1
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Fan W, Adebowale K, Váncza L, Li Y, Rabbi MF, Kunimoto K, Chen D, Mozes G, Chiu DKC, Li Y, Tao J, Wei Y, Adeniji N, Brunsing RL, Dhanasekaran R, Singhi A, Geller D, Lo SH, Hodgson L, Engleman EG, Charville GW, Charu V, Monga SP, Kim T, Wells RG, Chaudhuri O, Török NJ. Matrix viscoelasticity promotes liver cancer progression in the pre-cirrhotic liver. Nature 2024; 626:635-642. [PMID: 38297127 PMCID: PMC10866704 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06991-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) mechanics contribute to cancer development1,2, and increased stiffness is known to promote HCC progression in cirrhotic conditions3,4. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by an accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in the ECM; however, how this affects HCC in non-cirrhotic conditions is unclear. Here we find that, in patients and animal models, AGEs promote changes in collagen architecture and enhance ECM viscoelasticity, with greater viscous dissipation and faster stress relaxation, but not changes in stiffness. High AGEs and viscoelasticity combined with oncogenic β-catenin signalling promote HCC induction, whereas inhibiting AGE production, reconstituting the AGE clearance receptor AGER1 or breaking AGE-mediated collagen cross-links reduces viscoelasticity and HCC growth. Matrix analysis and computational modelling demonstrate that lower interconnectivity of AGE-bundled collagen matrix, marked by shorter fibre length and greater heterogeneity, enhances viscoelasticity. Mechanistically, animal studies and 3D cell cultures show that enhanced viscoelasticity promotes HCC cell proliferation and invasion through an integrin-β1-tensin-1-YAP mechanotransductive pathway. These results reveal that AGE-mediated structural changes enhance ECM viscoelasticity, and that viscoelasticity can promote cancer progression in vivo, independent of stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Fan
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- VA, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kolade Adebowale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lóránd Váncza
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- VA, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Yuan Li
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- VA, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Md Foysal Rabbi
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Koshi Kunimoto
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- VA, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Dongning Chen
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- VA, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Gergely Mozes
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- VA, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - David Kung-Chun Chiu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yisi Li
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Junyan Tao
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yi Wei
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- VA, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Nia Adeniji
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- VA, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Ryan L Brunsing
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Renumathy Dhanasekaran
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- VA, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Aatur Singhi
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David Geller
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Su Hao Lo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Louis Hodgson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Vivek Charu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Quantitative Sciences Unit, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Satdarshan P Monga
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Rebecca G Wells
- Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Natalie J Török
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- VA, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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2
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Reticker-Flynn NE, Engleman EG. Lymph nodes: at the intersection of cancer treatment and progression. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:1021-1034. [PMID: 37149414 PMCID: PMC10624650 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis to lymph nodes (LNs) is a common feature of disease progression in most solid organ malignancies. Consequently, LN biopsy and lymphadenectomy are common clinical practices, not only because of their diagnostic utility but also as a means of deterring further metastatic spread. LN metastases have the potential to seed additional tissues and can induce metastatic tolerance, a process by which tumor-specific immune tolerance in LNs promotes further disease progression. Nonetheless, phylogenetic studies have revealed that distant metastases are not necessarily derived from nodal metastases. Furthermore, immunotherapy efficacy is increasingly being attributed to initiation of systemic immune responses within LNs. We argue that lymphadenectomy and nodal irradiation should be approached with caution, particularly in patients receiving immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan E Reticker-Flynn
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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3
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Reticker-Flynn NE, Zhang W, Belk JA, Basto PA, Gentles AJ, Sunwoo JB, Satpathy AT, Plevritis SK, Engleman EG. Abstract 3469: Lymph node colonization promotes distant tumor metastasis through the induction of tumor-specific immune tolerance. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-3469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The majority of cancer-associated deaths result from distant organ metastasis, yet the mechanisms that enable this process remain poorly understood. For most solid tumors, colonization of regional or distant lymph nodes (LNs) typically precedes the formation of distant organ metastases, yet it remains unclear whether LN metastasis plays a functional role in disease progression. LNs are major sites of anti-tumor lymphocyte education, including in the context of immunotherapy, yet LN metastasis frequently correlates with further disease progression. Here, we find that LN metastasis represents a critical step in tumor progression through the capacity of such metastases to induce tumor-specific immune tolerance in a manner that promotes further dissemination of tumors to distant organs. Using an in vivo passaging approach of a non-metastatic syngeneic melanoma, we generated 300 unique cell lines exhibiting varying degrees of LN metastatic capacity. We show that the presence of these LN metastases enables distant organ seeding of metastases in a manner that the parental tumor cannot, and this effect is eliminated in mice lacking an adaptive immune response. Furthermore, this promotion of distant seeding by LN metastases is tumor specific. Using flow cytometry and single-cell sequencing to perform comprehensive immune profiling, we identify multiple cellular mediators of tolerance. In particular, we find that LN metastases have the capacity to both resist NK cell cytotoxicity and induce regulatory T cells (Tregs). Furthermore, depletion of NK cells in vivo enables non-metastatic tumors to disseminate to LNs, and ablation of Tregs using FoxP3-DTR mice eliminates the occurrence of lymphatic metastases. Adoptive transfer of Tregs from the LNs of mice bearing LN metastasis to naïve mice facilitates metastasis in a manner that Tregs from mice without LN metastases cannot, and we find that these Tregs are induced in an antigen-specific manner. Whole exome sequencing revealed that neither the metastatic proclivity nor immunosuppression evolve through the acquisition of driver mutations, loss of neoantigens, loss of MHC class I presentation, or decreases in melanoma antigen expression. Rather, by RNA-seq and ATAC-seq, we show that a conserved interferon signaling axis is upregulated in LN metastases and is rendered stable through epigenetic reprogramming of chromatin accessibility resulting from chronic exposure to interferons in vivo. Furthermore, using CRISPR/Cas9, we find that these pathways are required for LN metastatic seeding, and validate their conserved significance in additional mouse models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and humans with LN metastatic disease. Together, these findings demonstrate a critical role for LN metastasis in promoting tumor-specific immunosuppression.
Citation Format: Nathan E. Reticker-Flynn, Weiruo Zhang, Julia A. Belk, Pamela A. Basto, Andrew J. Gentles, John B. Sunwoo, Ansuman T. Satpathy, Sylvia K. Plevritis, Edgar G. Engleman. Lymph node colonization promotes distant tumor metastasis through the induction of tumor-specific immune tolerance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3469.
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4
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Linde IL, Prestwood TR, Qiu J, Pilarowski G, Linde MH, Zhang X, Shen L, Reticker-Flynn NE, Chiu DKC, Sheu LY, Van Deursen S, Tolentino LL, Song WC, Engleman EG. Neutrophil-activating therapy for the treatment of cancer. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:356-372.e10. [PMID: 36706760 PMCID: PMC9968410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite their cytotoxic capacity, neutrophils are often co-opted by cancers to promote immunosuppression, tumor growth, and metastasis. Consequently, these cells have received little attention as potential cancer immunotherapeutic agents. Here, we demonstrate in mouse models that neutrophils can be harnessed to induce eradication of tumors and reduce metastatic seeding through the combined actions of tumor necrosis factor, CD40 agonist, and tumor-binding antibody. The same combination activates human neutrophils in vitro, enabling their lysis of human tumor cells. Mechanistically, this therapy induces rapid mobilization and tumor infiltration of neutrophils along with complement activation in tumors. Complement component C5a activates neutrophils to produce leukotriene B4, which stimulates reactive oxygen species production via xanthine oxidase, resulting in oxidative damage and T cell-independent clearance of multiple tumor types. These data establish neutrophils as potent anti-tumor immune mediators and define an inflammatory pathway that can be harnessed to drive neutrophil-mediated eradication of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian L Linde
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tyler R Prestwood
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jingtao Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Genay Pilarowski
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Miles H Linde
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xiangyue Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lei Shen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Lauren Y Sheu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Simon Van Deursen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lorna L Tolentino
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wen-Chao Song
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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5
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Reticker-Flynn NE, Zhang W, Belk JA, Basto PA, Gentles AJ, Sunwoo JB, Satpathy AK, Plevritis SK, Engleman EG. Abstract PR013: Lymph node colonization promotes distant tumor metastasis through the induction of tumor-specific immune tolerance. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.metastasis22-pr013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The majority of cancer-associated deaths result from distant organ metastasis, yet the mechanisms that enable this process remain poorly understood. For most solid tumors, colonization of regional or distant lymph nodes (LNs) typically precedes the formation of distant organ metastases, yet it remains unclear whether LN metastasis plays a functional role in disease progression. LNs are major sites of anti-tumor lymphocyte education, including in the context of immunotherapy, yet LN metastasis frequently correlates with further disease progression. Here, we find that LN metastasis represents a critical step in tumor progression through the capacity of such metastases to induce tumor-specific immune tolerance in a manner that promotes further dissemination of tumors to distant organs. Using an in vivo passaging approach of a non-metastatic syngeneic melanoma, we generated 300 unique cell lines exhibiting varying degrees of LN metastatic capacity. We show that the presence of these LN metastases enables distant organ seeding of metastases in a manner that the parental tumor cannot, and this effect is eliminated in mice lacking an adaptive immune response. Furthermore, this promotion of distant seeding by LN metastases is tumor specific. Using flow cytometry and single-cell sequencing to perform comprehensive immune profiling, we identify multiple cellular mediators of tolerance. In particular, we find that LN metastases have the capacity to both resist NK cell cytotoxicity and induce regulatory T cells (Tregs). Furthermore, depletion of NK cells in vivo enables non-metastatic tumors to disseminate to LNs, and ablation of Tregs using FoxP3-DTR mice eliminates the occurrence of lymphatic metastases. Adoptive transfer of Tregs from the LNs of mice bearing LN metastasis to naïve mice facilitates metastasis in a manner that Tregs from mice without LN metastases cannot, and we find that these Tregs are induced in an antigen-specific manner. Whole exome sequencing revealed that neither the metastatic proclivity nor immunosuppression evolve through the acquisition of driver mutations, loss of neoantigens, loss of MHC class I presentation, or decreases in melanoma antigen expression. Rather, by RNA-seq and ATAC-seq, we show that a conserved interferon signaling axis is upregulated in LN metastases and is rendered stable through epigenetic reprogramming of chromatin accessibility resulting from chronic exposure to interferons in vivo. Furthermore, using CRISPR/Cas9, we find that these pathways are required for LN metastatic seeding, and validate their conserved significance in additional mouse models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and humans with LN metastatic disease. Together, these findings demonstrate a critical role for LN metastasis in promoting tumor-specific immunosuppression.
Citation Format: Nathan E. Reticker-Flynn, Weiruo Zhang, Julia A. Belk, Pamela A. Basto, Andrew J. Gentles, John B. Sunwoo, Ansuman K. Satpathy, Sylvia K. Plevritis, Edgar G. Engleman. Lymph node colonization promotes distant tumor metastasis through the induction of tumor-specific immune tolerance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Cancer Metastasis; 2022 Nov 14-17; Portland, OR. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;83(2 Suppl_2):Abstract nr PR013.
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Kenkel JA, Ho PY, Henning KA, Kreder CL, Nolin JL, Kongara S, Chapin SJ, Husain A, Kowanetz M, Engleman EG, Alonso MN, Dornan D, Ackerman SE. Abstract 2883: Dectin-2 agonist antibodies reprogram tumor-associated macrophages to drive anti-tumor immunity. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-2883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), an abundant immune cell population in most cancers, support tumor progression through their immunosuppressive effects. We discovered that TAMs express the pattern recognition receptor Dectin-2 (Clec4n/CLEC6A), an activating C-type lectin receptor (CLR) that binds to high-mannose glycans on fungi and other microbes and stimulates immune responses against infectious disease. Dectin-2 is selectively expressed by myeloid cells, and upon ligation, mediates enhanced phagocytosis, antigen processing and presentation, and proinflammatory cytokine production. Given these properties, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of targeting Dectin-2 to reprogram TAMs using natural ligands as well as our novel agonistic antibodies. We show that Dectin-2 agonists can convert TAMs into immunostimulatory cells in vitro and in vivo, and drive robust anti-tumor immunity.
