1
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Vetter TA, Parthiban P, Stevens JA, Revelo XS, Kohr MJ, Townsend D. Reduced cardiac antioxidant defenses mediate increased susceptibility to workload-induced myocardial injury in males with genetic cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2024; 190:24-34. [PMID: 38527667 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Ongoing cardiomyocyte injury is a major mechanism in the progression of heart failure, particularly in dystrophic hearts. Due to the poor regenerative capacity of the adult heart, cardiomyocyte death results in the permanent loss of functional myocardium. Understanding the factors contributing to myocyte injury is essential for the development of effective heart failure therapies. As a model of persistent cardiac injury, we examined mice lacking β-sarcoglycan (β-SG), a key component of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC). The loss of the sarcoglycan complex markedly compromises sarcolemmal integrity in this β-SG-/- model. Our studies aim to characterize the mechanisms underlying dramatic sex differences in susceptibility to cardiac injury in β-SG-/- mice. Male β-SG-/- hearts display significantly greater myocardial injury and death following isoproterenol-induced cardiac stress than female β-SG-/- hearts. This protection of females was independent of ovarian hormones. Male β-SG-/- hearts displayed increased susceptibility to exogenous oxidative stress and were significantly protected by angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonism. Increasing general antioxidative defenses or increasing the levels of S-nitrosylation both provided protection to the hearts of β-SG-/- male mice. Here we demonstrate that increased susceptibility to oxidative damage leads to an AT1R-mediated amplification of workload-induced myocardial injury in male β-SG-/- mice. Improving oxidative defenses, specifically by increasing S-nitrosylation, provided protection to the male β-SG-/- heart from workload-induced injury. These studies describe a unique susceptibility of the male heart to injury and may contribute to the sex differences in other forms of cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana A Vetter
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Preethy Parthiban
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Jackie A Stevens
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Xavier S Revelo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Mark J Kohr
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - DeWayne Townsend
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; Greg Marzolf Jr. Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.
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2
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Barrow F, Fredrickson G, Wang H, Revelo XS. Functional phenotyping of hepatic lymphocytes in murine MASH by mass cytometry. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102743. [PMID: 37995192 PMCID: PMC10700622 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic inflammation, driven by immune cells such as B and T lymphocytes, is a hallmark feature of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Here, we detail a robust cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF) procedure to phenotype hepatic lymphocytes from mice with MASH. We employ custom metal conjugation of antibodies, isolation of hepatic lymphocytes, cell surface and intracellular staining, and data acquisition. This protocol overcomes the limitations of traditional flow cytometry by accommodating up to 40 markers for comprehensive immune phenotyping. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Barrow et al.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanta Barrow
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Gavin Fredrickson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Haiguang Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Xavier S Revelo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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3
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Barrow F, Wang H, Fredrickson G, Florczak K, Ciske E, Khanal S, Parthiban P, Nguyen H, Rios E, Kostallari E, Revelo XS. Pyruvate Oxidation Sustains B Cell Antigen-Specific Activation to Exacerbate MASH. bioRxiv 2023:2023.11.13.566832. [PMID: 38014163 PMCID: PMC10680643 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.13.566832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
B cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), a severe form of steatotic liver disease that if persistent can lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, and cancer. Chronic inflammation and fibrosis are key features of MASH that determine disease progression and outcomes. Recent advances have revealed that pathogenic B cell-derived cytokines and antibodies promote the development of MASH. However, the mechanisms through which B cells promote fibrosis and the metabolic adaptations underlying their pathogenic responses remain unclear. Here, we report that a subset of mature B cells with heightened cytokine responses accumulate in the liver and promote inflammation in MASH. To meet the increased energetic demand of effector responses, B cells increase their ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) fueled by pyruvate oxidation in a B cell receptor (BCR)-specific manner. Blocking pyruvate oxidation completely abrogated the inflammatory capacity of MASH B cells. Accordingly, the restriction of the BCR led to MASH attenuation, including reductions in steatosis, hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis. Mechanistically, BCR restriction decreased B cell maturation, activation, and effector responses in the liver, accompanied by decreased T cell- and macrophage-mediated inflammation. Notably, attenuated liver fibrosis in BCR-restricted mice was associated with lower IgG production and decreased expression of Fc-gamma receptors on hepatic stellate cells. Together, these findings indicate a key role for B cell antigen-specific responses in promoting steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis during MASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanta Barrow
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Haiguang Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Gavin Fredrickson
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Kira Florczak
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Erin Ciske
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Shalil Khanal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Preethy Parthiban
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Huy Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Enrique Rios
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Enis Kostallari
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xavier S. Revelo
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
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4
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Wang H, Barrow F, Fredrickson G, Florczak K, Nguyen H, Parthiban P, Herman A, Adeyi O, Staley C, Ikramuddin S, Ruan HB, Jameson SC, Revelo XS. Dysfunctional T Follicular Helper Cells Cause Intestinal and Hepatic Inflammation in NASH. bioRxiv 2023:2023.06.07.544061. [PMID: 37873316 PMCID: PMC10592647 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.07.544061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by hepatic inflammation and cellular damage, is the most severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the fastest-growing indication for a liver transplant. The intestinal immune system is a central modulator of local and systemic inflammation. In particular, Peyer's patches (PPs) contain T follicular helper (Tfh) cells that support germinal center (GC) responses required for the generation of high-affinity intestinal IgA and the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. However, our understanding of the mechanisms regulating mucosal immunity during the pathogenesis of NASH is incomplete. Here, using a preclinical mouse model that resembles the key features of human disease, we discovered an essential role for Tfh cells in the pathogenesis of NASH. We have found that mice fed a high-fat high-carbohydrate (HFHC) diet have an inflamed intestinal microenvironment, characterized by enlarged PPs with an expansion of Tfh cells. Surprisingly, the Tfh cells in the PPs of NASH mice showed evidence of dysfunction, along with defective GC responses and reduced IgA+ B cells. Tfh-deficient mice fed the HFHC diet showed compromised intestinal permeability, increased hepatic inflammation, and aggravated NASH, suggesting a fundamental role for Tfh cells in maintaining gut-liver homeostasis. Mechanistically, HFHC diet feeding leads to an aberrant increase in the expression of the transcription factor KLF2 in Tfh cells which inhibits its function. Thus, transgenic mice with reduced KLF2 expression in CD4 T cells displayed improved Tfh cell function and ameliorated NASH, including hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis after HFHC feeding. Overall, these findings highlight Tfh cells as key intestinal immune cells involved in the regulation of inflammation in the gut-liver axis during NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiguang Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Fanta Barrow
