1
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Jia H, Wu L, Liu R, Li J, Liu L, Chen C, Li J, Zhang K, Liao J, Long Y. Penifuranone A: A Novel Alkaloid from the Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Penicillium crustosum SCNU-F0006. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5032. [PMID: 38732250 PMCID: PMC11084256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25095032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
One previously undescribed alkaloid, named penifuranone A (1), and three known compounds (2-4) were isolated from the mangrove endophytic fungus Penicillium crustosum SCNU-F0006. The structure of the new alkaloid (1) was elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic data analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Four natural isolates and one new synthetic derivative of penifuranone A, compound 1a, were screened for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Bioassays revealed that penifuranone A (1) exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity in vitro by inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 cells with an IC50 value of 42.2 μM. The docking study revealed that compound 1 exhibited an ideal fit within the active site of the murine inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), establishing characteristic hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuhua Long
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (H.J.); (L.W.); (R.L.); (J.L.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (J.L.); (K.Z.); (J.L.)
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2
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Breunig J, Valdes-Pena MA, Ratchford AW, Pierce JG. Total Synthesis and Microbiological Evaluation of Leopolic Acid A and Analogues. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2024; 4:95-99. [PMID: 38645927 PMCID: PMC11027124 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.3c00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
New antimicrobial scaffolds are scarce, and there is a great need for the development of novel therapeutics. In this study, we report a convergent 9-step synthesis of leopolic acid A and a series of targeted analogues. The designed compounds allowed for incorporation of non-natural ureido dipeptide moieties and 4- and 5-position substituents around the 2,3-pyrrolidinedione of leopolic acid A. Leopolic acid A displayed modest antimicrobial activity (32 μg/mL) against MRSA, while the most active analogues displayed slightly improved activity (8-16 μg/mL). Additionally, several of the leopolic acid A analogues displayed promising antibiofilm activity, most notably having an MBEC:MIC ratio of ∼1. Overall, this work represents an initial SAR of the natural product and a framework for further optimization of these bioactive scaffolds within the context of bioactive pyrrolidinediones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie
L. Breunig
- Department of Chemistry, Comparative
Medicine Institute, and Integrative Sciences Initiative, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - M. Alejandro Valdes-Pena
- Department of Chemistry, Comparative
Medicine Institute, and Integrative Sciences Initiative, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Andrew W. Ratchford
- Department of Chemistry, Comparative
Medicine Institute, and Integrative Sciences Initiative, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Joshua G. Pierce
- Department of Chemistry, Comparative
Medicine Institute, and Integrative Sciences Initiative, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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3
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Frolov NA, Seferyan MA, Valeev AB, Saverina EA, Detusheva EV, Vereshchagin AN. The Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Potential of New Water-Soluble Tris-Quaternary Ammonium Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10512. [PMID: 37445691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The invention and innovation of highly effective antimicrobials are always crucial tasks for medical and organic chemistry, especially at the current time, when there is a serious threat of shortages of effective antimicrobials following the pandemic. In the study presented in this article, we established a new approach to synthesizing three novel series of bioactive water-soluble tris-quaternary ammonium compounds using an optimized one-pot method, and we assessed their antimicrobial and antibiofilm potential. Five pathogenic microorganisms of the ESKAPE group, including highly resistant clinical isolates, were used as the test samples. Moreover, we highlighted the dependence of antibacterial activity from the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the QACs and noted the significant performance of the desired products on biofilms with MBEC as low as 16 mg/L against bacteria and 8 mg/L against fungi. Particularly notable was the high activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, which are among the most resilient bacteria known. The presented work will provide useful insights for future research on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita A Frolov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mary A Seferyan
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anvar B Valeev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Higher Chemical College of the Russian Academy of Sciences, D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Square 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeniya A Saverina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds and Biocomposites, Tula State University, Lenin Prospect. 92, 300012 Tula, Russia
| | - Elena V Detusheva
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279 Obolensk, Russia
| | - Anatoly N Vereshchagin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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4
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Seferyan MA, Saverina EA, Frolov NA, Detusheva EV, Kamanina OA, Arlyapov VA, Ostashevskaya II, Ananikov VP, Vereshchagin AN. Multicationic Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: A Framework for Combating Bacterial Resistance. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1206-1220. [PMID: 37161274 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
During previous stages of research, high biocidal activity toward microorganism archival strains has been used as the main indicator in the development of new antiseptic formulations. Although this factor remains one of the most important characteristics of biocide efficiency, the scale of antimicrobial resistance spread causes serious concern. Therefore, focus shifts toward the development of formulations with a stable effect even in the case of prolonged contact with pathogens. Here, we introduce an original isocyanuric acid alkylation method with the use of available alkyl dichlorides, which opened access to a wide panel of multi-QACs with alkyl chains of various lengths between the nitrogen atoms of triazine and pyridine cycles. We used a complex approach for the resulting series of 17 compounds, including their antibiofilm properties, bacterial tolerance development, and antimicrobial activity toward multiresistant pathogenic strains. As a result of these efforts, available compounds have shown higher levels of antibacterial activity against ESKAPE pathogens than widely used commercial QACs. Hit compounds possessed high activity toward clinical bacterial strains and have also demonstrated a long-term biocidal effect without significant development of microorganism tolerance. The overall results indicated a high level of antibacterial activity and the broad application prospects of multi-QACs based on isocyanuric acid against multiresistant bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Seferyan
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeniya A Saverina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Tula State University, Lenin pr. 92, 300012 Tula, Russia
| | - Nikita A Frolov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V Detusheva
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, 142279 Serpukhov, Moscow Region, Russia
| | | | | | - Irina I Ostashevskaya
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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5