Dectin-2 gene expression is minimal in normal human tissues but elevated across many tumor types, including breast, colon, lung, ovarian, and kidney cancers. We found that Dectin-2 is strongly expressed by macrophages differentiated in vitro and on primary TAMs from various solid tumors. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with mannan, a natural Dectin-2 ligand derived from S. cerevisiae, mediated tumor regression in multiple syngeneic tumor models, with high rates of tumor clearance in the MB49 bladder cancer model. These effects were Dectin-2 dependent, as efficacy was not observed when a Dectin-2-blocking antibody was co-administered or in knockout mice lacking Dectin-2 signaling components. Depletion of either macrophages or CD8+ T cells impaired efficacy, suggesting that Dectin-2-stimulated TAMs augment anti-tumor CD8+ T cell responses. Based on these data, we developed novel Dectin-2-targeted agonist antibodies capable of activating both in vitro-generated and primary human TAMs to produce an array of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines akin to tumor-destructive “M1” macrophages. Furthermore, systemically administered Dectin-2 agonist antibodies activated TAMs and mediated anti-tumor effects in immunodeficient mice engrafted with human CD34+ HSCs. The data presented demonstrate the therapeutic potential of Dectin-2 agonist antibodies as a novel pan-cancer approach for myeloid cell-directed tumor immunotherapy.
Citation Format: Justin A. Kenkel, Po Y. Ho, Karla A. Henning, Cindy L. Kreder, Jess L. Nolin, Sameera Kongara, Steven J. Chapin, Amreen Husain, Marcin Kowanetz, Edgar G. Engleman, Michael N. Alonso, David Dornan, Shelley E. Ackerman. Dectin-2 agonist antibodies reprogram tumor-associated macrophages to drive anti-tumor immunity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 2883.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Po Y. Ho
- 1Bolt Biotherapeutics, Redwood City, CA
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7
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Reticker-Flynn NE, Zhang W, Belk JA, Basto PA, Escalante NK, Pilarowski GOW, Bejnood A, Martins MM, Kenkel JA, Linde IL, Bagchi S, Yuan R, Chang S, Spitzer MH, Carmi Y, Cheng J, Tolentino LL, Choi O, Wu N, Kong CS, Gentles AJ, Sunwoo JB, Satpathy AT, Plevritis SK, Engleman EG. Lymph node colonization induces tumor-immune tolerance to promote distant metastasis. Cell 2022; 185:1924-1942.e23. [PMID: 35525247 PMCID: PMC9149144 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For many solid malignancies, lymph node (LN) involvement represents a harbinger of distant metastatic disease and, therefore, an important prognostic factor. Beyond its utility as a biomarker, whether and how LN metastasis plays an active role in shaping distant metastasis remains an open question. Here, we develop a syngeneic melanoma mouse model of LN metastasis to investigate how tumors spread to LNs and whether LN colonization influences metastasis to distant tissues. We show that an epigenetically instilled tumor-intrinsic interferon response program confers enhanced LN metastatic potential by enabling the evasion of NK cells and promoting LN colonization. LN metastases resist T cell-mediated cytotoxicity, induce antigen-specific regulatory T cells, and generate tumor-specific immune tolerance that subsequently facilitates distant tumor colonization. These effects extend to human cancers and other murine cancer models, implicating a conserved systemic mechanism by which malignancies spread to distant organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weiruo Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julia A Belk
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pamela A Basto
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Alborz Bejnood
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maria M Martins
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Justin A Kenkel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ian L Linde
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sreya Bagchi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Serena Chang
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection Operations, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew H Spitzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yaron Carmi
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jiahan Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lorna L Tolentino
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Okmi Choi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nancy Wu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christina S Kong
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew J Gentles
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - John B Sunwoo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sylvia K Plevritis
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA.
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8
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Reticker-Flynn NE, Zhang W, Belk JA, Basto PA, Satpathy A, Plevritis SK, Engleman EG. Lymph node colonization promotes distant tumor metastasis through the induction of tumor-specific immune tolerance. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.119.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The majority of cancer deaths result from distant organ metastasis. Lymph nodes (LNs) are major sites of anti-tumor lymphocyte education, yet LN metastasis frequently precedes distant metastasis. Here, we find that LN metastasis represents a critical step in tumor progression by inducing tumor-specific immune tolerance, thus enabling further dissemination of tumors to distant organs. Using an in vivo passaging approach, we generated 300 cell lines exhibiting varying degrees of LN metastatic capacity. We show that the LN metastases promote distant organ metastasis in a manner that is tumor specific. Through organism-wide immune profiling by single cell sequencing, we identify multiple cellular mediators of tolerance. In particular, we find that LN metastases have the capacity to both resist NK cell cytotoxicity and induce regulatory T cells (Tregs). Adoptive transfer of Tregs from the LNs of mice bearing LN metastasis to naïve mice facilitates metastasis in a manner that Tregs from mice without LN metastases cannot. Additionally, these Tregs are induced in an antigen-specific manner. Using whole exome sequencing, we show LN metastases do not evolve through the acquisition of driver mutations, loss of neoantigens, loss of MHC class I, or decreases in melanoma antigens. Rather, by RNA-seq and ATAC-seq, we show that a conserved interferon signaling axis is upregulated in LN metastases and is rendered stable through epigenetic regulation of chromatin accessibility. Knockout studies reveal that these pathways are required for LN metastatic seeding, and we validate their significance in additional mouse models and patients. These findings demonstrate a critical role for LN metastasis in promoting tumor-specific immunosuppression.
This work was supported by NIH grants U54 CA209971 and F32 CA189408.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weiruo Zhang
- 2Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine
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9
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Reticker-Flynn NE, Zhang W, Belk JA, Gentles AJ, Satpathy A, Plevritis SK, Engleman EG. Abstract PR05: Lymph node colonization promotes distant tumor metastasis through the induction of tumor-specific immune tolerance. Cancer Immunol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6074.tumimm21-pr05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The majority of cancer-associated deaths result from distant organ metastasis, yet the mechanisms that enable this process remain poorly understood. For most solid tumors, colonization of regional or distant lymph nodes (LNs) typically precedes the formation of distant organ metastases, yet it remains unclear whether LN metastasis plays a functional role in disease progression. LNs are major sites of anti-tumor lymphocyte education, including in the context of immunotherapy, yet LN metastasis frequently correlates with further disease progression. Here, we find that LN metastasis represents a critical step in tumor progression through the capacity of such metastases to induce tumor-specific immune tolerance in a manner that promotes further dissemination of tumors to distant organs. Using an in vivo passaging approach of a non-metastatic syngeneic melanoma, we generated 300 unique cell lines exhibiting varying degrees of LN metastatic capacity. We show that the presence of these LN metastases enables distant organ seeding of metastases in a manner that the parental tumor cannot, and this effect is eliminated in mice lacking an adaptive immune response. Furthermore, this promotion of distant seeding by LN metastases is tumor specific. Using flow cytometry and single-cell sequencing to perform organism-wide immune profiling, we identify multiple cellular mediators of tolerance. In particular, we find that LN metastases have the capacity to both resist NK cell cytotoxicity and induce regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vitro. Furthermore, depletion of NK cells in vivo enables non-metastatic tumors to disseminate to LNs, and ablation of Tregs using FoxP3-DTR mice eliminates the occurrence of lymphatic metastases. Adoptive transfer of Tregs from the LNs of mice bearing LN metastasis to naïve mice facilitates metastasis in a manner that Tregs from mice without LN metastases cannot, and we find that these Tregs are induced in an antigen-specific manner. Using genetic mouse models and photoconvertible tracking technologies, we show that Tregs induced within involved LNs preferentially traffic to distant sites compared to other CD4 populations. Through the use of whole exome sequencing, we show that neither the metastatic proclivity nor immunosuppression evolve through the acquisition of driver mutations, loss of neoantigens, loss of MHC class I presentation, or decreases in melanoma antigen expression. Rather, by RNA-seq and ATAC-seq, we show that a conserved interferon signaling axis is upregulated in LN metastases and is rendered stable through epigenetic regulation of chromatin accessibility. Furthermore, using CRISPR/Cas9, we find that these pathways are required for LN metastatic seeding, and validate their conserved significance in additional mouse models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), along with RNA-seq analysis of malignant populations sorted from HNSCC patients. Together, these findings demonstrate a critical role for LN metastasis in promoting tumor-specific immunosuppression.
This abstract is also being presented as Poster P020.
Citation Format: Nathan E. Reticker-Flynn, Weiruo Zhang, Julia A. Belk, Andrew J. Gentles, Ansuman Satpathy, Sylvia K. Plevritis, Edgar G. Engleman. Lymph node colonization promotes distant tumor metastasis through the induction of tumor-specific immune tolerance [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Virtual Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2021 Oct 5-6. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2022;10(1 Suppl):Abstract nr PR05.
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Hongo D, Zheng P, Dutt S, Pawar RD, Meyer E, Engleman EG, Strober S. Identification of Two Subsets of Murine DC1 Dendritic Cells That Differ by Surface Phenotype, Gene Expression, and Function. Front Immunol 2021; 12:746469. [PMID: 34777358 PMCID: PMC8589020 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.746469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical dendritic cells (cDCs) in mice have been divided into 2 major subsets based on the expression of nuclear transcription factors: a CD8+Irf8+Batf3 dependent (DC1) subset, and a CD8-Irf4+ (DC2) subset. We found that the CD8+DC1 subset can be further divided into CD8+DC1a and CD8+DC1b subsets by differences in surface receptors, gene expression, and function. Whereas all 3 DC subsets can act alone to induce potent Th1 cytokine responses to class I and II MHC restricted peptides derived from ovalbumin (OVA) by OT-I and OT-II transgenic T cells, only the DC1b subset could effectively present glycolipid antigens to natural killer T (NKT) cells. Vaccination with OVA protein pulsed DC1b and DC2 cells were more effective in reducing the growth of the B16-OVA melanoma as compared to pulsed DC1a cells in wild type mice. In conclusion, the Batf3-/- dependent DC1 cells can be further divided into two subsets with different immune functional profiles in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hongo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Pingping Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Suparna Dutt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Rahul D Pawar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Everett Meyer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Samuel Strober
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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Barnes SE, Zera KA, Ivison GT, Buckwalter MS, Engleman EG. Brain profiling in murine colitis and human epilepsy reveals neutrophils and TNFα as mediators of neuronal hyperexcitability. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:199. [PMID: 34511110 PMCID: PMC8436533 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease frequently experience neurological complications including epilepsy, depression, attention deficit disorders, migraines, and dementia. However, the mechanistic basis for these associations is unknown. Given that many patients are unresponsive to existing medications or experience debilitating side effects, novel therapeutics that target the underlying pathophysiology of these conditions are urgently needed. METHODS Because intestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease are robustly associated with neurological symptoms, we used three different mouse models of colitis to investigate the impact of peripheral inflammatory disease on the brain. We assessed neuronal hyperexcitability, which is associated with many neurological symptoms, by measuring seizure threshold in healthy and colitic mice. We profiled the neuroinflammatory phenotype of colitic mice and used depletion and neutralization assays to identify the specific mediators responsible for colitis-induced neuronal hyperexcitability. To determine whether our findings in murine models overlapped with a human phenotype, we performed gene expression profiling, pathway analysis, and deconvolution on microarray data from hyperexcitable human brain tissue from patients with epilepsy. RESULTS We observed that murine colitis induces neuroinflammation characterized by increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production, decreased tight junction protein expression, and infiltration of monocytes and neutrophils into the brain. We also observed sustained neuronal hyperexcitability in colitic mice. Colitis-induced neuronal hyperexcitability was ameliorated by neutrophil depletion or TNFα blockade. Gene expression profiling of hyperexcitable brain tissue resected from patients with epilepsy also revealed a remarkably similar pathology to that seen in the brains of colitic mice, including neutrophil infiltration and high TNFα expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal neutrophils and TNFα as central regulators of neuronal hyperexcitability of diverse etiology. Thus, there is a strong rationale for evaluating anti-inflammatory agents, including clinically approved TNFα inhibitors, for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric symptoms present in, and potentially independent of, a diagnosed inflammatory disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Barnes
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kristy A Zera
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Ivison
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Penny HL, Sieow JL, Gun SY, Lau MC, Lee B, Tan J, Phua C, Toh F, Nga Y, Yeap WH, Janela B, Kumar D, Chen H, Yeong J, Kenkel JA, Pang A, Lim D, Toh HC, Hon TLK, Johnson CI, Khameneh HJ, Mortellaro A, Engleman EG, Rotzschke O, Ginhoux F, Abastado JP, Chen J, Wong SC. Targeting Glycolysis in Macrophages Confers Protection Against Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6350. [PMID: 34198548 PMCID: PMC8231859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation in the tumor microenvironment has been shown to promote disease progression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC); however, the role of macrophage metabolism in promoting inflammation is unclear. Using an orthotopic mouse model of PDAC, we demonstrate that macrophages from tumor-bearing mice exhibit elevated glycolysis. Macrophage-specific deletion of Glucose Transporter 1 (GLUT1) significantly reduced tumor burden, which was accompanied by increased Natural Killer and CD8+ T cell activity and suppression of the NLRP3-IL1β inflammasome axis. Administration of mice with a GLUT1-specific inhibitor reduced tumor burden, comparable with gemcitabine, the current standard-of-care. In addition, we observe that intra-tumoral macrophages from human PDAC patients exhibit a pronounced glycolytic signature, which reliably predicts poor survival. Our data support a key role for macrophage metabolism in tumor immunity, which could be exploited to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hweixian Leong Penny
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (J.L.S.); (S.Y.G.); (M.C.L.); (B.L.); (J.T.); (C.P.); (F.T.); (Y.N.); (W.H.Y.); (D.K.); (H.C.); (J.Y.); (H.J.K.); (A.M.); (O.R.); (F.G.); (J.-P.A.); (J.C.)
