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Arshad I, Kanwal A, Zafar I, Unar A, Mouada H, Razia IT, Arif S, Ahsan M, Kamal MA, Rashid S, Khan KA, Sharma R. Multifunctional role of nanoparticles for the diagnosis and therapeutics of cardiovascular diseases. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 242:117795. [PMID: 38043894 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The increasing burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains responsible for morbidity and mortality worldwide; their effective diagnostic or treatment methods are of great interest to researchers. The use of NPs and nanocarriers in cardiology has drawn much interest. The present comprehensive review provides deep insights into the use of current and innovative approaches in CVD diagnostics to offer practical ways to utilize nanotechnological interventions and the critical elements in the CVD diagnosis, associated risk factors, and management strategies of patients with chronic CVDs. We proposed a decision tree-based solution by discussing the emerging applications of NPs for the higher number of rules to increase efficiency in treating CVDs. This review-based study explores the screening methods, tests, and toxicity to provide a unique way of creating a multi-parametric feature that includes cutting-edge techniques for identifying cardiovascular problems and their treatments. We discussed the benefits and drawbacks of various NPs in the context of cost, space, time and complexity that have been previously suggested in the literature for the diagnosis of CVDs risk factors. Also, we highlighted the advances in using NPs for targeted and improved drug delivery and discussed the evolution toward the nano-cardiovascular potential for medical science. Finally, we also examined the mixed-based diagnostic approaches crucial for treating cardiovascular disorders, broad applications and the potential future applications of nanotechnology in medical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihtesham Arshad
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara, Okara, 56300, Pakistan.
| | - Ayesha Kanwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara, Okara, 56300, Pakistan.
| | - Imran Zafar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Virtual University, Punjab, 54700, Pakistan.
| | - Ahsanullah Unar
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania 'L. Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy.
| | - Hanane Mouada
- Department of Process Engineering, Institute of science University Center of Tipaza, Tipaza, Algeria.
| | | | - Safina Arif
- Medical Lab Technology, University of Lahore, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Ahsan
- Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Sciences, University of Okara, Okara, 56300, Pakistan.
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Bangladesh; Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee place, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia.
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam BinAbdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khalid Ali Khan
- Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Applied College, King Khalid University, P. O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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2
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Li X, Wu M, Li J, Guo Q, Zhao Y, Zhang X. Advanced targeted nanomedicines for vulnerable atherosclerosis plaque imaging and their potential clinical implications. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:906512. [PMID: 36313319 PMCID: PMC9606597 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.906512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis plaques caused by cerebrovascular and coronary artery disease have been the leading cause of death and morbidity worldwide. Precise assessment of the degree of atherosclerotic plaque is critical for predicting the risk of atherosclerosis plaques and monitoring postinterventional outcomes. However, traditional imaging techniques to predict cardiocerebrovascular events mainly depend on quantifying the percentage reduction in luminal diameter, which would immensely underestimate non-stenotic high-risk plaque. Identifying the degree of atherosclerosis plaques still remains highly limited. vNanomedicine-based imaging techniques present unique advantages over conventional techniques due to the superior properties intrinsic to nanoscope, which possess enormous potential for characterization and detection of the features of atherosclerosis plaque vulnerability. Here, we review recent advancements in the development of targeted nanomedicine-based approaches and their applications to atherosclerosis plaque imaging and risk stratification. Finally, the challenges and opportunities regarding the future development and clinical translation of the targeted nanomedicine in related fields are discussed.
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Thangudu S, Huang EY, Su CH. Safe magnetic resonance imaging on biocompatible nanoformulations. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:5032-5053. [PMID: 35858468 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00692h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) holds promise for the early clinical diagnosis of various diseases, but most clinical MR techniques require the use of a contrast medium. Several nanomaterial (NM) mediated contrast agents (CAs) are widely used as T1- and T2-based MR contrast agents for clinical and non-clinical applications. Unfortunately, most NM-based CAs are toxic or non-biocompatible, restricting their practical/clinical applications. Therefore, the development of nontoxic and biocompatible CAs for clinical MRI diagnosis is highly desired. To this end, several biocompatible and biomimetic strategies have been developed to offer long blood circulation time, significant biocompatibility, in vivo biodistribution and high contrast ability for efficient imaging. However, detailed review reports on biocompatible NMs, specifically for MR imaging have not yet been summarized. Thus, in the present review we summarize various surface coating strategies (such as polymers, proteins, cell membranes, etc.) to achieve biocompatible NPs, providing a detailed discussion of advances and future prospects for safe MRI imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Thangudu
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
| | - Eng-Yen Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hao Su
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan. .,Center for General Education, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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HDL and Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1377:171-187. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-1592-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Van Valkenburgh J, Meuret C, Martinez AE, Kodancha V, Solomon V, Chen K, Yassine HN. Understanding the Exchange of Systemic HDL Particles Into the Brain and Vascular Cells Has Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Physiol 2021; 12:700847. [PMID: 34552500 PMCID: PMC8450374 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.700847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are complex, heterogenous lipoprotein particles, consisting of a large family of apolipoproteins, formed in subspecies of distinct shapes, sizes, and functions and are synthesized in both the brain and the periphery. HDL apolipoproteins are important determinants of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology and vascular dementia, having both central and peripheral effects on brain amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation and vascular functions, however, the extent to which HDL particles (HLD-P) can exchange their protein and lipid components between the central nervous system (CNS) and the systemic circulation remains unclear. In this review, we delineate how HDL’s structure and composition enable exchange between the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartment, and vascular cells that ultimately affect brain amyloid metabolism and atherosclerosis. Accordingly, we then elucidate how modifications of HDL-P have diagnostic and therapeutic potential for brain vascular and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juno Van Valkenburgh
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Cristiana Meuret
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ashley E Martinez
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Vibha Kodancha
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Victoria Solomon
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hussein N Yassine
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Zia A, Wu Y, Nguyen T, Wang X, Peter K, Ta HT. The choice of targets and ligands for site-specific delivery of nanomedicine to atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 116:2055-2068. [PMID: 32077918 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As nanotechnologies advance into clinical medicine, novel methods for applying nanomedicine to cardiovascular diseases are emerging. Extensive research has been undertaken to unlock the complex pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. However, this complexity presents challenges to develop effective imaging and therapeutic modalities for early diagnosis and acute intervention. The choice of ligand-receptor system vastly influences the effectiveness of nanomedicine. This review collates current ligand-receptor systems used in targeting functionalized nanoparticles for diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis. Our focus is on the binding affinity and selectivity of ligand-receptor systems, as well as the relative abundance of targets throughout the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Antibody-based targeting systems are currently the most commonly researched due to their high binding affinities when compared with other ligands, such as antibody fragments, peptides, and other small molecules. However, antibodies tend to be immunogenic due to their size. Engineering antibody fragments can address this issue but will compromise their binding affinity. Peptides are promising ligands due to their synthetic flexibility and low production costs. Alongside the aforementioned binding affinity of ligands, the choice of target and its abundance throughout distinct stages of atherosclerosis and thrombosis is relevant to the intended purpose of the nanomedicine. Further studies to investigate the components of atherosclerotic plaques are required as their cellular and molecular profile shifts over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Zia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yuao Wu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Tuan Nguyen
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Hang T Ta
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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7
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Wang Q, Liang T, Wu J, Li Z, Liu Z. Dye-Sensitized Rare Earth-Doped Nanoparticles with Boosted NIR-IIb Emission for Dynamic Imaging of Vascular Network-Related Disorders. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:29303-29312. [PMID: 34133138 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Real-time dynamic vascular network imaging can provide accurate hemodynamic and anatomical information, facilitating the diagnosis of blood circulatory system-related diseases and achieving precise evaluation of therapeutic effects. In vivo luminescence imaging in the NIR-IIb biological window (1500-1700 nm) has developed into a next generation of optical imaging method with significantly improved temporal-spatial resolution and penetration depth. Unfortunately, an imaging contrast agent capable of emitting NIR-IIb luminescence with sufficient brightness in this region is lacking. Herein, we designed and proposed a type of dye-sensitized rare earth-doped nanoparticle (RENPs@Alk-pi) with obviously boosted NIR-IIb emission and high biocompatibility, which can be used to realize the real-time NIR-IIb luminescence imaging with high temporal-spatial resolution and contrast. The dye sensitization process provides a 40-fold enhanced brightness of the NIR-IIb emission at 1525 nm of Er3+. Consequently, the RENPs@Alk-pi was not only able to depict a vascular network but also applicable in noninvasively monitoring the dynamic vascular processes and changes in the vascular anatomy of two blood circulatory system-related disorders, including hindlimbs ischemia and atherosclerosis. Our research provides a powerful tool for evaluating vascular network-related dysfunction and physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Tao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Junjie Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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8