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Gavin Fredrickson
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kira Florczak
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Huy Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Preethy Parthiban
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Adam Herman
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Oyedele Adeyi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Christopher Staley
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sayeed Ikramuddin
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hai-Bin Ruan
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Stephen C. Jameson
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Xavier S. Revelo
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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5
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Souza-Neto F, Revelo XS, van Berlo JH. Macrophages Remember When Your Heart Was Broken. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2023; 8:798-800. [PMID: 37547070 PMCID: PMC10401278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Souza-Neto
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xavier S. Revelo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jop H. van Berlo
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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6
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Liao CY, Barrow F, Venkatesan N, Nakao Y, Mauer AS, Fredrickson G, Song MJ, Sehrawat TS, Dasgupta D, Graham RP, Revelo XS, Malhi H. Modulating sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor signaling skews intrahepatic leukocytes and attenuates murine nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130184. [PMID: 37153573 PMCID: PMC10160388 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid associated with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Immune cell-driven inflammation is a key determinant of NASH progression. Macrophages, monocytes, NK cells, T cells, NKT cells, and B cells variably express S1P receptors from a repertoire of 5 receptors termed S1P1 - S1P5. We have previously demonstrated that non-specific S1P receptor antagonism ameliorates NASH and attenuates hepatic macrophage accumulation. However, the effect of S1P receptor antagonism on additional immune cell populations in NASH remains unknown. We hypothesized that S1P receptor specific modulation may ameliorate NASH by altering leukocyte recruitment. A murine NASH model was established by dietary feeding of C57BL/6 male mice with a diet high in fructose, saturated fat, and cholesterol (FFC) for 24 weeks. In the last 4 weeks of dietary feeding, the mice received the S1P1,4,5 modulator Etrasimod or the S1P1 modulator Amiselimod, daily by oral gavage. Liver injury and inflammation were determined by histological and gene expression analyses. Intrahepatic leukocyte populations were analyzed by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and mRNA expression. Alanine aminotransferase, a sensitive circulating marker for liver injury, was reduced in response to Etrasimod and Amiselimod treatment. Liver histology showed a reduction in inflammatory foci in Etrasimod-treated mice. Etrasimod treatment substantially altered the intrahepatic leukocyte populations through a reduction in the frequency of T cells, B cells, and NKT cells and a proportional increase in CD11b+ myeloid cells, polymorphonuclear cells, and double negative T cells in FFC-fed and control standard chow diet (CD)-fed mice. In contrast, FFC-fed Amiselimod-treated mice showed no changes in the frequencies of intrahepatic leukocytes. Consistent with the improvement in liver injury and inflammation, hepatic macrophage accumulation and the gene expression of proinflammatory markers such as Lgals3 and Mcp-1 were decreased in Etrasimod-treated FFC-fed mice. Etrasimod treated mouse livers demonstrated an increase in non-inflammatory (Marco) and lipid associated (Trem2) macrophage markers. Thus, S1P1,4,5 modulation by Etrasimod is more effective than S1P1 antagonism by Amiselimod, at the dose tested, in ameliorating NASH, likely due to the alteration of leukocyte trafficking and recruitment. Etrasimod treatment results in a substantial attenuation of liver injury and inflammation in murine NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Yu Liao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Fanta Barrow
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Nanditha Venkatesan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Yasuhiko Nakao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Amy S. Mauer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Gavin Fredrickson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Myeong Jun Song
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tejasav S. Sehrawat
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Debanjali Dasgupta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Rondell P. Graham
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Xavier S. Revelo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Harmeet Malhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Harmeet Malhi,
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7
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Barrow F, Revelo XS. The B side of B cells in NAFLD. Hepatology 2022; 76:914-916. [PMID: 35340064 PMCID: PMC9489625 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanta Barrow
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Xavier S. Revelo
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Corresponding author: Xavier S. Revelo, Ph.D., Cancer & Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455,
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8
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Zhao M, Ren K, Xiong X, Xin Y, Zou Y, Maynard JC, Kim A, Battist AP, Koneripalli N, Wang Y, Chen Q, Xin R, Yang C, Huang R, Yu J, Huang Z, Zhang Z, Wang H, Wang D, Xiao Y, Salgado OC, Jarjour NN, Hogquist KA, Revelo XS, Burlingame AL, Gao X, von Moltke J, Lin Z, Ruan HB. Epithelial STAT6 O-GlcNAcylation drives a concerted anti-helminth alarmin response dependent on tuft cell hyperplasia and Gasdermin C. Immunity 2022; 55:1327. [PMID: 35830826 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Zhao M, Ren K, Xiong X, Xin Y, Zou Y, Maynard JC, Kim A, Battist AP, Koneripalli N, Wang Y, Chen Q, Xin R, Yang C, Huang R, Yu J, Huang Z, Zhang Z, Wang H, Wang D, Xiao Y, Salgado OC, Jarjour NN, Hogquist KA, Revelo XS, Burlingame AL, Gao X, von Moltke J, Lin Z, Ruan HB. Epithelial STAT6 O-GlcNAcylation drives a concerted anti-helminth alarmin response dependent on tuft cell hyperplasia and Gasdermin C. Immunity 2022; 55:623-638.e5. [PMID: 35385697 PMCID: PMC9109499 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The epithelium is an integral component of mucosal barrier and host immunity. Following helminth infection, the intestinal epithelial cells secrete "alarmin" cytokines, such as interleukin-25 (IL-25) and IL-33, to initiate the type 2 immune responses for helminth expulsion and tolerance. However, it is unknown how helminth infection and the resulting cytokine milieu drive epithelial remodeling and orchestrate alarmin secretion. Here, we report that epithelial O-linked N-Acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) protein modification was induced upon helminth infections. By modifying and activating the transcription factor STAT6, O-GlcNAc transferase promoted the transcription of lineage-defining Pou2f3 in tuft cell differentiation and IL-25 production. Meanwhile, STAT6 O-GlcNAcylation activated the expression of Gsdmc family genes. The membrane pore formed by GSDMC facilitated the unconventional secretion of IL-33. GSDMC-mediated IL-33 secretion was indispensable for effective anti-helminth immunity and contributed to induced intestinal inflammation. Protein O-GlcNAcylation can be harnessed for future treatment of type 2 inflammation-associated human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kaiqun Ren
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiwen Xiong
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yue Xin
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yujie Zou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice of China, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jason C Maynard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Angela Kim
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alexander P Battist
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Navya Koneripalli