| | - Je Lin Sieow
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (J.L.S.); (S.Y.G.); (M.C.L.); (B.L.); (J.T.); (C.P.); (F.T.); (Y.N.); (W.H.Y.); (D.K.); (H.C.); (J.Y.); (H.J.K.); (A.M.); (O.R.); (F.G.); (J.-P.A.); (J.C.)
| | - Sin Yee Gun
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (J.L.S.); (S.Y.G.); (M.C.L.); (B.L.); (J.T.); (C.P.); (F.T.); (Y.N.); (W.H.Y.); (D.K.); (H.C.); (J.Y.); (H.J.K.); (A.M.); (O.R.); (F.G.); (J.-P.A.); (J.C.)
| | - Mai Chan Lau
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (J.L.S.); (S.Y.G.); (M.C.L.); (B.L.); (J.T.); (C.P.); (F.T.); (Y.N.); (W.H.Y.); (D.K.); (H.C.); (J.Y.); (H.J.K.); (A.M.); (O.R.); (F.G.); (J.-P.A.); (J.C.)
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (J.L.S.); (S.Y.G.); (M.C.L.); (B.L.); (J.T.); (C.P.); (F.T.); (Y.N.); (W.H.Y.); (D.K.); (H.C.); (J.Y.); (H.J.K.); (A.M.); (O.R.); (F.G.); (J.-P.A.); (J.C.)
| | - Jasmine Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (J.L.S.); (S.Y.G.); (M.C.L.); (B.L.); (J.T.); (C.P.); (F.T.); (Y.N.); (W.H.Y.); (D.K.); (H.C.); (J.Y.); (H.J.K.); (A.M.); (O.R.); (F.G.); (J.-P.A.); (J.C.)
| | - Cindy Phua
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (J.L.S.); (S.Y.G.); (M.C.L.); (B.L.); (J.T.); (C.P.); (F.T.); (Y.N.); (W.H.Y.); (D.K.); (H.C.); (J.Y.); (H.J.K.); (A.M.); (O.R.); (F.G.); (J.-P.A.); (J.C.)
| | - Florida Toh
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (J.L.S.); (S.Y.G.); (M.C.L.); (B.L.); (J.T.); (C.P.); (F.T.); (Y.N.); (W.H.Y.); (D.K.); (H.C.); (J.Y.); (H.J.K.); (A.M.); (O.R.); (F.G.); (J.-P.A.); (J.C.)
| | - Yvonne Nga
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (J.L.S.); (S.Y.G.); (M.C.L.); (B.L.); (J.T.); (C.P.); (F.T.); (Y.N.); (W.H.Y.); (D.K.); (H.C.); (J.Y.); (H.J.K.); (A.M.); (O.R.); (F.G.); (J.-P.A.); (J.C.)
| | - Wei Hseun Yeap
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (J.L.S.); (S.Y.G.); (M.C.L.); (B.L.); (J.T.); (C.P.); (F.T.); (Y.N.); (W.H.Y.); (D.K.); (H.C.); (J.Y.); (H.J.K.); (A.M.); (O.R.); (F.G.); (J.-P.A.); (J.C.)
| | - Baptiste Janela
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), 11 Mandalay Road, #17-01 Clinical Sciences Building, Singapore 308232, Singapore;
| | - Dilip Kumar
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (J.L.S.); (S.Y.G.); (M.C.L.); (B.L.); (J.T.); (C.P.); (F.T.); (Y.N.); (W.H.Y.); (D.K.); (H.C.); (J.Y.); (H.J.K.); (A.M.); (O.R.); (F.G.); (J.-P.A.); (J.C.)
| | - Hao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (J.L.S.); (S.Y.G.); (M.C.L.); (B.L.); (J.T.); (C.P.); (F.T.); (Y.N.); (W.H.Y.); (D.K.); (H.C.); (J.Y.); (H.J.K.); (A.M.); (O.R.); (F.G.); (J.-P.A.); (J.C.)
| | - Joe Yeong
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (J.L.S.); (S.Y.G.); (M.C.L.); (B.L.); (J.T.); (C.P.); (F.T.); (Y.N.); (W.H.Y.); (D.K.); (H.C.); (J.Y.); (H.J.K.); (A.M.); (O.R.); (F.G.); (J.-P.A.); (J.C.)
| | - Justin A. Kenkel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3373 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; (J.A.K.); (E.G.E.)
| | - Angela Pang
- National University Cancer Institute Singapore, NUH Medical Centre (NUHMC) @ Levels 8-10, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore;
| | - Diana Lim
- Department of Pathology, National University Health System, National University Hospital, Lower Kent Ridge Road, 1 Main Building, Level 3, Singapore 119074, Singapore;
| | - Han Chong Toh
- National Cancer Centre, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore 169610, Singapore;
| | - Tony Lim Kiat Hon
- Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Academia, Level 7, Singapore 169856, Singapore;
| | | | - Hanif Javanmard Khameneh
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (J.L.S.); (S.Y.G.); (M.C.L.); (B.L.); (J.T.); (C.P.); (F.T.); (Y.N.); (W.H.Y.); (D.K.); (H.C.); (J.Y.); (H.J.K.); (A.M.); (O.R.); (F.G.); (J.-P.A.); (J.C.)
| | - Alessandra Mortellaro
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (J.L.S.); (S.Y.G.); (M.C.L.); (B.L.); (J.T.); (C.P.); (F.T.); (Y.N.); (W.H.Y.); (D.K.); (H.C.); (J.Y.); (H.J.K.); (A.M.); (O.R.); (F.G.); (J.-P.A.); (J.C.)
| | - Edgar G. Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3373 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; (J.A.K.); (E.G.E.)
| | - Olaf Rotzschke
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (J.L.S.); (S.Y.G.); (M.C.L.); (B.L.); (J.T.); (C.P.); (F.T.); (Y.N.); (W.H.Y.); (D.K.); (H.C.); (J.Y.); (H.J.K.); (A.M.); (O.R.); (F.G.); (J.-P.A.); (J.C.)
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (J.L.S.); (S.Y.G.); (M.C.L.); (B.L.); (J.T.); (C.P.); (F.T.); (Y.N.); (W.H.Y.); (D.K.); (H.C.); (J.Y.); (H.J.K.); (A.M.); (O.R.); (F.G.); (J.-P.A.); (J.C.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Abastado
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (J.L.S.); (S.Y.G.); (M.C.L.); (B.L.); (J.T.); (C.P.); (F.T.); (Y.N.); (W.H.Y.); (D.K.); (H.C.); (J.Y.); (H.J.K.); (A.M.); (O.R.); (F.G.); (J.-P.A.); (J.C.)
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (J.L.S.); (S.Y.G.); (M.C.L.); (B.L.); (J.T.); (C.P.); (F.T.); (Y.N.); (W.H.Y.); (D.K.); (H.C.); (J.Y.); (H.J.K.); (A.M.); (O.R.); (F.G.); (J.-P.A.); (J.C.)
| | - Siew Cheng Wong
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove Level 3 & 4 Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (J.L.S.); (S.Y.G.); (M.C.L.); (B.L.); (J.T.); (C.P.); (F.T.); (Y.N.); (W.H.Y.); (D.K.); (H.C.); (J.Y.); (H.J.K.); (A.M.); (O.R.); (F.G.); (J.-P.A.); (J.C.)
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Ouyang X, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Guo J, Wei TT, Liu C, Lee B, Chen B, Zhang A, Casey KM, Wang L, Kooreman NG, Habtezion A, Engleman EG, Wu JC. Antitumor effects of iPSC-based cancer vaccine in pancreatic cancer. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1468-1477. [PMID: 33961792 PMCID: PMC8190592 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and cancer cells share cellular similarities and transcriptomic profiles. Here, we show that an iPSC-based cancer vaccine, comprised of autologous iPSCs and CpG, stimulated cytotoxic antitumor CD8+ T cell effector and memory responses, induced cancer-specific humoral immune responses, reduced immunosuppressive CD4+ T regulatory cells, and prevented tumor formation in 75% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) mice. We demonstrate that shared gene expression profiles of “iPSC-cancer signature genes” and others are overexpressed in mouse and human iPSC lines, PDAC cells, and multiple human solid tumor types compared with normal tissues. These results support further studies of iPSC vaccination in PDAC in preclinical and clinical models and in other cancer types that have low mutational burdens. The iPSC-based cancer vaccine prevents tumor growth in pancreatic cancer The iPSC-based cancer vaccine induces cytotoxic antitumor T cell and B cell responses The iPSC-based cancer vaccine reduces immune-suppressive Treg cells iPSC-cancer signature genes are upregulated in mouse PDAC and human tumors
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Ouyang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tzu-Tang Wei
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chun Liu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bomi Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Binbin Chen
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Angela Zhang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kerriann M Casey
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nigel G Kooreman
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, ZA 2333, the Netherlands
| | - Aida Habtezion
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Reticker-Flynn NE, Zhang W, Chang S, Gentles AJ, Sunwoo JB, Kong CS, Plevritis SK, Engleman EG. Abstract PR007: Lymph node colonization promotes distant tumor metastasis through the induction of systemic tumor-specific immunosuppression. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.tme21-pr007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The majority of cancer-associated deaths result from distant organ metastasis rather than the primary tumor, yet the mechanisms that enable this process remain poorly understood. For most solid tumors, colonization of regional or distant lymph nodes (LNs) typically precedes the formation of distant organ metastases, yet it remains unclear whether LN metastasis plays a functional role in disease progression. LNs are education hubs of the adaptive immune system wherein antigens derived from pathogens or malignancies are presented to lymphocytes to elicit an adaptive immune response. Nonetheless, LN metastasis, which is typically attributed to passive drainage of tumor cells through lymphatics, frequently does not lead to the generation of anti-tumor immunity, but instead correlates with further disease progression. Here, we find that LN metastasis represents a critical step in tumor progression through the capacity of such metastases to induce tumor-specific immunosuppression in a manner that promotes further dissemination of tumors to distant organs. Using an in vivo passaging approach of a non-metastatic syngeneic melanoma, we generated 300 unique cell lines exhibiting varying degrees of LN metastatic capacity. We show that the presence of these LN metastases enables distant organ seeding of metastases in a manner that the parental tumor cannot, and this effect is eliminated in mice lacking an adaptive immune response. Furthermore, this promotion of distant seeding by LN metastases is tumor specific. Using flow cytometry and single-cell sequencing to perform organism-wide immune profiling, we identify multiple cellular mediators of tolerance. In particular, we find that LN metastases have the capacity to both resist NK cell cytotoxicity and induce regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vitro. Furthermore, depletion of NK cells in vivo enables non-metastatic tumors to disseminate to LNs, and ablation of Tregs using FoxP3-DTR mice eliminates the occurrence of lymphatic metastases. The immunosuppressive effects of LN metastases can be transferred to tumor-naïve recipients through specific lymphocyte populations in a manner that promotes distant seeding. Through the use of whole exome sequencing, we show that neither the metastatic proclivity nor immunosuppression evolve through the acquisition of driver mutations, loss of neoantigens, loss of MHC class I presentation, or decreases in melanoma antigen expression. Rather, by RNA-seq and ATAC-seq, we show that a conserved interferon signaling axis is upregulated in LN metastases and is rendered stable through epigenetic regulation of chromatin accessibility. Furthermore, using CRISPR/Cas9, we find that these pathways are required for LN metastatic seeding, and validate their conserved significance in additional mouse models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), along with RNA-seq analysis of malignant populations sorted from HNSCC patients. Together, these findings demonstrate a critical role for LN metastasis in promoting tumor-specific immunosuppression.
