1
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Trivalent Polyhedra as Duals of Borane Deltahedra: From Molecular Endohedral Germanium Clusters to the Smallest Fullerenes. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020496. [PMID: 36677561 PMCID: PMC9865895 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The duals of the most spherical closo borane deltahedra having from 6 to 16 vertices form a series of homologous spherical trivalent polyhedra with even numbers of vertices from 8 to 28. This series of homologous polyhedra is found in endohedral clusters of the group 14 atoms such as the endohedral germanium cluster anions [M@Ge10]3- (M = Co, Fe) and [Ru@Ge12]3- The next members of this series have been predicted to be the lowest energy structures of the endohedral silicon clusters Cr@Si14 and M@Si16 (M = Zr, Hf). The largest members of this series correspond to the smallest fullerene polyhedra found in the endohedral fullerenes M@C28 (M = Zr, Hf, Th, U). The duals of the oblate (flattened) ellipsoidal deltahedra found in the dirhenaboranes Cp*2Re2Bn-2Hn-2 (Cp* = η5-Me5C5; 8 ≤ n ≤ 12) are prolate (elongated) trivalent polyhedra as exemplified experimentally by the germanium cluster [Co2@Ge16]4- containing an endohedral Co2 unit.
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2
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Huang Y, Xue Y, Muñoz‐Castro A, Popov IA, Sun Z. [Nb@Ge
13/14
]
3−
: New Family Members of Ge‐Based Intermetalloid Clusters. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202192. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya‐Shan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications School of Materials Science and Engineering Nankai University Tianjin 300350 P.R. China
| | - Yuan Xue
- Department of Chemistry The University of Akron Akron OH 44325–3601 USA
| | - Alvaro Muñoz‐Castro
- Facultad de Ingeniería Arquitectura y Diseño Universidad San Sebastián Bellavista 7 Santiago 8420524 Chile
| | - Ivan A. Popov
- Department of Chemistry The University of Akron Akron OH 44325–3601 USA
| | - Zhong‐Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications School of Materials Science and Engineering Nankai University Tianjin 300350 P.R. China
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3
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Klementyeva SV, Schrenk C, Schnepf A. Oxidation of [Ge 9{Si(SiMe 3) 3} 3] − with LnI 3 (Ln = Eu, Sm, Yb): Isomerism of Metalloid Germanium Clusters. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:11787-11795. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudio Schrenk
- Chemistry Department, University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Andreas Schnepf
- Chemistry Department, University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen Germany
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4
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Liu D, Xu S, Pei G, Xu J, Zhao X, Kong C, Yang Z, Yang T. Geometries, electronic structures, and bonding properties of endohedral Group-14 Zintl clusters TM@E 10 (TM = Fe, Co, Ni; E = Ge, Sn, Pb). J Comput Chem 2022; 43:828-838. [PMID: 35332548 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The geometries, electronic structures, and bonding properties of the title endohedral Zintl clusters have been studied by using ab initio calculations. [Fe@Ge10 ]4- and [Co@Ge10 ]3- have D5h -symmetric pentagonal prismatic structure and [Fe@Sn10 ]4- adopts the C2v -symmetric structure as their ground-state structures, whereas all the other clusters possess D4d bicapped square antiprismatic structures, in consistent with the experimental values when available. Natural bonding orbital and electron localization function disclosed that the negative charges are localized on the central atoms rather than the cages while the TME ionic bonding interactions increase in the order of Ge < Sn < Pb. The energy decomposition analysis revealed that the total bonding energy ∆Eint between central TM and E10 cage is above 150 kcal/mol. The ionic bonding interaction termed as electrostatic interaction ∆Eelstat increases in the order of Ge < Sn < Pb and becomes higher than the covalent bonding interactions termed as total orbital interactions ∆Eorb . Among the total orbital interactions, the π back donations from the TM-d orbitals to the empty cage orbitals consisting of E-p orbitals, the magnitude of which is importantly affected by the cage symmetry, are dominant contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Song Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gerui Pei
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianzhi Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xintian Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chuncai Kong
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhimao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Jiaotong University Suzhou Academy, Suzhou, China
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5
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Nguyen HT, Cuong NT, Lan NT, Tung NT, Nguyen MT, Tam NM. First-row transition metal doped germanium clusters Ge 16M: some remarkable superhalogens. RSC Adv 2022; 12:13487-13499. [PMID: 35527729 PMCID: PMC9068264 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08527a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A theoretical study of geometric and electronic structures, stability and magnetic properties of both neutral and anionic Ge16M0/− clusters with M being a first-row 3d transition metal atom, is performed using quantum chemical approaches. Both the isoelectronic Ge16Sc− anion and neutral Ge16Ti that have a perfect Frank–Kasper tetrahedral Td shape and an electron shell filled with 68 valence electrons, emerge as magic clusters with an enhanced thermodynamic stability. The latter can be rationalized by the simple Jellium model. Geometric distortions from the Frank–Kasper tetrahedron of Ge16M having more or less than 68 valence electrons can be understood by a Jahn–Teller effect. Remarkably, DFT calculations reveal that both neutral Ge16Sc and Ge16Cu can be considered as superhalogens as their electron affinities (≥3.6 eV) exceed the value of the halogen atoms and even that of icosahedral Al13. A detailed view of the magnetic behavior of Ge16M0/− clusters shows that the magnetic moments of the atomic metals remain large even when they are quenched upon doping. When M goes from Sc to Zn, the total spin magnetic moment of Ge16M0/− increases steadily and reaches the maximum value of 3 μB with M = Mn before decreasing towards the end of the first-row 3d block metals. Furthermore, the IR spectra of some tetrahedral Ge16M are also predicted. A theoretical study of geometric and electronic structures, stability and magnetic properties of both neutral and anionic Ge16M0/− clusters with M being a first-row 3d transition metal atom, is performed using quantum chemical approaches.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu Tho Nguyen