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yusu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice of China, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianyue Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice of China, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruyue Xin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice of China, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenyan Yang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Rong Huang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zan Huang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Zengdi Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Haiguang Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daoyuan Wang
- College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yihui Xiao
- College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Oscar C Salgado
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nicholas N Jarjour
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xavier S Revelo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice of China, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jakob von Moltke
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zhaoyu Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice of China, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hai-Bin Ruan
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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10
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Hirsova P, Revelo XS. Editorial: Immune mechanisms of inflammation in NASH. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1039238. [PMID: 36213275 PMCID: PMC9533074 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1039238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hirsova
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Xavier S Revelo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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11
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Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. The initial hypertrophy response to cardiac pressure overload is considered compensatory, but with sustained stress, it eventually leads to heart failure. Recently, a role for recruited macrophages in determining the transition from compensated to decompensated hypertrophy has been established. However, whether cardiac resident immune cells influence the early phase of hypertrophy development has not been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier S Revelo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (X.S.R., P.P., F.B., G.F., H.W., D.Y., J.H.v.B.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455.,Center for Immunology (X.S.R.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
| | - Preethy Parthiban
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (X.S.R., P.P., F.B., G.F., H.W., D.Y., J.H.v.B.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
| | - Chen Chen
- Lillehei Heart Institute and Stem Cell Institute (C.C., D.Y., J.H.v.B.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455.,Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (C.C., J.H.v.B.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
| | - Fanta Barrow
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (X.S.R., P.P., F.B., G.F., H.W., D.Y., J.H.v.B.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
| | - Gavin Fredrickson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (X.S.R., P.P., F.B., G.F., H.W., D.Y., J.H.v.B.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
| | - Haiguang Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (X.S.R., P.P., F.B., G.F., H.W., D.Y., J.H.v.B.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
| | - Doğacan Yücel
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (X.S.R., P.P., F.B., G.F., H.W., D.Y., J.H.v.B.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455.,Lillehei Heart Institute and Stem Cell Institute (C.C., D.Y., J.H.v.B.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
| | - Adam Herman
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute (A.H.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
| | - Jop H van Berlo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (X.S.R., P.P., F.B., G.F., H.W., D.Y., J.H.v.B.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455.,Lillehei Heart Institute and Stem Cell Institute (C.C., D.Y., J.H.v.B.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455.,Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (C.C., J.H.v.B.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
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12
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Hirsova P, Bamidele AO, Wang H, Povero D, Revelo XS. Emerging Roles of T Cells in the Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:760860. [PMID: 34777255 PMCID: PMC8581300 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.760860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. A significant proportion of patients with NAFLD develop a progressive inflammatory condition termed nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which may eventually advance to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NASH is characterized by steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning, and lobular inflammation. Heightened immune cell infiltration is a hallmark of NASH, yet the mechanisms whereby hepatic inflammation occurs in NASH and how it contributes to disease initiation and progression remain incompletely understood. Emerging evidence indicates that intrahepatic T cell immune mechanisms play an integral role in the pathogenesis of NASH and its transition to HCC. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the T cell-mediated mechanisms of inflammation in NASH. We highlight recent preclinical and human studies implicating various subsets of conventional and innate-like T cells in the onset and progression of NASH and HCC. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic strategies targeting T cell-mediated responses for the treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hirsova
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Adebowale O. Bamidele
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Haiguang Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Davide Povero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Xavier S. Revelo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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13
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Lopresti MW, Cui W, Abernathy B, Fredrickson G, Barrow F, Desai AS, Revelo XS, Mashek D. Hepatic Lysosomal Acid Lipase Overexpression Worsens Hepatic Inflammation in Mice Fed a Western Diet. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100133. [PMID: 34624333 PMCID: PMC8556525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by the accumulation of lipid droplets in hepatocytes. NAFLD development and progression is associated with an increase in hepatic cholesterol levels and decreased autophagy and lipophagy flux. Previous studies have shown that the expression of lysosomal acid lipase (LAL), encoded by the gene LIPA, which can hydrolyze both triglyceride and cholesteryl esters, is inversely correlated with the severity of NAFLD. In addition, ablation of LAL activity results in profound NAFLD. Based on this, we predicted that overexpressing LIPA in the livers of mice fed a Western diet would prevent the development of NAFLD. As expected, mice fed the Western diet exhibited numerous markers of NAFLD, including hepatomegaly, lipid accumulation, and inflammation. Unexpectedly, LAL overexpression did not attenuate steatosis and had only minor effects on neutral lipid composition. However, LAL overexpression exacerbated inflammatory gene expression and infiltration of immune cells in mice fed the Western diet. LAL overexpression also resulted in abnormal phagosome accumulation and lysosomal lipid accumulation depending upon the dietary treatment. Overall, we found that hepatic overexpression of LAL drove immune cell infiltration and inflammation and did not attenuate the development of NAFLD, suggesting that targeting LAL expression may not be a viable route to treat NAFLD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Lopresti
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN
| | - Wenqi Cui
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN
| | - Breann Abernathy
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN
| | - Gavin Fredrickson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN
| | - Fanta Barrow
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN
| | - Arnav S Desai
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN
| | - Xavier S Revelo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN
| | - Douglas Mashek
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN; Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN.