Citation Format: Nathan E. Reticker-Flynn, Weiruo Zhang, Serena Chang, Andrew J. Gentles, John B. Sunwoo, Christina S. Kong, Sylvia K. Plevritis, Edgar G. Engleman. Lymph node colonization promotes distant tumor metastasis through the induction of systemic tumor-specific immunosuppression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on the Evolving Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Progression: Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities; in association with the Tumor Microenvironment (TME) Working Group; 2021 Jan 11-12. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(5 Suppl):Abstract nr PR007.
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Ackerman SE, Pearson CI, Gregorio JD, Gonzalez JC, Kenkel JA, Hartmann FJ, Luo A, Ho PY, LeBlanc H, Blum LK, Kimmey SC, Luo A, Nguyen ML, Paik JC, Sheu LY, Ackerman B, Lee A, Li H, Melrose J, Laura RP, Ramani VC, Henning KA, Jackson DY, Safina BS, Yonehiro G, Devens BH, Carmi Y, Chapin SJ, Bendall SC, Kowanetz M, Dornan D, Engleman EG, Alonso MN. Immune-stimulating antibody conjugates elicit robust myeloid activation and durable antitumor immunity. Nat Cancer 2021; 2:18-33. [PMID: 35121890 PMCID: PMC9012298 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-020-00136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Innate pattern recognition receptor agonists, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), alter the tumor microenvironment and prime adaptive antitumor immunity. However, TLR agonists present toxicities associated with widespread immune activation after systemic administration. To design a TLR-based therapeutic suitable for systemic delivery and capable of safely eliciting tumor-targeted responses, we developed immune-stimulating antibody conjugates (ISACs) comprising a TLR7/8 dual agonist conjugated to tumor-targeting antibodies. Systemically administered human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-targeted ISACs were well tolerated and triggered a localized immune response in the tumor microenvironment that resulted in tumor clearance and immunological memory. Mechanistically, ISACs required tumor antigen recognition, Fcγ-receptor-dependent phagocytosis and TLR-mediated activation to drive tumor killing by myeloid cells and subsequent T-cell-mediated antitumor immunity. ISAC-mediated immunological memory was not limited to the HER2 ISAC target antigen since ISAC-treated mice were protected from rechallenge with the HER2- parental tumor. These results provide a strong rationale for the clinical development of ISACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley E Ackerman
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Stanford, CA, USA
- Bolt Biotherapeutics, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Justin A Kenkel
- Bolt Biotherapeutics, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Felix J Hartmann
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Angela Luo
- Bolt Biotherapeutics, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Po Y Ho
- Bolt Biotherapeutics, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | | | - Lisa K Blum
- Bolt Biotherapeutics, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Samuel C Kimmey
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Luo
- Bolt Biotherapeutics, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | | | - Jason C Paik
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lauren Y Sheu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Ackerman
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arthur Lee
- Bolt Biotherapeutics, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Hai Li
- Bolt Biotherapeutics, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yaron Carmi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | | | - Sean C Bendall
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - David Dornan
- Bolt Biotherapeutics, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael N Alonso
- Bolt Biotherapeutics, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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16
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Chakraborty M, Chu K, Shrestha A, Revelo XS, Zhang X, Gold MJ, Khan S, Lee M, Huang C, Akbari M, Barrow F, Chan YT, Lei H, Kotoulas NK, Jovel J, Pastrello C, Kotlyar M, Goh C, Michelakis E, Clemente-Casares X, Ohashi PS, Engleman EG, Winer S, Jurisica I, Tsai S, Winer DA. Mechanical Stiffness Controls Dendritic Cell Metabolism and Function. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108609. [PMID: 33440149 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stiffness in the tissue microenvironment changes in most diseases and immunological conditions, but its direct influence on the immune system is poorly understood. Here, we show that static tension impacts immune cell function, maturation, and metabolism. Bone-marrow-derived and/or splenic dendritic cells (DCs) grown in vitro at physiological resting stiffness have reduced proliferation, activation, and cytokine production compared with cells grown under higher stiffness, mimicking fibro-inflammatory disease. Consistently, DCs grown under higher stiffness show increased activation and flux of major glucose metabolic pathways. In DC models of autoimmune diabetes and tumor immunotherapy, tension primes DCs to elicit an adaptive immune response. Mechanistic workup identifies the Hippo-signaling molecule, TAZ, as well as Ca2+-related ion channels, including potentially PIEZO1, as important effectors impacting DC metabolism and function under tension. Tension also directs the phenotypes of monocyte-derived DCs in humans. Thus, mechanical stiffness is a critical environmental cue of DCs and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Chakraborty
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kevin Chu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Annie Shrestha
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xavier S Revelo
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Xiangyue Zhang
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J Gold
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Saad Khan
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Megan Lee
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Camille Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Masoud Akbari
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Fanta Barrow
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yi Tao Chan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Helena Lei
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | | | - Juan Jovel
- The Applied Genomics Core, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Chiara Pastrello
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, and Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Max Kotlyar
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, and Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Cynthia Goh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Evangelos Michelakis
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Xavier Clemente-Casares
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Pamela S Ohashi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Shawn Winer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, and Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada; Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sue Tsai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
| | - Daniel A Winer
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA.
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17
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Marshall PL, Nagy N, Kaber G, Barlow GL, Ramesh A, Xie BJ, Linde MH, Haddock NL, Lester CA, Tran QL, de Vries CR, Hargil A, Malkovskiy AV, Gurevich I, Martinez HA, Kuipers HF, Yadava K, Zhang X, Evanko SP, Gebe JA, Wang X, Vernon RB, de la Motte C, Wight TN, Engleman EG, Krams SM, Meyer EH, Bollyky PL. Hyaluronan synthesis inhibition impairs antigen presentation and delays transplantation rejection. Matrix Biol 2020; 96:69-86. [PMID: 33290836 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A coat of pericellular hyaluronan surrounds mature dendritic cells (DC) and contributes to cell-cell interactions. We asked whether 4-methylumbelliferone (4MU), an oral inhibitor of HA synthesis, could inhibit antigen presentation. We find that 4MU treatment reduces pericellular hyaluronan, destabilizes interactions between DC and T-cells, and prevents T-cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. These effects were observed only when 4MU was added prior to initial antigen presentation but not later, consistent with 4MU-mediated inhibition of de novo antigenic responses. Building on these findings, we find that 4MU delays rejection of allogeneic pancreatic islet transplant and allogeneic cardiac transplants in mice and suppresses allogeneic T-cell activation in human mixed lymphocyte reactions. We conclude that 4MU, an approved drug, may have benefit as an adjunctive agent to delay transplantation rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payton L Marshall
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Nadine Nagy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Gernot Kaber
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Graham L Barlow
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Amrit Ramesh
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Bryan J Xie
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR, 1291 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Miles H Linde
- Division of Hematology, Dept. of Medicine, Cancer Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, SIM1, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Naomi L Haddock
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Colin A Lester
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Quynh-Lam Tran
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Christiaan R de Vries
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Aviv Hargil
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Andrey V Malkovskiy
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery (BioADD) Laboratory Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, United States
| | - Irina Gurevich
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Hunter A Martinez
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Hedwich F Kuipers
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Koshika Yadava
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Xiangyue Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, 3373 Hillview Ave, Palo Alto CA 94304, United States
| | - Stephen P Evanko
- Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, United States
| | - John A Gebe
- Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, United States
| | - Xi Wang
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Rd, MSLS P313, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Robert B Vernon
- Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, United States
| | - Carol de la Motte
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, OH 4419, United States
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, United States
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Division of Hematology, Dept. of Medicine, Cancer Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, SIM1, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Sheri M Krams
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Rd, MSLS P313, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Everett H Meyer
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR, 1291 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
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18
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Bagchi S, Yuan R, Engleman EG. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for the Treatment of Cancer: Clinical Impact and Mechanisms of Response and Resistance. Annu Rev Pathol 2020; 16:223-249. [PMID: 33197221 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-042020-042741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 852] [Impact Index Per Article: 213.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have made an indelible mark in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Starting with the approval of anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (anti-CTLA-4) for advanced-stage melanoma in 2011, ICIs-which now also include antibodies against programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1)-quickly gained US Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of a wide array of cancer types, demonstrating unprecedented extension of patient survival. However, despite the success of ICIs, resistance to these agents restricts the number of patients able to achieve durable responses, and immune-related adverse events complicate treatment. Thus, a better understanding of the requirements for an effective and safe antitumor immune response following ICI therapy is needed. Studies of both tumoral and systemic changes in the immune system following ICI therapy have yielded insight into the basis for both efficacy and resistance. Ultimately, by building on these insights, researchers should be able to combine ICIs with other agents, or design new immunotherapies, to achieve broader and more durable efficacy as well as greater safety. Here, we review the history and clinical utility of ICIs, the mechanisms of resistance to therapy, and local and systemic immune cell changes associated with outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreya Bagchi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94304, USA; ,
| | - Robert Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94304, USA; ,
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94304, USA; ,
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19
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Yuan R, Bhattacharya N, Kenkel JA, Shen J, DiMaio MA, Bagchi S, Prestwood TR, Habtezion A, Engleman EG. Enteric Glia Play a Critical Role in Promoting the Development of Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:595892. [PMID: 33282743 PMCID: PMC7691584 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.595892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric glia are a distinct population of peripheral glial cells in the enteric nervous system that regulate intestinal homeostasis, epithelial barrier integrity, and gut defense. Given these unique attributes, we investigated the impact of enteric glia depletion on tumor development in azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate (AOM/DSS)-treated mice, a classical model of colorectal cancer (CRC). Depleting GFAP+ enteric glia resulted in a profoundly reduced tumor burden in AOM/DSS mice and additionally reduced adenomas in the ApcMin /+ mouse model of familial adenomatous polyposis, suggesting a tumor-promoting role for these cells at an early premalignant stage. This was confirmed in further studies of AOM/DSS mice, as enteric glia depletion did not affect the properties of established malignant tumors but did result in a marked reduction in the development of precancerous dysplastic lesions. Surprisingly, the protective effect of enteric glia depletion was not dependent on modulation of anti-tumor immunity or intestinal inflammation. These findings reveal that GFAP+ enteric glia play a critical pro-tumorigenic role during early CRC development and identify these cells as a potential target for CRC prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Nupur Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Justin A Kenkel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Jeanne Shen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Michael A DiMaio
- Department of Pathology, Marin Medical Laboratories, Novato, CA, United States
| | - Sreya Bagchi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Tyler R Prestwood
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Aida Habtezion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), Palo Alto, CA, United States
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20
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Zhang X, Zheng P, Prestwood TR, Zhang H, Carmi Y, Tolentino LL, Wu N, Choi O, Winer DA, Strober S, Kang ES, Alonso MN, Engleman EG. Human Regulatory Dendritic Cells Develop From Monocytes in Response to Signals From Regulatory and Helper T Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1982. [PMID: 32973804 PMCID: PMC7461788 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are powerful antigen presenting cells, derived from bone marrow progenitors (cDCs) and monocytes (moDCs), that can shape the immune response by priming either proinflammatory or tolerogenic immune effector cells. The cellular mechanisms responsible for the generation of DCs that will prime a proinflammatory or tolerogenic response are poorly understood. Here we describe a novel mechanism by which tolerogenic DCs are formed from monocytes. When human monocytes were cultured with CD4+FoxP3+ natural regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper cells (Th) from healthy donor blood, they differentiated into regulatory DCs (DCReg), capable of generating induced Tregs from naïve T cells. DCReg exhibited morphology, surface phenotype, cytokine secretion, and transcriptome that were distinct from other moDCs including those derived from monocytes cultured with Th or with GM-CSF/IL-4, as well as macrophages (MΦ). Direct cell contact between monocytes, Tregs and Th, along with Treg-derived CTLA-4, IL-10 and TGF-β, was required for the phenotypic differentiation of DCReg, although only IL-10 was required for imprinting the Treg-inducing capacity of DCReg. High ratios of Treg:Th, along with monocytes and DCReg similar in function and phenotype to those induced in vitro, were present in situ in human colorectal cancer specimens. Thus, through the combined actions of Tregs and Th, monocytes differentiate into DCs with regulatory properties, forming a positive feedback loop to reinforce Treg initiated immune regulation. This mechanism may contribute to immune tolerance in tissues such as tumors, which contain an abundance of Tregs, Th and monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyue Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Blood Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Pingping Zheng
- Bone Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Tyler R Prestwood
- Department of Pathology, Blood Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Blood Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Yaron Carmi
- Department of Pathology, Blood Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Lorna L Tolentino
- Department of Pathology, Blood Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Nancy Wu
- Department of Pathology, Blood Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Okmi Choi
- Department of Pathology, Blood Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Daniel A Winer
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States.,Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Samuel Strober
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Eun-Suk Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Michael N Alonso
- Department of Pathology, Blood Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Blood Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
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21
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Reticker-Flynn NE, Basto PA, Zhang W, Martins MM, Chang S, Gentles AJ, Sunwoo JB, Plevritis SK, Engleman EG. Abstract 3419: Lymph node colonization promotes distant tumor metastasis through the induction of tumor-specific immunosuppression. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-3419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The majority of cancer-associated deaths result from distant organ metastasis rather than the primary tumor, yet the mechanisms that enable this process remain poorly understood. For most solid tumors, colonization of regional or distant lymph nodes (LNs) typically precedes the formation of distant organ metastases, yet it remains unclear whether LN metastasis plays a functional role in disease progression. LNs are education hubs of the adaptive immune system wherein antigens derived from pathogens or malignancies are presented to lymphocytes to elicit an adaptive immune response. Nonetheless, LN metastasis, which is typically attributed to passive drainage of tumor cells through lymphatics, frequently does not lead to the generation of anti-tumor immunity, but instead correlates with further disease progression. Here, we find that LN metastasis represents a critical step in tumor progression through the capacity of such metastases to induce tumor-specific immunosuppression in a manner that promotes further dissemination of tumors to distant organs. Using an in vivo passaging approach of a non-metastatic syngeneic melanoma, we generated 300 unique cell lines exhibiting varying degrees of LN metastatic capacity. Transcriptional profiling of the lines reveals a conserved enrichment for immune-related programs. We show that the presence of these LN metastases enables distant organ seeding of metastases in a manner that the parental tumor cannot, and this differential seeding is eliminated in mice lacking an adaptive immune response. Furthermore, this promotion of distant seeding by LN metastases is tumor specific. Using mass cytometry to perform organism-wide immune profiling, we identify multiple cellular mediators of tolerance. In particular, we find that LN metastases have the capacity to both resist NK cell cytotoxicity and induce regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vitro. Furthermore, depletion of NK cells in vivo enables non-metastatic tumors to disseminate to LNs, and ablation of Tregs using FoxP3-DTR mice eliminates the occurrence of lymphatic metastases. Through the use of whole exome sequencing, we show that neither the metastatic proclivity nor immunosuppression evolve through the acquisition of driver mutations, loss of neoantigens, loss of MHC class I presentation, or decreases in melanoma antigen expression. Rather, by RNA-seq and ATAC-seq, we show that a conserved interferon signaling axis is upregulated in LN metastases and is rendered stable through epigenetic regulation of chromatin accessibility. Furthermore, using CRISPR/Cas9, we find that these pathways are required for LN metastatic seeding, and validate their conserved significance in additional mouse models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), along with RNA-seq analysis of malignant populations sorted from HNSCC patients. Together, these findings demonstrate a critical role for LN metastasis in promoting tumor-specific immunosuppression.