- Faculty of Natural Sciences Education, Sai Gon University 273 An Duong Vuong Street Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Ngo Tuan Cuong
- Center for Computational Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Ngo Thi Lan
- Institute of Materials Science and Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Hanoi Vietnam.,Institute of Science and Technology, TNU-University of Sciences Tan Thinh Ward Thai Nguyen City Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thanh Tung
- Institute of Materials Science and Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Minh Tho Nguyen
- Institute for Computational Science and Technology (ICST) Quang Trung Software City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Minh Tam
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam .,Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
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6
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Xu HL, Tkachenko NV, Szczepanik DW, Popov IA, Muñoz-Castro A, Boldyrev AI, Sun ZM. Symmetry collapse due to the presence of multiple local aromaticity in Ge 244. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2149. [PMID: 35444180 PMCID: PMC9021308 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29626-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the structural changes taking place during the assembly of single atoms leading to the formation of atomic clusters and bulk materials remains challenging. The isolation and theoretical characterization of medium-sized clusters can shed light on the processes that occur during the transition to a solid-state structure. In this work, we synthesize and isolate a continuous 24-atom cluster Ge244−, which is characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, showing an elongated structural characteristic. Theoretical analysis reveals that electron delocalization plays a vital role in the formation and stabilization of the prolate cluster. In contrast with carbon atoms, 4 s orbitals of Ge-atoms do not easily hybridize with 4p orbitals and s-type lone-pairs can be localized with high occupancy. Thus, there are not enough electrons to form a stable symmetrical fullerene-like structure such as C24 fullerene. Three aromatic units with two [Ge9] and one [Ge6] species, connected by classical 2c-2e Ge-Ge σ-bonds, are aligned together forming three independent shielding cones and eventually causing a collapse of the global symmetry of the Ge244− cluster. Gaining insight on the structural transformations from atomic clusters to bulk materials is challenging. Here the authors synthesize a continuous cluster of germanium Ge244−, which can be viewed as two terminal Ge9 units bridged via a Ge6 central fragment, and characterize it by several techniques including X-ray diffraction; theoretical analysis indicates the presence of three aligned independent aromatic fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Tianjin Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Nikolay V Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Dariusz W Szczepanik
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ivan A Popov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexander I Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Tianjin Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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7
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Huang YS, Chen D, Zhu J, Sun ZM. [(CrGe9)Cr2(CO)13]4−: A disubstituted case of ten-vertex closo cluster with spherical aromaticity. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Xu HL, Qiao L, Sun ZM. [Co 2@(Ge 17Ni)] 4-: the first edge-sharing double-cage endohedral germanide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3190-3193. [PMID: 35171154 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06038d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report here a new double-cage endohedral Ge cluster, [Co2@(Ge17Ni)]4-, fused through two [Co@(Ge9Ni)] moieties with a shared Ni-Ge edge. This ternary Co-Ge-Ni species not only represents the first double-cage example of an 18-vertex Zintl cluster, but also fills in the missing link of the edge fusion model in the double-cage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Tianjin Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials and Applications, School of Material Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Lei Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Tianjin Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials and Applications, School of Material Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Tianjin Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials and Applications, School of Material Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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9
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McGrady JE, Weigend F, Dehnen S. Electronic structure and bonding in endohedral Zintl clusters. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 51:628-649. [PMID: 34931207 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00775k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Endohedral Zintl clusters-multi-metallic anionic molecules in which a d-block or f-block metal atom is enclosed by p-block (semi)metal atoms-are very topical in contemporary inorganic chemistry. Not only do they provide insight into the embryonic states of intermetallic compounds and show promise in catalytic applications, they also shed light on the nature of chemical bonding between metal atoms. Over the past two decades, a plethora of endohedral Zintl clusters have been synthesized, revealing a fascinating diversity of molecular architectures. Many different perspectives on the bonding in them have emerged in the literature, sometimes complementary and sometimes conflicting, and there has been no concerted effort to classify the entire family based on a small number of unifying principles. A closer look, however, reveals distinct patterns in structure and bonding that reflect the extent to which valence electrons are shared between the endohedral atom and the cluster shell. We show that there is a much more uniform relationship between the total valence electron