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14
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Barrow F, Khan S, Wang H, Revelo XS. The Emerging Role of B Cells in the Pathogenesis of NAFLD. Hepatology 2021; 74:2277-2286. [PMID: 33961302 PMCID: PMC8463421 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
NAFLD is one of the leading causes of abnormal liver function worldwide. NAFLD refers to a group of liver conditions ranging from nonalcoholic fatty liver to NASH, which involves inflammation, hepatocellular damage, and fibrosis. Triggering of inflammation in NASH is a key event in the progression of the disease, and identifying the factors that initiate or dysregulate this process is needed to develop strategies for its prevention or treatment. B cells have been implicated in several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. However, their role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and NASH is less clear. This review discusses the emerging evidence implicating intrahepatic B cells in the progression of NAFLD. We highlight the potential mechanisms of B-cell activation during NAFLD, such as increased hepatic expression of B-cell-activating factor, augmented oxidative stress, and translocation of gut-derived microbial products. We discuss the possible effector functions by which B cells promote NAFLD, including the production of proinflammatory cytokines and regulation of intrahepatic T cells and macrophages. Finally, we highlight the role of regulatory and IgA+ B cells in the pathogenesis of NASH-associated HCC. In this review, we make the case that future research is needed to investigate the potential of B-cell-targeting strategies for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanta Barrow
- Department of Integrative Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN
| | - Saad Khan
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Haiguang Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN
| | - Xavier S. Revelo
- Department of Integrative Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN,Center for ImmunologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN
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15
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Barrow F, Khan S, Fredrickson G, Wang H, Dietsche K, Parthiban P, Robert S, Kaiser T, Winer S, Herman A, Adeyi O, Mouzaki M, Khoruts A, Hogquist KA, Staley C, Winer DA, Revelo XS. Microbiota-Driven Activation of Intrahepatic B Cells Aggravates NASH Through Innate and Adaptive Signaling. Hepatology 2021; 74:704-722. [PMID: 33609303 PMCID: PMC8377092 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is rapidly becoming the leading cause of liver failure and indication for liver transplantation. Hepatic inflammation is a key feature of NASH but the immune pathways involved in this process are poorly understood. B lymphocytes are cells of the adaptive immune system that are critical regulators of immune responses. However, the role of B cells in the pathogenesis of NASH and the potential mechanisms leading to their activation in the liver are unclear. APPROACH AND RESULTS In this study, we report that NASH livers accumulate B cells with elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and antigen-presentation ability. Single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing of intrahepatic B cells from mice with NASH unveiled a transcriptional landscape that reflects their pro-inflammatory function. Accordingly, B-cell deficiency ameliorated NASH progression, and adoptively transferring B cells from NASH livers recapitulates the disease. Mechanistically, B-cell activation during NASH involves signaling through the innate adaptor myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88) as B cell-specific deletion of MyD88 reduced hepatic T cell-mediated inflammation and fibrosis, but not steatosis. In addition, activation of intrahepatic B cells implicates B cell-receptor signaling, delineating a synergy between innate and adaptive mechanisms of antigen recognition. Furthermore, fecal microbiota transplantation of human NAFLD gut microbiotas into recipient mice promoted the progression of NASH by increasing the accumulation and activation of intrahepatic B cells, suggesting that gut microbial factors drive the pathogenic function of B cells during NASH. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal that a gut microbiota-driven activation of intrahepatic B cells leads to hepatic inflammation and fibrosis during the progression of NASH through innate and adaptive immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanta Barrow
- Department of Integrative Biology & PhysiologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMN
| | - Saad Khan
- Departments of Immunology and Laboratory Medicine & PathobiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada.,Division of Cellular & Molecular BiologyToronto General Hospital Research InstituteUniversity Health NetworkTorontoONCanada
| | - Gavin Fredrickson
- Department of Integrative Biology & PhysiologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMN
| | - Haiguang Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology & PhysiologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMN
| | - Katrina Dietsche
- Department of Integrative Biology & PhysiologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMN
| | - Preethy Parthiban
- Department of Integrative Biology & PhysiologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMN
| | - Sacha Robert
- Department of Integrative Biology & PhysiologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMN
| | - Thomas Kaiser
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN
| | - Shawn Winer
- Departments of Immunology and Laboratory Medicine & PathobiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Adam Herman
- Minnesota Supercomputing InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN
| | - Oyedele Adeyi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN
| | | | - Alexander Khoruts
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionDepartment of MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN.,Center for ImmunologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN.,Center for ImmunologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN
| | | | - Daniel A Winer
- Departments of Immunology and Laboratory Medicine & PathobiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada.,Division of Cellular & Molecular BiologyToronto General Hospital Research InstituteUniversity Health NetworkTorontoONCanada.,Buck Institute for Research on AgingNovatoCA
| | - Xavier S Revelo
- Department of Integrative Biology & PhysiologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMN.,Center for ImmunologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN
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16
