process could not definitely be diagnosed, total resection (R0-resection) without systemic lymphadenectomy of the process measuring 11.5 cm x 11 cm x 7 cm was performed. Mitotic activity and tumor-size are regarded as predictive factors of potenzial malignancy of GISTs. In general tumors with low mitotic activity of up to 5 mitoses per 50 high power fields (HPFs) and a diameter smaller than 5 cm are regarded as benign. In the presented case, up to 4 mitoses per 50 HPFs could be detected and thus, in connection with tumor-size, an uncertain biological behaviour of the process has to be expected. Since no generally accepted consensus on the treatment of the GISTs exists, also patients originally suffering from tumors regarded as borderline-malignant should undergo a close-meshed follow-up in regular intervals.

High expression of CD34-positive sinusoidal endothelial cells is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with HCV-associated chronic liver diseases

CD34 has been widely used for the assessment of sinusoid-like neoangiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recently, it was demonstrated that CD34-positive cells isolated from human peripheral blood differentiate into endothelial cells and contribute to neoangiogenesis in adults. We investigated the localization and the substantial role of CD34-positive endothelial cells in the liver with hepatitis C virus (HCV)--associated chronic liver diseases. Liver tissue sections obtained by biopsy from 56 patients with HCV-associated chronic liver diseases by were examined immunohistochemically using anti-CD34, anti-von Willebrand factor (vWF), and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibodies. CD34 was stained in the sinusoid, showing dotty, linear, semicircular, or circular patterns. However, sinusoidal expression of vWF was not substantially identified in the same specimens, indicating the existence of sinusoidal CD34-positive but vWF-negative endothelial cells. We classified these cells as CD34 LI and found that CD34 LI was correlated with the expression of VEGF. Among 34 patients with advanced-stage disease, the cumulative incidence of HCC was significantly higher in patients with CD34 LI >or= 12 (n = 16) than in those with CD34 LI < 12 (n = 18; P = .009). Moreover, among several clinicopathologic risk factors, CD34 LI could be recognized as an independently significant factor for development of HCC (relative risk, 7.36; P = .019). We conclude that CD34-positive endothelial cells are regulated by several factors, such as VEGF, and might play a substantial role in hepatocarcinogenesis. Furthermore, high expression of CD34-positive sinusoidal endothelial cells is a risk factor for HCC in patients with HCV-associated chronic liver diseases.