count and the structure and bonding patterns of these clusters than previously anticipated. All of the p-block (semi)metal shells can be placed on a ladder of total valence electron count that ranges between 4n+2 (closo deltahedra), 5n (closed, three-bonded polyhedra) and 6n (crown-like structures). Although some structural isomerism can occur for a given electron count, the presence of a central metal cation imposes a preference for rather regular and approximately spherical structures which maximise electrostatic interactions between the metal and the shell. In cases where the endohedral metal has relatively accessible valence electrons (from the d or f shells), it can also contribute its valence electrons to the total electron count of the cluster shell, raising the effective electron count and often altering the structural preferences. The electronic situation in any given cluster is considered from different perspectives, some more physical and some more chemical, in a way that highlights the important point that, in the end, they explain the same situation. This article provides a unifying perspective of bonding that captures the structural diversity across this diverse family of multimetallic clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E McGrady
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Florian Weigend
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Dehnen
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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10
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Tkachenko NV, Popov IA, Kulichenko M, Fedik N, Sun Z, Muñoz‐Castro A, Boldyrev AI. Bridging Aromatic/Antiaromatic Units: Recent Advances in Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity in Main‐Group and Transition‐Metal Clusters from Bonding and Magnetic Analyses. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V. Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill 84322-0300 Logan UT USA
| | - Ivan A. Popov
- Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory 87545 Los Alamos NM USA
| | - Maksim Kulichenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill 84322-0300 Logan UT USA
| | - Nikita Fedik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill 84322-0300 Logan UT USA
| | - Zhong‐Ming Sun
- Tianjin Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials and Applications State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry School of Materials Science and Engineering Nankai University 300350 Tianjin China
| | - Alvaro Muñoz‐Castro
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad Autonoma de Chile El Llano Subercaseaux 2801 Santiago Chile
| | - Alexander I. Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill 84322-0300 Logan UT USA
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11
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Wallach C, Selic Y, Witzel BJL, Klein W, Fässler TF. Filled trivacant icosahedra as building fragments in 17-atom endohedral germanides [ TM2@Ge 17] n- ( TM = Co, Ni). Dalton Trans 2021; 50:13671-13675. [PMID: 34570145 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03078g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses and the characterization of two 17-atom endohedral Ge clusters, [Co2@Ge17]6- (1a) and [Ni2@Ge17]4- (2a), are reported. The anions 1a and 2a, which close the gap between the known 16- and 18-atom Ge clusters, are investigated by single crystal X-ray diffraction and by quantum chemical calculations. The structures mark a new example on the pathway for cluster growth towards larger clusters with icosahedral symmetry. Furthermore, the [Co@Ge10]3- anion (3a) is obtained from liquid ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wallach
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - Yasmin Selic
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - Benedikt J L Witzel
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - Wilhelm Klein
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - Thomas F Fässler
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
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12
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Li AM, Wang Y, Zavalij PY, Chen YS, Muñoz-Castro A, Eichhorn BW. Contrasting Bonding Extremes in Two [Ge 6] n- Complexes: A Wadian Polyhedron ( n = 2) versus a Hydrocarbon-like 2c-2e Polygermanide ( n = 12). Inorg Chem 2021; 60:14697-14705. [PMID: 34555280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[Nb(η6-C6H3Me3)2] reacts with ethylenediamine (en) solutions of K4Ge9 in the presence of 18-crown-6 to give [(η6-C6H3Me3)NbHGe6]2- (1) and [(η6-C6H3Me3)NbGe6Nb(η6-C6H3Me3)]2- (2) as their corresponding [K(18-crown-6)]+ salts. The crystalline solids are dark brown, air-sensitive, and sparingly soluble or insoluble in most solvents. The [K(18-crown-6)]+ salts of cluster ions 1 and 2 have been characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, NMR studies, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and electrospray ionization time-of-flight (ESI-TOF) mass spectrometry studies. Cluster ions 1 and 2 have markedly different [Ge6] moieties: an electron-deficient carborane-like subunit in 1 and a two-center, two-electron cyclohexane-like subunit in 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Min Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Peter Y Zavalij
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- ChemMatCARS, Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Laboratorio de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Llano Subercaseaux 2801, San Miguel, Santiago Chile
| | - Bryan W Eichhorn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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13
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Preißing L, Behling E, Schnepf A. GeCl x[Co(CO) 3PR 3] 4-x (x = 0-3; R = nPr, nBu): from cobalt substituted germanes to novel binary cluster compounds. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:10789-10797. [PMID: 34286780 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02016a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a variety of cobalt substituted germanes of the composition GeClx[Co(CO)3PR3]4-x (x = 0-3; R = nPr, nBu) is presented, which can be obtained in average to good yields from a reaction of GeCl2·dioxane and Co2(CO)8 or KCo(CO)4 in the presence of the respective phosphine. Reductive coupling reactions with potassium/benzophenone lead to ligand scrambling while the reductive coupling with Mg/MgBr2 leads to the pseudo-cubic cluster compound Ge7Co(CO)3[Co(CO)3PnBu3]72, showing that the mixed substituted germanes are powerful precursors to this new class of cluster compounds. All compounds are structurally characterized and well observable via NMR and IR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Preißing