Citation Format: Nathan E. Reticker-Flynn, Pamela A. Basto, Weiruo Zhang, Maria M. Martins, Serena Chang, Andrew J. Gentles, John B. Sunwoo, Sylvia K. Plevritis, Edgar G. Engleman. Lymph node colonization promotes distant tumor metastasis through the induction of tumor-specific immunosuppression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 3419.
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Abstract
Tumor immunology is undergoing a renaissance due to the recent profound clinical successes of tumor immunotherapy. These advances have coincided with an exponential growth in the development of -omics technologies. Armed with these technologies and their associated computational and modeling toolsets, systems biologists have turned their attention to tumor immunology in an effort to understand the precise nature and consequences of interactions between tumors and the immune system. Such interactions are inherently multivariate, spanning multiple time and size scales, cell types, and organ systems, rendering systems biology approaches particularly amenable to their interrogation. While in its infancy, the field of 'Cancer Systems Immunology' has already influenced our understanding of tumor immunology and immunotherapy. As the field matures, studies will move beyond descriptive characterizations toward functional investigations of the emergent behavior that govern tumor-immune responses. Thus, Cancer Systems Immunology holds incredible promise to advance our ability to fight this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
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23
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Busque S, Scandling JD, Lowsky R, Shizuru J, Jensen K, Waters J, Wu HH, Sheehan K, Shori A, Choi O, Pham T, Fernandez Vina MA, Hoppe R, Tamaresis J, Lavori P, Engleman EG, Meyer E, Strober S. Mixed chimerism and acceptance of kidney transplants after immunosuppressive drug withdrawal. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaax8863. [PMID: 31996467 PMCID: PMC8051148 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax8863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies have shown that persistent mixed chimerism is linked to acceptance of organ allografts without immunosuppressive (IS) drugs. Mixed chimerism refers to continued mixing of donor and recipient hematopoietic cells in recipient tissues after transplantation of donor cells. To determine whether persistent mixed chimerism and tolerance can be established in patients undergoing living donor kidney transplantation, we infused allograft recipients with donor T cells and hematopoietic progenitors after posttransplant lymphoid irradiation. In 24 of 29 fully human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched patients who had persistent mixed chimerism for at least 6 months, complete IS drug withdrawal was achieved without subsequent evidence of rejection for at least 2 years. In 10 of 22 HLA haplotype-matched patients with persistent mixed chimerism for at least 12 months, reduction of IS drugs to tacrolimus monotherapy was achieved. Withdrawal of tacrolimus during the second year resulted in loss of detectable chimerism and subsequent rejection episodes, unless tacrolimus therapy was reinstituted. Posttransplant immune reconstitution of naïve B cells and B cell precursors was more rapid than the reconstitution of naïve T cells and thymic T cell precursors. Robust chimerism was observed only among naïve T and B cells but not among memory T cells. No evidence of rejection was observed in all surveillance graft biopsies obtained from mixed chimeric patients withdrawn from IS drugs, and none developed graft-versus-host disease. In conclusion, persistent mixed chimerism established in fully HLA- or haplotype-matched patients allowed for complete or partial IS drug withdrawal without rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Busque
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John D Scandling
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert Lowsky
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Judith Shizuru
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kent Jensen
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeffrey Waters
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hsin-Hsu Wu
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kevin Sheehan
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Asha Shori
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Okmi Choi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas Pham
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Richard Hoppe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John Tamaresis
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Philip Lavori
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Everett Meyer
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Samuel Strober
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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24
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Yun JW, Lee S, Kim HM, Chun S, Engleman EG, Kim HC, Kang ES. A Novel Type of Blood Biomarker: Distinct Changes of Cytokine-Induced STAT Phosphorylation in Blood T Cells Between Colorectal Cancer Patients and Healthy Individuals. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081157. [PMID: 31409016 PMCID: PMC6721561 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although early diagnosis and treatment is the most successful strategy for improving patient survival, feasible and sensitive blood biomarkers for CRC screening remain elusive. Methods: Sixty-five CRC patients and thirty-three healthy individuals were enrolled. Peripheral blood (PB) and tumor tissues from CRC patients, and PB from healthy individuals were subjected to immunophenotyping and phospho-flow analysis of cytokine-induced phosphorylated STAT (CIPS). Logistic regression was used as a classifier that separates CRC patients from healthy individuals. Results: The proportion of regulatory T cells was increased in PB from CRC patients compared to PB from healthy individuals (p < 0.05). Interestingly, peripheral T cells share several cytokine-induced phosphorylated STAT (CIPS) signatures with T cells from CRC tumor-sites. Additionally, a classifier was made using two signatures distinct between T cells from CRC patients and T cells from healthy individuals. The AUCs (area under curves) of the classifier were 0.88 in initial cohort and 0.94 in the additional validation cohort. Overall AUC was 0.94 with sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 88%. Conclusion: This study highlights that immune cell signatures in peripheral blood could offer a new type of biomarker for CRC screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Yun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Sejoon Lee
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Korea
| | - Hye Mi Kim
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Sejong Chun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Korea
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1204, USA
| | - Hee Cheol Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Korea.
| | - Eun-Suk Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea.
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea.
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Ackerman SE, Gonzalez JC, Gregorio JD, Paik JC, Hartmann FJ, Kenkel JA, Lee A, Luo A, Pearson CI, Nguyen ML, Ackerman B, Sheu LY, Laura RP, Chapin SJ, Safina BS, Bendall SC, Dornan D, Engleman EG, Alonso MN. Abstract 1559: TLR7/8 immune-stimulating antibody conjugates elicit robust myeloid activation leading to enhanced effector function and anti-tumor immunity in pre-clinical models. Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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26
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Reticker-Flynn NE, Martins MM, Basto PA, Zhang W, Bejnood A, Gentles AJ, Sunwoo JB, Plevritis SK, Engleman EG. Abstract 2703: Lymph node colonization promotes distant tumor metastasis through the induction of systemic immune tolerance. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-2703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The majority of cancer-associated deaths are the result of distant organ metastasis, an event that is typically preceded by metastasis to regional or distant lymph nodes (LNs). LNs are education hubs of the adaptive immune system wherein antigens derived from pathogens or malignancies are presented to lymphocytes in a manner that facilitates elimination of the threat. Nonetheless, LN metastasis, which is typically attributed to passive drainage of tumor cells through lymphatics, frequently does not lead to the generation of an anti-tumor immune response, but instead correlates with poor prognosis and further disease progression. Here, we find that LN metastasis represents a critical step in tumor progression through the capacity of such metastases to induce systemic immune tolerance in a manner that promotes further dissemination of tumors to distant organs. Through serial in vivo passaging of a syngeneic melanoma in mice, we generate nearly 300 unique cell lines that exhibit an enhanced capacity to metastasize to LNs. Transcriptional profiling of these lines reveals increased expression of immune-related programs. We show that the presence of these LN metastases enables distant organ seeding of metastases in a manner that the parental tumor cannot, and this differential seeding is eliminated in mice that lack an adaptive immune response. To query the effects of the LN metastases on the systemic immune response, we perform organism-wide immune profiling by mass cytometry and identify a number of cellular mediators of tolerance. In particular, we find that LN metastases have the capacity to both resist NK cell cytotoxicity and induce regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vitro. Furthermore, depletion of NK cells in vivo enables non-metastatic tumors to disseminate to LNs, and ablation of Tregs using FoxP3-DTR mice eliminates the occurrence of lymphatic metastases. We further identify an interferon signaling axis that is constitutively activated within the LN metastases in the absence of exogenous interferon signaling. Through the use of ATAC-seq, we find that this program is conferred through epigenetic regulation of chromatin accessibility. Knockout of key interferon-induced genes using CRISPR/Cas9 in the LN-metastatic cells reveals that this program is required for enhanced LN metastatic seeding in vivo, and their overexpression increases LN metastasis of the non-metastatic cells. Using additional mouse models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), we show that these findings are conserved across multiple malignancies. Additionally, we perform RNA-seq on sorted malignant populations from node-positive and node-negative HNSCC patients and confirm that these differences in transcriptional profiles extend to the human disease. Together, these findings demonstrate a critical role for LN metastasis in promoting tumor immune tolerance.
Citation Format: Nathan E. Reticker-Flynn, Maria M. Martins, Pamela A. Basto, Weiruo Zhang, Alborz Bejnood, Andrew J. Gentles, John B. Sunwoo, Sylvia K. Plevritis, Edgar G. Engleman. Lymph node colonization promotes distant tumor metastasis through the induction of systemic immune tolerance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2703.
