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Ettel P, Weichhart T. Not just sugar: metabolic control of neutrophil development and effector functions. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 116:487-510. [PMID: 38450755 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The mammalian immune system is constantly surveying our tissues to clear pathogens and maintain tissue homeostasis. In order to fulfill these tasks, immune cells take up nutrients to supply energy for survival and for directly regulating effector functions via their cellular metabolism, a process now known as immunometabolism. Neutrophilic granulocytes, the most abundant leukocytes in the human body, have a short half-life and are permanently needed in the defense against pathogens. According to a long-standing view, neutrophils were thought to primarily fuel their metabolic demands via glycolysis. Yet, this view has been challenged, as other metabolic pathways recently emerged to contribute to neutrophil homeostasis and effector functions. In particular during neutrophilic development, the pentose phosphate pathway, glycogen synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty acid oxidation crucially promote neutrophil maturation. At steady state, both glucose and lipid metabolism sustain neutrophil survival and maintain the intracellular redox balance. This review aims to comprehensively discuss how neutrophilic metabolism adapts during development, which metabolic pathways fuel their functionality, and how these processes are reconfigured in case of various diseases. We provide several examples of hereditary diseases, in which mutations in metabolic enzymes validate their critical role for neutrophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ettel
- Institute for Medical Genetics, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Weichhart
- Institute for Medical Genetics, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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2
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Wang B, Pei J, Xu S, Liu J, Yu J. A glutamine tug-of-war between cancer and immune cells: recent advances in unraveling the ongoing battle. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:74. [PMID: 38459595 PMCID: PMC10921613 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-02994-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutamine metabolism plays a pivotal role in cancer progression, immune cell function, and the modulation of the tumor microenvironment. Dysregulated glutamine metabolism has been implicated in cancer development and immune responses, supported by mounting evidence. Cancer cells heavily rely on glutamine as a critical nutrient for survival and proliferation, while immune cells require glutamine for activation and proliferation during immune reactions. This metabolic competition creates a dynamic tug-of-war between cancer and immune cells. Targeting glutamine transporters and downstream enzymes involved in glutamine metabolism holds significant promise in enhancing anti-tumor immunity. A comprehensive understanding of the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying this interplay is crucial for developing innovative therapeutic approaches that improve anti-tumor immunity and patient outcomes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in unraveling the tug-of-war of glutamine metabolism between cancer and immune cells and explore potential applications of basic science discoveries in the clinical setting. Further investigations into the regulation of glutamine metabolism in cancer and immune cells are expected to yield valuable insights, paving the way for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Wang
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Research Unit of Radiation Oncology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jinli Pei
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Research Unit of Radiation Oncology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shengnan Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Research Unit of Radiation Oncology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Research Unit of Radiation Oncology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Jinming Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Research Unit of Radiation Oncology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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3
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Gong YT, Zhang LJ, Liu YC, Tang M, Lin JY, Chen XY, Chen YX, Yan Y, Zhang WD, Jin JM, Luan X. Neutrophils as potential therapeutic targets for breast cancer. Pharmacol Res 2023; 198:106996. [PMID: 37972723 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) remains the foremost cause of cancer mortality globally, with neutrophils playing a critical role in its pathogenesis. As an essential tumor microenvironment (TME) component, neutrophils are emerging as pivotal factors in BC progression. Growing evidence has proved that neutrophils play a Janus- role in BC by polarizing into the anti-tumor (N1) or pro-tumor (N2) phenotype. Clinical trials are evaluating neutrophil-targeted therapies, including Reparixin (NCT02370238) and Tigatuzumab (NCT01307891); however, their clinical efficacy remains suboptimal. This review summarizes the evidence regarding the close relationship between neutrophils and BC, emphasizing the critical roles of neutrophils in regulating metabolic and immune pathways. Additionally, we summarize the existing therapeutic approaches that target neutrophils, highlighting the challenges, and affirming the rationale for continuing to explore neutrophils as a viable therapeutic target in BC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Gong
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li-Jun Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi-Chen Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Min Tang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jia-Yi Lin
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin-Yi Chen
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi-Xu Chen
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yue Yan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 201203, China; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jin-Mei Jin
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xin Luan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Lobato TB, Gennari-Felipe M, Pauferro JRB, Correa IS, Santos BF, Dias BB, de Oliveira Borges JC, dos Santos CS, de Sousa Santos ES, de Araújo MJL, Ferreira LA, Pereira SA, Serdan TDA, Levada-Pires AC, Hatanaka E, Borges L, Cury-Boaventura MF, Vinolo MAR, Pithon-Curi TC, Masi LN, Curi R, Hirabara SM, Gorjão R. Leukocyte metabolism in obese type 2 diabetic individuals associated with COVID-19 severity. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1037469. [PMID: 36406408 PMCID: PMC9670542 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1037469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show that the metabolic characteristics of different leukocytes, such as, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages, undergo changes both in the face of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) condition. Thus, the objective of this review is to establish a correlation between the metabolic changes caused in leukocytes in DM2 and obesity that may favor a worse prognosis during SARS-Cov-2 infection. Chronic inflammation and hyperglycemia, specific and usual characteristics of obesity and DM2, contributes for the SARS-CoV-2 replication and metabolic disturbances in different leukocytes, favoring the proinflammatory response of these cells. Thus, obesity and DM2 are important risk factors for pro-inflammatory response and metabolic dysregulation that can favor the occurrence of the cytokine storm, implicated in the severity and high mortality risk of the COVID-19 in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Bertola Lobato
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Matheus Gennari-Felipe
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Ilana Souza Correa
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Beatriz Ferreira Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Beatriz Belmiro Dias
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - João Carlos de Oliveira Borges
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Camila Soares dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Maria Janaína Leite de Araújo
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Liliane Araújo Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Sara Araujo Pereira
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Adriana Cristina Levada-Pires
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Elaine Hatanaka
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Leandro Borges
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maria Fernanda Cury-Boaventura
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marco Aurélio Ramirez Vinolo
