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Capone E, Iacobelli S, Sala G. Role of galectin 3 binding protein in cancer progression: a potential novel therapeutic target. J Transl Med 2021; 19:405. [PMID: 34565385 PMCID: PMC8474792 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03085-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The lectin galactoside-binding soluble 3 binding protein (LGALS3BP) is a secreted, hyperglycosylated protein expressed by the majority of human cells. It was first identified as cancer and metastasis associated protein, while its role in innate immune response upon viral infection remains still to be clarified. Since its discovery dated in early 90 s, a large body of literature has been accumulating highlighting both a prognostic and functional role for LGALS3BP in cancer. Moreover, data from our group and other have strongly suggested that this protein is enriched in cancer-associated extracellular vesicles and may be considered a promising candidate for a targeted therapy in LGALS3BP positive cancers. Here, we extensively reviewed the literature relative to LGALS3BP role in cancer and its potential value as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Capone
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy.,Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Via Polacchi 11, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Sala
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy. .,Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Via Polacchi 11, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
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Zeng Y, Chen X. 90K predicts the prognosis of glioma patients and enhances tumor lysate-pulsed DC vaccine for immunotherapy of GBM in vitro. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:8355-8368. [PMID: 33686953 PMCID: PMC8034892 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the relationship between 90K expression with glioma malignancy and prognosis. Additionally, the enhancement effect of 90K in the Dendritic cell (DC) vaccine for Immunotherapy of glioblastoma (GBM) was evaluated in vitro. METHODS The expression of 90K protein in glioma tissues was detected by western blot. The relationship between the 90K expression and the tumor grade as well as the prognosis of patients was further analyzed by mining TCGA and CGGA database. The concentration of IL-12p70 and IL-10 was detected by ELISA. T lymphocyte proliferation and lethal effect of cytotoxic T cell (CTL) were detected by CCK-8. RESULTS The expression of 90K was significantly higher in glioma than normal tissue and increased with tumor grade (P< 0.05). Higher 90K expression was observed in IDH wildtype glioma than IDH mutant and predicted worse overall survival for glioma patients. The concentration of IL-12p70 and IFN-γ was the highest in the Apoptosis U251-90K-DC group, in which group the ability to kill U251 cells by CTL was also the strongest. CONCLUSION 90K was a useful biomarker for glioma malignancy and patient prognosis. The appearance of 90K enhanced the effect of Apoptosis U251-DC vaccine for immunotherapy of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
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Targeting Vesicular LGALS3BP by an Antibody-Drug Conjugate as Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Neuroblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102989. [PMID: 33076448 PMCID: PMC7650653 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Antibody Drug Conjugates are an emerging class of biopharmaceuticals that have seen an impressive increase of attention in the field of cancer therapy. Here, we describe the therapeutic activity of 1959-sss/DM3, a non-internalizing ADC targeting LGALS3BP, a secreted, extracellular vesicles-associated protein expressed by the majority of human cancers, including neuroblastoma. We show that 1959-sss/DM3 treatment can cure mice with established neuroblastoma tumours in pseudometastatic, orthotopic and Patient Derived Xenograft models. Abstract Neuroblastoma is the most common extra-cranial solid tumor in infants and children, which accounts for approximately 15% of all cancer-related deaths in the pediatric population. New therapeutic modalities are urgently needed. Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADC)s-based therapy has been proposed as potential strategy to treat this pediatric malignancy. LGALS3BP is a highly glycosylated protein involved in tumor growth and progression. Studies have shown that LGALS3BP is enriched in extracellular vesicles (EV)s derived by most neuroblastoma cells, where it plays a critical role in preparing a favorable tumor microenvironment (TME) through direct cross talk between cancer and stroma cells. Here, we describe the development of a non-internalizing LGALS3BP ADC, named 1959-sss/DM3, which selectively targets LGALS3BP expressing neuroblastoma. 1959-sss/DM3 mediated potent therapeutic activity in different types of neuroblastoma models. Notably, we found that treatments were well tolerated at efficacious doses that were fully curative. These results offer preclinical proof-of-concept for an ADC targeting exosomal LGALS3BP approach for neuroblastomas.