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Yang CT, Hattiholi A, Selvan ST, Yan SX, Fang WW, Chandrasekharan P, Koteswaraiah P, Herold CJ, Gulyás B, Aw SE, He T, Ng DCE, Padmanabhan P. Gadolinium-based bimodal probes to enhance T1-Weighted magnetic resonance/optical imaging. Acta Biomater 2020; 110:15-36. [PMID: 32335310 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Gd3+-based contrast agents have been extensively used for signal enhancement of T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) due to the large magnetic moment and long electron spin relaxation time of the paramagnetic Gd3+ ion. The key requisites for the development of Gd3+-based contrast agents are their relaxivities and stabilities which can be achieved by chemical modifications. These modifications include coordinating Gd3+ with a chelator such as diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) or 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), encapsulating Gd3+ in nanoparticles, conjugation to biomacromolecules such as polymer micelles and liposomes, or non-covalent binding to plasma proteins. In order to have a coherent diagnostic and therapeutic approach and to understand diseases better, the combination of MRI and optical imaging (OI) techniques into one technique entity has been developed to overcome the conventional boundaries of either imaging modality used alone through bringing the excellent spatial resolution of MRI and high sensitivity of OI into full play. Novel MRI and OI bimodal probes have been extensively studied in this regard. This review is an attempt to shed some light on the bimodal imaging probes by summarizing all recent noteworthy publications involving Gd3+ containing MR-optical imaging probes. The several key elements such as novel synthetic strategy, high sensitivity, biocompatibility, and targeting of the probes are highlighted in the review. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The present article aims at giving an overview of the existing bimodal MRI and OI imaging probes. The review structured as a series of examples of paramagnetic Gd3+ ions, either as ions in the crystalline structure of inorganic materials or chelates for contrast enhancement in MRI, while they are used as optical imaging probes in different modes. The comprehensive review focusing on the synthetic strategies, characterizations and properties of these bimodal imaging probes will be helpful in a way to prepare related work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Tong Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, 169608, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Aishwarya Hattiholi
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Subramanian Tamil Selvan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore
| | - Sean Xuexian Yan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, 169608, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
| | - Wei-Wei Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, HeFei University of Technology, HeFei, AnHui 230009, PR China
| | | | - Podili Koteswaraiah
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Christian J Herold
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Austria
| | - Balázs Gulyás
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore; Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, S-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Swee Eng Aw
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, 169608, Singapore
| | - Tao He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, HeFei University of Technology, HeFei, AnHui 230009, PR China
| | - David Chee Eng Ng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, 169608, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
| | - Parasuraman Padmanabhan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore
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9
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Kheradmandi M, Ackers I, Burdick MM, Malgor R, Farnoud AM. Targeting Dysfunctional Vascular Endothelial Cells Using Immunoliposomes Under Flow Conditions. Cell Mol Bioeng 2020; 13:189-199. [PMID: 32426057 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-020-00616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Atherosclerosis (ATH), the build up of fat in the arteries, is a principal cause of heart attack and stroke. Drug instability and lack of target specificity are major drawbacks of current clinical therapeutics. These undesirable effects can be eliminated by site-specific drug delivery. The endothelial surface over ATH lesions has been shown to overexpress vascular cell adhesion molecule1 (VCAM1), which can be used for targeted therapy. Methods Here, we report the synthesis, characterization, and development of anti VCAM1-functionalized liposomes to target cells overexpressing VCAM1 under static and flow conditions. Liposomes were composed of dioleoyl-phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, cholesterol, and distearoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-polyethylene glycol-cyanur (31.67:31.67:31.67:5 mol%). VCAM1 expression in endothelial cells was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. Results Characterization study revealed that liposomes were negatively charged (- 7.7 ± 2.6 mV) with an average diameter of 201.3 ± 3.3 nm. Liposomes showed no toxicity toward THP-1 derived macrophages and endothelial cells. Liposomes were able to target both fixed and non-fixed endothelial cells, in vitro, with significantly higher localization observed in non-fixed conditions. To mimic biological and physiologically-relevant conditions, liposome targeting was also examined under flow (4 dyn/cm2) with or without erythrocytes (40% v/v hematocrit). Liposomes were able to target LPS-treated endothelial cells under dynamic culture, in the presence or absence of erythrocytes, although targeting efficiency was five-fold lower in flow compared to static conditions. Conclusions This liposomal delivery system showed a significant improvement in localization on dysfunctional endothelium after surface functionalization. We conclude that VCAM1-functionalized liposomes can target and potentially deliver therapeutic compounds to ATH regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Kheradmandi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, 161 Stocker Center, Athens, OH 45701 USA
| | - Ian Ackers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 USA.,Translational Biomedical Science Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 USA
| | - Monica M Burdick
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, 161 Stocker Center, Athens, OH 45701 USA.,Translational Biomedical Science Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 USA
| | - Ramiro Malgor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 USA.,Translational Biomedical Science Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 USA
| | - Amir M Farnoud
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, 161 Stocker Center, Athens, OH 45701 USA.,Translational Biomedical Science Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 USA
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10
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Xia B, Yan X, Fang WW, Chen S, Jiang Z, Wang J, Sun TC, Li Q, Li Z, Lu Y, He T, Cao B, Yang CT. Activatable Cell-Penetrating Peptide Conjugated Polymeric Nanoparticles with Gd-Chelation and Aggregation-Induced Emission for Bimodal MR and Fluorescence Imaging of Tumors. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:1394-1405. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Wei Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People’s Republic of China
| | - ZhiLin Jiang
- Centre for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - JinChen Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian-Ci Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- The Central Laboratory of Medical Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- Centre for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People’s Republic of China
| | - BaoQiang Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui No. 2 Provincial People’s Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chang-Tong Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857
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11
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Chen J, Zhang X, Millican R, Creutzmann JE, Martin S, Jun HW. High density lipoprotein mimicking nanoparticles for atherosclerosis. NANO CONVERGENCE 2020; 7:6. [PMID: 31984429 PMCID: PMC6983461 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-019-0214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major contributor to many cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and peripheral arterial disease, making it the leading cause of death worldwide. High-density lipoproteins (HDL), also known as "good cholesterol", have been shown to demonstrate anti-atherosclerotic efficacy through the removal of cholesterol from foam cells in atherosclerotic plaques. Because of the excellent anti-atherosclerotic properties of HDL, in the past several years, there has been tremendous attention in designing HDL mimicking nanoparticles (NPs) of varying functions to image, target, and treat atherosclerosis. In this review, we are summarizing the recent progress in the development of HDL mimicking NPs and their applications for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Xixi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Reid Millican
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Jacob Emil Creutzmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Sean Martin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Ho-Wook Jun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
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12
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Hajhosseiny R, Bahaei TS, Prieto C, Botnar RM. Molecular and Nonmolecular Magnetic Resonance Coronary and Carotid Imaging. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 39:569-582. [PMID: 30760017 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Over the past 2 decades, increasing research attention is converging on the early detection and monitoring of atherosclerotic plaque. Among several invasive and noninvasive imaging modalities, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is emerging as a promising option. Advantages include its versatility, excellent soft tissue contrast for plaque characterization and lack of ionizing radiation. In this review, we will explore the recent advances in multicontrast and multiparametric imaging sequences that are bringing the aspiration of simultaneous arterial lumen, vessel wall, and plaque characterization closer to clinical feasibility. We also discuss the latest advances in molecular magnetic resonance and multimodal atherosclerosis imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Hajhosseiny
- From the School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (R.H., T.S.B., C.P., R.M.B.).,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (R.H.)
| | - Tamanna S Bahaei
- From the School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (R.H., T.S.B., C.P., R.M.B.)
| | - Claudia Prieto
- From the School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (R.H., T.S.B., C.P., R.M.B.).,Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (C.P., R.M.B.)
| | - René M Botnar
- From the School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (R.H., T.S.B., C.P., R.M.B.).,Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (C.P., R.M.B.)