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Elias Behling
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Schnepf
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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14
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Schütz M, Gemel C, Klein W, Fischer RA, Fässler TF. Intermetallic phases meet intermetalloid clusters. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8496-8510. [PMID: 34114586 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00286d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this article intermetalloid clusters of Cu-Zn, Cu-AI, Cu-Sn, and Cu-Pb are discussed. Intermetallic compounds based on these metal combinations are of the Hume-Rothery type with well-defined structures related to the valence electron count of the involved metals. Many Zintl-type and molecular clusters with these metals are known with remarkable structural parallels to the respective solid-state phases. On several examples, this article discusses intermetalloid clusters in terms of their metal core structures and relates them to structural principles in intermetallic solid-state phases. Also the syntheses of such clusters are addressed. Zintl-type and molecular clusters are most generally accessible from organometallic precursor complexes with redox processes between the different metals as an underlying synthesis concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Schütz
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Gemel
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Wilhelm Klein
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Thomas F Fässler
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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15
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Xu YH, Tkachenko NV, Popov IA, Qiao L, Muñoz-Castro A, Boldyrev AI, Sun ZM. Ternary aromatic and anti-aromatic clusters derived from the hypho species [Sn 2Sb 5] 3. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4465. [PMID: 34294702 PMCID: PMC8298489 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24706-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterometallic clusters have attracted broad interests in the synthetic chemistry due to their various coordination modes and potential applications in heterogeneous catalysis. Here we report the synthesis, experimental, and theoretical characterizations of four ternary clusters ([M2(CO)6Sn2Sb5]3- (M = Cr, Mo), and [(MSn2Sb5)2]4-, (M = Cu, Ag)) in the process of capturing the hypho- [Sn2Sb5]3- in ethylenediamine (en) solution. We show that the coordination of the binary anion to transition-metal ions or fragments provides additional stabilization due to the formation of locally σ-aromatic units, producing a spherical aromatic shielding region in the cages. While in the case of [Mo2(CO)6Sn2Sb5]3- stabilization arises from locally σ-aromatic three-centre and five-centre two-electron bonds, aromatic islands in [(AgSn2Sb5)2]4- and [(CuSn2Sb5)2]4- render them globally antiaromatic. This work describes the coordination chemistry of the versatile building block [Sn2Sb5]3-, thus providing conceptual advances in the field of metal-metal bonding in clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-He Xu
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Nikolay V. Tkachenko
- grid.53857.3c0000 0001 2185 8768Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT USA
| | - Ivan A. Popov
- grid.148313.c0000 0004 0428 3079Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Lei Qiao
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- grid.441837.d0000 0001 0765 9762Grupo de Química Inorgánicay Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexander I. Boldyrev
- grid.53857.3c0000 0001 2185 8768Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT USA
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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16
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Morgan HWT, Csizi KS, Huang YS, Sun ZM, McGrady JE. Open Shells in Endohedral Clusters: Structure and Bonding in the [Fe 2@Ge 16] 4- Anion and Comparison to Isostructural [Co 2@Ge 16] 4. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4578-4588. [PMID: 34014678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The anionic cluster [Fe2@Ge16]4- has been characterized and shown to be isostructural to the known D2h-symmetric α isomer of the cobalt analogue [Co2@Ge16]4-. Together with the known pair of compounds [Co@Ge10]3- and [Fe@Ge10]3-, the title compound completes a set of four closely related germanium clusters that allow us to explore how the metal-metal and metal-cage interactions evolve as a function of size and of the identity of the metal. The results of spin-unrestricted density functional theory (DFT) and multiconfigurational self-consistent field (MC-SCF) calculations present a consistent picture of the electronic structure where transfer of electron density from the metal to the cage is significant, particularly in the Fe clusters where the exchange stabilization of unpaired spin density is an important driving force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry W T Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Katja-Sophia Csizi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Ya-Shan Huang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- Tianjin Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - John E McGrady
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
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17