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Jonkergouw C, Beyeh NK, Osmekhina E, Leskinen K, Taimoory SM, Fedorov D, Anaya-Plaza E, Kostiainen MA, Trant JF, Ras RHA, Saavalainen P, Linder MB. Repurposing host-guest chemistry to sequester virulence and eradicate biofilms in multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2141. [PMID: 37059703 PMCID: PMC10104825 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37749-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The limited diversity in targets of available antibiotic therapies has put tremendous pressure on the treatment of bacterial pathogens, where numerous resistance mechanisms that counteract their function are becoming increasingly prevalent. Here, we utilize an unconventional anti-virulence screen of host-guest interacting macrocycles, and identify a water-soluble synthetic macrocycle, Pillar[5]arene, that is non-bactericidal/bacteriostatic and has a mechanism of action that involves binding to both homoserine lactones and lipopolysaccharides, key virulence factors in Gram-negative pathogens. Pillar[5]arene is active against Top Priority carbapenem- and third/fourth-generation cephalosporin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, suppressing toxins and biofilms and increasing the penetration and efficacy of standard-of-care antibiotics in combined administrations. The binding of homoserine lactones and lipopolysaccharides also sequesters their direct effects as toxins on eukaryotic membranes, neutralizing key tools that promote bacterial colonization and impede immune defenses, both in vitro and in vivo. Pillar[5]arene evades both existing antibiotic resistance mechanisms, as well as the build-up of rapid tolerance/resistance. The versatility of macrocyclic host-guest chemistry provides ample strategies for tailored targeting of virulence in a wide range of Gram-negative infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Jonkergouw
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Ngong Kodiah Beyeh
- Oakland University, Department of Chemistry, 146 Library Drive, Rochester, MI, 48309-4479, USA
- Aalto University, School of Science, Department of Applied Physics, Puumiehenkuja 2, Espoo, Finland
| | - Ekaterina Osmekhina
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Katarzyna Leskinen
- University of Helsinki, Translational Immunology Research Program, Haartmaninkatu 8, 0014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Maryamdokht Taimoory
- University of Windsor, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dmitrii Fedorov
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Eduardo Anaya-Plaza
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - John F Trant
- University of Windsor, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Robin H A Ras
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
- Aalto University, School of Science, Department of Applied Physics, Puumiehenkuja 2, Espoo, Finland
| | - Päivi Saavalainen
- University of Helsinki, Translational Immunology Research Program, Haartmaninkatu 8, 0014, Helsinki, Finland.
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Markus B Linder
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland.
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6
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Saverina EA, Frolov NA, Kamanina OA, Arlyapov VA, Vereshchagin AN, Ananikov VP. From Antibacterial to Antibiofilm Targeting: An Emerging Paradigm Shift in the Development of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs). ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:394-422. [PMID: 36790073 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
In a previous development stage, mostly individual antibacterial activity was a target in the optimization of biologically active compounds and antiseptic agents. Although this targeting is still valuable, a new trend has appeared since the discovery of superhigh resistance of bacterial cells upon their aggregation into groups. Indeed, it is now well established that the great majority of pathogenic germs are found in the environment as surface-associated microbial communities called biofilms. The protective properties of biofilms and microbial resistance, even to high concentrations of biocides, cause many chronic infections in medical settings and lead to serious economic losses in various areas. A paradigm shift from individual bacterial targeting to also affecting more complex cellular frameworks is taking place and involves multiple strategies for combating biofilms with compounds that are effective at different stages of microbiome formation. Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) play a key role in many of these treatments and prophylactic techniques on the basis of both the use of individual antibacterial agents and combination technologies. In this review, we summarize the literature data on the effectiveness of using commercially available and newly synthesized QACs, as well as synergistic treatment techniques based on them. As an important focus, techniques for developing and applying antimicrobial coatings that prevent the formation of biofilms on various surfaces over time are discussed. The information analyzed in this review will be useful to researchers and engineers working in many fields, including the development of a new generation of applied materials; understanding biofilm surface growth; and conducting research in medical, pharmaceutical, and materials sciences. Although regular studies of antibacterial activity are still widely conducted, a promising new trend is also to evaluate antibiofilm activity in a comprehensive study in order to meet the current requirements for the development of highly needed practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya A Saverina
- Tula State University, Lenin pr. 92, 300012 Tula, Russia.,N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita A Frolov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Anatoly N Vereshchagin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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7
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Michaud ME, Allen RA, Morrison-Lewis KR, Sanchez CA, Minbiole KPC, Post SJ, Wuest WM. Quaternary Phosphonium Compound Unveiled as a Potent Disinfectant against Highly Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Isolates. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:2307-2314. [PMID: 36301313 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is classified as a highest threat pathogen, urgently necessitating novel antimicrobials that evade resistance to combat its spread. Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have afforded a valuable first line of defense against antimicrobial resistant pathogens as broad-spectrum amphiphilic disinfectant molecules. However, a paucity of innovation in this space has driven the emergence of QAC resistance. Through this work, we sought to identify next-generation disinfectant molecules with efficacy against highly resistant A. baumannii clinical isolates. We selected 12 best-in-class molecules from our previous investigations of quaternary ammonium and quaternary phosphonium compounds (QPCs) to test against a panel of 35 resistant A. baumannii clinical isolates. The results highlighted the efficacy of our next-generation compounds over leading commercial QACs, with our best-in-class QAC (2Pyr-11,11) and QPC (P6P-10,10) displaying improved activities with a few exceptions. Furthermore, we elucidated a correlation between colistin resistance and QAC resistance, wherein the only pan-resistant isolate of the panel, also harboring colistin resistance, exhibited resistance to all tested QACs. Notably, P6P-10,10 maintained efficacy against this strain with an IC90 of 3 μM. In addition, P6P-10,10 displayed minimum biofilm eradication concentrations as low as 32 μM against extensively drug resistant clinical isolates. Lastly, examining the development of disinfectant resistance and cross-resistance, we generated QAC-resistant A. baumannii mutants and observed the development of QAC cross-resistance. In contrast, neither disinfectant resistance nor cross-resistance was observed in A. baumannii under P6P-10,10 treatment. Taken together, the results of this work illustrate the need for novel disinfectant compounds to treat resistant pathogens, such as A. baumannii, and underscore the promise of QPCs, such as P6P-10,10, as viable next-generation disinfectant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina E Michaud