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Kornmueller K, Vidakovic I, Prassl R. Artificial High Density Lipoprotein Nanoparticles in Cardiovascular Research. Molecules 2019; 24:E2829. [PMID: 31382521 PMCID: PMC6695986 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoproteins are endogenous nanoparticles which are the major transporter of fats and cholesterol in the human body. They play a key role in the regulatory mechanisms of cardiovascular events. Lipoproteins can be modified and manipulated to act as drug delivery systems or nanocarriers for contrast agents. In particular, high density lipoproteins (HDL), which are the smallest class of lipoproteins, can be synthetically engineered either as nascent HDL nanodiscs or spherical HDL nanoparticles. Reconstituted HDL (rHDL) particles are formed by self-assembly of various lipids and apolipoprotein AI (apo-AI). A variety of substances including drugs, nucleic acids, signal emitting molecules, or dyes can be loaded, making them efficient nanocarriers for therapeutic applications or medical diagnostics. This review provides an overview about synthesis techniques, physicochemical properties of rHDL nanoparticles, and structural determinants for rHDL function. We discuss recent developments utilizing either apo-AI or apo-AI mimetic peptides for the design of pharmaceutical rHDL formulations. Advantages, limitations, challenges, and prospects for clinical translation are evaluated with a special focus on promising strategies for the treatment and diagnosis of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Kornmueller
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ivan Vidakovic
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ruth Prassl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Oriana S, Fracassi A, Archer C, Yamakoshi Y. Covalent Surface Modification of Lipid Nanoparticles by Rapid Potassium Acyltrifluoroborate Amide Ligation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:13244-13251. [PMID: 30343580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Because of the recent increasing demand for the synthetic biomimetic nanoparticles as in vivo carriers of drugs and imaging probes, it is very important to develop reliable, stable, and orthogonal methods for surface functionalization of the particles. To address these issues, in this study, a recently reported chemoselective amide-forming ligation reaction [potassium acyltrifluoroborate (KAT) ligation] was employed for the first time, as a mean to provide the surface functionalization of particles for creating covalent attachments of bioactive molecules. A KAT derivative of oleic acid (OA-KAT, 1) was added to a mixture of three lipid components (triolein, phosphatidyl choline, and cholesteryl oleate), which have been commonly used as substrates for lipid nanoparticles. After sonication and extrusion in a buffer, successfully obtained lipid nanoparticles containing OA-KAT (NP-KAT) resulted to be well-dispersed with mean diameters of about 40-70 nm by dynamic light scattering. After preliminary confirmation of the fast and efficient KAT ligation in a solution phase using the identical reaction substrates, the "on-surface (on-particle)" KAT ligation on the NP-KAT was tested with an N-hydroxylamine derivative of fluorescein 2. The ligation was carried out in a phosphate buffer (10 mM, pH 5.2) at room temperature with reactant concentration ranges of 250 μM. Reaction efficiency was evaluated based on the amount of boron (determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) and fluorescein (determined by fluorescence emission) in the particles before and after the reaction. As a result, the reaction proceeded in a significantly efficient way with ca. 40-50% conversion of the OA-KAT incorporated in the particles. Taken together with the fact that KAT ligation does not require any additional coupling reagents, these results indicated that the "on-surface" chemical functionalization of nanoparticles by KAT ligation is a useful method and represents a powerful and potentially versatile tool for the production of nanoparticles with a variety of covalently functionalized biomolecules and probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Oriana
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , CH8093 Zürich , Switzerland
- Institut für Geochemie und Petrologie , ETH Zürich , Clausiusstrasse 25 , CH8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Fracassi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , CH8093 Zürich , Switzerland
- Institut für Geochemie und Petrologie , ETH Zürich , Clausiusstrasse 25 , CH8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Corey Archer
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , CH8093 Zürich , Switzerland
- Institut für Geochemie und Petrologie , ETH Zürich , Clausiusstrasse 25 , CH8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Yoko Yamakoshi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , CH8093 Zürich , Switzerland
- Institut für Geochemie und Petrologie , ETH Zürich , Clausiusstrasse 25 , CH8092 Zürich , Switzerland
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15
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Jeong Y, Hwang HS, Na K. Theranostics and contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. Biomater Res 2018; 22:20. [PMID: 30065849 PMCID: PMC6062937 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-018-0130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging is one of the diagnostic tools that uses magnetic particles as contrast agents. It is noninvasive methodology which provides excellent spatial resolution. Although magnetic resonance imaging offers great temporal and spatial resolution and rapid in vivo images acquisition, it is less sensitive than other methodologies for small tissue lesions, molecular activity or cellular activities. Thus, there is a desire to develop contrast agents with higher efficiency. Contrast agents are known to shorten both T1 and T2. Gadolinium based contrast agents are examples of T1 agents and iron oxide contrast agents are examples of T2 agents. In order to develop high relaxivity agents, gadolinium or iron oxide-based contrast agents can be synthesized via conjugation with targeting ligands or functional moiety for specific interaction and achieve accumulation of contrast agents at disease sites. MAIN BODY This review discusses the principles of magnetic resonance imaging and recent efforts focused on specificity of contrast agents on specific organs such as liver, blood, lymph nodes, atherosclerotic plaque, and tumor. Furthermore, we will discuss the combination of theranostic such as contrast agent and drug, contrast agent and thermal therapy, contrast agent and photodynamic therapy, and neutron capture therapy, which can provide for cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. CONCLUSION These applications of magnetic resonance contrast agents demonstrate the usefulness of theranostic agents for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Photomedicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi do 14662 South Korea
| | - Hee Sook Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Photomedicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi do 14662 South Korea
| | - Kun Na
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Photomedicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi do 14662 South Korea
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16
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Jeong Y, Na K. Synthesis of a gadolinium based-macrocyclic MRI contrast agent for effective cancer diagnosis. Biomater Res 2018; 22:17. [PMID: 29942642 PMCID: PMC5998550 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-018-0127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gadolinium-based contrast agents are widely used as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging. Since gadolinium ions are toxic, many chelators are developed to bind gadolinium ions to prevent free gadolinium-associated disease. However, many reports indicated that linear chelator-based contrast agents are associated with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) in patients with low kidney function. Therefore, the demand for stable macrocyclic chelator-based contrast agent is now increasing. Method 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetate (DOTA) was conjugated to lactobionic acid (LBA) through DCC-NHS coupling reaction. Gd3+ (gadolinium ion) was chelated to 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetate-lactobionic acid (DOTA-LAE) and free Gd3+ was removed using a cation exchange column. In vitro cytotoxicity of contrast agent towards normal cells was measured using MTT assay. For in vivo MR imaging, contrast agents were intravenously injected to tumor-bearing mice and imaged by a MR imaging scanner. Results This new macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agent showed enhanced in vitro paramagnetic properties compared to Gadovist. In addition, Gd-DOTA-LAE showed a 29% increased contrast enhancement of tumor tissue compared to normal tissue within 20 min past IV injection. Conclusions We developed a new macrocyclic T1-weighted MR contrast agent. This new contrast agent offers various opportunities for cancer detection and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi do 420-743 South Korea
| | - Kun Na
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi do 420-743 South Korea
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17