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Wang Y, McGrady JE, Sun ZM. Solution-Based Group 14 Zintl Anions: New Frontiers and Discoveries. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1506-1516. [PMID: 33677965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusGroup 14 Zintl anions [Ex]q- (E = Si-Pb, x = 4, 5, 9, 10) are synthetically accessible, and their diverse chemical reactivity makes them valuable synthons in the construction of larger nanoclusters with remarkable structures, intriguing patterns of chemical bonding, and tunable physical and chemical properties. A plethora of novel cluster anions have now been isolated from the reactions of polyanionic [Ex]q- precursors with low-valent d-/f-block metal complexes, main-group organometallics, or organics in polar aprotic solvents. The range of products includes intermetalloid clusters with transition metal atom(s) embedded in main-group element cages, organometallic Zintl anions in which [Ex]q- acts as a ligand, intermetallic Zintl anions where [Ex]q- is bridged by ligand-free transition metal atom(s), organo-Zintl anions where [Ex]q- is functionalized with organic-group(s), and oligomers formed through oxidative coupling reactions. The synthesis and characterization of these unconventional complexes, where important contributions to stability come from ionic, covalent, and metal-metal bonds as well as weaker aurophilic and van der Waals interactions, extend the boundaries of coordination chemistry and solid-state chemistry. Substantial progress has been made in this field over the past two decades, but there are still many mysteries to unravel related to the cluster growth mechanism and the controllable synthesis of targeted clusters, along with the remarkable and diverse patterns of chemical bonding that present a substantial challenge to theory. In this Account, we hope to shed some light on the relationship between structure, electronic properties, and cluster growth by highlighting selected examples from our recent work on homoatomic deltahedral [Ex]q- anions, including (1) germanium-based Zintl clusters, such as the supertetrahedral intermetallic clusters [M6Ge16]4- (M = Zn, Cd) and the sandwich cluster {(Ge9)2[η6-Ge(PdPPh3)3]}4- with a heterometallic Ge@Pd3 interlayer; (2) tin-based intermetalloid clusters [Mx@Sny]q- and the application of [Co@Sn9]4- in bottom-up synthesis; and (3) lead clusters with precious metal cores, including the largest Zintl anion [Au12Pb44]8-. In addition to their intrinsic appeal from a structural and electronic perspective, these new cluster anions also show promise as precursors for the development of new materials with applications in heterogeneous catalysis, where we have recently reported the selective reduction of CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials and Applications, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - John E. McGrady
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- Tianjin Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials and Applications, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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18
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Eulenstein AR, Franzke YJ, Lichtenberger N, Wilson RJ, Deubner HL, Kraus F, Clérac R, Weigend F, Dehnen S. Substantial π-aromaticity in the anionic heavy-metal cluster [Th@Bi 12] 4. Nat Chem 2021; 13:149-155. [PMID: 33288891 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The concept of aromaticity was originally defined as a property of unsaturated, cyclic planar organic molecules like benzene, which gain stability by the inherent delocalization of 4n + 2 π-electrons over the ring atoms. Since then, π-aromaticity has been observed for a large variety of organic and inorganic non-metal compounds, yet, for molecules consisting only of metal atoms, it has remained restricted to systems with three to five atoms. Here, we present the straightforward synthesis of a metal 12-ring that exhibits 2π-aromaticity and has a ring current much stronger than that of benzene (6π) and equivalent to that of porphine (26π), despite these organic molecules having (much) larger numbers of π-electrons. Highly reducing reaction conditions allowed access to the heterometallic anion [Th@Bi12]4-, with interstitial Th4+ stabilizing a Bi128- moiety. Our results show that it is possible to design and generate substantial π-aromaticity in large metal rings, and we hope that such π-aromatic heavy-metal cycles will eventually find use in cluster-based reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin R Eulenstein
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Yannick J Franzke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Niels Lichtenberger
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Robert J Wilson
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - H Lars Deubner
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Florian Kraus
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rodolphe Clérac
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, Pessac, France
| | - Florian Weigend
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Dehnen
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany. .,Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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19
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Kulichenko M, Fedik N, Monfredini A, Muñoz-Castro A, Balestri D, Boldyrev AI, Maestri G. "Bottled" spiro-doubly aromatic trinuclear [Pd 2Ru] + complexes. Chem Sci 2020; 12:477-486. [PMID: 34163610 PMCID: PMC8178750 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04469e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Following an ongoing interest in the study of transition metal complexes with exotic bonding networks, we report herein the synthesis of a family of heterobimetallic triangular clusters involving Ru and Pd atoms. These are the first examples of trinuclear complexes combining these nuclei. Structural and bonding analyses revealed both analogies and unexpected differences for these [Pd2Ru]+ complexes compared to their parent [Pd3]+ peers. Noticeably, participation of the Ru atom in the π-aromaticity of the coordinated benzene ring makes the synthesized compound the second reported example of ‘bottled’ double aromaticity. This can also be referred to as spiroaromaticity due to the participation of Ru in two aromatic systems at a time. Moreover, the [Pd2Ru]+ kernel exhibits unprecedented orbital overlap of Ru dz2 AO and two Pd dxy or dx2−y2 AOs. The present findings reveal the possibility of synthesizing stable clusters with delocalized metal–metal bonding from the combination of non-adjacent elements of the periodic table which has not been reported previously. Synthesis of a triangular [Pd2Ru]+ complex with delocalized metal–metal bonding between non-adjacent elements of the periodic table, double aromaticity and overlap of d-AOs with different angular momentum.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Kulichenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University Logan UT 84322 USA
| | - Nikita Fedik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University Logan UT 84322 USA
| | - Anna Monfredini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autonoma de Chile El Llano Subercaseaux 2801 Santiago Chile
| | - Davide Balestri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Alexander I Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University Logan UT 84322 USA