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Bellan M, Castello LM, Pirisi M. Candidate Biomarkers of Liver Fibrosis: A Concise, Pathophysiology-oriented Review. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2018; 6:317-325. [PMID: 30271745 PMCID: PMC6160308 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2018.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair of sustained liver injury results in fibrosis (i.e. the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins), and ultimately the complete distortion of parenchymal architecture of the liver, which we call cirrhosis. Detecting and staging of fibrosis is thus a mainstay in the management of chronic liver diseases, since many clinically relevant decisions, such as starting treatment and/or monitoring for complications including hepatocellular carcinoma, may depend on it. The gold standard for fibrosis staging is liver biopsy, the role of which, however, is questioned nowadays because of cost, hazards and poor acceptance by patients. On the other hand, imaging techniques and/or measurement of direct and indirect serum markers have not proved to be completely satisfactory under all circumstances as alternatives to liver biopsy. Making progress in this field is now more crucial than ever, since treatments for established fibrosis appear on the horizon. Fine dissection of the pathways involved in the pathophysiology of liver diseases has put forward several novel candidate biomarkers of liver fibrosis, such as growth arrest-specific6, Mac-2-binding protein, osteopontin, placental growth factor, growth/differentiation factor 15 and hepatocyte growth factor. All molecules have been suggested to have potential to complement or substitute methods currently used to stage liver diseases. Here, we review the pros and cons for their use in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bellan
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine, “Sant’Andrea Hospital”, Vercelli, Italy
- IRCAD, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Novara, Italy
- *Correspondence to: Mattia Bellan, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, via Solaroli 17, Novara (NO) 28100, Italy. Tel: +39-321-3733966, Fax: +39-321-3733361, E-mail:
| | - Luigi Mario Castello
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy
- Emergency Medicine Department, “AOU Maggiore della Carità”, Novara, Italy
| | - Mario Pirisi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine, “AOU Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy
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Multiple coagulation factor deficiency protein 2 as a crucial component in metastasis of human oral cancer. Exp Cell Res 2018; 368:119-125. [PMID: 29679592 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple coagulation factor deficiency protein 2 (MCFD2), a binding partner of lectin mannose binding 1 (LMAN1), causes combined deficiencies of coagulation factors V and VIII. MCFD2 function in inherited hematologic disorders is well elucidated; however, little is known about its role in human tumorigenesis. The aim of the current study was to investigate the states of MCFD2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The expression of MCFD2 was up-regulated significantly in all cell lines examined. Evaluation of the cellular functions associated with tumoral metastasis showed that MCFD2 knockdown (shMCFD2) cells exhibited significantly lower cellular invasiveness and migration and higher cellular adhesion compared with shControl cells. Of note, shMCFD2 cells also showed weak immunoreactivity of LMAN1 and a lower secretion level of galactoside-binding soluble 3 binding protein (LGALS3BP). In addition to in vitro validation, clinical data on 70 patients with OSCC indicated that state of MCFD2 expression level is associated with regional lymph node metastasis. Altogether, we have demonstrated that MCFD2 promotes cancer metastasis by regulating LMAN1 and LGALS3BP expression levels. Hence, MCFD2 may represent a promising candidate for a novel therapeutic target for patients with metastatic OSCCs.