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ryan A Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | - Christian A Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Kevin P C Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Savannah J Post
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States.,Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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8
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Sommers KJ, Michaud ME, Hogue CE, Scharnow AM, Amoo LE, Petersen AA, Carden RG, Minbiole KPC, Wuest WM. Quaternary Phosphonium Compounds: An Examination of Non-Nitrogenous Cationic Amphiphiles That Evade Disinfectant Resistance. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:387-397. [PMID: 35077149 PMCID: PMC8996050 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) serve as mainstays in the formulation of disinfectants and antiseptics. However, an over-reliance and misuse of our limited QAC arsenal has driven the development and spread of resistance to these compounds, as well as co-resistance to common antibiotics. Extensive use of these compounds throughout the COVID-19 pandemic thus raises concern for the accelerated proliferation of antimicrobial resistance and demands for next-generation antimicrobials with divergent architectures that may evade resistance. To this end, we endeavored to expand beyond canonical ammonium scaffolds and examine quaternary phosphonium compounds (QPCs). Accordingly, a synthetic and biological investigation into a library of novel QPCs unveiled biscationic QPCs to be effective antimicrobial scaffolds with improved broad-spectrum activities compared to commercial QACs. Notably, a subset of these compounds was found to be less effective against a known QAC-resistant strain of MRSA. Bioinformatic analysis revealed the unique presence of a family of small multiresistant transporter proteins, hypothesized to enable efflux-mediated resistance to QACs and QPCs. Further investigation of this resistance mechanism through efflux-pump inhibition and membrane depolarization assays illustrated the superior ability of P6P-10,10 to perturb the cell membrane and exert the observed broad-spectrum potency compared to its commercial counterparts. Collectively, this work highlights the promise of biscationic phosphonium compounds as next-generation disinfectant molecules with potent bioactivities, thereby laying the foundation for future studies into the synthesis and biological investigation of this nascent antimicrobial class.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cody E. Hogue
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Amber M. Scharnow
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Lauren E. Amoo
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Ashley A. Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Robert G. Carden
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Kevin P. C. Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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9
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Rzycki M, Kraszewski S, Gładysiewicz-Kudrawiec M. Diptool-A Novel Numerical Tool for Membrane Interactions Analysis, Applying to Antimicrobial Detergents and Drug Delivery Aids. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6455. [PMID: 34771982 PMCID: PMC8585202 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The widespread problem of resistance development in bacteria has become a critical issue for modern medicine. To limit that phenomenon, many compounds have been extensively studied. Among them were derivatives of available drugs, but also alternative novel detergents such as Gemini surfactants. Over the last decade, they have been massively synthesized and studied to obtain the most effective antimicrobial agents, as well as the most selective aids for nanoparticles drug delivery. Various protocols and distinct bacterial strains used in Minimal Inhibitory Concentration experimental studies prevented performance benchmarking of different surfactant classes over these last years. Motivated by this limitation, we designed a theoretical methodology implemented in custom fast screening software to assess the surfactant activity on model lipid membranes. Experimentally based QSAR (quantitative structure-activity relationship) prediction delivered a set of parameters underlying the Diptool software engine for high-throughput agent-membrane interactions analysis. We validated our software by comparing score energy profiles with Gibbs free energy from the Adaptive Biasing Force approach on octenidine and chlorhexidine, popular antimicrobials. Results from Diptool can reflect the molecule behavior in the lipid membrane and correctly predict free energy of translocation much faster than classic molecular dynamics. This opens a new venue for searching novel classes of detergents with sharp biologic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Rzycki
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Sebastian Kraszewski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Marta Gładysiewicz-Kudrawiec
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
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10
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Xu Q, Hu X, Wang Y. Alternatives to Conventional Antibiotic Therapy: Potential Therapeutic Strategies of Combating Antimicrobial-Resistance and Biofilm-Related Infections. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 63:1103-1124. [PMID: 34309796 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00371-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics have been denoted as the orthodox therapeutic agents for fighting bacteria-related infections in clinical practices for decades. Nevertheless, overuse of antibiotics has led to the upsurge of species with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) or multi-drug resistance. Bacteria can also grow into the biofilm, which accounts for at least two-thirds of infections. Distinct gene expression and self-produced heterogeneous hydrated extracellular polymeric substance matrix architecture of biofilm contribute to their tolerance and externally manifest as antibiotic resistance. In this review, the difficulties in combating biofilm formation and AMR are introduced, and novel alternatives to antibiotics such as metal nanoparticles and quaternary ammonium compounds, chitosan and its derivatives, antimicrobial peptides, stimuli-responsive materials, phage therapy and other therapeutic strategies, from compounds to hydrogel, from inorganic to biological, are discussed. We expect to provide useful information for the readers who are seeking for solutions to the problem of AMR and biofilm-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunbing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Vereshchagin AN, Frolov NA, Egorova KS, Seitkalieva MM, Ananikov VP. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) and Ionic Liquids (ILs) as Biocides: From Simple Antiseptics to Tunable Antimicrobials. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6793. [PMID: 34202677 PMCID: PMC8268321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) belong to a well-known class of cationic biocides with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. They are used as essential components in surfactants, personal hygiene products, cosmetics, softeners, dyes, biological dyes, antiseptics, and disinfectants. Simple but varied in their structure, QACs are divided into several subclasses: Mono-, bis-, multi-, and poly-derivatives. Since the beginning of the 20th century, a significant amount of work has been dedicated to the advancement of this class of biocides. Thus, more than 700 articles on QACs were published only in 2020, according to the modern literature. The structural variability and diverse biological activity of ionic liquids (ILs) make them highly prospective for developing new types of biocides. QACs and ILs bear a common key element in the molecular structure-quaternary positively charged nitrogen atoms within a cyclic or acyclic structural framework. The state-of-the-art research level and paramount demand in modern society recall the rapid development of a new generation of tunable antimicrobials. This review focuses on the main QACs exhibiting antimicrobial and antifungal properties, commercial products based on QACs, and the latest discoveries in QACs and ILs connected with biocide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly N. Vereshchagin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.F.); (K.S.E.); (M.M.S.)
| | | | | | | | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.F.); (K.S.E.); (M.M.S.)
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12
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Mahoney AR, Safaee MM, Wuest WM, Furst AL. The silent pandemic: Emergent antibiotic resistances following the global response to SARS-CoV-2. iScience 2021; 24:102304. [PMID: 33748695 PMCID: PMC7955580 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted the importance of the rapid development of vaccines and antivirals. However, the potential for the emergence of antibiotic resistances due to the increased use of antibacterial cleaning products and therapeutics presents an additional, underreported threat. Most antibacterial cleaners contain simple quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs); however, these compounds are steadily becoming less effective as antibacterial agents. QACs are extensively used in SARS-CoV-2-related sanitization in clinical and household settings. Similarly, due to the danger of secondary infections, antibiotic therapeutics are increasingly used as a component of COVID-19 treatment regimens, even in the absence of a bacterial infection diagnosis. The increased use of antibacterial agents as cleaners and therapeutics is anticipated to lead to novel resistances in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Mahoney
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Dr, Atlanta, GA, USA 30322
| | - Mohammad Moein Safaee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Dr, Atlanta, GA, USA 30322
- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Dr, Atlanta, GA, USA 30322
| | - Ariel L. Furst
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139
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13
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Kaplan AR, Schrank CL, Wuest WM. An Efficient Synthesis of 3-Alkylpyridine Alkaloids Enables Their Biological Evaluation. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2487-2490. [PMID: 33755337 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
3-Alkylpyridine alkaloids (3-APAs) isolated from the arctic sponge Haliclona viscosa are a promising group of bioactive marine alkaloids. However, due to limited bioavailability, investigations of their bioactivity have been hampered. Additionally, synthesis of a common intermediate requires the use of protecting groups and harsh conditions. In this work, we developed a simple and concise two-step route to nine different natural and synthetic haliclocyclins. These compounds displayed modest antibiotic activity against several Gram-positive bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Kaplan
- Chemistry Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - William M Wuest
- Chemistry Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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14
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Sommers KJ, Bentley BS, Carden RG, Post SJ, Allen RA, Kontos RC, Black JW, Wuest WM, Minbiole KPC. Metallocene QACs: The Incorporation of Ferrocene Moieties into monoQAC and bisQAC Structures. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:467-471. [PMID: 33197298 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the incorporation of metallocene functionalities into a variety of bioactive structures, particularly antimicrobial peptides, we endeavored to broaden the structural variety of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) by the incorporation of the ferrocene moiety. Accordingly, 23 ferrocene-containing mono- and bisQACs were prepared in high yields and tested for activity against a variety of bacteria, including Gram-negative strains and a panel of clinically isolated MRSA strains. Ferrocene QACs were shown to be effective antiseptics with some displaying single-digit micromolar activity against all bacteria tested, demonstrating yet another step in the expansion of structural variety of antiseptic QACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Sommers
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Brian S Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Robert G Carden
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Savannah J Post
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ryan A Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Renee C Kontos
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Jacob W Black
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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15
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Carden RG, Sommers KJ, Schrank CL, Leitgeb AJ, Feliciano JA, Wuest WM, Minbiole KPC. Advancements in the Development of Non-Nitrogen-Based Amphiphilic Antiseptics to Overcome Pathogenic Bacterial Resistance. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1974-1984. [PMID: 32886856 PMCID: PMC8371456 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) as common disinfecting agents for the past century has led bacteria to develop resistance to such compounds. Given the alarming increase in resistant strains, new strategies are required to combat this rise in resistance. Recent efforts to probe and combat bacterial resistance have focused on studies of multiQACs. Relatively unexplored, however, have been changes to the primary atom bearing positive charge in these antiseptics. Here we review the current state of the field of both phosphonium and sulfonium amphiphilic antiseptics, both of which hold promise as novel means to address bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Carden
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Kyle J Sommers
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | | | - Austin J Leitgeb
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Javier A Feliciano
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kevin P C Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
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16
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Leitgeb AJ, Feliciano JA, Sanchez HA, Allen RA, Morrison KR, Sommers KJ, Carden RG, Wuest WM, Minbiole KPC. Further Investigations into Rigidity-Activity Relationships in BisQAC Amphiphilic Antiseptics. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:667-670. [PMID: 32022457 PMCID: PMC8322965 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-six biscationic quaternary ammonium compounds were efficiently synthesized in one step to examine the effect of molecular geometry of two-carbon linkers on antimicrobial activity. The synthesized compounds showed strong antimicrobial activity against a panel of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). While the linker geometry showed only a modest correlation with antimicrobial activity, several of the synthesized bisQACs are promising potential antiseptics due to good antimicrobial activity (MIC≤2 μM) and their higher therapeutic indices compared to previously reported QACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin J. Leitgeb
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085 (USA)
| | | | - Hugo A. Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085 (USA)
| | - Ryan A. Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085 (USA)
| | | | - Kyle J. Sommers
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322 (USA)
| | - Robert G. Carden
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085 (USA)
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322 (USA)
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17