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Yang Y, Wang J, He H, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Liu J. Influence of Fatty Acid Modification on Uptake of Lovastatin-Loaded Reconstituted High Density Lipoprotein by Foam Cells. Pharm Res 2018; 35:134. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2419-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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18
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Cheraghi M, Negahdari B, Daraee H, Eatemadi A. Heart targeted nanoliposomal/nanoparticles drug delivery: An updated review. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 86:316-323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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19
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Thaxton CS, Rink JS, Naha PC, Cormode DP. Lipoproteins and lipoprotein mimetics for imaging and drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:116-131. [PMID: 27133387 PMCID: PMC5086317 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipoproteins are a set of natural nanoparticles whose main role is the transport of fats within the body. While much work has been done to develop synthetic nanocarriers to deliver drugs or contrast media, natural nanoparticles such as lipoproteins represent appealing alternatives. Lipoproteins are biocompatible, biodegradable, non-immunogenic and are naturally targeted to some disease sites. Lipoproteins can be modified to act as contrast agents in many ways, such as by insertion of gold cores to provide contrast for computed tomography. They can be loaded with drugs, nucleic acids, photosensitizers or boron to act as therapeutics. Attachment of ligands can re-route lipoproteins to new targets. These attributes render lipoproteins attractive and versatile delivery vehicles. In this review we will provide background on lipoproteins, then survey their roles as contrast agents, in drug and nucleic acid delivery, as well as in photodynamic therapy and boron neutron capture therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Shad Thaxton
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan S Rink
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pratap C Naha
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David P Cormode
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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20
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Almer G, Mangge H, Zimmer A, Prassl R. Lipoprotein-Related and Apolipoprotein-Mediated Delivery Systems for Drug Targeting and Imaging. Curr Med Chem 2016; 22:3631-51. [PMID: 26180001 PMCID: PMC5403973 DOI: 10.2174/0929867322666150716114625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The integration of lipoprotein-related or apolipoprotein-targeted nanoparticles as pharmaceutical carriers opens new therapeutic and diagnostic avenues in nanomedicine. The concept is to exploit the intrinsic characteristics of lipoprotein particles as being the natural transporter of apolar lipids and fat in human circulation. Discrete lipoprotein assemblies and lipoprotein-based biomimetics offer a versatile nanoparticle platform that can be manipulated and tuned for specific medical applications. This article reviews the possibilities for constructing drug loaded, reconstituted or artificial lipoprotein particles. The advantages and limitations of lipoproteinbased delivery systems are critically evaluated and potential future challenges, especially concerning targeting specificity, concepts for lipoprotein rerouting and design of innovative lipoprotein mimetic particles using apolipoprotein sequences as targeting moieties are discussed. Finally, the review highlights potential medical applications for lipoprotein-based nanoparticle systems in the fields of cardiovascular research, cancer therapy, gene delivery and brain targeting focusing on representative examples from literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ruth Prassl
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/6, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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21
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Zhang J, Zu Y, Dhanasekara CS, Li J, Wu D, Fan Z, Wang S. Detection and treatment of atherosclerosis using nanoparticles. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 9. [PMID: 27241794 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the key pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, which is a silent killer and a leading cause of death in the United States. Atherosclerosis starts with the adhesion of inflammatory monocytes on the activated endothelial cells in response to inflammatory stimuli. These monocytes can further migrate into the intimal layer of the blood vessel where they differentiate into macrophages, which take up oxidized low-density lipoproteins and release inflammatory factors to amplify the local inflammatory response. After accumulation of cholesterol, the lipid-laden macrophages are transformed into foam cells, the hallmark of the early stage of atherosclerosis. Foam cells can die from apoptosis or necrosis, and the intracellular lipid is deposed in the artery wall forming lesions. The angiogenesis for nurturing cells is enhanced during lesion development. Proteases released from macrophages, foam cells, and other cells degrade the fibrous cap of the lesion, resulting in rupture of the lesion and subsequent thrombus formation. Thrombi can block blood circulation, which represents a major cause of acute heart events and stroke. There are generally no symptoms in the early stages of atherosclerosis. Current detection techniques cannot easily, safely, and effectively detect the lesions in the early stages, nor can they characterize the lesion features such as the vulnerability. While the available therapeutic modalities cannot target specific molecules, cells, and processes in the lesions, nanoparticles appear to have a promising potential in improving atherosclerosis detection and treatment via targeting the intimal macrophages, foam cells, endothelial cells, angiogenesis, proteolysis, apoptosis, and thrombosis. Indeed, many nanoparticles have been developed in improving blood lipid profile and decreasing inflammatory response for enhancing therapeutic efficacy of drugs and decreasing their side effects. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1412. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1412 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Yujiao Zu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Jun Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Dayong Wu
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhaoyang Fan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Nano Tech Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Abstract
Peptides in atherosclerosis nanomedicine provide structural, targeting, and therapeutic functionality and can assist in overcoming delivery barriers of traditional pharmaceuticals. Moreover, their inherent biocompatibility and biodegradability make them especially attractive as materials intended for use in vivo In this review, an overview of nanoparticle-associated targeting and therapeutic peptides for atherosclerosis is provided, including peptides designed for cellular targets such as endothelial cells, monocytes, and macrophages as well as for plaque components such as collagen and fibrin. An emphasis is placed on recent advances in multimodal strategies and a discussion on current challenges and barriers for clinical applicability is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Chung
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089-1111, CA, USA
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23
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Chung EJ, Tirrell M. Recent Advances in Targeted, Self-Assembling Nanoparticles to Address Vascular Damage Due to Atherosclerosis. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:2408-22. [PMID: 26085109 PMCID: PMC4760622 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembling nanoparticles functionalized with targeting moieties have significant potential for atherosclerosis nanomedicine. While self-assembly allows the easy construction (and degradation) of nanoparticles with therapeutic or diagnostic functionality, or both, the targeting agent can direct them to a specific molecular marker within a given stage of the disease. Therefore, supramolecular nanoparticles have been investigated in the last decade as molecular imaging agents or explored as nanocarriers that can decrease the systemic toxicity of drugs by producing accumulation predominantly in specific tissues of interest. In this Progress Report, the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and the damage caused to vascular tissue are described, as well as the current diagnostic and treatment options. An overview of targeted strategies using self-assembling nanoparticles is provided, including liposomes, high density lipoproteins, protein cages, micelles, proticles, and perfluorocarbon nanoparticles. Finally, an overview is given of current challenges, limitations, and future applications for personalized medicine in the context of atherosclerosis of self-assembling nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Chung
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5747 S.
Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Matthew Tirrell
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5747 S.
Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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24
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Shen ZT, Zheng S, Gounis MJ, Sigalov AB. Diagnostic Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mouse Model Using Macrophage-Targeted Gadolinium-Containing Synthetic Lipopeptide Nanoparticles. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143453. [PMID: 26569115 PMCID: PMC4646679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in Western cultures. The vast majority of cardiovascular events, including stroke and myocardial infarction, result from the rupture of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, which are characterized by high and active macrophage content. Current imaging modalities including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) aim to characterize anatomic and structural features of plaques rather than their content. Previously, we reported that macrophage-targeted delivery of gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agent (GBCA-HDL) using high density lipoproteins (HDL)-like particles significantly enhances the detection of plaques in an apolipoprotein (apo) E knockout (KO) mouse model, with an atherosclerotic wall/muscle normalized enhancement ratio (NER) of 120% achieved. These particles are comprised of lipids and synthetic peptide fragments of the major protein of HDL, apo A-I, that contain a naturally occurring modification which targets the particles to macrophages. Targeted delivery minimizes the Gd dose and thus reduces the adverse effects of Gd. The aims of the current study were to test whether varying the GBCA-HDL particle shape and composition can further enhance atherosclerotic plaque MRI and control organ clearance of these agents. We show that the optimized GBCA-HDL particles are efficiently delivered intracellularly to and uptaken by both J774 macrophages in vitro and more importantly, by intraplaque macrophages in vivo, as evidenced by NER up to 160% and higher. This suggests high diagnostic power of our GBCA-HDL particles in the detection of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. Further, in contrast to discoidal, spherical GBCA-HDL exhibit hepatic clearance, which could further diminish adverse renal effects of Gd. Finally, activated macrophages are reliable indicators of any inflamed tissues and are implicated in other areas of unmet clinical need such as rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis and cancer, suggesting the expanded diagnostic and prognostic use of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu T. Shen
- SignaBlok, Inc, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shaokuan Zheng
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Gounis
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
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25
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Hua XW, Lu TF, Li DW, Wang WG, Li J, Liu ZZ, Lin WW, Zhang JJ, Xia Q. Contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography using ExiTron nano6000 for assessment of liver injury. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:8043-8051. [PMID: 26185375 PMCID: PMC4499346 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i26.8043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the potential of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) using ExiTron nano6000 for assessment of liver lesions in mouse models.
METHODS: Three mouse models of liver lesions were used: bile duct ligation (BDL), lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN), and alcohol. After injection with the contrast agent ExiTron nano6000, the mice were scanned with micro-CT. Liver lesions were evaluated using CECT images, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and serum aminotransferase levels. Macrophage distribution in the injury models was shown by immunohistochemical staining of CD68. The in vitro studies measured the densities of RAW264.7 under different conditions by CECT.
RESULTS: In the in vitro studies, CECT provided specific and strong contrast enhancement of liver in mice. CECT could present heterogeneous images and densities of injured livers induced by BDL, LPS/D-GalN, and alcohol. The liver histology and immunochemistry of CD68 demonstrated that both dilated biliary tracts and necrosis in the injured livers could lead to the heterogeneous distribution of macrophages. The in vitro study showed that the RAW264.7 cell masses had higher densities after LPS activation.
CONCLUSION: Micro-CT with the contrast agent ExiTron nano6000 is feasible for detecting various liver lesions by emphasizing the heterogeneous textures and densities of CECT images.
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Nörenberg D, Ebersberger HU, Diederichs G, Hamm B, Botnar RM, Makowski MR. Molecular magnetic resonance imaging of atherosclerotic vessel wall disease. Eur Radiol 2015; 26:910-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-015-3881-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Carney CE, Lenov IL, Baker CJ, MacRenaris KW, Eckermann AL, Sligar SG, Meade TJ. Nanodiscs as a Modular Platform for Multimodal MR-Optical Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:899-905. [PMID: 25830565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiscs are monodisperse, self-assembled discoidal particles that consist of a lipid bilayer encircled by membrane scaffold proteins (MSP). Nanodiscs have been used to solubilize membrane proteins for structural and functional studies and deliver therapeutic phospholipids. Herein, we report on tetramethylrhodamine (TMR) tagged nanodiscs that solubilize lipophilic MR contrast agents for generation of multimodal nanoparticles for cellular imaging. We incorporate both multimeric and monomeric Gd(III)-based contrast agents into nanodiscs and show that particles containing the monomeric agent (ND2) label cells with high efficiency and generate significant image contrast at 7 T compared to nanodiscs containing the multimeric agent (ND1) and Prohance, a clinically approved contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane E Carney
- †Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ivan L Lenov
- ‡Department of Biochemistry, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Catherine J Baker
- ‡Department of Biochemistry, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Keith W MacRenaris
- †Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amanda L Eckermann
- †Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stephen G Sligar
- ‡Department of Biochemistry, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Thomas J Meade
- †Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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28
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Schnurr M, Sydow K, Rose HM, Dathe M, Schröder L. Brain endothelial cell targeting via a peptide-functionalized liposomal carrier for xenon hyper-CEST MRI. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:40-5. [PMID: 24985966 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A nanoparticulate carrier system is used to efficiently deliver a contrast agent for highly sensitive xenon Hyper-CEST MRI. The carrier system not only improves the biocompatibility and solubility of the contrast agent, it also allows selective cell targeting as demonstrated by the discrimination of human brain capillary and aortic endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schnurr
- ERC Project BiosensorImaging; Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie; Robert-Rössle-Str. 10 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Karl Sydow
- Peptide-Lipid Interaction; Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie; Robert-Rössle-Str. 10 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Honor May Rose
- ERC Project BiosensorImaging; Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie; Robert-Rössle-Str. 10 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Margitta Dathe
- Peptide-Lipid Interaction; Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie; Robert-Rössle-Str. 10 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Leif Schröder
- ERC Project BiosensorImaging; Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie; Robert-Rössle-Str. 10 13125 Berlin Germany
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Lavin B, Phinikaridou A, Henningsson M, Botnar RM. Current Development of Molecular Coronary Plaque Imaging using Magnetic Resonance Imaging towards Clinical Application. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12410-014-9309-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kyle S, Saha S. Nanotechnology for the detection and therapy of stroke. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1703-20. [PMID: 24692428 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, nanotechnology has greatly developed, moving from careful design strategies and synthesis of novel nanostructures to producing them for specific medical and biological applications. The use of nanotechnology in diagnostics, drug delivery, and tissue engineering holds great promise for the treatment of stroke in the future. Nanoparticles are employed to monitor grafted cells upon implantation, or to enhance the imagery of the tissue, which is coupled with a noninvasive imaging modality such as magnetic resonance imaging, computed axial tomography or positron emission tomography scan. Contrast imaging agents used can range from iron oxide, perfluorocarbon, cerium oxide or platinum nanoparticles to quantum dots. The use of nanomaterial scaffolds for neuroregeneration is another area of nanomedicine, which involves the creation of an extracellular matrix mimic that not only serves as a structural support but promotes neuronal growth, inhibits glial differentiation, and controls hemostasis. Promisingly, carbon nanotubes can act as scaffolds for stem cell therapy and functionalizing these scaffolds may enhance their therapeutic potential for treatment of stroke. This Progress Report highlights the recent developments in nanotechnology for the detection and therapy of stroke. Recent advances in the use of nanomaterials as tissue engineering scaffolds for neuroregeneration will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Kyle
- School of Medicine; University of Leeds; Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Sikha Saha
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research; Leeds Institute of Genetics; Health and Therapeutics; University of Leeds; Leeds LS2 9JT UK
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31
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Sigalov AB. A novel ligand-independent peptide inhibitor of TREM-1 suppresses tumor growth in human lung cancer xenografts and prolongs survival of mice with lipopolysaccharide-induced septic shock. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 21:208-19. [PMID: 24836682 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) amplifies the inflammatory response and plays a role in cancer and sepsis. Inhibition of TREM-1 by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in macrophages suppresses cancer cell invasion in vitro. In the clinical setting, high levels of TREM-1 expression on tumor-associated macrophages are associated with cancer recurrence and poor survival of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). TREM-1 upregulation on peritoneal neutrophils has been found in human sepsis patients and in mice with experimental lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic shock. However, the precise function of TREM-1 and the nature of its ligand are not yet known. In this study, we used the signaling chain homooligomerization (SCHOOL) model of immune signaling to design a novel, ligand-independent peptide-based TREM-1 inhibitor and demonstrated that this peptide specifically silences TREM-1 signaling in vitro and in vivo. Utilizing two human lung tumor xenograft nude mouse models (H292 and A549) and mice with LPS-induced sepsis, we show for the first time that blockade of TREM-1 function using non-toxic and non-immunogenic SCHOOL peptide inhibitors: 1) delays tumor growth in xenograft models of human NSCLC, 2) prolongs survival of mice with LPS-induced septic shock, and 3) substantially decreases cytokine production in vitro and in vivo. In addition, targeted delivery of SCHOOL peptides to macrophages utilizing lipoprotein-mimicking nanoparticles significantly increased peptide half-life and dosage efficacy. Together, the results suggest that ligand-independent modulation of TREM-1 function using small synthetic peptides might be a suitable treatment for sepsis and NSCLC and possibly other types of inflammation-associated disorders.