- Laboratory of Immunoinflammation, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tania Cristina Pithon-Curi
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Laureane Nunes Masi
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Rui Curi
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Immunobiological Production Section, Bioindustrial Center, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro Massao Hirabara
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Renata Gorjão
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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Ma G, Zhang Z, Li P, Zhang Z, Zeng M, Liang Z, Li D, Wang L, Chen Y, Liang Y, Niu H. Reprogramming of glutamine metabolism and its impact on immune response in the tumor microenvironment. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:114. [PMID: 35897036 PMCID: PMC9327201 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming and immune escape play a major role in tumorigenesis. Increasing number of studies have shown that reprogramming of glutamine metabolism is a putative determinant of the anti-tumor immune response in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Usually, the predatory uptake of glutamine by tumor cells in the TME results in the limited utilization of glutamine by immune cells and affects the anti-tumor immune response. The cell-programmed glutamine partitioning also affects the anti-tumor immune response. However, the reprogramming of glutamine metabolism in tumors modulates immune escape by regulating tumor PD-L1 expression. Likewise, the reprogramming of glutamine metabolism in the immune cells also affects their immune function. Additionally, different types of glutamine metabolism inhibitors extensively regulate the immune cells in the TME while suppressing tumor cell proliferation. Herein, we discuss how metabolic reprogramming of tumor and immune cells regulates anti-tumor immune responses, as well as functional changes in different immune cells in the context of targeting tumor glutamine metabolism, which can better explain the potential of targeting glutamine metabolism in combination with immunotherapy for cancer. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Ma
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zhilei Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Manqin Zeng
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zhijuan Liang
- Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yuanbin Chen
- Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Ye Liang
- Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Haitao Niu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China. .,Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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6
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Fresneda Alarcon M, McLaren Z, Wright HL. Neutrophils in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Same Foe Different M.O. Front Immunol 2021; 12:649693. [PMID: 33746988 PMCID: PMC7969658 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.649693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated neutrophil activation contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Neutrophil-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) and granule proteases are implicated in damage to and destruction of host tissues in both conditions (cartilage in RA, vascular tissue in SLE) and also in the pathogenic post-translational modification of DNA and proteins. Neutrophil-derived cytokines and chemokines regulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses in RA and SLE, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) expose nuclear neoepitopes (citrullinated proteins in RA, double-stranded DNA and nuclear proteins in SLE) to the immune system, initiating the production of auto-antibodies (ACPA in RA, anti-dsDNA and anti-acetylated/methylated histones in SLE). Neutrophil apoptosis is dysregulated in both conditions: in RA, delayed apoptosis within synovial joints contributes to chronic inflammation, immune cell recruitment and prolonged release of proteolytic enzymes, whereas in SLE enhanced apoptosis leads to increased apoptotic burden associated with development of anti-nuclear auto-antibodies. An unbalanced energy metabolism in SLE and RA neutrophils contributes to the pathology of both diseases; increased hypoxia and glycolysis in RA drives neutrophil activation and NET production, whereas decreased redox capacity increases ROS-mediated damage in SLE. Neutrophil low-density granulocytes (LDGs), present in high numbers in the blood of both RA and SLE patients, have opposing phenotypes contributing to clinical manifestations of each disease. In this review we will describe the complex and contrasting phenotype of neutrophils and LDGs in RA and SLE and discuss their discrete roles in the pathogenesis of each condition. We will also review our current understanding of transcriptomic and metabolomic regulation of neutrophil phenotype in RA and SLE and discuss opportunities for therapeutic targeting of neutrophil activation in inflammatory auto-immune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fresneda Alarcon
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe McLaren
- Liverpool University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Louise Wright
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Miyajima M. Amino acids: key sources for immunometabolites and immunotransmitters. Int Immunol 2020; 32:435-446. [PMID: 32383454 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-cell activation and functional plasticity are closely linked to metabolic reprogramming that is required to supply the energy and substrates for such dynamic transformations. During such processes, immune cells metabolize many kinds of molecules including nucleic acids, sugars and lipids, which is called immunometabolism. This review will mainly focus on amino acids and their derivatives among such metabolites and describe the functions of these molecules in the immune system. Although amino acids are essential for, and well known as, substrates for protein synthesis, they are also metabolized as energy sources and as substrates for functional catabolites. For example, glutamine is metabolized to produce energy through glutaminolysis and tryptophan is consumed to supply nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, whereas arginine is metabolized to produce nitric acid and polyamine by nitric oxide synthase and arginase, respectively. In addition, serine is catabolized to produce nucleotides and to induce methylation reactions. Furthermore, in addition to their intracellular functions, amino acids and their derivatives are secreted and have extracellular functions as immunotransmitters. Many amino acids and their derivatives have been classified as neurotransmitters and their functions are clear as transmitters between nerve cells, or between nerve cells and immune cells, functioning as immunotransmitters. Thus, this review will describe the intracellular and external functions of amino acid from the perspective of immunometabolism and immunotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Miyajima
- Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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High-intensity-exercise-induced intestinal damage is protected by fermented milk supplemented with whey protein, probiotic and pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). Br J Nutr 2019; 119:896-909. [PMID: 29644961 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518000594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we evaluated the effect of fermented milk supplemented with whey protein (approximately 80 % protein), probiotic (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB12) and pomegranate juice (Punica granatum L.) on the physical performance, intestinal motility and villi structure, inflammatory markers and intestinal microbiota of rats under high-intensity acute exercise. In all, twenty-four Wistar rats were separated into groups: control (Ctrl), supplemented (Supp), exercised (Exe) and exercised and supplemented (Exe+Supp). Rats in the Supp groups received fermented milk during 6 weeks by oral administration. At the end of the supplementation period, the Exe groups were submitted to high-intensity acute exercise on a treadmill. We found that intense acute exercise caused changes in the intestinal villi interspace, changes in the proportion of Lactobacillus species and an increase in Clostridium species, as well as a decrease in intestinal motility. Supplementation increased intestinal motility, and maintained the intestinal villi interspace and the natural microbiota proportions of the exercised rats. Physical performance was not improved by fermented milk supplementation. We conclude that the fermented milk containing whey protein, B. animalis (BB12) and pomegranate juice can re-establish intestinal microbiota and protect the animals from the undesirable effects of intense acute exercise.