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Mendoza JL, Escalante NK, Jude KM, Sotolongo Bellon J, Su L, Horton TM, Tsutsumi N, Berardinelli SJ, Haltiwanger RS, Piehler J, Engleman EG, Garcia KC. Structure of the IFNγ receptor complex guides design of biased agonists. Nature 2019; 567:56-60. [PMID: 30814731 PMCID: PMC6561087 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0988-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine interferon-γ (IFNγ) is a central coordinator of innate and adaptive immunity, but its highly pleiotropic actions have diminished its prospects for use as an immunotherapeutic agent. Here, we took a structure-based approach to decoupling IFNγ pleiotropy. We engineered an affinity-enhanced variant of the ligand-binding chain of the IFNγ receptor IFNγR1, which enabled us to determine the crystal structure of the complete hexameric (2:2:2) IFNγ-IFNγR1-IFNγR2 signalling complex at 3.25 Å resolution. The structure reveals the mechanism underlying deficits in IFNγ responsiveness in mycobacterial disease syndrome resulting from a T168N mutation in IFNγR2, which impairs assembly of the full signalling complex. The topology of the hexameric complex offers a blueprint for engineering IFNγ variants to tune IFNγ receptor signalling output. Unexpectedly, we found that several partial IFNγ agonists exhibited biased gene-expression profiles. These biased agonists retained the ability to induce upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class I antigen expression, but exhibited impaired induction of programmed death-ligand 1 expression in a wide range of human cancer cell lines, offering a route to decoupling immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive functions of IFNγ for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan L Mendoza
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Engineering and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nichole K Escalante
- Stanford Blood Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kevin M Jude
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Junel Sotolongo Bellon
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Biology, University of Osnabruck, Osnabruck, Germany
| | - Leon Su
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tim M Horton
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Naotaka Tsutsumi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Jacob Piehler
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Biology, University of Osnabruck, Osnabruck, Germany
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Stanford Blood Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Santana-Magal N, Rasoulouniriana D, Saperia C, Gutwillig A, Rider P, Engleman EG, Carmi Y. Isolation Protocol of Mouse Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells and Their Subsequent In Vitro Activation with Tumor Immune Complexes. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29912184 DOI: 10.3791/57188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are heterogeneous cell populations that differ in their cell membrane markers, migration patterns and distribution, and in their antigen presentation and T cell activation capacities. Since most vaccinations of experimental tumor models require millions of DC, they are widely isolated from the bone marrow or spleen. However, these DC significantly differ from blood and tumor DC in their responses to immune complexes (IC), and presumably to other Syk-coupled lectin receptors. Importantly, given the sensitivity of DC to danger-associated molecules, the presence of endotoxins or antibodies that crosslink activation receptors in one of the isolating steps could result in the priming of DC and thus affect the parameters, or at least the dosage, required to activate them. Therefore, here we describe a detailed protocol for isolating MoDC from blood and tumors while avoiding their premature activation. In addition, a protocol is provided for MoDC activation with tumor IC, and their subsequent analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Corey Saperia
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University
| | - Amit Gutwillig
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University
| | - Peleg Rider
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University
| | - Yaron Carmi
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University;
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29
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Carmi Y, Prestwood T, Engleman EG. Tumor-binding antibodies induce potent dendritic cell-mediated tumor immunity. Oncoimmunology 2018; 8:e1078063. [PMID: 31646066 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1078063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors that determine the impact of antitumor antibodies on tumor progression are poorly defined. We found that the tumor microenvironment holds the key. In the absence of dendritic cell (DC) stimulation, such antibodies provide little benefit, but in a stimulatory context they can initiate potent antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Carmi
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Tyler Prestwood
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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30
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Zhou MN, Delaveris CS, Kramer JR, Kenkel JA, Engleman EG, Bertozzi CR. N-Carboxyanhydride Polymerization of Glycopolypeptides That Activate Antigen-Presenting Cells through Dectin-1 and Dectin-2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:3137-3142. [PMID: 29370452 PMCID: PMC5842139 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The C-type lectins dectin-1 and dectin-2 contribute to innate immunity against microbial pathogens by recognizing their foreign glycan structures. These receptors are promising targets for vaccine development and cancer immunotherapy. However, currently available agonists are heterogeneous glycoconjugates and polysaccharides from natural sources. Herein, we designed and synthesized the first chemically defined ligands for dectin-1 and dectin-2. They comprised glycopolypeptides bearing mono-, di-, and trisaccharides and were built through polymerization of glycosylated N-carboxyanhydrides. Through this approach, we achieved glycopolypeptides with high molecular weights and low dispersities. We identified structures that elicit a pro-inflammatory response through dectin-1 or dectin-2 in antigen-presenting cells. With their native proteinaceous backbones and natural glycosidic linkages, these agonists are attractive for translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N. Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, Ca 94305
| | | | - Jessica R. Kramer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Justin A. Kenkel
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Edgar G. Engleman
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, Ca 94305
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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31
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Zhou MN, Delaveris CS, Kramer JR, Kenkel JA, Engleman EG, Bertozzi CR. N
‐Carboxyanhydride Polymerization of Glycopolypeptides That Activate Antigen‐Presenting Cells through Dectin‐1 and Dectin‐2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N. Zhou
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | | | - Jessica R. Kramer
- Department of Bioengineering University of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Justin A. Kenkel
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Edgar G. Engleman
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
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Sun W, Nguyen KD, Fitch WL, Banister SD, Tang H, Zhang X, Yu L, Engleman EG, Rajadas J. In vitro and in vivo metabolite identification of a novel benzimidazole compound ZLN005 by LC-MS/MS. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2018; 32:480-488. [PMID: 29334584 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE A novel benzimidazole compound ZLN005 was previously identified as a transcriptional activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) in certain metabolic tissues. Upregulation of PGC-1α by ZLN005 has been shown to have beneficial effect in a diabetic mouse model and in a coronary artery disease model in vitro. ZLN005 could also have therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases involving down-regulation of PGC-1α. Given the phenotypic efficacy of ZLN005 in several animal models of human disease, its metabolic profile was investigated to guide the development of novel therapeutics using ZLN005 as the lead compound. METHODS ZLN005 was incubated with both rat and human liver microsomes and S9 fractions to identify in vitro metabolites. Urine from rats dosed with ZLN005 was used to identify in vivo metabolites. Extracted metabolites were analyzed by LC-MS/MS using a hybrid linear ion trap triple quadrupole mass spectrometer under full scan, enhanced product ion scan, neutral loss scan and precursor scan modes. Metabolites in plasma and brain of ZLN005-treated rats were also profiled using multiple reaction monitoring. RESULTS Identified in vitro transformations of ZLN005 include mono- and dihydroxylation, further oxidation to carboxylic acids, and mono-O-glucuronide and sulfate conjugation to hydroxy ZLN005 as well as glutathione conjugation. Identified in vivo metabolites are mainly glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of dihydroxyl, carboxyl, and hydroxy acid of the parent compound. The parent compound as well as several major phase I metabolites were found in rat plasma and brain. CONCLUSIONS Using both in vitro and in vivo methods, we elucidated the metabolic pathway of ZLN005. Phase I metabolites with hydroxylation and carboxylation, as well as phase II metabolites with glucuronide, sulfate and glutathione conjugation, were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Sun
- Biomaterials and Advance Drug Delivery Lab, School of Medicine, Stanford University, USA
| | - Khoa Dinh Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, USA
| | - William L Fitch
- Biomaterials and Advance Drug Delivery Lab, School of Medicine, Stanford University, USA
| | - Samuel D Banister
- Medicinal Chemistry Knowledge Center, ChEM-H, Stanford University, USA
| | - Hongxiang Tang
- Biomaterials and Advance Drug Delivery Lab, School of Medicine, Stanford University, USA
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Biomaterials and Advance Drug Delivery Lab, School of Medicine, Stanford University, USA
| | - Lewis Yu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, USA
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, USA
| | - Jayakumar Rajadas
- Biomaterials and Advance Drug Delivery Lab, School of Medicine, Stanford University, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco
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Alcántara-Hernández M, Leylek R, Wagar LE, Engleman EG, Keler T, Marinkovich MP, Davis MM, Nolan GP, Idoyaga J. High-Dimensional Phenotypic Mapping of Human Dendritic Cells Reveals Interindividual Variation and Tissue Specialization. Immunity 2017; 47:1037-1050.e6. [PMID: 29221729 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Given the limited efficacy of clinical approaches that rely on ex vivo generated dendritic cells (DCs), it is imperative to design strategies that harness specialized DC subsets in situ. This requires delineating the expression of surface markers by DC subsets among individuals and tissues. Here, we performed a multiparametric phenotypic characterization and unbiased analysis of human DC subsets in blood, tonsil, spleen, and skin. We uncovered previously unreported phenotypic heterogeneity of human cDC2s among individuals, including variable expression of functional receptors such as CD172a. We found marked differences in DC subsets localized in blood and lymphoid tissues versus skin, and a striking absence of the newly discovered Axl+ DCs in the skin. Finally, we evaluated the capacity of anti-receptor monoclonal antibodies to deliver vaccine components to skin DC subsets. These results offer a promising path for developing DC subset-specific immunotherapies that cannot be provided by transcriptomic analysis alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Alcántara-Hernández
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rebecca Leylek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lisa E Wagar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Tibor Keler
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Hampton, NJ 08827, USA
| | - M Peter Marinkovich
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Juliana Idoyaga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Kenkel JA, Tseng WW, Davidson MG, Tolentino LL, Choi O, Bhattacharya N, Seeley ES, Winer DA, Reticker-Flynn NE, Engleman EG. An Immunosuppressive Dendritic Cell Subset Accumulates at Secondary Sites and Promotes Metastasis in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Res 2017; 77:4158-4170. [PMID: 28611041 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) after complete surgical resection is often followed by distant metastatic relapse for reasons that remain unclear. In this study, we investigated how the immune response at secondary sites affects tumor spread in murine models of metastatic PDAC. Early metastases were associated with dense networks of CD11b+CD11c+MHC-II+CD24+CD64lowF4/80low dendritic cells (DC), which developed from monocytes in response to tumor-released GM-CSF. These cells uniquely expressed MGL2 and PD-L2 in the metastatic microenvironment and preferentially induced the expansion of T regulatory cells (Treg) in vitro and in vivo Targeted depletion of this DC population in Mgl2DTR hosts activated cytotoxic lymphocytes, reduced Tregs, and inhibited metastasis development. Moreover, blocking PD-L2 selectively activated CD8 T cells at secondary sites and suppressed metastasis, suggesting that the DCs use this particular pathway to inhibit CD8 T-cell-mediated tumor immunity. Phenotypically similar DCs accumulated at primary and secondary sites in other models and in human PDAC. These studies suggest that a discrete DC subset both expands Tregs and suppresses CD8 T cells to establish an immunosuppressive microenvironment conducive to metastasis formation. Therapeutic strategies to block the accumulation and immunosuppressive activity of such cells may help prevent PDAC progression and metastatic relapse after surgical resection. Cancer Res; 77(15); 4158-70. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Kenkel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - William W Tseng
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Matthew G Davidson
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Lorna L Tolentino
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Okmi Choi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Nupur Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - E Scott Seeley
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Daniel A Winer
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | | | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California.