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Are Serum Mac 2-Binding Protein Levels Elevated in Esophageal Cancer? A Control Study of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:3610239. [PMID: 29849819 PMCID: PMC5932443 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3610239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Elevated serum Mac 2-binding protein (M2BP) levels have been observed in some cancers. As far as we know, its importance has not been investigated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The investigated problem of this study was to evaluate whether there was a difference between ESCC patients and the control group in terms of M2BP. Also, we evaluated the diagnostic performance of serum M2BP alone or in combination with the CEA for patients with ESCC. Material and Methods Blood serum samples were collected from 50 healthy donors and 150 patients with ESCC. M2BP levels of all 200 samples were quantified by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Patients who had been diagnosed with ESCC and did not have any other malignancies were enrolled to study. Results The two groups did not significantly differ in terms of age (p > 0.05). In the control group, the mean serum M2BP level was 14.97 ± 3.46 ng/mL. The mean serum M2BP level of the ESCC patients was 176.65 ± 22.14 ng/mL. The serum M2BP level was significantly higher in patients with ESCC than in the control group (p < 0.001). Gender was also comparable in both groups (p = 0.695). Conclusions Our analysis demonstrated that this marker may be associated with the mechanism of the disease. Despite that serum M2BP is not a specific marker for ESCC, it can be used as an adjuvant biomarker for the diagnosis of ESCC.
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Waragai Y, Suzuki R, Takagi T, Sugimoto M, Asama H, Watanabe K, Kikuchi H, Hikichi T, Masamune A, Kang Y, Fleming JB, Ohira H. Clinical significance of serum Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive Mac-2 binding protein in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pancreatology 2016; 16:1044-1050. [PMID: 27665173 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive mac-2 binding protein (WFA+-M2BP) is an excellent biomarker for predicting hepatic fibrosis. We hypothesized WFA+-M2BP might be a serum biomarker for the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis (CP) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) with dense fibrosis. METHODS In this study, we included 16 CP and 24 PDAC patients. Serum levels of WFA+-M2BP (cut-off index [COI]) were compared between the 2 groups. To confirm the cellular production of WFA+-M2BP, we investigated the presence of WFA+-M2BP in HEK293 cells, 3 established human PDAC cell lines and a recently generated human PDAC cell line derived from a liver metastasis (MDA-PATC53). The bio-physiological effects of MDA-PATC53 supernatant were evaluated. Finally, the difference in the expression of glycosylation enzymes between MDA-PATC53 and Panc-1 were analyzed by cDNA microarray. RESULTS We found that the serum WFA+-M2BP level could distinguish the 2 groups. The median serum COI of WFA+-M2BP was 0.98 and 0.51 in PDAC and CP, respectively. Additionally, WFA+-M2BP positive PDACs were more frequently associated with metastatic lesions than the WFA+-M2BP negative PDACs (91.6% vs. 41.7%, P = 0.009). The MDA-PATC53 cells alone produced WFA+-M2BP. However, we found that MDA-PATC53 supernatant containing WFA+-M2BP (1.0 COI) did not alter the biological behavior of cancer cell lines. The results of cDNA microarray revealed that several glycosylation enzymes with pro-oncologic function were highly expressed in MDA-PATC53 compared to Panc-1. CONCLUSIONS Serum WFA+-M2BP can be a useful biomarker for the diagnosis of PDAC and the prediction of disease progression since it potentially reflects altered pro-oncologic glycosylation enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Waragai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Rei Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan.