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Silencing of Transcription Factor Sp1 Promotes SN1 Transporter Regulation by Ammonia in Mouse Cortical Astrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020234. [PMID: 30634395 PMCID: PMC6359076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of the astrocytic SN1 (SNAT3) transporter in ammonia-induced l-glutamine retention was recently documented in mouse-cultured astrocytes. Here we investigated the involvement of specificity protein 1 (Sp1) transcription factor in SN1 regulation in ammonium chloride (“ammonia”)-treated astrocytes. Sp1 expression and its cellular localization were determined using real-time qPCR, Western blot, and confocal microscopy. Sp1 binding to Snat3 promoter was analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation. The role of Sp1 in SN1 expression and SN1-mediated [3H]glutamine uptake in ammonia-treated astrocytes was verified using siRNA and mithramycin A. The involvement of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in Sp1 level/phosphorylation status was verified using siRNA technology. Sp1 translocation to the nuclei and its enhanced binding to the Snat3 promoter, along with Sp1 dependence of system N-mediated [3H]glutamine uptake, were observed in astrocytes upon ammonia exposure. Ammonia decreased the level of phosphorylated Sp1, and the effect was reinforced by long-term incubation with PKC modulator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, which is a treatment likely to dephosphorylate Sp1. Furthermore, silencing of the PKCδ isoform appears to enhance the ammonia effect on the Sp1 level. Collectively, the results demonstrate the regulatory role of Sp1 in regulation of SN1 expression and activity in ammonia-treated astrocytes and implicate altered Sp1 phosphorylation status in this capacity.
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Cruzat V, Macedo Rogero M, Noel Keane K, Curi R, Newsholme P. Glutamine: Metabolism and Immune Function, Supplementation and Clinical Translation. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111564. [PMID: 30360490 PMCID: PMC6266414 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 545] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine is the most abundant and versatile amino acid in the body. In health and disease, the rate of glutamine consumption by immune cells is similar or greater than glucose. For instance, in vitro and in vivo studies have determined that glutamine is an essential nutrient for lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production, macrophage phagocytic plus secretory activities, and neutrophil bacterial killing. Glutamine release to the circulation and availability is mainly controlled by key metabolic organs, such as the gut, liver, and skeletal muscles. During catabolic/hypercatabolic situations glutamine can become essential for metabolic function, but its availability may be compromised due to the impairment of homeostasis in the inter-tissue metabolism of amino acids. For this reason, glutamine is currently part of clinical nutrition supplementation protocols and/or recommended for immune suppressed individuals. However, in a wide range of catabolic/hypercatabolic situations (e.g., ill/critically ill, post-trauma, sepsis, exhausted athletes), it is currently difficult to determine whether glutamine supplementation (oral/enteral or parenteral) should be recommended based on the amino acid plasma/bloodstream concentration (also known as glutaminemia). Although the beneficial immune-based effects of glutamine supplementation are already established, many questions and evidence for positive in vivo outcomes still remain to be presented. Therefore, this paper provides an integrated review of how glutamine metabolism in key organs is important to cells of the immune system. We also discuss glutamine metabolism and action, and important issues related to the effects of glutamine supplementation in catabolic situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Cruzat
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia.
- Faculty of Health, Torrens University, Melbourne 3065, Australia.
| | - Marcelo Macedo Rogero
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo 715, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Kevin Noel Keane
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia.
| | - Rui Curi
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 01506-000, Brazil.
| | - Philip Newsholme
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia.
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11
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Cruzat V, Macedo Rogero M, Noel Keane K, Curi R, Newsholme P. Glutamine: Metabolism and Immune Function, Supplementation and Clinical Translation. Nutrients 2018. [PMID: 30360490 DOI: 10.20944/preprints201809.0459.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine is the most abundant and versatile amino acid in the body. In health and disease, the rate of glutamine consumption by immune cells is similar or greater than glucose. For instance, in vitro and in vivo studies have determined that glutamine is an essential nutrient for lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production, macrophage phagocytic plus secretory activities, and neutrophil bacterial killing. Glutamine release to the circulation and availability is mainly controlled by key metabolic organs, such as the gut, liver, and skeletal muscles. During catabolic/hypercatabolic situations glutamine can become essential for metabolic function, but its availability may be compromised due to the impairment of homeostasis in the inter-tissue metabolism of amino acids. For this reason, glutamine is currently part of clinical nutrition supplementation protocols and/or recommended for immune suppressed individuals. However, in a wide range of catabolic/hypercatabolic situations (e.g., ill/critically ill, post-trauma, sepsis, exhausted athletes), it is currently difficult to determine whether glutamine supplementation (oral/enteral or parenteral) should be recommended based on the amino acid plasma/bloodstream concentration (also known as glutaminemia). Although the beneficial immune-based effects of glutamine supplementation are already established, many questions and evidence for positive in vivo outcomes still remain to be presented. Therefore, this paper provides an integrated review of how glutamine metabolism in key organs is important to cells of the immune system. We also discuss glutamine metabolism and action, and important issues related to the effects of glutamine supplementation in catabolic situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Cruzat
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia. .,Faculty of Health, Torrens University, Melbourne 3065, Australia.
| | - Marcelo Macedo Rogero
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo 715, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Kevin Noel Keane
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia.
| | - Rui Curi
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 01506-000, Brazil.
| | - Philip Newsholme
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia.