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Fredrickson G, Barrow F, Dietsche K, Parthiban P, Khan S, Robert S, Demirchian M, Rhoades H, Wang H, Adeyi O, Revelo XS. Exercise of high intensity ameliorates hepatic inflammation and the progression of NASH. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101270. [PMID: 34118476 PMCID: PMC8255932 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) covers a wide spectrum of liver pathology ranging from simple fatty liver to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Notably, immune cell-driven inflammation is a key mechanism in the transition from fatty liver to the more serious NASH. Although exercise training is effective in ameliorating obesity-related diseases, the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects of exercise remain unclear. It is unknown whether there is an optimal modality and intensity of exercise to treat NAFLD. The objective of this study was to determine whether high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MIT) is more effective at ameliorating the progression of NASH. Methods Wild-type mice were fed a high-fat, high-carbohydrate (HFHC) diet for 6 weeks and left sedentary (SED) or assigned to either an MIT or HIIT regimen using treadmill running for an additional 16 weeks. MIT and HIIT groups were pair-fed to ensure that energy intake was similar between the exercise cohorts. To determine changes in whole-body metabolism, we performed insulin and glucose tolerance tests, indirect calorimetry, and magnetic resonance imaging. NASH progression was determined by triglyceride accumulation, expression of inflammatory genes, and histological assessment of fibrosis. Immune cell populations in the liver were characterized by cytometry by time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and progenitor populations within the bone marrow were assessed by flow cytometry. Finally, we analyzed the transcriptional profile of the liver by bulk RNA sequencing. Results Compared with SED mice, both HIIT and MIT suppressed weight gain, improved whole-body metabolic parameters, and ameliorated the progression of NASH by reducing hepatic triglyceride levels, inflammation, and fibrosis. However, HIIT was superior to MIT at reducing adiposity, improving whole-body glucose tolerance, and ameliorating liver steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, without any changes in body weight. Improved NASH progression in HIIT mice was accompanied by a substantial decrease in the frequency of pro-inflammatory infiltrating, monocyte-derived macrophages in the liver and reduced myeloid progenitor populations in the bone marrow. Notably, an acute bout of MIT or HIIT exercise had no effect on the intrahepatic and splenic immune cell populations. In addition, bulk mRNA sequencing of the entire liver tissue showed a pattern of gene expression confirming that HIIT was more effective than MIT in improving liver inflammation and lipid biosynthesis. Conclusions Our data suggest that exercise lessens hepatic inflammation during NASH by reducing the accumulation of hepatic monocyte-derived inflammatory macrophages and bone marrow precursor cells. Our findings also indicate that HIIT is superior to MIT in ameliorating the disease in a dietary mouse model of NASH. High-intensity is more effective than moderate-intensity exercise at reducing NASH. High-intensity exercise lowers the infiltration of inflammatory macrophages in the liver. Reduced macrophage accumulation was associated with lower progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Fredrickson
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Fanta Barrow
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Katrina Dietsche
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Preethy Parthiban
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Saad Khan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Sacha Robert
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Maya Demirchian
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hailey Rhoades
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Haiguang Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Oyedele Adeyi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Xavier S Revelo
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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17
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Sivasubramaniyam T, Yang J, Cheng HS, Zyla A, Li A, Besla R, Dotan I, Revelo XS, Shi SY, Le H, Schroer SA, Dodington DW, Park YJ, Kim MJ, Febbraro D, Ruel I, Genest J, Kim RH, Mak TW, Winer DA, Robbins CS, Woo M. Dj1 deficiency protects against atherosclerosis with anti-inflammatory response in macrophages. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4723. [PMID: 33633277 PMCID: PMC7907332 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a key contributor to atherosclerosis with macrophages playing a pivotal role through the induction of oxidative stress and cytokine/chemokine secretion. DJ1, an anti-oxidant protein, has shown to paradoxically protect against chronic and acute inflammation. However, the role of DJ1 in atherosclerosis remains elusive. To assess the role of Dj1 in atherogenesis, we generated whole-body Dj1-deficient atherosclerosis-prone Apoe null mice (Dj1-/-Apoe-/-). After 21 weeks of atherogenic diet, Dj1-/- Apoe-/-mice were protected against atherosclerosis with significantly reduced plaque macrophage content. To assess whether haematopoietic or parenchymal Dj1 contributed to atheroprotection in Dj1-deficient mice, we performed bone-marrow (BM) transplantation and show that Dj1-deficient BM contributed to their attenuation in atherosclerosis. To assess cell-autonomous role of macrophage Dj1 in atheroprotection, BM-derived macrophages from Dj1-deficient mice and Dj1-silenced macrophages were assessed in response to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). In both cases, there was an enhanced anti-inflammatory response which may have contributed to atheroprotection in Dj1-deficient mice. There was also an increased trend of plasma DJ-1 levels from individuals with ischemic heart disease compared to those without. Our findings indicate an atheropromoting role of Dj1 and suggests that targeting Dj1 may provide a novel therapeutic avenue for atherosclerosis treatment or prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharini Sivasubramaniyam
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Jiaqi Yang
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Henry S Cheng
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Alexandra Zyla
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Angela Li
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Rickvinder Besla
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Idit Dotan
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Xavier S Revelo
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Sally Yu Shi
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Helen Le
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Stephanie A Schroer
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - David W Dodington
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Yoo Jin Park
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Min Jeong Kim
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada.,Institute of Medical Research, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 03181, Korea
| | - Daniella Febbraro
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Isabelle Ruel
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jacques Genest
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Raymond H Kim
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network/Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Tak W Mak
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Daniel A Winer
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Clinton S Robbins
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Minna Woo
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada. .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University Health Network/Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada. .,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Health Network/Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada. .,MaRS Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, 101 College Street, 10th floor, Room 10-361, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.