| | - Giovanni Maestri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
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20
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Parida R, Ganguly S, Das G, Giri S. Density Functional Treatment on Alkylation of a Functionalized Deltahedral Zintl Cluster. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:7248-7258. [PMID: 32786962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c03254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) is one of the popular methods to understand the electronic structure of molecular systems based on electronic density. On the basis of this theory, several conceptual DFT descriptors have been developed which can deal with the stability, reactivity, and several other physicochemical properties of molecules. Here, we have taken a nine-atom-functionalized deltahedral Zintl cluster of germanium (Ge) to examine the alkylation reaction mechanism. The study showed that the Zintl cluster having a methyl group as a ligand, [Ge9(CH3)3-], acts as a better nucleophile than the cyanide (-CN)-substituted cluster [Ge9(CN)3-] in terms of different thermodynamic parameters like free energy, enthalpy of activation, reaction energy, etc. A detailed reaction electronic flux analysis reveals the nature of the electronic activity throughout the reaction pathway. The reaction force, Wiberg bond indices, and dual descriptor lend additional support to the reaction mechanism. It has been found that the alkylation reaction between the Zintl ion and the alkyl halide follows a SN2-like mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Parida
- School of Applied Sciences and Humanities, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia 721657, India.,Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela 769008, India
| | - Sudipta Ganguly
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela 769008, India
| | - Gora Das
- School of Applied Sciences and Humanities, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia 721657, India
| | - Santanab Giri
- School of Applied Sciences and Humanities, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia 721657, India
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qiuying Du
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Si Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Center for Informatics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NH-91, Tehsil Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar 201314, U. P., India
- Dr. Vijay Kumar Foundation, 1969 Sector 4, Gurgaon 122001, Haryana, India
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22
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Qiao L, Zhang C, Shu CC, Morgan HWT, McGrady JE, Sun ZM. [Cu4@E18]4– (E = Sn, Pb): Fused Derivatives of Endohedral Stannaspherene and Plumbaspherene. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13288-13293. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiao
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Cong-Cong Shu
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Harry W. T. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - John E. McGrady
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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23
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Interplay Between Planar and Spherical Aromaticity: Shielding Cone Behavior in Dual Planar‐Planar, Planar‐Spherical and Spherical‐Spherical Aromatics. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1384-1387. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Li A, Wang Y, Downing DO, Chen F, Zavalij P, Muñoz‐Castro A, Eichhorn BW. Endohedral Plumbaspherenes of the Group 9 Metals: Synthesis, Structure and Properties of the [M@Pb
12
]
3−
(M=Co, Rh, Ir) Ions. Chemistry 2020; 26:5824-5833. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ai‐Min Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Domonique O. Downing
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Fu Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Peter Zavalij
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Alvaro Muñoz‐Castro
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad Autonoma de Chile El Llano Subercaseaux 2801 Santiago Chile
| | - Bryan W. Eichhorn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
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25
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Pham HT, Dang CTP, Trung NT, Ngan VT. Transformation between Hexagonal Prism and Antiprism of the Singly and Doubly Cr-Doped Ge 12 Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:10721-10729. [PMID: 31756105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b08052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Structural transformation is a unique characteristic of atomic clusters, but it turns out very different from cluster to cluster. This theoretical study proves that the isomeric transformation between hexagonal prism and hexagonal antiprism is found for the doubly doped Cr2Ge12 cluster but not for singly doped CrGe12 cluster. We confirm that the ground state of CrGe12 is the distorted hexagonal prism C2h at the 3Bg triplet state instead of various shapes predicted in the previous studies. Upon comparison between the estimation at the B3P86/6-311+G(d) level of theory and the detachment energies measured by photoelectron spectroscopy, hexagonal antiprismatic shape is identified as the most stable isomer of the Cr2Ge12 cluster and it is easy to transform to the hexagonal prism-a less stable isomer by the rotation of the hexagonal rings. That is the first evidence for the structural transformation between a hexagonal prism and an antiprism of the germanium clusters, referring to the ability of Ge-based clusters in the formation of tubular geometry by doping Cr atoms. All the low-energy isomers of both Cr-doped germanium clusters have high magnetic moments. Interestingly, there is a tuning in magnetic properties of Cr2Ge12 from the ferromagnetism of the lowest-lying hexagonal antiprism to the ferrimagnetism of the higher-energy hexagonal prism. The stronger Cr-Cr bond and stronger interaction between the Cr2 moiety and the antiprism cage are accounted for by the higher stability of the hexagonal antiprismatic isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Tan Pham
- Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Cam-Tu Phan Dang
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Modelling (LCCM), Department of Chemistry , Quy Nhon University , 170 An Duong Vuong , Quy Nhon City , Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Tien Trung