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Dąbrowska K, Albrecht J, Zielińska M. Protein kinase C-mediated impairment of glutamine outward transport and SN1 transporter distribution by ammonia in mouse cortical astrocytes. Neurochem Int 2018; 118:225-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Marino LV, Pathan N, Meyer RW, Wright VJ, Habibi P. An in vitro model to consider the effect of 2 mM glutamine and KNK437 on endotoxin-stimulated release of heat shock protein 70 and inflammatory mediators. Nutrition 2015; 32:375-83. [PMID: 26706024 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glutamine has been shown to promote the release of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) both within experimental in vitro models of sepsis and in adults with septic shock. This study aimed to investigate the effects of 2 mM glutamine and an inhibitor of HSP70 (KNK437) on the release of HSP70 and inflammatory mediators in healthy adult volunteers. METHODS An in vitro whole blood endotoxin stimulation assay was used. RESULTS The addition of 2 mM glutamine significantly increased HSP70 levels over time (P < 0.05). HSP70 release had a positive correlation at 4 h with IL-1 β (r = 0.51, P = 0.03) and an inverse correlation with TNF-α (r = -0.56, P = 0.02) and IL-8 levels (r = -0.52, P = 0.03), and there were no significant correlations between HSP70 and IL6 or IL-10 or glutamine. Glutamine supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated the release of IL-10 at 4 h and IL-8 at 24 h, compared with conditions without glutamine. In endotoxin-stimulated blood there were no significant differences in the release of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1 β with glutamine supplementation at 4 and 24 h. However, glutamine supplementation (2 mM) appeared to attenuate the release of inflammatory mediators (IL-1 β, IL-6, TNF-α), although this effect was not statistically significant. The addition of KNK437, a HSP70 inhibitor, significantly diminished HSP70 release, which resulted in lower levels of inflammatory mediators (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Glutamine supplementation promotes HSP70 release in an experimental model of sepsis. After the addition of KNK437, the effects of glutamine on HSP70 and inflammatory mediator release appear to be lost, suggesting that HSP70 in part orchestrates the inflammatory mediator response to sepsis. The clinical implications require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise V Marino
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Nazima Pathan
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rosan W Meyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria J Wright
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Parviz Habibi
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Neves PRDS, Tenório TRDS, Lins TA, Muniz MTC, Pithon-Curi TC, Botero JP, Do Prado WL. Acute effects of high- and low-intensity exercise bouts on leukocyte counts. J Exerc Sci Fit 2015; 13:24-28. [PMID: 29541095 PMCID: PMC5812872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE It is widely accepted that physical exercise may bring about changes in the immune system. Even acute bouts of exercise can alter the number and function of leukocytes, but the degree of white blood cell trafficking depends on the intensity and duration of exercise. The aim of this study was to analyze the acute and short-term effects of exercise intensity on leukocyte counts and leukocyte subsets. METHODS Nine physically healthy, active young males (21.0 ± 1.9 years) underwent three experimental trials: high exercise intensity [80% peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak)], low exercise intensity (40% VO2peak), and the control condition (no exercise). Blood samples were collected prior to exercise, immediately after exercise, and 2 hours after exercise. Two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures was used to evaluate differences between the trials and the time-points, and to compare times within trials. RESULTS There was a greater increase in the leukocyte count after high-intensity exercise, compared to the control condition (p < 0.01) and low-intensity exercise (p < 0.01). This effect was still present 2 hours after passive recovery (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION When the same participants were submitted to different exercise intensities, the acute and short-term effects of exercise on white blood cells were intensity-dependent immediately after exercise (i.e., lymphocytosis and monocytosis) and 2 hours after passive recovery (i.e., neutrophilia).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tatiana Acioli Lins
- Post Graduate Program of Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Tânia Cristina Pithon-Curi
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, University of Cruzeiro do Sul, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Botero
- Department of Human Movement Science, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wagner Luiz Do Prado
- Post Graduate Program of Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Science, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Cruzat VF, Krause M, Newsholme P. Amino acid supplementation and impact on immune function in the context of exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2014; 11:61. [PMID: 25530736 PMCID: PMC4272512 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-014-0061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Moderate and chronic bouts of exercise may lead to positive metabolic, molecular, and morphological adaptations, improving health. Although exercise training stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), their overall intracellular concentration may not reach damaging levels due to enhancement of antioxidant responses. However, inadequate exercise training (i.e., single bout of high-intensity or excessive exercise) may result in oxidative stress, muscle fatigue and muscle injury. Moreover, during the recovery period, impaired immunity has been reported, for example; excessive-inflammation and compensatory immunosuppression. Nutritional supplements, sometimes referred to as immuno-nutrients, may be required to reduce immunosuppression and excessive inflammation. Herein, we discuss the action and the possible targets of key immuno-nutrients such as L-glutamine, L-arginine, branched chain amino acids (BCAA) and whey protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Fernandes Cruzat
- CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia Australia
| | - Maurício Krause
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Philip Newsholme
- CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia Australia
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Koo GH, Woo J, Kang S, Shin KO. Effects of Supplementation with BCAA and L-glutamine on Blood Fatigue Factors and Cytokines in Juvenile Athletes Submitted to Maximal Intensity Rowing Performance. J Phys Ther Sci 2014; 26:1241-6. [PMID: 25202189 PMCID: PMC4155228 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.26.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study was conducted to understand the impacts of BCAA (branched-chain
amino acid) and glutamine supplementation on the degree of blood fatigue factor
stimulation and cytokines along with performance of exercise at the maximal intensity.