| | - Tadayuki Takagi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Sugimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Asama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Ko Watanabe
- Department of Endoscopy, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kikuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takuto Hikichi
- Department of Endoscopy, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Masamune
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ya'an Kang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason B Fleming
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hiromasa Ohira
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
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Tawara S, Tatsumi T, Iio S, Kobayashi I, Shigekawa M, Hikita H, Sakamori R, Hiramatsu N, Miyoshi E, Takehara T. Evaluation of Fucosylated Haptoglobin and Mac-2 Binding Protein as Serum Biomarkers to Estimate Liver Fibrosis in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151828. [PMID: 27002630 PMCID: PMC4803196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucosylated haptoglobin (Fuc-Hpt) and Mac-2 binding protein (Mac-2 bp) are identified as cancer biomarkers, based on the results from a glyco-proteomic analysis. Recently, we reported that these glyco-biomarkers were associated with liver fibrosis and/or ballooning hepatocytes in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We evaluated the ability of these glycoproteins to estimate liver fibrosis in 317 patients with chronic hepatitis C. We measured the serum Fuc-Hpt and Mac-2 bp levels using a lectin-antibody ELISA and ELISA, respectively. The serum levels of both Fuc-Hpt and Mac-2 bp increased with the progression of liver fibrosis. The multivariate analysis revealed that Mac-2 bp was an independent factor associated with moderate liver fibrosis (F ≥ 2). In contrast, Fuc-Hpt was an independent factor associated with advanced liver fibrosis (F ≥ 3). In terms of evaluating liver fibrosis, the serum levels of these glycomarkers were correlated with well-known liver fibrosis indexes, such as the aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI) and Fibrosis-4 (FIB4) index. An assay that combined the APRI or FIB4 index and the Fuc-Hpt or Mac-2 bp levels increased the AUC value for diagnosing hepatic fibrosis. Interestingly, the cumulative incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was significantly higher in the patients with elevated serum levels of Fuc-Hpt and Mac-2 bp. In conclusion, both Fuc-Hpt and Mac-2 bp could be useful glyco-biomarkers of liver fibrosis and predictors of HCC in patients with chronic hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Tawara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohide Tatsumi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (T. Tatsumi); (T. Takehara)
| | - Sadaharu Iio
- Department of Gastroenterological Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Nishinomiya Hospital, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ichizou Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Medicine, Higashiosaka City General Hospital, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Minoru Shigekawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hayato Hikita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Sakamori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Hiramatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiji Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (T. Tatsumi); (T. Takehara)
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Lin TW, Chang HT, Chen CH, Chen CH, Lin SW, Hsu TL, Wong CH. Galectin-3 Binding Protein and Galectin-1 Interaction in Breast Cancer Cell Aggregation and Metastasis. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:9685-93. [PMID: 26168351 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b04744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 binding protein (Gal-3BP) is a large hyperglycosylated protein that acts as a ligand for several galectins through glycan-dependent interactions. Gal-3BP can induce galectin-mediated tumor cell aggregation to increase the survival of cancer cells in the bloodstream during the metastatic process. However, the galectin interacting with Gal-3BP and its binding specificity has not been identified and structurally elucidated, mainly due to the limitation of mass spectrometry in glycan sequencing. To understand the role of Gal-3BP, we here used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with specific exoglycosidase reactions to determine the sequences of N-glycans on Gal-3BP from MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, especially the sequences with terminal sialylation and fucosylation, and addition of LacNAc repeat structures. The N-glycans from both strains are complex type with terminal α2,3-sialidic acid and core fucose linkages, with additional α1,2- and α1,3 fucose linkages found in MCF-7 cells. Compared with that from MCF-7, the Gal-3BP from MDA-MB-231 cells had fewer tetra-antennary structures, only α1,6-linked core fucoses, and more LacNAc repeat structures; the MDA-MB-231 cells had no surface galectin-3 but used surface galectin-1 for interaction with Gal-3BP to form large oligomers and cell aggregates. This study elucidates the specificity of Gal-3BP interacting with galectin-1 and the role of Gal-3BP in cancer cell aggregation and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui-Tzu Chang