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Modelling (LCCM), Department of Chemistry , Quy Nhon University , 170 An Duong Vuong , Quy Nhon City , Vietnam
| | - Vu Thi Ngan
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Modelling (LCCM), Department of Chemistry , Quy Nhon University , 170 An Duong Vuong , Quy Nhon City , Vietnam
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26
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27
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Wilson RJ, Lichtenberger N, Weinert B, Dehnen S. Intermetalloid and Heterometallic Clusters Combining p-Block (Semi)Metals with d- or f-Block Metals. Chem Rev 2019; 119:8506-8554. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Wilson
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Niels Lichtenberger
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Weinert
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dehnen
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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28
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Liu C, Tkachenko NV, Popov IA, Fedik N, Min X, Xu C, Li J, McGrady JE, Boldyrev AI, Sun Z. Structure and Bonding in [Sb@In
8
Sb
12
]
3−
and [Sb@In
8
Sb
12
]
5−. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8367-8371. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications Centre for Rare earth and inorganic functional materials Nankai University Tianjin 300350 China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 Hunan P. R. China
| | - Nikolay V. Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300, Old Main Hill Logan Utah 84322-0300 USA
| | - Ivan A. Popov
- Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA
| | - Nikita Fedik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300, Old Main Hill Logan Utah 84322-0300 USA
| | - Xue Min
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun Jilin 130022 China
| | - Cong‐Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - John E. McGrady
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Alexander I. Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300, Old Main Hill Logan Utah 84322-0300 USA
| | - Zhong‐Ming Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications Centre for Rare earth and inorganic functional materials Nankai University Tianjin 300350 China
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun Jilin 130022 China
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29
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Liu C, Tkachenko NV, Popov IA, Fedik N, Min X, Xu C, Li J, McGrady JE, Boldyrev AI, Sun Z. Structure and Bonding in [Sb@In
8
Sb
12
]
3−
and [Sb@In
8
Sb
12
]
5−. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications Centre for Rare earth and inorganic functional materials Nankai University Tianjin 300350 China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 Hunan P. R. China
| | - Nikolay V. Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300, Old Main Hill Logan Utah 84322-0300 USA
| | - Ivan A. Popov
- Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA
| | - Nikita Fedik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300, Old Main Hill Logan Utah 84322-0300 USA
| | - Xue Min
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun Jilin 130022 China
| | - Cong‐Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - John E. McGrady
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Alexander I. Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300, Old Main Hill Logan Utah 84322-0300 USA
| | - Zhong‐Ming Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications Centre for Rare earth and inorganic functional materials Nankai University Tianjin 300350 China
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun Jilin 130022 China
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30
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Liu C, Jin X, Li LJ, Xu J, McGrady JE, Sun ZM. Synthesis and structure of a family of rhodium polystannide clusters [Rh@Sn 10] 3-, [Rh@Sn 12] 3-, [Rh 2@Sn 17] 6- and the first triply-fused stannide, [Rh 3@Sn 24] 5. Chem Sci 2019; 10:4394-4401. [PMID: 31057766 PMCID: PMC6472436 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03948h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Through relatively subtle changes in reaction conditions, we have been able to isolate four distinct Rh/Sn cluster compounds, [Rh@Sn10]3-, [Rh@Sn12]3-, [Rh2@Sn17]6- and [Rh3@Sn24]5-, from the reaction of K4Sn9 with [(COE)2Rh(μ-Cl)]2(COE = cyclooctene). The last of these has a hitherto unknown molecular topology, an edge-fused polyhedron containing three Rh@Sn10 subunits, and represents the largest endohedral Group 14 Zintl cluster yet to have been isolated from solution. DFT has been used to place these new species in the context of known cluster chemistry. ESI-MS experiments on the reaction mixtures reveal the ubiquitous presence of {RhSn8} fragments that may play a role in cluster growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & National Institute for Advanced Materials , Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications , Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials , State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China . ; http://zhongmingsun.weebly.com
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 5625 Renmin Street , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , China .
| | - Xiao Jin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , South Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3QR , UK .
| | - Lei-Jiao Li
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering , Changchun University of Science & Technology , Changchun 130022 , China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & National Institute for Advanced Materials , Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications , Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials , State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China . ; http://zhongmingsun.weebly.com
| | - John E McGrady
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , South Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3QR , UK .
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & National Institute for Advanced Materials , Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications , Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials , State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China . ; http://zhongmingsun.weebly.com
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 5625 Renmin Street , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , China .