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18
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Chakraborty M, Chu K, Shrestha A, Revelo XS, Zhang X, Gold MJ, Khan S, Lee M, Huang C, Akbari M, Barrow F, Chan YT, Lei H, Kotoulas NK, Jovel J, Pastrello C, Kotlyar M, Goh C, Michelakis E, Clemente-Casares X, Ohashi PS, Engleman EG, Winer S, Jurisica I, Tsai S, Winer DA. Mechanical Stiffness Controls Dendritic Cell Metabolism and Function. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108609. [PMID: 33440149 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stiffness in the tissue microenvironment changes in most diseases and immunological conditions, but its direct influence on the immune system is poorly understood. Here, we show that static tension impacts immune cell function, maturation, and metabolism. Bone-marrow-derived and/or splenic dendritic cells (DCs) grown in vitro at physiological resting stiffness have reduced proliferation, activation, and cytokine production compared with cells grown under higher stiffness, mimicking fibro-inflammatory disease. Consistently, DCs grown under higher stiffness show increased activation and flux of major glucose metabolic pathways. In DC models of autoimmune diabetes and tumor immunotherapy, tension primes DCs to elicit an adaptive immune response. Mechanistic workup identifies the Hippo-signaling molecule, TAZ, as well as Ca2+-related ion channels, including potentially PIEZO1, as important effectors impacting DC metabolism and function under tension. Tension also directs the phenotypes of monocyte-derived DCs in humans. Thus, mechanical stiffness is a critical environmental cue of DCs and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Chakraborty
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kevin Chu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Annie Shrestha
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xavier S Revelo
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Xiangyue Zhang
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J Gold
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Saad Khan
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Megan Lee
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Camille Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Masoud Akbari
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Fanta Barrow
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yi Tao Chan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Helena Lei
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | | | - Juan Jovel
- The Applied Genomics Core, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Chiara Pastrello
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, and Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Max Kotlyar
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, and Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Cynthia Goh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Evangelos Michelakis
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Xavier Clemente-Casares
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Pamela S Ohashi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Shawn Winer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, and Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada; Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sue Tsai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
| | - Daniel A Winer
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Obesity and aging represent major health burdens to the global adult population. Both conditions promote the development of associated metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance. The visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is a site that becomes dysfunctional during obesity and aging, and plays a significant role during their pathophysiology. The changes in obese and aging VAT are now recognized to be partly driven by a chronic local inflammatory state, characterized by immune cells that typically adopt an inflammatory phenotype during metabolic disease. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the immune cell landscape of the VAT during lean, obese, and aged conditions, highlighting their similarities and differences. We also briefly discuss possible linked mechanisms that fuel obesity- and age-associated VAT dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Khan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yi Tao Chan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xavier S. Revelo
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Xavier S. Revelo
| | - Daniel A. Winer
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Daniel A. Winer
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20
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Ghazarian M, Revelo XS, Nøhr MK, Luck H, Zeng K, Lei H, Tsai S, Schroer SA, Park YJ, Chng MHY, Shen L, D’Angelo JA, Horton P, Chapman WC, Brockmeier D, Woo M, Engleman EG, Adeyi O, Hirano N, Jin T, Gehring AJ, Winer S, Winer DA. Type I Interferon Responses Drive Intrahepatic T cells to Promote Metabolic Syndrome. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:eaai7616. [PMID: 28567448 PMCID: PMC5447456 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aai7616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-related insulin resistance is driven by low-grade chronic inflammation of metabolic tissues. In the liver, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with hepatic insulin resistance and systemic glucose dysregulation. However, the immunological factors supporting these processes are poorly understood. We found that the liver accumulates pathogenic CD8+ T cell subsets which control hepatic insulin sensitivity and gluconeogenesis during diet-induced obesity in mice. In a cohort of human patients, CD8+ T cells represent a dominant intrahepatic immune cell population which links to glucose dysregulation. Accumulation and activation of these cells are largely supported by type I interferon (IFN-I) responses in the liver. Livers from obese mice upregulate critical interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), interferon stimulatory genes (ISGs), and IFNα protein, while IFNαR1-/- mice, or CD8-specific IFNαR1-/- chimeric mice are protected from disease. IFNαR1 inhibitors improve metabolic parameters in mice, while CD8+ T cells and IFN-I responses correlate with NAFLD activity in human patients. Thus, IFN-I responses represent a central immunological axis that governs intrahepatic T cell pathogenicity during metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magar Ghazarian
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B3, Canada
| | - Xavier S. Revelo
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Mark K. Nøhr
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Helen Luck
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B3, Canada
| | - Kejing Zeng
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Helena Lei
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Sue Tsai
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Stephanie A. Schroer
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Yoo Jin Park
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Melissa Hui Yen Chng
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94205, USA
| | - Lei Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - June Ann D’Angelo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Peter Horton
- Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
- Division of Abdominal Transplant, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - William C. Chapman
- Division of Abdominal Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Minna Woo
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Edgar G. Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94205, USA
| | - Oyedele Adeyi
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Naoto Hirano
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B3, Canada
- Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Tianru Jin
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Adam J. Gehring
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Shawn Winer
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Daniel A. Winer
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B3, Canada
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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21