- §Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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Thijssen VL, Heusschen R, Caers J, Griffioen AW. Galectin expression in cancer diagnosis and prognosis: A systematic review. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1855:235-47. [PMID: 25819524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of proteins that bind to specific glycans thereby deciphering the information captured within the glycome. In the last two decades, several galectin family members have emerged as versatile modulators of tumor progression. This has initiated the development and preclinical assessment of galectin-targeting compounds. With the first compounds now entering clinical trials it is pivotal to gain insight in the diagnostic and prognostic value of galectins in cancer as this will allow a more rational selection of the patients that might benefit most from galectin-targeted therapies. Here, we present a systematic review of galectin expression in human cancer patients. Malignant transformation is frequently associated with altered galectin expression, most notably of galectin-1 and galectin-3. In most cancers, increased galectin-1 expression is associated with poor prognosis while elevated galectin-9 expression is emerging as a marker of favorable disease outcome. The prognostic value of galectin-3 appears to be tumor type dependent and the other galectins require further investigation. Regarding the latter, additional studies using larger patient cohorts are essential to fully unravel the diagnostic and prognostic value of galectin expression. Furthermore, to better compare different findings, consensus should be reached on how to assess galectin expression, not only with regard to localization within the tissue and within cellular compartments but also regarding alternative splicing and genomic variations. Finally, linking galectin expression and function to aberrant glycosylation in cancer cells will improve our understanding of how these versatile proteins can be exploited for diagnostic, prognostic and even therapeutic purposes in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Thijssen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Roy Heusschen
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Jo Caers
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Läubli H, Alisson-Silva F, Stanczak MA, Siddiqui SS, Deng L, Verhagen A, Varki N, Varki A. Lectin galactoside-binding soluble 3 binding protein (LGALS3BP) is a tumor-associated immunomodulatory ligand for CD33-related Siglecs. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33481-91. [PMID: 25320078 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.593129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectin galactoside-binding soluble 3 binding protein (LGALS3BP, also called Mac-2 binding protein) is a heavily glycosylated secreted molecule that has been shown previously to be up-regulated in many cancers and has been implicated in tumor metastatic processes, as well as in other cell adhesion and immune functions. The CD33-related subset of sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) consists of immunomodulatory molecules that have recently been associated with the modulation of immune responses to cancer. Because up-regulation of Siglec ligands in cancer tissue has been observed, the characterization of these cancer-associated ligands that bind to inhibitory CD33-related Siglecs could provide novel targets for cancer immunomodulatory therapy. Here we used affinity chromatography of tumor cell extracts to identify LGALS3BP as a novel sialic acid-dependent ligand for human Siglec-9 and for other immunomodulatory Siglecs, such as Siglec-5 and Siglec-10. In contrast, the mouse homolog Siglec-E binds to murine LGALS3BP with lower affinity. LGALS3BP has been observed to be up-regulated in human colorectal and prostate cancer specimens, particularly in the extracellular matrix. Finally, LGALS3BP was able to inhibit neutrophil activation in a sialic acid- and Siglec-dependent manner. These findings suggest a novel immunoinhibitory function for LGALS3BP that might be important for immune evasion of tumor cells during cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Läubli
- From the Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Frederico Alisson-Silva
- From the Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Michal A Stanczak
- From the Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Shoib S Siddiqui
- From the Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Liwen Deng
- From the Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Andrea Verhagen
- From the Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Nissi Varki
- From the Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ajit Varki
- From the Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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Stampolidis P, Ullrich A, Iacobelli S. LGALS3BP, lectin galactoside-binding soluble 3 binding protein, promotes oncogenic cellular events impeded by antibody intervention. Oncogene 2013; 34:39-52. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy for colon cancer using an HLA-A*0201-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope from tumor-associated antigen 90K. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 10:275-82. [PMID: 23524651 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2012.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated antigen 90K is implicated in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion through its interaction with galectin-3 and integrin-β1 and is highly expressed in malignant tissues, making it a novel target for the development of new immunotherapies. We investigated a potential immunotherapy treatment for colon cancer using 90K-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced by autologous dendritic cells and pulsed with 90K peptides. We selected three peptides (90K351, 90K5 and 90K523) that bind to HLA-A*0201 molecules on the basis of their binding affinity, as determined by a peptide-T2 binding assay. Dendritic cells pulsed with 90K peptides resulted in the efficient generation of mature dendritic cells and exhibited enhanced T-cell stimulation and polarization of naive T cells toward Th1. Dendritic cells pulsed with 90K peptides generated potent cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that lysed T2 cells loaded with each 90K peptide, and 90K(+)/HLA-A2(+) colon cancer cell lines, including HCT116 and SW480, in a dose-dependent and HLA-A*0201-restricted manner. No killing was observed in 90K(+)/HLA-A2(-) DLD1 or 90K(-)/HLA-A2(-) K562 cells. Therefore, we believe that cytotoxic T-lymphocytes stimulated by 90K peptide-pulsed dendritic cells naturally recognize the 90K peptide presented by colon cancer cells in the context of HLA-A2, and kill 90K-positive tumor cells. Dendritic cells pulsed with 90K peptides led to the induction of granzyme B and perforin positive CD8(+) T cells against HCT116 and SW480 cells, but not DLD1 cells. In conclusion, 90K-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, generated by stimulating T cells with 90K peptide-pulsed dendritic cells, could be useful effector cells for the immunotherapy treatment of colon cancer.