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Zhang C, Morgan HWT, Wang ZC, Liu C, Sun ZM, McGrady JE. Structural isomerism in the [(Ni@Sn9)In(Ni@Sn9)]5− Zintl ion. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:15888-15895. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03008e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A new Zintl cluster, [(Ni@Sn9)In(Ni@Sn9)]5−, has been isolated in two distinct isomeric forms, one where both Ni@Sn9 units are coordinated to the bridging indium atom in an η3- mode, the other where one is η3- and the other η4-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300350
| | | | - Zi-Chuan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300350
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Central South University
- Changsha
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300350
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Wilson RJ, Hastreiter F, Reiter K, Büschelberger P, Wolf R, Gschwind RM, Weigend F, Dehnen S. [Co@Sn
6
Sb
6
]
3−
: Ein endohedraler 12‐Atom‐Cluster mit einem nicht‐zentrierten inneren Atom. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Wilson
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für MaterialwissenschaftenPhilipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Deutschland
| | - Florian Hastreiter
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Kevin Reiter
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Philipp Büschelberger
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Robert Wolf
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Ruth M. Gschwind
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Florian Weigend
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Stefanie Dehnen
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für MaterialwissenschaftenPhilipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Deutschland
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34
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Wilson RJ, Weinert B, Dehnen S. Recent developments in Zintl cluster chemistry. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:14861-14869. [PMID: 30239543 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03174f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zintl anions have been known for more than a century and were studied systematically by Eduard Zintl in the 1930s. Since then, they have been investigated for their interesting structures, bonding, and physical properties - in solid Zintl phases, in solvate salts, and in solution. While their popularity remained limited for several decades, Zintl ion chemistry has recently experienced a renaissance as a result of breakthroughs regarding their modifications into multinary anions that include transition metal atoms, their organic derivatization, and their oxidative linkage. A plethora of reports from the past two decades - demonstrating the ever growing variety of Zintl ion chemistry - have been since summarized in several review articles. Herein, we intend to present the most recent developments, which also shed light on Zintl anions and clusters as useful precursors for materials development, as illustrated by one recent example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Wilson
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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35
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Wilson RJ, Hastreiter F, Reiter K, Büschelberger P, Wolf R, Gschwind RM, Weigend F, Dehnen S. [Co@Sn 6 Sb 6 ] 3- : An Off-Center Endohedral 12-Vertex Cluster. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15359-15363. [PMID: 30270504 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We report on the asymmetric occupation of a 12-vertex cluster centered by a single metal atom. Three salts of related intermetalloid cluster anions, [Co@Sn6 Sb6 ]3- (1), [Co2 @Sn5 Sb7 ]3- (2), and [Ni2 @Sn7 Sb5 ]3- (3) were synthesized, which have pseudo-C4v -symmetric or pseudo-D4h -symmetric 12-vertex Sn/Sb shells and interstitial Co- ions or Ni atoms. Anion 1 is a very unusual single-metal-"centered" 12-atom cluster, with the inner atom being clearly offset from the cluster center for energetic reasons. Quantum chemistry served to assign atom types to the atomic positions and relative stabilities of this cluster type. The studies indicate that the structures are strictly controlled by the total valence electron count-which is particularly variable in ternary intermetalloid cluster anions. Preliminary 119 Sn NMR studies in solution, supported by quantum-chemical calculations of the shifts, illustrate the complexity regarding Sn:Sb distributions of such ternary systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Wilson
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Florian Hastreiter
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Reiter
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Philipp Büschelberger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert Wolf
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ruth M Gschwind
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florian Weigend
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dehnen
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043, Marburg, Germany
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Liu C, Li LJ, Popov IA, Wilson RJ, Xu CQ, Li J, Boldyrev AI, Sun ZM. Symmetry Reduction upon Size Mismatch: The Non-Icosahedral Intermetalloid Cluster [Co@Ge12
]3−. CHINESE J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201800434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Center of Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials; Nankai University; Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Lei-Jiao Li
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering; Changchun University of Science & Technology; Changchun, Jilin 130022 China
| | - Ivan A. Popov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Utah State University; 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan Utah 84322-0300 USA
| | - Robert J. Wilson
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW); Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein- Straße, 35043, Marburg Germany
| | - Cong-Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Alexander I. Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Utah State University; 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan Utah 84322-0300 USA
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Center of Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials; Nankai University; Tianjin 300350 China
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Jiao Li
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering; Changchun University of Science & Technology; Changchun, Jilin 130022 China
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun, Jilin 130022 China
| | - Basharat Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun, Jilin 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Zhongfang Chen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Puerto Rico; Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan PR 00931 USA
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun, Jilin 130022 China
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38
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Liu C, Popov IA, Chen Z, Boldyrev AI, Sun Z. Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity in Zintl Clusters. Chemistry 2018; 24:14583-14597. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials Center Nankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
- China State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Ivan A. Popov
- Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Zhongfang Chen
- Department of Chemistry Institute for Functional Nanomaterials University of Puerto Rico San Juan USA
| | - Alexander I. Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322-0300 USA
| | - Zhong‐Ming Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials Center Nankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
- China State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 P. R. China
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39
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Liu C, Li LJ, Jin X, McGrady JE, Sun ZM. Reactivity Studies of [Co@Sn9]4– with Transition Metal Reagents: Bottom-Up Synthesis of Ternary Functionalized Zintl Clusters. Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lei-Jiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Xiao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - John E. McGrady
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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