[Subjects] Five male juvenile elite rowing athletes participated in this study as the
subjects; they took 3 tests and received placebo supplementation (PS), BCAA
supplementation (BS), and glutamine supplementation (GS). [Methods] The exercise applied
in the tests was 2,000 m of rowing at the maximal intensity using an indoor rowing
machine, and blood samples were collected 3 times, while resting, at the end of exercise,
and after 30 min of recovery, to analyze the blood fatigue factors (lactate, phosphorous,
ammonia, creatine kinase (CK)) and blood cytokines (IL (interleukin)-6, 8, 15). [Results]
The results of the analysis showed that the levels of blood phosphorous in the BS and GS
groups at the recovery stage were decreased significantly compared with at the end of
exercise, and the level of CK appeared lower in the GS group alone at recovery stage than
at the end of exercise. The level of blood IL-15 in the PS and BS groups appeared higher
at the end of exercise compared with the resting stage. [Conclusion] It seemed that
glutamine supplementation had a positive effect on the decrease in fatigue factor
stimulation at the recovery stage after maximal intensity exercise compared with
supplementation with the placebo or BCAA. Besides, pre-exercise glutamine supplementation
seemed to help enhance immune function and the defensive inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga Hee Koo
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education, College of Sports Science, Dong-A University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Woo
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education, College of Sports Science, Dong-A University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwhun Kang
- Department of Aero Physical Education, Republic of Korea Airforce Academy, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Ok Shin
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education, College of Sports Science, Dong-A University, Republic of Korea
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Lai CC, Liu WL, Chen CM. Glutamine attenuates acute lung injury caused by acid aspiration. Nutrients 2014; 6:3101-16. [PMID: 25100435 PMCID: PMC4145297 DOI: 10.3390/nu6083101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inadequate ventilator settings may cause overwhelming inflammatory responses associated with ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Here, we examined potential benefits of glutamine (GLN) on a two-hit model for VILI after acid aspiration-induced lung injury in rats. Rats were intratracheally challenged with hydrochloric acid as a first hit to induce lung inflammation, then randomly received intravenous GLN or lactated Ringer's solution (vehicle control) thirty min before different ventilator strategies. Rats were then randomized to receive mechanical ventilation as a second hit with a high tidal volume (TV) of 15 mL/kg and zero positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) or a low TV of 6 mL/kg with PEEP of 5 cm H2O. We evaluated lung oxygenation, inflammation, mechanics, and histology. After ventilator use for 4 h, high TV resulted in greater lung injury physiologic and biologic indices. Compared with vehicle treated rats, GLN administration attenuated lung injury, with improved oxygenation and static compliance, and decreased respiratory elastance, lung edema, extended lung destruction (lung injury scores and lung histology), neutrophil recruitment in the lung, and cytokine production. Thus, GLN administration improved the physiologic and biologic profiles of this experimental model of VILI based on the two-hit theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Lai
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying Dist., Tainan 73657 Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Lun Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying Dist., Tainan 73657 Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Ming Chen
- Department of Recreation and Health-Care Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan.
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Kim DS, Jue SS, Lee SY, Kim YS, Shin SY, Kim EC. Effects of glutamine on proliferation, migration, and differentiation of human dental pulp cells. J Endod 2014; 40:1087-94. [PMID: 25069913 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although glutamine (Gln) is mitogenic in various cell types, little is known about its role in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). This study investigated the effects of Gln on proliferation, migration, and odontoblastic differentiation of HDPCs and the underlying signal pathway mechanisms. METHODS Growth and migration were assessed by cell counting and colorimetric cell migration kits. Differentiation was measured as alkaline phosphatase activity, calcified nodule formation by alizarin red staining, and marker mRNA expression by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Chemokine expression was also evaluated by RT-PCR. Signal transduction pathways were examined by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. RESULTS Gln dose-dependently increased proliferation, migration, alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralized nodule formation, and odontoblast-marker mRNA of HDPCs. Gln also up-regulated expression of interleukin-6, interleukin-8, MCP-1, MIP-3α, CCL2, CCL20, and CXCL1. Gln increased BMP-2 and BMP-4 mRNA, phosphorylation of Smad 1/5/8, β-catenin, and key proteins of the Wnt signaling pathway. Furthermore, Gln resulted in up-regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. In addition, noggin, DKK1, inhibitors of p38, ERK, and JNK significantly attenuatted Gln-induced growth, migration, and odontoblastic differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, this study demonstrated that Gln promoted growth, migration, and differentiation in HDPCs through the BMP-2, Wnt, and MAPK pathways, leading to improved pulp repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duck-Su Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Suk Jue
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Youn Lee
- Department of Maxillofacial Tissue Regeneration and Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration (MRC), School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Suk Kim
- Department of Maxillofacial Tissue Regeneration and Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration (MRC), School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yun Shin
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Cheol Kim