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Pashirova TN, Sapunova AS, Lukashenko SS, Burilova EA, Lubina AP, Shaihutdinova ZM, Gerasimova TP, Kovalenko VI, Voloshina AD, Souto EB, Zakharova LY. Synthesis, structure-activity relationship and biological evaluation of tetracationic gemini Dabco-surfactants for transdermal liposomal formulations. Int J Pharm 2019; 575:118953. [PMID: 31843548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the relationship between structure, self-assembly behavior and antimicrobial activity of multicationic gemini surfactants and their successful use as stabilizers of a new liposomal formulation for transdermal drug delivery. New surfactants containing natural moiety 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane with four charges and two hydrophobic chains (n-Dabco-s-Dabco-n, where s = 2, 6, 12 and n = 12, 14, 16, 18) were synthesized. A linear dependence of the CMC decrease, with the increase of the number of carbon atoms in alkyl groups (slope 0.23) was shown. The aggregation numbers of n-Dabco-2-Dabco-n are smaller than 30 and they decrease with increasing alkyl chain length. This is in compliance with the larger surface area per n-Dabco-2-Dabco-n molecule. New liposomal formulations loading Rhodamine B phosphatidylcholine (with mean size about 100 nm and increased zeta potential from -7 ± 2 mV to +55 ± 2 mV) have been successfully stabilized by n-Dabco-s-Dabco-n surfactants. These formulations were designed to improve the bioavailability and skin permeation of loaded compound. The antibacterial activity of Dabco-surfactants was shown to be strongly affected by their structure (alkyl chain length and number of charged nitrogen). 12-Dabco-2-Dabco-12 was the most active (MIC = 0.48, 0.98 and 15.6 µg/mL against S. aureus, B. cereus and E. coli, respectively) without hemolytic activity at 3.1 µg/mL concentration. PC/14-Dabco-2-Dabco-14-liposomes were shown to be the best formulation, with the highest antibacterial activity against Sa (MIC = 7.8 μg‧mL-1) and lowest cytotoxicity (IC50 > 125). The modification of liposomes by Dabco-surfactants stabilizes the membrane of the vesicles, preventing the release of rhodamine B and impairing the penetration of the dye across Strat-M® membrane. Cellular uptake of rhodamine B-loaded PC/12-Dabco-2-Dabco-12-liposomes was also reported. This is the first example of cationic mixed liposomes containing Dabco-surfactants of potential interest for transdermal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Pashirova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov St., 8, Kazan 420088, Russia.
| | - A S Sapunova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov St., 8, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | - S S Lukashenko
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov St., 8, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | - E A Burilova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov St., 8, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | - A P Lubina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov St., 8, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | - Z M Shaihutdinova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov St., 8, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | - T P Gerasimova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov St., 8, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | - V I Kovalenko
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov St., 8, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | - A D Voloshina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov St., 8, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | - E B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Terchnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - L Ya Zakharova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov St., 8, Kazan 420088, Russia
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18
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Morrison KR, Allen RA, Minbiole KP, Wuest WM. More QACs, more questions: Recent advances in structure activity relationships and hurdles in understanding resistance mechanisms. Tetrahedron Lett 2019; 60:150935. [PMID: 32296251 PMCID: PMC7158862 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are a class of antimicrobials that have been around for over a century; nevertheless, they have found continued renewal in the structures to which they can be appended. Ranging from antimicrobial polymers to adding novel modes of action to existing antibiotics, QACs have found ongoing use due to their potent properties. However, resistance against QACs has begun to emerge, and the mechanism of resistance is still only partially understood. In this review, we aim to summarize the current state of the field and what is known about the mechanisms of resistance so that the QACs of the future can be designed to be evermore efficacious and utilized to unearth the remaining mysteries that surround bacteria's resistance to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R. Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Ryan A. Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Kevin P.C. Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Ave, Villanova, PA 19085, United States
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
- Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
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19
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van Hilst QVC, Vasdev RAS, Preston D, Findlay JA, Scottwell SØ, Giles GI, Brooks HJL, Crowley JD. Synthesis, Characterisation and Antimicrobial Studies of some 2,6‐
bis
(1,2,3‐Triazol‐4‐yl)Pyridine Ruthenium(II) “Click” Complexes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quinn V. C. van Hilst
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054
- Department of Pathology Dunedin School of MedicineUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology New Zealand
| | - Roan A. S. Vasdev
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology New Zealand
| | - Dan Preston
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
- Department of Pathology Dunedin School of MedicineUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology New Zealand
| | - James A. Findlay
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology New Zealand
| | - Synøve Ø. Scottwell
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054
- Department of Pathology Dunedin School of MedicineUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054
| | - Gregory I. Giles
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Heather J. L. Brooks
- Department of Pathology Dunedin School of MedicineUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054
| | - James D. Crowley
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology New Zealand
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20
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Liu F, He D, Yu Y, Cheng L, Zhang S. Quaternary Ammonium Salt-Based Cross-Linked Micelles to Combat Biofilm. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:541-546. [PMID: 30726061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to self-produced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), biofilms are hard to eradicate by common antimicrobials. Herein, a new quaternary ammonium salt based cross-linked micelle (QAS@CM) was created to combat biofilms. The QAS@CM adsorbed first onto the biofilm surface through multicharged interaction, then penetrated the EPS in the form of nanoparticles and diffused throughout the films. By responding to the biofilm acid/lipase microenvironment, these nanoparticles would further break into quaternary ammonium oligomers and act as the polyvalent inhibitors to effectively destroy the established biofilm and kill the corresponding bacteria within it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangqin Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, and College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , 29 Wangjiang Road , Chengdu 610064 , China
| | - Dengfeng He
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, and College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , 29 Wangjiang Road , Chengdu 610064 , China
| | - Yunlong Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, and College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , 29 Wangjiang Road , Chengdu 610064 , China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041 , China
| | - Shiyong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, and College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , 29 Wangjiang Road , Chengdu 610064 , China
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21
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Kontos RC, Schallenhammer SA, Bentley BS, Morrison KR, Feliciano JA, Tasca JA, Kaplan AR, Bezpalko MW, Kassel WS, Wuest WM, Minbiole KPC. An Investigation into Rigidity-Activity Relationships in BisQAC Amphiphilic Antiseptics. ChemMedChem 2018; 14:83-87. [PMID: 30358105 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-one mono- and biscationic quaternary ammonium amphiphiles (monoQACs and bisQACs) were rapidly prepared in order to investigate the effects of rigidity of a diamine core structure on antiseptic activity. As anticipated, the bioactivity against a panel of six bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains was strong for bisQAC structures, and is clearly correlated with the length of non-polar side chains. Modest advantages were noted for amide-containing side chains, as compared with straight-chained alkyl substituents. Surprisingly, antiseptics with more rigidly disposed side chains, such as those in DABCO-12,12, showed the highest level of antimicrobial activity, with single-digit MIC values or better against the entire bacterial panel, including sub-micromolar activity against an MRSA strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee C Kontos