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Ghazarian M, Revelo XS, Nøhr MK, Luck H, Zeng K, Lei H, Tsai S, Schroer SA, Park YJ, Chng MHY, Shen L, D’Angelo JA, Horton P, Chapman WC, Brockmeier D, Woo M, Engleman EG, Adeyi O, Hirano N, Jin T, Gehring AJ, Winer S, Winer DA. Type I Interferon Responses Drive Intrahepatic T cells to Promote Metabolic Syndrome. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:eaai7616. [PMID: 28567448 PMCID: PMC5447456 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aai7616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-related insulin resistance is driven by low-grade chronic inflammation of metabolic tissues. In the liver, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with hepatic insulin resistance and systemic glucose dysregulation. However, the immunological factors supporting these processes are poorly understood. We found that the liver accumulates pathogenic CD8+ T cell subsets which control hepatic insulin sensitivity and gluconeogenesis during diet-induced obesity in mice. In a cohort of human patients, CD8+ T cells represent a dominant intrahepatic immune cell population which links to glucose dysregulation. Accumulation and activation of these cells are largely supported by type I interferon (IFN-I) responses in the liver. Livers from obese mice upregulate critical interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), interferon stimulatory genes (ISGs), and IFNα protein, while IFNαR1-/- mice, or CD8-specific IFNαR1-/- chimeric mice are protected from disease. IFNαR1 inhibitors improve metabolic parameters in mice, while CD8+ T cells and IFN-I responses correlate with NAFLD activity in human patients. Thus, IFN-I responses represent a central immunological axis that governs intrahepatic T cell pathogenicity during metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magar Ghazarian
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B3, Canada
| | - Xavier S. Revelo
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Mark K. Nøhr
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Helen Luck
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B3, Canada
| | - Kejing Zeng
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Helena Lei
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Sue Tsai
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Stephanie A. Schroer
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Yoo Jin Park
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Melissa Hui Yen Chng
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94205, USA
| | - Lei Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - June Ann D’Angelo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Peter Horton
- Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
- Division of Abdominal Transplant, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - William C. Chapman
- Division of Abdominal Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Minna Woo
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Edgar G. Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94205, USA
| | - Oyedele Adeyi
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Naoto Hirano
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B3, Canada
- Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Tianru Jin
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Adam J. Gehring
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Shawn Winer
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Daniel A. Winer
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B3, Canada
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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Liu LF, Craig CM, Tolentino LL, Choi O, Morton J, Rivas H, Cushman SW, Engleman EG, McLaughlin T. Adipose tissue macrophages impair preadipocyte differentiation in humans. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170728. [PMID: 28151993 PMCID: PMC5289462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The physiologic mechanisms underlying the relationship between obesity and insulin resistance are not fully understood. Impaired adipocyte differentiation and localized inflammation characterize adipose tissue from obese, insulin-resistant humans. The directionality of this relationship is not known, however. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether adipose tissue inflammation is causally-related to impaired adipocyte differentiation. METHODS Abdominal subcutaneous(SAT) and visceral(VAT) adipose tissue was obtained from 20 human participants undergoing bariatric surgery. Preadipocytes were isolated, and cultured in the presence or absence of CD14+ macrophages obtained from the same adipose tissue sample. Adipocyte differentiation was quantified after 14 days via immunofluorescence, Oil-Red O, and adipogenic gene expression. Cytokine secretion by mature adipocytes cultured with or without CD14+macrophages was quantified. RESULTS Adipocyte differentiation was significantly lower in VAT than SAT by all measures (p<0.001). With macrophage removal, SAT preadipocyte differentiation increased significantly as measured by immunofluorescence and gene expression, whereas VAT preadipocyte differentiation was unchanged. Adipocyte-secreted proinflammatory cytokines were higher and adiponectin lower in media from VAT vs SAT: macrophage removal reduced inflammatory cytokine and increased adiponectin secretion from both SAT and VAT adipocytes. Differentiation of preadipocytes from SAT but not VAT correlated inversely with systemic insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS The current results reveal that proinflammatory immune cells in human SAT are causally-related to impaired preadipocyte differentiation, which in turn is associated with systemic insulin resistance. In VAT, preadipocyte differentiation is poor even in the absence of tissue macrophages, pointing to inherent differences in fat storage potential between the two depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fen Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Colleen M. Craig
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | | | - Okmi Choi
- Stanford Blood Center, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - John Morton
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Homero Rivas
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Samuel W. Cushman
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Edgar G. Engleman
- Stanford Blood Center, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Tracey McLaughlin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
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37
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Spitzer MH, Carmi Y, Reticker-Flynn NE, Kwek SS, Madhireddy D, Martins MM, Gherardini PF, Prestwood TR, Chabon J, Bendall SC, Fong L, Nolan GP, Engleman EG. Systemic Immunity Is Required for Effective Cancer Immunotherapy. Cell 2017; 168:487-502.e15. [PMID: 28111070 PMCID: PMC5312823 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 611] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses involve coordination across cell types and tissues. However, studies in cancer immunotherapy have focused heavily on local immune responses in the tumor microenvironment. To investigate immune activity more broadly, we performed an organism-wide study in genetically engineered cancer models using mass cytometry. We analyzed immune responses in several tissues after immunotherapy by developing intuitive models for visualizing single-cell data with statistical inference. Immune activation was evident in the tumor and systemically shortly after effective therapy was administered. However, during tumor rejection, only peripheral immune cells sustained their proliferation. This systemic response was coordinated across tissues and required for tumor eradication in several immunotherapy models. An emergent population of peripheral CD4 T cells conferred protection against new tumors and was significantly expanded in patients responding to immunotherapy. These studies demonstrate the critical impact of systemic immune responses that drive tumor rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Spitzer
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Baxter Lab in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Yaron Carmi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | - Serena S Kwek
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Deepthi Madhireddy
- Baxter Lab in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maria M Martins
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pier Federico Gherardini
- Baxter Lab in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tyler R Prestwood
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan Chabon
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sean C Bendall
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Baxter Lab in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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38
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Carmi Y, Prestwood TR, Spitzer MH, Linde IL, Chabon J, Reticker-Flynn NE, Bhattacharya N, Zhang H, Zhang X, Basto PA, Burt BM, Alonso MN, Engleman EG. Akt and SHP-1 are DC-intrinsic checkpoints for tumor immunity. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e89020. [PMID: 27812544 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.89020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BM-derived DC (BMDC) are powerful antigen-presenting cells. When loaded with immune complexes (IC), consisting of tumor antigens bound to antitumor antibody, BMDC induce powerful antitumor immunity in mice. However, attempts to employ this strategy clinically with either tumor-associated DC (TADC) or monocyte-derived DC (MoDC) have been disappointing. To investigate the basis for this phenomenon, we compared the response of BMDC, TADC, and MoDC to tumor IgG-IC. Our findings revealed, in both mice and humans, that upon exposure to IgG-IC, BMDC internalized the IC, increased costimulatory molecule expression, and stimulated autologous T cells. In contrast, TADC and, surprisingly, MoDC remained inert upon contact with IC due to dysfunctional signaling following engagement of Fcγ receptors. Such dysfunction is associated with elevated levels of the Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) and phosphatases regulating Akt activation. Indeed, concomitant inhibition of both SHP-1 and phosphatases that regulate Akt activation conferred upon TADC and MoDC the capacity to take up and process IC and induce antitumor immunity in vivo. This work identifies the molecular checkpoints that govern activation of MoDC and TADC and their capacity to elicit T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Carmi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Tyler R Prestwood
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Program in Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Matthew H Spitzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ian L Linde
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Chabon
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Nupur Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Xiangyue Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Pamela A Basto
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Bryan M Burt
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael N Alonso
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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39
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Bhattacharya N, Yuan R, Prestwood TR, Penny HL, DiMaio MA, Reticker-Flynn NE, Krois CR, Kenkel JA, Pham TD, Carmi Y, Tolentino L, Choi O, Hulett R, Wang J, Winer DA, Napoli JL, Engleman EG. Normalizing Microbiota-Induced Retinoic Acid Deficiency Stimulates Protective CD8(+) T Cell-Mediated Immunity in Colorectal Cancer. Immunity 2016; 45:641-655. [PMID: 27590114 PMCID: PMC5132405 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) is a key regulator of intestinal immunity, its role in colorectal cancer (CRC) is unknown. We found that mice with colitis-associated CRC had a marked deficiency in colonic atRA due to alterations in atRA metabolism mediated by microbiota-induced intestinal inflammation. Human ulcerative colitis (UC), UC-associated CRC, and sporadic CRC specimens have similar alterations in atRA metabolic enzymes, consistent with reduced colonic atRA. Inhibition of atRA signaling promoted tumorigenesis, whereas atRA supplementation reduced tumor burden. The benefit of atRA treatment was mediated by cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells, which were activated due to MHCI upregulation on tumor cells. Consistent with these findings, increased colonic expression of the atRA-catabolizing enzyme, CYP26A1, correlated with reduced frequencies of tumoral cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells and with worse disease prognosis in human CRC. These results reveal a mechanism by which microbiota drive colon carcinogenesis and highlight atRA metabolism as a therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), 3373 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Robert Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), 3373 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Tyler R Prestwood
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), 3373 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hweixian Leong Penny
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), 3373 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Michael A DiMaio
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nathan E Reticker-Flynn
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), 3373 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Charles R Krois
- Graduate Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Justin A Kenkel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), 3373 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Tho D Pham
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), 3373 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Yaron Carmi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), 3373 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Lorna Tolentino
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), 3373 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Okmi Choi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), 3373 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Reyna Hulett
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), 3373 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jinshan Wang
- Graduate Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Daniel A Winer
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, and Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Joseph L Napoli
- Graduate Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), 3373 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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40
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Penny HL, Prestwood TR, Bhattacharya N, Sun F, Kenkel JA, Davidson MG, Shen L, Zuniga LA, Seeley ES, Pai R, Choi O, Tolentino L, Wang J, Napoli JL, Engleman EG. Restoring Retinoic Acid Attenuates Intestinal Inflammation and Tumorigenesis in APCMin/+ Mice. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 4:917-926. [PMID: 27638841 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic intestinal inflammation accompanies familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and is a major risk factor for colorectal cancer in patients with this disease, but the cause of such inflammation is unknown. Because retinoic acid (RA) plays a critical role in maintaining immune homeostasis in the intestine, we hypothesized that altered RA metabolism contributes to inflammation and tumorigenesis in FAP. To assess this hypothesis, we analyzed RA metabolism in the intestines of patients with FAP as well as APCMin/+ mice, a model that recapitulates FAP in most respects. We also investigated the impact of intestinal RA repletion and depletion on tumorigenesis and inflammation in APCMin/+ mice. Tumors from both FAP patients and APCMin/+ mice displayed striking alterations in RA metabolism that resulted in reduced intestinal RA. APCMin/+ mice placed on a vitamin A-deficient diet exhibited further reductions in intestinal RA with concomitant increases in inflammation and tumor burden. Conversely, restoration of RA by pharmacologic blockade of the RA-catabolizing enzyme CYP26A1 attenuated inflammation and diminished tumor burden. To investigate the effect of RA deficiency on the gut immune system, we studied lamina propria dendritic cells (LPDC) because these cells play a central role in promoting tolerance. APCMin/+ LPDCs preferentially induced Th17 cells, but reverted to inducing Tregs following restoration of intestinal RA in vivo or direct treatment of LPDCs with RA in vitro These findings demonstrate the importance of intestinal RA deficiency in tumorigenesis and suggest that pharmacologic repletion of RA could reduce tumorigenesis in FAP patients. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(11); 917-26. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hweixian Leong Penny
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), Palo Alto, California
| | - Tyler R Prestwood
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), Palo Alto, California
| | - Nupur Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), Palo Alto, California
| | - Fionna Sun
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), Palo Alto, California
| | - Justin A Kenkel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), Palo Alto, California
| | - Matthew G Davidson
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), Palo Alto, California
| | - Lei Shen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), Palo Alto, California
| | - Luis A Zuniga
- Department of Immunology, Veterans Administration Hospital, Palo Alto, California
| | - E Scott Seeley
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), Palo Alto, California
| | - Reetesh Pai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Okmi Choi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), Palo Alto, California
| | - Lorna Tolentino
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), Palo Alto, California
| | - Jinshan Wang
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Joseph L Napoli
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), Palo Alto, California.
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Tseng WW, Chopra S, Engleman EG, Pollock RE. Hypothesis: The Intratumoral Immune Response against a Cancer Progenitor Cell Impacts the Development of Well-Differentiated versus Dedifferentiated Disease in Liposarcoma. Front Oncol 2016; 6:134. [PMID: 27376027 PMCID: PMC4901033 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-differentiated/dedifferentiated (WD/DD) liposarcoma is a rare malignancy of adipocyte origin (“fat cancer”). Tumors may be entirely WD, WD with a DD component, or rarely DD without a clear WD component. WD tumors are low grade and generally indolent, while tumors with a DD component are high grade and behave much more aggressively, with a modest potential for distant metastasis. The presence of cancer progenitor cells in WD/DD liposarcoma is suggested by clinical evidence and reported research findings. In addition, there are emerging data to support the existence of a naturally occurring, antigen-driven, and adaptive immune response within the tumor microenvironment. We hypothesize that the intratumoral immune response is directed against a cancer progenitor cell and that the outcome of this response impacts the development of WD versus DD disease. Further study will likely provide interesting insights into the disease biology of WD/DD liposarcoma that may be readily translated to other more common cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Tseng
- Section of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Sarcoma Program, Hoag Family Cancer Institute, Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian, Newport Beach, CA, USA
| | - Shefali Chopra
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine , Palo Alto, CA , USA
| | - Raphael E Pollock
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
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Moraga I, Richter D, Wilmes S, Winkelmann H, Jude K, Thomas C, Suhoski MM, Engleman EG, Piehler J, Garcia KC. Instructive roles for cytokine-receptor binding parameters in determining signaling and functional potency. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra114. [PMID: 26554818 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aab2677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines dimerize cell surface receptors to activate signaling and regulate many facets of the immune response. Many cytokines have pleiotropic effects, inducing a spectrum of redundant and distinct effects on different cell types. This pleiotropy has hampered cytokine-based therapies, and the high doses required for treatment often lead to off-target effects, highlighting the need for a more detailed understanding of the parameters controlling cytokine-induced signaling and bioactivities. Using the prototypical cytokine interleukin-13 (IL-13), we explored the interrelationships between receptor binding and a wide range of downstream cellular responses. We applied structure-based engineering to generate IL-13 variants that covered a spectrum of binding strengths for the receptor subunit IL-13Rα1. Engineered IL-13 variants representing a broad range of affinities for the receptor exhibited similar potencies in stimulating the phosphorylation of STAT6 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 6). Delays in the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT6 were only apparent for those IL-13 variants with markedly reduced affinities for the receptor. From these data, we developed a mechanistic model that quantitatively reproduced the kinetics of STAT6 phosphorylation for the entire spectrum of binding affinities. Receptor endocytosis played a key role in modulating STAT6 activation, whereas the lifetime of receptor-ligand complexes at the plasma membrane determined the potency of the variant for inducing more distal responses. This complex interrelationship between extracellular ligand binding and receptor function provides the foundation for new mechanism-based strategies that determine the optimal cytokine dose to enhance therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Moraga
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA. Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA
| | - David Richter
- Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Stephan Wilmes
- Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Hauke Winkelmann
- Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Kevin Jude
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA. Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA
| | - Christoph Thomas
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA. Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA
| | - Megan M Suhoski
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA. Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA.