- Department of Maxillofacial Tissue Regeneration and Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration (MRC), School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Peng CK, Huang KL, Wu CP, Li MH, Hu YT, Hsu CW, Tsai SH, Chu SJ. Glutamine protects ischemia-reperfusion induced acute lung injury in isolated rat lungs. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2010; 24:153-61. [PMID: 20688185 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine has been used to treat a number of diseases via modulating the inflammatory response. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether glutamine has a beneficial effect in ischemia-reperfusion (IR) induced acute lung injury in an isolated rat lung model. Typical acute lung injury in rats was successfully induced by 60 min of ischemia and 60 min of reperfusion. At the end of experiment, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), perfusate and lung tissues were collected to evaluate the degree of lung injury. Glutamine (20 mM) was administrated before ischemia or after ischemia. IR caused a significant increase in the capillary filtration coefficient; lung weight gain; lung weight to body weight ratio; wet to dry weight ratio; pulmonary arterial pressure; and protein concentration and lactate dehydrogenase level in BALF. Tumor necrosis factor-α and cytokine induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 in perfusate, and malondialdehyde levels, carbonyl content and myeloperoxidase activities in lung tissue were also significantly increased. In addition, the lung tissues showed increased septal thickness and neutrophil infiltration. Furthermore, NF-κB activity and degradation of IκB-α were significantly increased in the lungs. Treatment with glutamine before ischemia or after ischemia significantly decreased the increase in these parameters. Our study showed that glutamine treatment decreased IR-induced acute lung injury. The protective mechanism may be due to the inhibition of NF-κB activation and the attenuation of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Kan Peng
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Cruzat VF, Rogero MM, Tirapegui J. Effects of supplementation with free glutamine and the dipeptide alanyl-glutamine on parameters of muscle damage and inflammation in rats submitted to prolonged exercise. Cell Biochem Funct 2010; 28:24-30. [PMID: 19885855 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of the supplementation with the dipeptide L-alanyl-L-glutamine (DIP) and a solution containing L-glutamine and L-alanine on plasma levels markers of muscle damage and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and glutamine metabolism in rats submitted to prolonged exercise. Rats were submitted to sessions of swim training for 6 weeks. Twenty-one days prior to euthanasia, the animals were supplemented with DIP (n = 8) (1.5 g.kg(-1)), a solution of free L-glutamine (1 g.kg(-1)) and free L-alanine (0.61 g.kg(-1)) (G&A, n = 8) or water (control (CON), n = 8). Animals were killed at rest before (R), after prolonged exercise (PE-2 h of exercise). Plasma concentrations of glutamine, glutamate, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and activity of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and muscle concentrations of glutamine and glutamate were measured. The concentrations of plasma TNF-alpha, PGE2 and the activity of CK were lower in the G&A-R and DIP-R groups, compared to the CON-R. Glutamine in plasma (p < 0.04) and soleus muscle (p < 0.001) was higher in the DIP-R and G&A-R groups relative to the CON-R group. G&A-PE and DIP-PE groups exhibited lower concentrations of plasma PGE2 (p < 0.05) and TNF-alpha (p < 0.05), and higher concentrations of glutamine and glutamate in soleus (p < 0.001) and gastrocnemius muscles (p < 0.05) relative to the CON-PE group. We concluded that supplementation with free L-glutamine and the dipeptide LL-alanyl-LL-glutamine represents an effective source of glutamine, which may attenuate inflammation biomarkers after periods of training and plasma levels of CK and the inflammatory response induced by prolonged exercise.
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Perng WC, Huang KL, Li MH, Hsu CW, Tsai SH, Chu SJ, Chang DM. Glutamine attenuates hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury in mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2010; 37:56-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Effects of exercise on leukocyte death: prevention by hydrolyzed whey protein enriched with glutamine dipeptide. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 103:289-94. [PMID: 18320208 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-008-0702-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lagranha CJ, Levada-Pires AC, Sellitti DF, Procopio J, Curi R, Pithon-Curi TC. The effect of glutamine supplementation and physical exercise on neutrophil function. Amino Acids 2007; 34:337-46. [PMID: 17928941 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C J Lagranha
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Leandro CG, Castro RMD, Nascimento E, Pithon-Curi TC, Curi R. Mecanismos adaptativos do sistema imunológico em resposta ao treinamento físico. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922007000500012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O treinamento físico, de intensidade moderada, melhora os sistemas de defesa, enquanto que o treinamento intenso causa imunossupressão. Os mecanismos subjacentes estão associados à comunicação entre os sistemas nervoso, endócrino e imunológico, sugerindo vias autonômicas e modulação da resposta imune. Células do sistema imune, quando expostas a pequenas cargas de estresse, desenvolvem mecanismo de tolerância. Em muitos tecidos tem-se demonstrado que a resposta a situações agressivas parece ser atenuada pelo treinamento físico aplicado previamente, isto é, o treinamento induz tolerância para situações agressivas/estressantes. Nesta revisão são relatados estudos sugerindo os mecanismos adaptativos do sistema imunológico em resposta ao treinamento físico.
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Mühling J, Burchert D, Langefeld TW, Matejec R, Harbach H, Engel J, Wolff M, Welters ID, Fuchs M, Menges T, Krüll M, Hempelmann G. Pathways involved in alanyl-glutamine-induced changes in neutrophil amino- and α-keto acid homeostasis or immunocompetence. Amino Acids 2006; 33:511-24. [PMID: 17072790 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-006-0395-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of DON [glutamine-analogue and inhibitor of glutamine-requiring enzymes], alanyl-glutamine (regarding its role in neutrophil immunonutrition) and alanyl-glutamine combined with L-NAME, SNAP, DON, beta-alanine and DFMO on neutrophil amino and alpha-keto acid concentrations or important neutrophil immune functions in order to establish whether an inhibitor of *NO-synthase [L-NAME], an *NO donor [SNAP], an analogue of taurine and a taurine transport antagonist [beta-alanine], an inhibitor of ornithine-decarboxylase [DFMO] as well as DON could influence any of the alanyl-glutamine-induced effects. In summary, irrespective of which pharmacological, metabolism-inhibiting or receptor-mediated mechanisms were involved, our results showed that impairment of granulocytic glutamine uptake, modulation of intracellular glutamine metabolisation and/or de novo synthesis as well as a blockade of important glutamine-dependent metabolic processes may led to significant modifications of physiological and immunological functions of the affected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mühling
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Federal Republic of Germany.