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Teresa Albelda M, Garcia-España E, Frias JC. Visualizing the atherosclerotic plaque: a chemical perspective. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:2858-76. [PMID: 24526041 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60410a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the major underlying pathologic cause of coronary artery disease. An early detection of the disease can prevent clinical sequellae such as angina, myocardial infarction, and stroke. The different imaging techniques employed to visualize the atherosclerotic plaque provide information of diagnostic and prognostic value. Furthermore, the use of contrast agents helps to improve signal-to-noise ratio providing better images. For nuclear imaging techniques and optical imaging these agents are absolutely necessary. We report on the different contrast agents that have been used, are used or may be used in future in animals, humans, or excised tissues for the distinct imaging modalities for atherosclerotic plaque imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Teresa Albelda
- Universidad de Valencia, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Edificio de Institutos de Paterna, c/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46071 Valencia, Spain
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Sigalov AB. Nature-inspired nanoformulations for contrast-enhanced in vivo MR imaging of macrophages. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 9:372-82. [PMID: 24729189 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of macrophages in atherosclerosis requires the use of contrast-enhancing agents. Reconstituted lipoprotein particles that mimic native high-density lipoproteins (HDL) are a versatile delivery platform for Gd-based contrast agents (GBCA) but require targeting moieties to direct the particles to macrophages. In this study, a naturally occurring methionine oxidation in the major HDL protein, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, was exploited as a novel way to target HDL to macrophages. We also tested if fully functional GBCA-HDL can be generated using synthetic apo A-I peptides. The fluorescence and MRI studies reveal that specific oxidation of apo A-I or its peptides increases the in vitro macrophage uptake of GBCA-HDL by 2-3 times. The in vivo imaging studies using an apo E-deficient mouse model of atherosclerosis and a 3.0 T MRI system demonstrate that this modification significantly improves atherosclerotic plaque detection using GBCA-HDL. At 24 h post-injection of 0.05 mmol Gd kg(-1) GBCA-HDL containing oxidized apo A-I or its peptides, the atherosclerotic wall/muscle normalized enhancement ratios were 90 and 120%, respectively, while those of GBCA-HDL containing their unmodified counterparts were 35 and 45%, respectively. Confocal fluorescence microscopy confirms the accumulation of GBCA-HDL containing oxidized apo A-I or its peptides in intraplaque macrophages. Together, the results of this study confirm the hypothesis that specific oxidation of apo A-I targets GBCA-HDL to macrophages in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, our observation that synthetic peptides can functionally replace the native apo A-I protein in HDL further encourages the development of these contrast agents for macrophage imaging.
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Gundogan B, Tan A, Farhatnia Y, Alavijeh MS, Cui Z, Seifalian AM. Bioabsorbable stent quo vadis: a case for nano-theranostics. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:514-33. [PMID: 24672583 PMCID: PMC3966055 DOI: 10.7150/thno.8137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is one of the most commonly performed invasive medical procedures in medicine today. Since the first coronary balloon angioplasty in 1977, interventional cardiology has seen a wide array of developments in PCI. Bare metal stents (BMS) were soon superseded by the revolutionary drug-eluting stents (DES), which aimed to address the issue of restenosis found with BMS. However, evidence began to mount against DES, with late-stent thrombosis (ST) rates being higher than that of BMS. The bioabsorbable stent may be a promising alternative, providing vessel patency and support for the necessary time required and thereafter degrade into safe non-toxic compounds which are reabsorbed by the body. This temporary presence provides no triggers for ST, which is brought about by non-endothelialized stent struts and drug polymers remaining in vivo for extended periods of time. Likewise, nano-theranostics incorporated into a bioabsorbable stent of the future may provide an incredibly valuable single platform offering both therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities. Such a stent may allow delivery of therapeutic particles to specific sites thus keeping potential toxicity to a minimum, improved ease of tracking delivery in vivo by embedding imaging agents, controlled rate of therapy release and protection of the implanted therapy. Indeed, nanocarriers may allow an increased therapeutic index as well as offer novel post-stent implantation imaging and diagnostic methods for atherosclerosis, restenosis and thrombosis. It is envisioned that a nano-theranostic stent may well form the cornerstone of future stent designs in clinical practice.
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Makowski MR, Botnar RM. MR imaging of the arterial vessel wall: molecular imaging from bench to bedside. Radiology 2013; 269:34-51. [PMID: 24062561 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.13102336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world and developing countries. In clinical practice, in vivo characterization of atherosclerotic lesions causing myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and other complications remains challenging. Imaging methods, limited to the assessment luminal stenosis, are the current reference standard for the assessment of clinically significant coronary and carotid artery disease and the guidance of treatment. These techniques do not allow distinction between stable and potentially vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is a modality well suited for visualization and characterization of the relatively thin arterial vessel wall, because it allows imaging with high spatial resolution and excellent soft-tissue contrast. In clinical practice, atherosclerotic plaque components of the carotid artery and aorta may be differentiated and characterized by using unenhanced vessel wall MR imaging. Additional information can be gained by using clinically approved nonspecific contrast agents. With the advent of targeted MR contrast agents, which enhance specific molecules or cells, pathologic processes can be visualized at a molecular level with high spatial resolution. In this article, the pathophysiologic changes of the arterial vessel wall underlying the development of atherosclerosis will be first reviewed. Then basic principles and properties of molecular MR imaging contrast agents will be introduced. Additionally, recent advances in preclinical molecular vessel wall imaging will be reviewed. Finally, the clinical feasibility of arterial vessel wall imaging at unenhanced and contrast material-enhanced MR imaging of the aortic, carotid, and coronary vessel wall will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus R Makowski
- Division of Imaging Sciences, BHF Centre of Excellence, Wellcome Trust and EPSRC Medical Engineering Center, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas Hospital, London SE1 7EH, England
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Phinikaridou A, Andia ME, Lacerda S, Lorrio S, Makowski MR, Botnar RM. Molecular MRI of atherosclerosis. Molecules 2013; 18:14042-69. [PMID: 24232739 PMCID: PMC6270261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181114042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in prevention, risk assessment and treatment, coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Western countries. The lion's share is due to acute coronary syndromes (ACS), which are predominantly triggered by plaque rupture or erosion and subsequent coronary thrombosis. As the majority of vulnerable plaques does not cause a significant stenosis, due to expansive remodeling, and are rather defined by their composition and biological activity, detection of vulnerable plaques with x-ray angiography has shown little success. Non-invasive vulnerable plaque detection by identifying biological features that have been associated with plaque progression, destabilization and rupture may therefore be more appropriate and may allow earlier detection, more aggressive treatment and monitoring of treatment response. MR molecular imaging with target specific molecular probes has shown great promise for the noninvasive in vivo visualization of biological processes at the molecular and cellular level in animals and humans. Compared to other imaging modalities; MRI can provide excellent spatial resolution; high soft tissue contrast and has the ability to simultaneously image anatomy; function as well as biological tissue composition and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkystis Phinikaridou
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK; E-Mails: (A.P.); (M.E.A.); (S.L.); (S.L.); (M.R.M.)
| | - Marcelo E. Andia
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK; E-Mails: (A.P.); (M.E.A.); (S.L.); (S.L.); (M.R.M.)