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Martínez VG, Moestrup SK, Holmskov U, Mollenhauer J, Lozano F. The conserved scavenger receptor cysteine-rich superfamily in therapy and diagnosis. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:967-1000. [PMID: 21880988 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.004523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) superfamily of soluble or membrane-bound protein receptors is characterized by the presence of one or several repeats of an ancient and highly conserved protein module, the SRCR domain. This superfamily (SRCR-SF) has been in constant and progressive expansion, now up to more than 30 members. The study of these members is attracting growing interest, which parallels that in innate immunity. No unifying function has been described to date for the SRCR domains, this being the result of the limited knowledge still available on the physiology of most members of the SRCR-SF, but also of the sequence versatility of the SRCR domains. Indeed, involvement of SRCR-SF members in quite different functions, such as pathogen recognition, modulation of the immune response, epithelial homeostasis, stem cell biology, and tumor development, have all been described. This has brought to us new information, unveiling the possibility that targeting or supplementing SRCR-SF proteins could result in diagnostic and/or therapeutic benefit for a number of physiologic and pathologic states. Recent research has provided structural and functional insight into these proteins, facilitating the development of means to modulate the activity of SRCR-SF members. Indeed, some of these approaches are already in use, paving the way for a more comprehensive use of SRCR-SF members in the clinic. The present review will illustrate some available evidence on the potential of well known and new members of the SRCR-SF in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Gabriela Martínez
- Center Esther Koplowitz, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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Morandi F, Corrias MV, Levreri I, Scaruffi P, Raffaghello L, Carlini B, Bocca P, Prigione I, Stigliani S, Amoroso L, Ferrone S, Pistoia V. Serum levels of cytoplasmic melanoma-associated antigen at diagnosis may predict clinical relapse in neuroblastoma patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:1485-95. [PMID: 21660451 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The high molecular weight melanoma-associated antigen (HMW-MAA) and the cytoplasmic melanoma-associated antigen (cyt-MAA/LGALS3BP) are expressed in melanoma. Their serum levels are increased in melanoma patients and correlate with clinical outcome. We investigated whether these molecules can serve as prognostic markers for neuroblastoma (NB) patients. Expression of cyt-MAA and HMW-MAA was evaluated by flow cytometry in NB cell lines, patients' neuroblasts ((FI)-NB), and short-term cultures of these latter cells (cNB). LGALS3BP gene expression was evaluated by RT-qPCR on (FI)-NB, cNB, and primary tumor specimens. Soluble HMW-MAA and cyt-MAA were tested by ELISA. Cyt-MAA and HMW-MAA were expressed in NB cell lines, cNB, and (FI)-NB samples. LGALS3BP gene expression was higher in primary tumors and cNB than in (FI)-NB samples. Soluble cyt-MAA, but not HMW-MAA, was detected in NB cell lines and cNBs supernatants. NB patients' serum levels of both antigens were higher than those of the healthy children. High cyt-MAA serum levels at diagnosis associated with higher incidence of relapse, independently from other known risk factors. In conclusion, both HMW-MAA and cyt-MAA antigens, and LGALS3BP gene, were expressed by NB cell lines and patients' neuroblasts, and both antigens' serum levels were increased in NB patients. Elevated serum levels of cyt-MAA at diagnosis correlated with relapse, supporting that cyt-MAA may serve as early serological biomarker to individuate patients at higher risk of relapse that may require a more careful follow-up, after being validated in a larger cohort of patients at different time-points during follow-up. Given its immunogenicity, cyt-MAA may also be a potential target for NB immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Morandi
- Laboratory of Oncology, G. Gaslini Children's Hospital, Largo G. Gaslini 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy.