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Curi R, Lagranha CJ, Doi SQ, Sellitti DF, Procopio J, Pithon-Curi TC, Corless M, Newsholme P. Molecular mechanisms of glutamine action. J Cell Physiol 2005; 204:392-401. [PMID: 15795900 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid in the body and is known to play a regulatory role in several cell specific processes including metabolism (e.g., oxidative fuel, gluconeogenic precursor, and lipogenic precursor), cell integrity (apoptosis, cell proliferation), protein synthesis, and degradation, contractile protein mass, redox potential, respiratory burst, insulin resistance, insulin secretion, and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. Glutamine has been shown to regulate the expression of many genes related to metabolism, signal transduction, cell defense and repair, and to activate intracellular signaling pathways. Thus, the function of glutamine goes beyond that of a simple metabolic fuel or protein precursor as previously assumed. In this review, we have attempted to identify some of the common mechanisms underlying the regulation of glutamine dependent cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Curi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Mühling J, Nickolaus KA, Halabi M, Fuchs M, Krüll M, Engel J, Wolff M, Matejec R, Langefeld TW, Welters ID, Menges T, Dehne MG, Sablotzki A, Hempelmann G. Alterations in neutrophil (PMN) free intracellular alpha-keto acid profiles and immune functions induced by L-alanyl-L-glutamine, arginine or taurine. Amino Acids 2005; 29:289-300. [PMID: 16027960 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-005-0223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 05/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the dose as well as duration of exposure-dependent effects of L-alanyl-L-glutamine, arginine or taurine on polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) free alpha-keto acid profiles and, in a parallel study, on PMN immune functions. Exogenous L-alanyl-L-glutamine significantly increased PMN alpha-ketoglutarate, pyruvate PMN superoxide anion (O2-) generation, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) formation and released myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Arginine also led to significant increases in alpha-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, MPO release and H2O2 generation. Formation of O2- on the other hand was decreased by arginine. Incubation with taurine resulted in lower intracellular pyruvate and alpha-ketobutyrate levels, decreased O2- and H2O2 formation and a concomitant significantly increased MPO activity. We therefore believe that considerable changes in PMN free-alpha-keto-acid profiles, induced for example by L-alanyl-L-glutamine, arginine or taurine, may be one of the determinants in cell nutrition that considerably modulates the immunological competence of PMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mühling
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Therapy, University Hospital, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
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Lagranha CJ, de Lima TM, Senna SM, Doi SQ, Curi R, Pithon-Curi TC. The effect of glutamine supplementation on the function of neutrophils from exercised rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2005; 23:101-7. [PMID: 15617036 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In a recent publication, we showed the protective effect of glutamine on neutrophil apoptosis induced by acute exercise. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of a single bout of intensive exercise on rat neutrophil function and the possible effect of glutamine supplementation. An aqueous solution of glutamine was given by gavage (1 g per kg b.w.), 1 h before the exercise session. The exercise was carried out on a treadmill for 1 h at 85% VO2máx.. Neutrophils were obtained by intraperitoneal lavage with PBS. The following parameters were evaluated: phagocytosis capacity, production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen metabolites, expression of iNOS, and expression of NADPH-oxidase components (p22phox, p47phox and gp91phox). One hour of exercise at 85% VO2max. induced no change in the phagocytosis capacity and reactive oxygen species production but decreased nitric oxide production. When rats received oral glutamine supplementation, the phagocytosis capacity was significantly increased, the decrease in nitric oxide production induced by exercise was abolished and production of reactive oxygen species was raised. Glutamine supplementation presents a significant effect on neutrophil function including changes induced by exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Jacques Lagranha
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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29
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Curi R, Lagranha CJ, Doi SQ, Sellitti DF, Procopio J, Pithon-Curi TC. Glutamine-dependent changes in gene expression and protein activity. Cell Biochem Funct 2005; 23:77-84. [PMID: 15386529 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The functions of glutamine are many and include, substrate for protein synthesis, anabolic precursor for muscle growth, acid-base balance in the kidney, substrate for ureogenesis in the liver, substrate for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis, an oxidative fuel for intestine and cells of the immune system, inter-organ nitrogen transport, precursor for neurotransmitter synthesis, precursor for nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis and precursor for glutathione production. In the present review information on the mechanism of glutamine action is presented. This amino acid has been shown to regulate the expression of several genes (such as p47phox, p22phox, gp91phox, alpha-actin and fibronectin) and activate several proteins (such as ASK1, c-myc, c-jun and p70s6k).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Curi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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30
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dos Santos MA, Borges JBR, de Almeida DCG, Curi R. Metabolism of the microregions of human breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2004; 216:243-8. [PMID: 15533600 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2004] [Revised: 03/31/2004] [Accepted: 04/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucose and glutamine metabolism of two microregions of human infiltrating ductile breast cancer, the center and the periphery, was studied and the results were compared with those of healthy mammary glands. In general, the activities of glycolytic enzymes and of phosphate-dependent glutaminase were as follows: center>periphery>mammary gland. Insulin caused a marked increase of glucose consumption and lactate production by incubated slices of mammary gland but had no effect on both microregions of the tumor. Therefore, human breast cancer presents metabolic microregions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alves dos Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508-900, Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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31