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Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are rare, heterogeneous tumors of mesenchymal origin. Despite optimal treatment, a large proportion of patients will develop recurrent and metastatic disease. For these patients, current treatment options are quite limited. Significant progress has been made recently in the use of immunotherapy for the treatment of other solid tumors (e.g. prostate cancer, melanoma). There is a strong rationale for immunotherapy in STS, based on an understanding of disease biology. For example, STS frequently have chromosomal translocations which result in unique fusion proteins and specific subtypes have been shown to express cancer testis antigens. In this review, we discuss the current status of immunotherapy in STS, including data from human studies with cancer vaccines, adoptive cell therapy, and immune checkpoint blockade. Further research into STS immunology is needed to help design logical, subtype-specific immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Tseng
- a Section of Surgical Oncology; Division of Upper GI/General Surgery; Department of Surgery ; University of Southern California; Keck School of Medicine ; Los Angeles , CA USA
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Spitzer MH, Gherardini PF, Fragiadakis GK, Bhattacharya N, Yuan RT, Hotson AN, Finck R, Carmi Y, Zunder ER, Fantl WJ, Bendall SC, Engleman EG, Nolan GP. IMMUNOLOGY. An interactive reference framework for modeling a dynamic immune system. Science 2015; 349:1259425. [PMID: 26160952 DOI: 10.1126/science.1259425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells function in an interacting hierarchy that coordinates the activities of various cell types according to genetic and environmental contexts. We developed graphical approaches to construct an extensible immune reference map from mass cytometry data of cells from different organs, incorporating landmark cell populations as flags on the map to compare cells from distinct samples. The maps recapitulated canonical cellular phenotypes and revealed reproducible, tissue-specific deviations. The approach revealed influences of genetic variation and circadian rhythms on immune system structure, enabled direct comparisons of murine and human blood cell phenotypes, and even enabled archival fluorescence-based flow cytometry data to be mapped onto the reference framework. This foundational reference map provides a working definition of systemic immune organization to which new data can be integrated to reveal deviations driven by genetics, environment, or pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Spitzer
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Pier Federico Gherardini
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gabriela K Fragiadakis
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Robert T Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew N Hotson
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rachel Finck
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yaron Carmi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eli R Zunder
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wendy J Fantl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sean C Bendall
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Liu LF, Kodama K, Wei K, Tolentino LL, Choi O, Engleman EG, Butte AJ, McLaughlin T. The receptor CD44 is associated with systemic insulin resistance and proinflammatory macrophages in human adipose tissue. Diabetologia 2015; 58:1579-86. [PMID: 25952479 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3603-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Proinflammatory immune cell infiltration in human adipose tissue is associated with the development of insulin resistance. We previously identified, via a gene expression-based genome-wide association study, the cell-surface immune cell receptor CD44 as a functionally important gene associated with type 2 diabetes. We then showed that, compared with controls, Cd44 knockout mice were protected from insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation during diet-induced obesity. We thus sought to test whether CD44 is associated with adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance in humans. METHODS Participants included 58 healthy, overweight/moderately obese white adults who met predetermined criteria for insulin resistance or insulin sensitivity based on the modified insulin-suppression test. Serum was collected from 43 participants to measure circulating concentrations of CD44. Subcutaneous adipose tissue was obtained from 17 participants to compare CD44, its ligand osteopontin (OPN, also known as SPP1) and pro-inflammatory gene expression. CD44 expression on adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) surfaces was determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS Serum CD44 concentrations were significantly increased in insulin-resistant (IR) participants. CD44 gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue was threefold higher in the IR subgroup. The expression of OPN, CD68 and IL6 was also significantly elevated in IR individuals. CD44 gene expression correlated significantly with CD68 and IL6 expression. CD44 density on ATMs was associated with proinflammatory M1 polarisation. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION CD44 and OPN in human adipose tissue are associated with localised inflammation and systemic insulin resistance. This receptor-ligand pair is worthy of further research as a potentially modifiable contributor to human insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fen Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Rm S025, Stanford, CA, 94305-5103, USA
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Filatenkov A, Baker J, Mueller AMS, Kenkel J, Ahn GO, Dutt S, Zhang N, Kohrt H, Jensen K, Dejbakhsh-Jones S, Shizuru JA, Negrin RN, Engleman EG, Strober S. Ablative Tumor Radiation Can Change the Tumor Immune Cell Microenvironment to Induce Durable Complete Remissions. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3727-39. [PMID: 25869387 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goals of the study were to elucidate the immune mechanisms that contribute to desirable complete remissions of murine colon tumors treated with single radiation dose of 30 Gy. This dose is at the upper end of the ablative range used clinically to treat advanced or metastatic colorectal, liver, and non-small cell lung tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Changes in the tumor immune microenvironment of single tumor nodules exposed to radiation were studied using 21-day (>1 cm in diameter) CT26 and MC38 colon tumors. These are well-characterized weakly immunogenic tumors. RESULTS We found that the high-dose radiation transformed the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment resulting in an intense CD8(+) T-cell tumor infiltrate, and a loss of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). The change was dependent on antigen cross-presenting CD8(+) dendritic cells, secretion of IFNγ, and CD4(+)T cells expressing CD40L. Antitumor CD8(+) T cells entered tumors shortly after radiotherapy, reversed MDSC infiltration, and mediated durable remissions in an IFNγ-dependent manner. Interestingly, extended fractionated radiation regimen did not result in robust CD8(+) T-cell infiltration. CONCLUSIONS For immunologically sensitive tumors, these results indicate that remissions induced by a short course of high-dose radiotherapy depend on the development of antitumor immunity that is reflected by the nature and kinetics of changes induced in the tumor cell microenvironment. These results suggest that systematic examination of the tumor immune microenvironment may help in optimizing the radiation regimen used to treat tumors by adding a robust immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Filatenkov
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| | - Jeanette Baker
- Division of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Antonia M S Mueller
- Division of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Justin Kenkel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - G-One Ahn
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Suparna Dutt
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Nigel Zhang
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Holbrook Kohrt
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Kent Jensen
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Sussan Dejbakhsh-Jones
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Judith A Shizuru
- Division of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Robert N Negrin
- Division of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Samuel Strober
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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48
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Luck H, Tsai S, Chung J, Clemente-Casares X, Ghazarian M, Revelo XS, Lei H, Luk CT, Shi SY, Surendra A, Copeland JK, Ahn J, Prescott D, Rasmussen BA, Chng MHY, Engleman EG, Girardin SE, Lam TKT, Croitoru K, Dunn S, Philpott DJ, Guttman DS, Woo M, Winer S, Winer DA. Regulation of obesity-related insulin resistance with gut anti-inflammatory agents. Cell Metab 2015; 21:527-42. [PMID: 25863246 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions, but little is known about its influence on the intestinal immune system. Here we show that the gut immune system is altered during high-fat diet (HFD) feeding and is a functional regulator of obesity-related insulin resistance (IR) that can be exploited therapeutically. Obesity induces a chronic phenotypic pro-inflammatory shift in bowel lamina propria immune cell populations. Reduction of the gut immune system, using beta7 integrin-deficient mice (Beta7(null)), decreases HFD-induced IR. Treatment of wild-type HFD C57BL/6 mice with the local gut anti-inflammatory, 5-aminosalicyclic acid (5-ASA), reverses bowel inflammation and improves metabolic parameters. These beneficial effects are dependent on adaptive and gut immunity and are associated with reduced gut permeability and endotoxemia, decreased visceral adipose tissue inflammation, and improved antigen-specific tolerance to luminal antigens. Thus, the mucosal immune system affects multiple pathways associated with systemic IR and represents a novel therapeutic target in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Luck
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sue Tsai
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jason Chung
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Xavier Clemente-Casares
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Magar Ghazarian
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xavier S Revelo
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Helena Lei
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Cynthia T Luk
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Sally Yu Shi
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Anuradha Surendra
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, 33 Wilcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada
| | - Julia K Copeland
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, 33 Wilcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada
| | - Jennifer Ahn
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - David Prescott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Brittany A Rasmussen
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Melissa Hui Yen Chng
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94305-5324, USA
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94305-5324, USA
| | - Stephen E Girardin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kenneth Croitoru
- Institute of Medical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shannon Dunn
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - David S Guttman
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, 33 Wilcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada
| | - Minna Woo
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Shawn Winer
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Daniel A Winer
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
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Scandling JD, Busque S, Shizuru JA, Lowsky R, Hoppe R, Dejbakhsh-Jones S, Jensen K, Shori A, Strober JA, Lavori P, Turnbull BB, Engleman EG, Strober S. Chimerism, graft survival, and withdrawal of immunosuppressive drugs in HLA matched and mismatched patients after living donor kidney and hematopoietic cell transplantation. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:695-704. [PMID: 25693475 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-eight HLA matched and mismatched patients given combined living donor kidney and enriched CD34(+) hematopoietic cell transplants were enrolled in tolerance protocols using posttransplant conditioning with total lymphoid irradiation and anti-thymocyte globulin. Persistent chimerism for at least 6 months was associated with successful complete withdrawal of immunosuppressive drugs in 16 of 22 matched patients without rejection episodes or kidney disease recurrence with up to 5 years follow up thereafter. One patient is in the midst of withdrawal and five are on maintenance drugs. Persistent mixed chimerism was achieved in some haplotype matched patients for at least 12 months by increasing the dose of T cells and CD34(+) cells infused as compared to matched recipients in a dose escalation study. Success of drug withdrawal in chimeric mismatched patients remains to be determined. None of the 38 patients had kidney graft loss or graft versus host disease with up to 14 years of observation. In conclusion, complete immunosuppressive drug withdrawal could be achieved thus far with the tolerance induction regimen in HLA matched patients with uniform long-term graft survival in all patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Scandling
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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50
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Abstract
Obesity-associated insulin resistance, a common precursor of type 2 diabetes, is characterized by chronic inflammation of tissues, including visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Here we show that B-1a cells, a subpopulation of B lymphocytes, are novel and important regulators of this process. B-1a cells are reduced in frequency in obese high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice, and EGFP interleukin-10 (IL-10) reporter mice show marked reductions in anti-inflammatory IL-10 production by B cells in vivo during obesity. In VAT, B-1a cells are the dominant producers of B cell-derived IL-10, contributing nearly half of the expressed IL-10 in vivo. Adoptive transfer of B-1a cells into HFD-fed B cell-deficient mice rapidly improves insulin resistance and glucose tolerance through IL-10 and polyclonal IgM-dependent mechanisms, whereas transfer of B-2 cells worsens metabolic disease. Genetic knockdown of B cell-activating factor (BAFF) in HFD-fed mice or treatment with a B-2 cell-depleting, B-1a cell-sparing anti-BAFF antibody attenuates insulin resistance. These findings establish B-1a cells as a new class of immune regulators that maintain metabolic homeostasis and suggest manipulation of these cells as a potential therapy for insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Michael N Alonso
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Robert Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Daniel A Winer
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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