- Radiology Department, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Sara Lacerda
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK; E-Mails: (A.P.); (M.E.A.); (S.L.); (S.L.); (M.R.M.)
| | - Silvia Lorrio
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK; E-Mails: (A.P.); (M.E.A.); (S.L.); (S.L.); (M.R.M.)
| | - Marcus R. Makowski
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK; E-Mails: (A.P.); (M.E.A.); (S.L.); (S.L.); (M.R.M.)
- Department of Radiology, Charite, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - René M. Botnar
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK; E-Mails: (A.P.); (M.E.A.); (S.L.); (S.L.); (M.R.M.)
- Wellcome Trust and ESPRC Medical Engineering Center, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
- BHF Centre of Excellence, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
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den Adel B, Daemen MJ, Poelmann RE, van der Weerd L. Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Detection of Vulnerable Plaques: Is It Possible?: Retracted. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013:ATVBAHA.112.300108. [PMID: 23413424 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular resonance imaging of atherosclerosis enable to visualize atherosclerotic plaques in vivo using molecular targeted contrast agents. This offers opportunities to study atherosclerosis development and plaque vulnerability noninvasively. In this review, we discuss MRI contrast agents targeted toward atherosclerotic plaques and illustrate how these new imaging platforms could assist in our understanding of atherogenesis and atheroprogression. In particular, we highlight the challenges and limitations of the different contrast agents and hurdles for clinical application. We describe the most promising existing compounds to detect atherosclerosis and plaque vulnerability. Of particular interest are the fibrin-targeted compounds that detect thrombi and, furthermore, the contrast agents targeted to integrins that allow to visualize plaque neovascularization. Moreover, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1-targeted iron oxides seem promising for early detection of atherosclerosis. These targeted MRI contrast agents, however promising and well characterized in (pre)clinical models, lack specificity for plaque vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigit den Adel
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (B.d.A., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.)
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Chen W, Cormode DP, Vengrenyuk Y, Herranz B, Feig JE, Klink A, Mulder WJM, Fisher EA, Fayad ZA. Collagen-specific peptide conjugated HDL nanoparticles as MRI contrast agent to evaluate compositional changes in atherosclerotic plaque regression. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 6:373-84. [PMID: 23433925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to develop magnetic resonance contrast agents based on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) nanoparticles to noninvasively visualize intraplaque macrophages and collagen content in mouse atherosclerotic plaques. BACKGROUND Macrophages and collagen are important intraplaque components that play central roles in plaque progression and/or regression. In a Reversa mouse model, plaque regression with compositional changes (from high macrophage, low collagen to low macrophage, high collagen) can be induced. METHODS This study labeled HDL nanoparticles with amphiphilic gadolinium chelates to enable target-specific imaging of intraplaque macrophages. To render HDL nanoparticles specific for the extracellular matrix, labeled HDL nanoparticles were functionalized with collagen-specific EP3533 peptides (EP3533-HDL) via poly(ethylene glycol) spacers embedded in the HDL lipid layers. The association of nanoparticles with collagen was examined in vitro by optical methods. The in vivo magnetic resonance efficacy of these nanoparticles was evaluated in a Reversa mouse model of atherosclerosis regression. Ex vivo confocal microscopy was applied to corroborate the in vivo findings and to evaluate the fate of the different HDL nanoparticles. RESULTS All nanoparticles had similar sizes (10 ± 2 nm) and longitudinal relaxivity r1 (9 ± 1 s(-1) mmol/l(-1)). EP3533-HDL showed strong association with collagen in vitro. After 28 days of plaque regression in Reversa mice, EP3533-HDL showed significantly increased (p < 0.05) in vivo magnetic resonance signal in aortic vessel walls (normalized enhancement ratio [NERw] = 85 ± 25%; change of contrast-to-noise ratio [ΔCNRw] = 17 ± 5) compared with HDL (NERw = -7 ± 23%; ΔCNRw = -2 ± 4) and nonspecific control EP3612-HDL (NERw = 4 ± 24%; ΔCNRw = 1 ± 6) at 24 h after injection. Ex vivo confocal images revealed the colocalization of EP3533-HDL with collagen. Immunohistostaining analysis confirmed the changes of collagen and macrophage contents in the aortic vessel walls after regression. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the HDL nanoparticle platform can be modified to monitor in vivo plaque compositional changes in a regression environment, which will facilitate understanding plaque regression and the search for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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39
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Capozzi ME, Gordon AY, Penn JS, Jayagopal A. Molecular imaging of retinal disease. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2013; 29:275-86. [PMID: 23421501 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2012.0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging of the eye plays an important role in ocular therapeutic discovery and evaluation in preclinical models and patients. Advances in ophthalmic imaging instrumentation have enabled visualization of the retina at an unprecedented resolution. These developments have contributed toward early detection of the disease, monitoring of disease progression, and assessment of the therapeutic response. These powerful technologies are being further harnessed for clinical applications by configuring instrumentation to detect disease biomarkers in the retina. These biomarkers can be detected either by measuring the intrinsic imaging contrast in tissue, or by the engineering of targeted injectable contrast agents for imaging of the retina at the cellular and molecular level. Such approaches have promise in providing a window on dynamic disease processes in the retina such as inflammation and apoptosis, enabling translation of biomarkers identified in preclinical and clinical studies into useful diagnostic targets. We discuss recently reported and emerging imaging strategies for visualizing diverse cell types and molecular mediators of the retina in vivo during health and disease, and the potential for clinical translation of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Capozzi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-8808, USA
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40
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Binsalamah ZM, Paul A, Prakash S, Shum-Tim D. Nanomedicine in cardiovascular therapy: recent advancements. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2013; 10:805-15. [PMID: 22894635 DOI: 10.1586/erc.12.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is comprised of a group of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels of the human body and is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Current therapy for CVD is limited to the treatment of already established disease, and it includes pharmacological and/or surgical procedures, such as percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting and coronary artery bypass grafting. However, lots of complications have been raised with these modalities of treatment, including systemic toxicity with medication, stent thrombosis with percutaneous coronary intervention and nonsurgical candidate patients for coronary artery bypass grafting. Nanomedicine has emerged as a potential strategy in dealing with these obstacles. Applications of nanotechnology in medicine are already underway and offer tremendous promise. This review explores the recent developments of nanotechnology in the field of CVD and gives an insight into its potential for diagnostics and therapeutics applications. The authors also explore the characteristics of the widely used biocompatible nanomaterials for this purpose and evaluate their opportunities and challenges for developing novel nanobiotechnological tools with high efficacy for biomedical applications, such as radiological imaging, vascular implants, gene therapy, myocardial infarction and targeted delivery systems.