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Revelo XS, Ghazarian M, Chng MHY, Luck H, Kim JH, Zeng K, Shi SY, Tsai S, Lei H, Kenkel J, Liu CL, Tangsombatvisit S, Tsui H, Sima C, Xiao C, Shen L, Li X, Jin T, Lewis GF, Woo M, Utz PJ, Glogauer M, Engleman E, Winer S, Winer DA. Nucleic Acid-Targeting Pathways Promote Inflammation in Obesity-Related Insulin Resistance. Cell Rep 2016; 16:717-30. [PMID: 27373163 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-related inflammation of metabolic tissues, including visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and liver, are key factors in the development of insulin resistance (IR), though many of the contributing mechanisms remain unclear. We show that nucleic-acid-targeting pathways downstream of extracellular trap (ET) formation, unmethylated CpG DNA, or ribonucleic acids drive inflammation in IR. High-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice show increased release of ETs in VAT, decreased systemic clearance of ETs, and increased autoantibodies against conserved nuclear antigens. In HFD-fed mice, this excess of nucleic acids and related protein antigens worsens metabolic parameters through a number of mechanisms, including activation of VAT macrophages and expansion of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in the liver. Consistently, HFD-fed mice lacking critical responders of nucleic acid pathways, Toll-like receptors (TLR)7 and TLR9, show reduced metabolic inflammation and improved glucose homeostasis. Treatment of HFD-fed mice with inhibitors of ET formation or a TLR7/9 antagonist improves metabolic disease. These findings reveal a pathogenic role for nucleic acid targeting as a driver of metabolic inflammation in IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier S Revelo
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | - Magar Ghazarian
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Melissa Hui Yen Chng
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Helen Luck
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Justin H Kim
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kejing Zeng
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Sally Y Shi
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Sue Tsai
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Helena Lei
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Justin Kenkel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chih Long Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephanie Tangsombatvisit
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hubert Tsui
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Corneliu Sima
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Changting Xiao
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Lei Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Tianru Jin
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Gary F Lewis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Minna Woo
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Paul J Utz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Matrix Dynamics Group, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Edgar Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shawn Winer
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Daniel A Winer
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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22
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Abstract
Excess energy intake and a sedentary lifestyle have led to increasing incidence of obesity which is a major risk factor for the development of insulin resistance. Research in the last two decades has revealed that chronic-low grade inflammation in adipose tissue is a key link between obesity and insulin resistance. As a result, adipose tissue is now considered an active immune organ with a key role in metabolic homeostasis. In the course of obesity, cells of the immune system infiltrate visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in an active process that promotes local and systemic inflammation. This inflammatory process in VAT is driven by various subsets of immune cells and is a central mechanism connecting obesity with its metabolic complications. One key event of adipose tissue inflammation is the switching of macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype. In addition, recent research has discovered an expanding list of immune cells contributing to this inflammatory process. Pro-inflammatory immune cells are crucial to obese VAT inflammation because of their production of cytokines, which can interfere with insulin signaling in peripheral tissues. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the pathology of innate and adaptive immune cells in obese adipose tissue, with emphasis in the immunological mechanisms mediating obesity-associated insulin resistance.
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23
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Abstract
Obesity and associated insulin resistance predispose individuals to develop chronic metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Although these disorders affect a significant proportion of the global population, the underlying mechanisms of disease remain poorly understood. The discovery of elevated tumor necrosis factor-α in adipose tissue as an inducer of obesity-associated insulin resistance marked a new era of understanding that a subclinical inflammatory process underlies the insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction that precedes type 2 diabetes. Advances in the field identified components of both the innate and adaptive immune response as key players in regulating such inflammatory processes. As antigen specificity is a hallmark of an adaptive immune response, its role in modulating the chronic inflammation that accompanies obesity and type 2 diabetes begs the question of whether insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes can have autoimmune components. In this Perspective, we summarize current data that pertain to the activation and perpetuation of adaptive immune responses during obesity and discuss key missing links and potential mechanisms for obesity-related insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes to be considered as potential autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Tsai
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xavier Clemente-Casares
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xavier S Revelo
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn Winer
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel A Winer
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Luck H, Tsai S, Chung J, Clemente-Casares X, Ghazarian M, Revelo XS, Lei H, Luk CT, Shi SY, Surendra A, Copeland JK, Ahn J, Prescott D, Rasmussen BA, Chng MHY, Engleman EG, Girardin SE, Lam TKT, Croitoru K, Dunn S, Philpott DJ, Guttman DS, Woo M, Winer S, Winer DA. Regulation of obesity-related insulin resistance with gut anti-inflammatory agents. Cell Metab 2015; 21:527-42. [PMID: 25863246 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions, but little is known about its influence on the intestinal immune system. Here we show that the gut immune system is altered during high-fat diet (HFD) feeding and is a functional regulator of obesity-related insulin resistance (IR) that can be exploited therapeutically. Obesity induces a chronic phenotypic pro-inflammatory shift in bowel lamina propria immune cell populations. Reduction of the gut immune system, using beta7 integrin-deficient mice (Beta7(null)), decreases HFD-induced IR. Treatment of wild-type HFD C57BL/6 mice with the local gut anti-inflammatory, 5-aminosalicyclic acid (5-ASA), reverses bowel inflammation and improves metabolic parameters. These beneficial effects are dependent on adaptive and gut immunity and are associated with reduced gut permeability and endotoxemia, decreased visceral adipose tissue inflammation, and improved antigen-specific tolerance to luminal antigens. Thus, the mucosal immune system affects multiple pathways associated with systemic IR and represents a novel therapeutic target in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Luck
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sue Tsai
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jason Chung
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Xavier Clemente-Casares
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Magar Ghazarian
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xavier S Revelo
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Helena Lei