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | | | - Brian S Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Kelly R Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Javier A Feliciano
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Julia A Tasca
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Anna R Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Mark W Bezpalko
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - W Scott Kassel
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kevin P C Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
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22
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Quaternary ammonium compounds with multiple cationic moieties (multiQACs) provide antimicrobial activity against Campylobacter jejuni. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Synthetic small molecules as anti-biofilm agents in the struggle against antibiotic resistance. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 161:154-178. [PMID: 30347328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation significantly contributes to microbial survival in hostile environments and it is currently considered a key virulence factor for pathogens responsible for serious chronic infections. In the last decade many efforts have been made to identify new agents able to modulate bacterial biofilm life cycle, and many compounds have shown interesting activities in inhibiting biofilm formation or in dispersing pre-formed biofilms. However, only a few of these compounds were tested using in vivo models for their clinical significance. Contrary to conventional antibiotics, most of the anti-biofilm compounds act as anti-virulence agents as they do not affect bacterial growth. In this review we selected the most relevant literature of the last decade, focusing on the development of synthetic small molecules able to prevent bacterial biofilm formation or to eradicate pre-existing biofilms of clinically relevant Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. In addition, we provide a comprehensive list of the possible targets to counteract biofilm formation and development, as well as a detailed discussion the advantages and disadvantages of the different current biofilm-targeting strategies.
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24
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Schallenhammer SA, Duggan SM, Morrison KR, Bentley BS, Wuest WM, Minbiole KPC. Hybrid BisQACs: Potent Biscationic Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Merging the Structures of Two Commercial Antiseptics. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1931-1934. [PMID: 29068517 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) are two of the most common household antiseptics, but show weaker efficacy against Gram-negative bacteria as well as against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, relative to other S. aureus strains. We prepared 28 novel quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) that represent a hybrid of these two structures, using 1- to 2-step synthetic sequences. The biscationic (bisQAC) species prepared show uniformly potent activity against six bacterial strains tested, with nine novel antiseptics displaying single-digit micromolar activity across the board. Effects of unequal chain lengths of two installed side chains had less impact than the overall number of side chain carbon atoms present, which was optimal at 22-25 carbons. This is further indication that simple refinements to multiQAC architectures can show improvement over current household antiseptics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kelly R Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Brian S Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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25
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Jennings MC, Forman ME, Duggan SM, Minbiole KPC, Wuest WM. Efflux Pumps Might Not Be the Major Drivers of QAC Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1573-1577. [PMID: 28510317 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are commonly used antiseptics that are now known to be subject to bacterial resistance. The prevalence and mechanisms of such resistance, however, remain underexplored. We investigated a variety of QACs, including those with multicationic structures (multiQACs), and the resistance displayed by a variety of Staphylococcus aureus strains with and without genes encoding efflux pumps, the purported main driver of bacterial resistance in MRSA. Through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)-, kinetic-, and efflux-based assays, we found that neither the qacR/qacA system present in S. aureus nor another efflux pump system is the main reason for bacterial resistance to QACs. Our findings suggest that membrane composition could be the predominant driver that allows CA-MRSA to withstand the assault of conventional QAC antiseptics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Jennings
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Megan E Forman
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 E Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Stephanie M Duggan
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 E Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Kevin P C Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 E Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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26
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Gallagher TM, Marafino JN, Wimbish BK, Volkers B, Fitzgerald G, McKenna K, Floyd J, Minahan NT, Walsh B, Thompson K, Bruno D, Paneru M, Djikeng S, Masters S, Haji S, Seifert K, Caran KL. Hydra amphiphiles: Using three heads and one tail to influence aggregate formation and to kill pathogenic bacteria. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017. [PMID: 28645045 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hydra amphiphiles mimic the morphology of the mythical multi-headed creatures for which they are named. Likewise, when faced with a pathogenic bacterium, some hydra derivatives are as destructive as their fabled counterparts were to their adversaries. This report focuses on eight new tricephalic (triple-headed), single-tailed amphiphiles. Each amphiphile has a mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene) core, two benzylic trimethylammonium groups and one dimethylalkylammonium group with a linear hydrophobe ranging from short (C8H17) to ultralong (C22H45). The logarithm of the critical aggregation concentration, log(CAC), decreases linearly with increasing tail length, but with a smaller dependence than that of ionic amphiphiles with fewer head groups. Tail length also affects antibacterial activity; amphiphiles with a linear 18 or 20 carbon atom hydrophobic chain are more effective at killing bacteria than those with shorter or longer chains. Comparison to a recently reported amphiphilic series with three heads and two tails allows for the development of an understanding of the relationship between number of tails and both colloidal and antibacterial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Gallagher
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - John N Marafino
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA; James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Brenden K Wimbish
- James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Brandi Volkers
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Gabriel Fitzgerald
- James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Kristin McKenna
- James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Jason Floyd
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Nicholas T Minahan
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Brenna Walsh
- James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Kirstie Thompson
- James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - David Bruno
- James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Monica Paneru
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Sybelle Djikeng
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Stephanie Masters
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Suma Haji
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Kyle Seifert
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Drive, MSC 7801, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA.