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Lagranha CJ, Senna SM, de Lima TM, Silva EPP, Doi SQ, Curi R, Pithon-Curi TC. Beneficial effect of glutamine on exercise-induced apoptosis of rat neutrophils. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36:210-7. [PMID: 14767242 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000113490.98089.b1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE The effect of a single bout of intensive exercise on apoptosis of rat neutrophils and the possible prevention by glutamine administration was examined. The experiments were performed in sexually immature and sexually mature male rats as to examine the possible involvement of sexual maturation in the effect of exercise. METHODS Exercise was carried out on a treadmill for 1 h before rats were killed by decapitation. Aqueous solution of glutamine was given by gavage (1 g.kg-1 body weight), 1 h before exercise. Neutrophils were obtained by intraperitoneal lavage with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 4 h after injection of oyster glycogen solution. The cells were then analyzed for apoptosis by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Pro- and antiapoptotic gene expression was evaluated by reverse transcriptase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Neutrophils obtained from immature and mature exercised rats showed an increase in DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and phosphatidylserine externalization. This suggests that all neutrophils suffered apoptosis. To study the possible mechanism involved, the production of reactive oxygen metabolites, expression of genes involved in apoptosis and mitochondrial transmembrane potential were examined. Acute exercise raised reactive oxygen metabolites production by neutrophils. Exercise did not change the expression of antiapoptotic (bcl-xL) and apoptotic (bax and bcl-xS) genes in neutrophils from immature rats but caused a significant increase of bax and bcl-xS expression and provoked a significant decrease of bcl-xL expression in cells from mature rats. Exercise also induced a marked loss of mitochondrial depolarization in neutrophils. Oral glutamine supplementation partially prevented the exercise-induced apoptosis in neutrophils from sexually immature and mature rats. CONCLUSION The protective effect of glutamine on neutrophil apoptosis induced by acute exercise possibly occurs by preservation of mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia J Lagranha
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1524, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Castell L, Vance C, Abbott R, Marquez J, Eggleton P. Granule Localization of Glutaminase in Human Neutrophils and the Consequence of Glutamine Utilization for Neutrophil Activity. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:13305-10. [PMID: 14722097 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309520200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The provision of glutamine in vivo has been observed to reduce to normal levels the neutrophilia observed after exhaustive exercise and to decrease the neutrophil chemoattractant, interleukin-8. Thus, the role for glutamine in the regulation of inflammatory mediators of human neutrophil activation was investigated. The study sought to establish whether glutamine supplementation in vitro affects neutrophil function at rest and whether glutaminase, the major enzyme that metabolizes glutamine, is present in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). During in vitro studies, the addition of 2 mm glutamine increased the respiratory burst of human PMN stimulated with both phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. These observations were made using a highly sensitive, real time chemiluminescent probe, Pholasin. Glutamine alone did not stimulate the release of reactive oxygen species. In a novel finding using glutaminase-specific antibodies in combination with flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, glutaminase was shown to be present on the surface of human PMN. Subcellular fractionation revealed that the enzyme was enriched in the secondary granules and could be released into cell culture medium upon stimulation with PMA. In conclusion, human PMN appeared to utilize glutamine and possess the appropriate glutaminase enzyme for metabolizing glutamine. This may depress some pro-inflammatory factors that occur during prolonged, exhaustive exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Castell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Marion R, Coëffier M, Leplingard A, Favennec L, Ducrotté P, Déchelotte P. Cytokine-stimulated nitric oxide production and inducible NO-synthase mRNA level in human intestinal cells: lack of modulation by glutamine. Clin Nutr 2003; 22:523-8. [PMID: 14613753 DOI: 10.1016/s0261-5614(03)00054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Excess NO production has been reported during intestinal inflammation. Modulation of the inflammatory response with nutrients in critically ill patients has gained increasing interest. Glutamine has beneficial effects on gut mucosa but its effects on human intestinal NO production during an inflammatory response are not known. METHODS Caco-2/TC7 and HCT-8 cells were stimulated with a cytokine mixture (IL-1 beta, TNF alpha, IFN gamma) and duodenal biopsies from human healthy volunteers in organ culture were stimulated with IL-1 beta. All cultures were performed in the presence of 2-10 mmol/l glutamine. NO release in culture supernatant and iNOS mRNA level in cultured cells or biopsies were assessed by nitrate reduction and Griess assay and RT-PCR, respectively. RESULTS In Caco-2, HCT-8 cells and duodenal biopsies, cytokine stimulation increased iNOS mRNA level 1.2-fold (ns), 3.8-fold (P=0.02), 4.7-fold (P=0.03) and NO production 1.4-fold (ns), 9.1 (P=0.01) and 1.7-fold (P=0.01), respectively. Increasing glutamine concentration had no significant effect on NO production and iNOS mRNA in any type of culture, stimulated or not by cytokines. In various models of human intestinal cells, glutamine does not further increase NO production induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Marion
- Appareil Digestif Environnement Nutrition (ADEN EA 3234), Institut Fédératif de Recherches Multidisciplinaires sur les Peptides (I.F.R.23), Rouen, France
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Pithon-Curi TC, Schumacher RI, Freitas JJS, Lagranha C, Newsholme P, Palanch AC, Doi SQ, Curi R. Glutamine delays spontaneous apoptosis in neutrophils. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2003; 284:C1355-61. [PMID: 12529242 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00224.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear, mitochondrial, and plasma membrane events associated with apoptosis were investigated in rat neutrophils cultivated for 3, 24, and 48 h in the absence or presence of glutamine (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mM). Condensation of chromatin was reduced after 24 or 48 h of culture in the presence of glutamine compared with its absence as assessed by Hoechst 33342 staining. The level of Escherichia coli phagocytosis in the presence of glutamine was markedly increased compared with the level achieved by cells cultured in the absence of glutamine. Annexin V binding to externalized phosphatidylserine was reduced in the presence of glutamine. Sensitive fluorochrome rhodamine 123, as determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and confocal microscopy, was used to monitor loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In the absence of glutamine, neutrophils exhibited a marked reduction in the uptake of rhodamine 123. In the presence of 1.0 or 2.0 mM glutamine, the uptake of rhodamine was 20 or 38% higher, respectively. Similar effect was found in human neutrophils by measuring DNA fragmentation and mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Therefore, glutamine protects from events associated with triggering and executing apoptosis in both rat and human neutrophils.
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