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Cynthia T Luk
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Sally Yu Shi
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Anuradha Surendra
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, 33 Wilcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada
| | - Julia K Copeland
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, 33 Wilcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada
| | - Jennifer Ahn
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - David Prescott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Brittany A Rasmussen
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Melissa Hui Yen Chng
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94305-5324, USA
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94305-5324, USA
| | - Stephen E Girardin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kenneth Croitoru
- Institute of Medical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shannon Dunn
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - David S Guttman
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, 33 Wilcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada
| | - Minna Woo
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Shawn Winer
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Daniel A Winer
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
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25
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Revelo XS, Tsai S, Lei H, Luck H, Ghazarian M, Tsui H, Shi SY, Schroer S, Luk CT, Lin GHY, Mak TW, Woo M, Winer S, Winer DA. Perforin is a novel immune regulator of obesity-related insulin resistance. Diabetes 2015; 64:90-103. [PMID: 25048196 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-related insulin resistance is associated with an influx of pathogenic T cells into visceral adipose tissue (VAT), but the mechanisms regulating lymphocyte balance in such tissues are unknown. Here we describe an important role for the immune cytotoxic effector molecule perforin in regulating this process. Perforin-deficient mice (Prf1(null)) show early increased body weight and adiposity, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance when placed on high-fat diet (HFD). Regulatory effects of perforin on glucose tolerance are mechanistically linked to the control of T-cell proliferation and cytokine production in inflamed VAT. HFD-fed Prf1(null) mice have increased accumulation of proinflammatory IFN-γ-producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and M1-polarized macrophages in VAT. CD8(+) T cells from the VAT of Prf1(null) mice have increased proliferation and impaired early apoptosis, suggesting a role for perforin in the regulation of T-cell turnover during HFD feeding. Transfer of CD8(+) T cells from Prf1(null) mice into CD8-deficient mice (CD8(null)) resulted in worsening of metabolic parameters compared with wild-type donors. Improved metabolic parameters in HFD natural killer (NK) cell-deficient mice (NK(null)) ruled out a role for NK cells as a single source of perforin in regulating glucose homeostasis. The findings support the importance of T-cell function in insulin resistance and suggest that modulation of lymphocyte homeostasis in inflamed VAT is one possible avenue for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier S Revelo
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sue Tsai
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Helena Lei
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Helen Luck
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Magar Ghazarian
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hubert Tsui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sally Y Shi
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Schroer
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia T Luk
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gloria H Y Lin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tak W Mak
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Minna Woo
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn Winer
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel A Winer
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Abstract
Obesity is a major health burden worldwide and is a major factor in the development of insulin resistance and metabolic complications such as type II diabetes. Chronic nutrient excess leads to visceral adipose tissue (VAT) expansion and dysfunction in an active process that involves the adipocytes, their supporting matrix, and immune cell infiltrates. These changes contribute to adipose tissue hypoxia, adipocyte cell stress, and ultimately cell death. Accumulation of lymphocytes, macrophages, and other immune cells around dying adipocytes forms the so-called "crown-like structure", a histological hallmark of VAT in obesity. Cross talk between immune cells in adipose tissue dictates the overall inflammatory response, ultimately leading to the production of pro-inflammatory mediators which directly induce insulin resistance in VAT. In this review, we summarize recent studies demonstrating the dramatic changes that occur in visceral adipose tissue during obesity leading to low-grade chronic inflammation and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier S Revelo
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Revelo XS, Waldron MR. In vitro effects of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide on the function and gene expression of neutrophils isolated from the blood of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:2422-41. [PMID: 22541470 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the function of bovine neutrophils (PMNL) collected from mid lactation cows and determine the differential effects of LPS on gene expression of PMNL purified from early and mid lactation cows. The PMNL from mid lactation cows (187±13 d postpartum) were incubated with 0, 1, 25, and 50 μg/mL of LPS for 120 min, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), PMNL extracellular traps (NET), chemotaxis, and killing of Staphylococcus aureus were determined. Incubation of PMNL with 25 μg/mL of LPS increased intracellular ROS by 79% in mitogen-stimulated PMNL. Addition of 50 μg/mL of LPS enhanced intracellular ROS by nonstimulated and stimulated PMNL by 184 and 154%, respectively. Nonstimulated PMNL incubated with 25 and 50 μg/mL of LPS had a 105% increase in NET. Addition of LPS had no effect on subsequent PMNL chemotaxis or killing of Staph. aureus. To examine the effect of LPS on the expression of genes involved in PMNL function and cytokine production, mRNA was purified from PMNL isolated from mid lactation (146±2 postpartum; n=10) and early lactation cows (7 d postpartum; n=10), after a 120-min incubation with 0 or 50 μg/mL of LPS. Amounts of interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI), myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), Cytochrome b-245, α polypeptide (CYBA), histone H2A/1 (H2A/1), and histone H2B-like (H2B) mRNA were determined relative to that of β-actin by real-time quantitative PCR. Regardless of stage of lactation, PMNL incubated with 50 μg/mL of LPS had 537 and 45% higher mRNA contents of IL-8 and SOD2 compared with 0 μg/mL LPS, respectively. In addition, LPS augmented the expression of TNF, BPI, and CYBA (2,908, 59, and 158% compared with controls, respectively) only in PMNL from mid lactation cows. Addition of LPS did not affect mRNA levels of MPO, NOX4, H2A/1, or H2B. Independent of LPS treatment, PMNL from mid lactation cows had 99% higher mRNA contents of IL-8 compared with PMNL from early lactation cows. The PMNL from early lactation cows had a 634% increase in MPO mRNA expression relative to that from mid lactation cows. These results support that LPS directly stimulates PMNL to produce ROS and express NET. In addition, LPS enhances the generation of ROS by PMNL in response to other stimuli and increases the expression of genes encoding inflammatory mediators and enzymes involved in the production of ROS. Finally, reduced PMNL gene expression of IL-8 (regardless of LPS activation), TNF, CYBA, and BPI (upon stimulation with LPS) in early lactation may elucidate several mechanisms by which PMNL may become immune-incompetent during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- X S Revelo
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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