| | - Kevin L Caran
- James Madison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Carrier Drive, MSC 4501, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA.
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27
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Okano A, Isley NA, Boger DL. Total Syntheses of Vancomycin-Related Glycopeptide Antibiotics and Key Analogues. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11952-11993. [PMID: 28437097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A review of efforts that have provided total syntheses of vancomycin and related glycopeptide antibiotics, their agylcons, and key analogues is provided. It is a tribute to developments in organic chemistry and the field of organic synthesis that not only can molecules of this complexity be prepared today by total synthesis but such efforts can be extended to the preparation of previously inaccessible key analogues that contain deep-seated structural changes. With the increasing prevalence of acquired bacterial resistance to existing classes of antibiotics and with the emergence of vancomycin-resistant pathogens (VRSA and VRE), the studies pave the way for the examination of synthetic analogues rationally designed to not only overcome vancomycin resistance but provide the foundation for the development of even more powerful and durable antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Okano
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nicholas A Isley
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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28
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Ester- and amide-containing multiQACs: Exploring multicationic soft antimicrobial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2107-2112. [PMID: 28392192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are ubiquitous antiseptics whose chemical stability is both an aid to prolonged antibacterial activity and a liability to the environment. Soft antimicrobials, such as QACs designed to decompose in relatively short times, show the promise to kill bacteria effectively but not leave a lasting footprint. We have designed and prepared 40 soft QAC compounds based on both ester and amide linkages, in a systematic study of mono-, bis-, and tris-cationic QAC species. Antimicrobial activity, red blood cell lysis, and chemical stability were assessed. Antiseptic activity was strong against a panel of six bacteria including two MRSA strains, with low micromolar activity seen in many compounds; amide analogs showed superior activity over ester analogs, with one bisQAC displaying average MIC activity of ∼1μM. For a small subset of highly bioactive compounds, hydrolysis rates in pure water as well as buffers of pH =4, 7, and 10 were tracked by LCMS, and indicated good stability for amides while rapid hydrolysis was observed for all compounds in acidic conditions.
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29
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Al-Khalifa SE, Jennings MC, Wuest WM, Minbiole KPC. The Development of Next-Generation Pyridinium-Based multiQAC Antiseptics. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:280-283. [PMID: 28033453 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A series of 18 bis- and tris-pyridinium amphiphiles were prepared and tested for both antimicrobial activity and lytic capability, in comparison with the commercially available pyridinium antiseptic cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). Assessments were made against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including two methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. While 2Pyr-11,11 was identified as one of the most potent antimicrobial quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) reported to date, boasting nanomolar inhibition against five of six bacteria tested, no significant improvement in bioactivity of tris-pyridinium amphiphiles over their bis-pyridinium counterparts was observed. However, the multicationic QACs (multiQACs) presented herein did display significant advantages over the monocationic CPC; while similar red blood cell lysis was observed, superior activity against both Gram-negative bacteria and resistant S. aureus strains led to the discovery of four pyridinium-based multiQACs with advantageous therapeutic indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh E Al-Khalifa
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Megan C Jennings
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Kevin P C Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
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30
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Basak A, Abouelhassan Y, Huigens RW. Halogenated quinolines discovered through reductive amination with potent eradication activities against MRSA, MRSE and VRE biofilms. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 13:10290-4. [PMID: 26414088 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01883h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules capable of eradicating non-replicating bacterial biofilms are of great importance to human health as conventional antibiotics are ineffective against these surface-attached bacterial communities. Here, we report the discovery of several halogenated quinolines (HQs) identified through a reductive amination reaction that demonstrated potent eradication of MRSA (HQ-6; MBEC = 125 μM), MRSE (HQ-3; MBEC = 3.0 μM) and VRE (HQ-4, HQ-5 and HQ-6; MBEC = 1.0 μM) biofilms. HQs were evaluated using the Calgary Biofilm Device (CBD) and demonstrated near equipotent killing activities against planktonic and biofilm cells based on MBC and MBEC values. When tested against red blood cells, these HQ analogues demonstrated low haemolytic activity (3 to 21% at 200 μM) thus we conclude that these HQ analogues do not operate primarily through the destruction of bacterial membranes, typical of other biofilm-eradicating agents (i.e., antimicrobial peptides). HQ antibacterial agents are potent biofilm-eradicating compounds and could lead to useful treatments for biofilm-associated bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Basak
- Chemistry Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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31
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Forman ME, Jennings MC, Wuest WM, Minbiole KPC. Building a Better Quaternary Ammonium Compound (QAC): Branched Tetracationic Antiseptic Amphiphiles. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1401-5. [PMID: 27245743 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria contaminate surfaces in a wide variety of environments, causing severe problems across a number of industries. In a continuation of our campaign to develop novel antibacterial quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) as useful antiseptics, we have identified a starting material bearing four tertiary amines, enabling the rapid synthesis of several tris- and tetracationic QACs. Herein we report the synthesis and biological activity of a series of 24 multiQACs deemed the "superT" family, and an investigation of the role of cationic charge in antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity, as well as toxicity. This class represents the most potent series of QACs reported to date against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs) as low as 0.25 and 25 μm, respectively. Based on the significant cell-surface-charge differences between bacterial and eukaryotic cells, in certain cases we observed excellent efficacy-to-toxicity profiles, exceeding a 100-fold differential. This work further elucidates the chemical underpinnings of disinfectant efficacy versus toxicity based on cationic charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Forman
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 East Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Megan C Jennings
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Kevin P C Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 East Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA.