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Fay F, Sanchez-Gaytan BL, Cormode DP, Skajaa T, Fisher EA, Fayad ZA, Mulder WJM. Nanocrystal Core Lipoprotein Biomimetics for Imaging of Lipoproteins and Associated Diseases. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2012; 6:45-54. [PMID: 23687557 DOI: 10.1007/s12410-012-9181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Lipoproteins are natural nanoparticles composed of phospholipids and apolipoproteins that transport lipids throughout the body. As key effectors of lipid homeostasis, the functions of lipoproteins have been demonstrated to be crucial during the development of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore various strategies have been used to study their biology and detect them in vivo. A recent approach has been the production of lipoprotein biomimetic particles loaded with diagnostically active nanocrystals in their core. These include, but are not limited to: quantum dots, iron oxide or gold nanocrystals. Inclusion of these nanocrystals enables the utilization of lipoproteins as probes for a variety of imaging modalities (computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, fluorescence) while preserving their biological activity. Furthermore as some lipoproteins naturally accumulate in atherosclerotic plaque or specific tumor tissues, nanocrystal core lipoprotein biomimetics have been developed as contrast agents for early diagnosis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Fay
- Translational and Molecular Imaging, Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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42
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Geninatti Crich S, Alberti D, Orio L, Stefania R, Longo D, Aime S. Lipid-Based Nanoparticles in Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12410-012-9180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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43
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Lowell AN, Qiao H, Liu T, Ishikawa T, Zhang H, Oriana S, Wang M, Ricciotti E, FitzGerald GA, Zhou R, Yamakoshi Y. Functionalized low-density lipoprotein nanoparticles for in vivo enhancement of atherosclerosis on magnetic resonance images. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:2313-9. [PMID: 23075169 DOI: 10.1021/bc300561e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To allow visualization of macrophage-rich and miniature-sized atheromas by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, we have converted low-density lipoprotein (LDL) into MR-active nanoparticles via the intercalation of a 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclodecane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (DO3A) derivative and the subsequent coordination reaction with Gd(3+). After careful removal of nonchelated Gd(3+), an MR-active LDL (Gd(3+)-LDL) with a remarkably high payload of Gd(3+) (in excess of 200 Gd(3+) atoms per particle) and a high relaxivity (r(1) = 20.1 s(-1) mM(-1) per Gd(3+) or 4040 s(-1) mM(-1) per LDL) was obtained. Dynamic light-scattering photon correlation spectroscopy (DLS) and cryo transmission electron microscope (cryoTEM) images showed that Gd(3+)-LDL particles did not aggregate and remained of a similar size (25-30 nm) to native LDL. Intravenous injection of Gd(3+)-LDL into an atherosclerotic mouse model (ApoE(-/-)) resulted in an extremely high enhancement of the atheroma-bearing aortic walls at 48 h after injection. Free Gd(3+) dissociation from Gd(3+)-LDL was not detected over the imaging time window (96 h). Because autologous LDL can be isolated, modified, and returned to the same patient, our results suggest that MR-active LDL can potentially be used as a noninfectious and nonimmunogenic imaging probe for the enhancement of atheroplaques presumably via the uptake into macrophages inside the plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Lowell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
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Kanwar RK, Chaudhary R, Tsuzuki T, Kanwar JR. Emerging engineered magnetic nanoparticulate probes for targeted MRI of atherosclerotic plaque macrophages. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:735-49. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is known to present at all stages of atherosclerotic lesion/plaque development, which often progresses silently for decades, before the occurrence of acute clinical events. Rupture of mature complex plaques with ongoing inflammation can lead to thrombosis, and many adverse acute clinical events such as stroke, myocardial infarction and/or sudden coronary death. Among new-generation noninvasive imaging modalities, molecular MRI with target-specific novel nanoparticulate contrast agents has shown great promise for the visualization of atherosclerosis at the molecular and cellular level in both animals and humans. Considering the key role macrophages play in atherosclerotic inflammation from lesion initiation to plaque rupture, this article reviews the recently engineered magnetic nanoparticulate probes targeting macrophages, their phagocytic activities, surface receptors and molecular products such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. The usefulness of some of these probes as multimodal and drug monitoring agents is also reviewed along with the challenges and future perspectives of the present developments for clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupinder K Kanwar
- Nanomedicine–Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biomedical Research (LIMBR), Centre for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Biosciences & Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Australia
| | - Rajneesh Chaudhary
- Nanomaterials, Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Takuya Tsuzuki
- Nanomaterials, Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Jagat R Kanwar
- Nanomedicine–Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biomedical Research (LIMBR), Centre for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Biosciences & Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Australia
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45
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Bonnet CS, Tóth É. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents. Supramol Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470661345.smc104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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te Boekhorst BC, van Tilborg GA, Strijkers GJ, Nicolay K. Molecular MRI of Inflammation in Atherosclerosis. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2011; 5:60-68. [PMID: 22308200 PMCID: PMC3261392 DOI: 10.1007/s12410-011-9114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory activity in atherosclerotic plaque is a risk factor for plaque rupture and atherothrombosis and may direct interventional therapy. Inflammatory activity can be evaluated at the (sub)cellular level using in vivo molecular MRI. This paper reviews recent progress in contrast-enhanced molecular MRI to visualize atherosclerotic plaque inflammation. Various MRI contrast agents, among others ultra-small particles of iron oxide, low-molecular-weight Gd-chelates, micelles, liposomes, and perfluorocarbon emulsions, have been used for in vivo visualization of various inflammation-related targets, such as macrophages, oxidized LDL, endothelial cell expression, plaque neovasculature, MMPs, apoptosis, and activated platelets/thrombus. An enzyme-activatable magnetic resonance contrast agent has been developed to study myeloperoxidase activity in inflamed plaques. Agents creating contrast based on the chemical exchange saturation transfer mechanism were used for thrombus imaging. Transfer of these molecular MRI techniques to the clinic will critically depend on the safety profiles of these newly developed magnetic resonance contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard C. te Boekhorst
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Geralda A. van Tilborg
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gustav J. Strijkers
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nicolay
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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The performance of gadolinium diethylene triamine pentaacetate-pullulan hepatocyte-specific T1 contrast agent for MRI. Biomaterials 2011; 32:5187-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Young VEL, Degnan AJ, Gillard JH. Advances in contrast media for vascular imaging of atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/iim.11.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Maiseyeu A, Mihai G, Roy S, Kherada N, Simonetti OP, Sen CK, Sun Q, Parthasarathy S, Rajagopalan S. Detection of macrophages via paramagnetic vesicles incorporating oxidatively tailored cholesterol ester: an approach for atherosclerosis imaging. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 5:1341-56. [PMID: 21128718 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Macrophages play a key role in the initiation, progression and complications of atherosclerosis. In this article we describe the synthesis of biocompatible, paramagnetic, fluorescent phosphatidylserine vesicles containing cholesterol ester with a free carboxylic acid function and its use for targeted imaging of macrophages. METHODS & RESULTS We synthesized anionic vesicles containing a combination of phosphatidylserine and a novel synthetic oxidized cholesterol ester derivative (cholesterol-9-carboxynonanoate [9-CCN]). In vitro studies to characterize particle size, MRI relaxation times and stability were performed. Vesicles containing 9-CCN demonstrated enhanced ability to bind human low-density lipoprotein and to be internalized by macrophages. Experiments in cultured macrophages with 9-CCN vesicles, alone and in the presence of low-density lipoprotein, indicated uptake of vesicles through scavenger receptor and integrin-dependent pathways. In vivo MRI using 9-CCN vesicles containing gadolinium in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis revealed protracted enhancement of 9-CCN vesicles and colocalization with arterial macrophages not seen with control vesicles. Pharmacokinetic experiments demonstrated prolonged plasma residence time of 9-CCN vesicles, perhaps due to its capacity to bind to low-density lipoprotein. CONCLUSION Vesicles containing 9-CCN demonstrate prolonged plasma and plaque retention in experimental atherosclerosis. Such a strategy may represent a simple yet clinically relevant approach for macrophage imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Maiseyeu
- Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, Room 110, 473 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1252, USA
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Fitzgerald KT, Holladay CA, McCarthy C, Power KA, Pandit A, Gallagher WM. Standardization of models and methods used to assess nanoparticles in cardiovascular applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:705-717. [PMID: 21319299 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201001347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize the management and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Controlled drug delivery and nanoparticle-based molecular imaging agents have advanced cardiovascular disease therapy and diagnosis. However, the delivery vehicles (dendrimers, nanocrystals, nanotubes, nanoparticles, nanoshells, etc.), as well as the model systems that are used to mimic human cardiac disease, should be questioned in relation to their suitability. This review focuses on the variations of the biological assays and preclinical models that are currently being used to study the biocompatibility and suitability of nanomaterials in cardiovascular applications. There is a need to standardize appropriate models and methods that will promote the development of novel nanomaterial-based cardiovascular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen T Fitzgerald
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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