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32
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Minbiole KP, Jennings MC, Ator LE, Black JW, Grenier MC, LaDow JE, Caran KL, Seifert K, Wuest WM. From antimicrobial activity to mechanism of resistance: the multifaceted role of simple quaternary ammonium compounds in bacterial eradication. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Basak A, Abouelhassan Y, Norwood VM, Bai F, Nguyen MT, Jin S, Huigens RW. Synthetically Tuning the 2-Position of Halogenated Quinolines: Optimizing Antibacterial and Biofilm Eradication Activities via Alkylation and Reductive Amination Pathways. Chemistry 2016; 22:9181-9. [PMID: 27245927 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Agents capable of eradicating bacterial biofilms are of great importance to human health as biofilm-associated infections are tolerant to our current antibiotic therapies. We have recently discovered that halogenated quinoline (HQ) small molecules are: 1) capable of eradicating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) biofilms, and 2) synthetic tuning of the 2-position of the HQ scaffold has a significant impact on antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. Here, we report the chemical synthesis and biological evaluation of 39 HQ analogues that have a high degree of structural diversity at the 2-position. We identified diverse analogues that are alkylated and aminated at the 2-position of the HQ scaffold and demonstrate potent antibacterial (MIC≤0.39 μm) and biofilm eradication (MBEC 1.0-93.8 μm) activities against drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecium strains while demonstrating <5 % haemolysis activity against human red blood cells (RBCs) at 200 μm. In addition, these HQs demonstrated low cytotoxicity against HeLa cells. Halogenated quinolines are a promising class of antibiofilm agents against Gram-positive pathogens that could lead to useful treatments against persistent bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Basak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Yasmeen Abouelhassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Fang Bai
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Minh Thu Nguyen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Shouguang Jin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Robert W Huigens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA. .,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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34
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Garrison AT, Abouelhassan Y, Norwood VM, Kallifidas D, Bai F, Nguyen MT, Rolfe M, Burch GM, Jin S, Luesch H, Huigens RW. Structure-Activity Relationships of a Diverse Class of Halogenated Phenazines That Targets Persistent, Antibiotic-Tolerant Bacterial Biofilms and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3808-25. [PMID: 27018907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Persistent bacteria, including persister cells within surface-attached biofilms and slow-growing pathogens lead to chronic infections that are tolerant to antibiotics. Here, we describe the structure-activity relationships of a series of halogenated phenazines (HP) inspired by 2-bromo-1-hydroxyphenazine 1. Using multiple synthetic pathways, we probed diverse substitutions of the HP scaffold in the 2-, 4-, 7-, and 8-positions, providing critical information regarding their antibacterial and bacterial eradication profiles. Halogenated phenazine 14 proved to be the most potent biofilm-eradicating agent (≥99.9% persister cell killing) against MRSA (MBEC < 10 μM), MRSE (MBEC = 2.35 μM), and VRE (MBEC = 0.20 μM) biofilms while 11 and 12 demonstrated excellent antibacterial activity against M. tuberculosis (MIC = 3.13 μM). Unlike antimicrobial peptide mimics that eradicate biofilms through the general lysing of membranes, HPs do not lyse red blood cells. HPs are promising agents that effectively target persistent bacteria while demonstrating negligible toxicity against mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Garrison
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, and ⊥Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Yasmeen Abouelhassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, and ⊥Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, and ⊥Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Dimitris Kallifidas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, and ⊥Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Fang Bai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, and ⊥Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Minh Thu Nguyen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, and ⊥Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Melanie Rolfe
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, and ⊥Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Gena M Burch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, and ⊥Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Shouguang Jin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, and ⊥Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Hendrik Luesch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, and ⊥Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Robert W Huigens
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, and ⊥Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610
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35
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Forman ME, Fletcher MH, Jennings MC, Duggan SM, Minbiole KPC, Wuest WM. Structure-Resistance Relationships: Interrogating Antiseptic Resistance in Bacteria with Multicationic Quaternary Ammonium Dyes. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:958-62. [PMID: 27027389 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance toward commonly used biocides is a widespread yet underappreciated problem, one which needs not only a deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which resistance proliferates, but also means for mitigation. To advance our understanding of this issue, we recognized a polyaromatic structural core analogous to activators of QacR, a negative transcriptional regulator of the efflux pump QacA, and envisioned a series of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) based on this motif. Using commercially available dye scaffolds, we synthesized and evaluated the antimicrobial activity of 52 novel QACs bearing 1-3 quaternary ammonium centers. Striking differences in antimicrobial activity against bacteria bearing QAC resistance genes have been observed, with up to a 125-fold increase in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for select structures against bacteria known to bear efflux pumps. Based on these findings, general trends in structure-resistance relationships have been identified, laying the groundwork for future mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Forman
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 East Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Madison H Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Megan C Jennings
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Stephanie M Duggan
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 East Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Kevin P C Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 East Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA.
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
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