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Lee JH, Park MS, Chung IJ. Induction of 90K-specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes for Colon Cancer Immunotherapy. Immune Netw 2010; 10:206-11. [PMID: 21286381 PMCID: PMC3026940 DOI: 10.4110/in.2010.10.6.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cell (DC)-based tumor vaccine is an attractive modality for the treatment of colon cancer because it has been recurred and produced few side effects in patients. Secretory glycoprotein 90K has been found at elevated level in various cancer tissues and sera. We investigated to establish a more effective DC vaccine for the treatment of colon cancer in which the levels of 90K are elevated. METHODS We obtained the concentrated 90K from 293T cells stably expressing 90K. DCs were cultured from peripheral blood monocytes, and a DC vaccine pulsed with tumor lysate was compared with a DC vaccine pulsed with 90K. We measured the functional activity for CTLs by using IFN-γ-enzyme linked immunoabsorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay. RESULTS DCs pulsed with tumor lysate+90K exhibited the enhanced T cell stimulation, polarization of naïve T cell toward Th1. The CTLs generated by DCs pulsed with 90K efficiently lysed HCT116 cells. The results indicate that 90K-speicifc-CTLs can recognize 90K proteins naturally presented by colon cancer cells. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that 90K-specific CTLs generated by 90K-pulsed DCs could be useful effector cells for immunotherapy in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hee Lee
- Department of Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 519-809, Korea
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Kim YS, Jung JA, Kim HJ, Ahn YH, Yoo JS, Oh S, Cho C, Yoo HS, Ko JH. Galectin-3 binding protein promotes cell motility in colon cancer by stimulating the shedding of protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa by proprotein convertase 5. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 404:96-102. [PMID: 21094132 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It has previously been reported that shedding of the PTPκ ectodomain drives enhanced motility of colon cancer cells. Herein, we provide mechanism underlying the regulation of PTPκ shedding by galectin-3 binding protein. PTPκ was inarguably scissored by the processed form of proprotein convertase 5 (subtilisin/kexin type 5), and galectin-3 binding protein which is over-produced in colon cancer cells and tissues contributed to increased cancer cell motility by acting as a negative regulator of galectin-3 at the cell surface. The high expression ratio of galectin-3 binding protein to galectin-3 was clinically correlated to lymphatic invasion. These results suggest that galectin-3 binding protein may be a potential therapeutic target for treatment of, at least, colon cancer patients with high expression of galectin-3 binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sam Kim
- Daejeon-KRIBB-FHCRC Research Cooperation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
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Galectin-3-binding protein: a serological and histological assessment in accordance with hepatitis C-related liver fibrosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 22:1066-73. [PMID: 20186066 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0b013e328337d602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Invasive liver biopsy is the current method for the assessment of liver fibrosis. In search of noninvasive alternatives, galectin-3-binding protein (G3BP) was introduced as a candidate-marker of hepatitis C-related fibrosis based on serum proteomics. We investigated the role of G3BP as a single-marker of significant fibrosis and cirrhosis by serology and histology and studied the effect of glycosylation on antibody-affinity in hepatitis C and alcoholic cirrhosis. METHODS Sera and available biopsies of hepatitis C patients with various fibrosis-grades and patients with alcoholic cirrhosis were used for G3BP-measurements by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Glycosylation-effect was analyzed by western blot. Data was analyzed in accordance to fibrosis. RESULTS G3BP-levels (mean+/-standard deviation) were increased during cirrhosis (22.7+/-10.1 microg/ml) compared to mild (11.3+/-6.4 microg/ml) and moderate fibrosis (13.4+/-8.3 microg/ml) (P<0.001; P=0.004, respectively). Receiver operator characteristic curves showed areas under the curve of 0.68, 0.75 and 0.81 for detection of significant fibrosis, severe fibrosis, and cirrhosis, respectively. Similar findings in hepatic G3BP expression were obtained, in which cirrhosis was associated with diffuse, parenchymal expression (P=0.002). The observed difference between hepatitis C and alcoholic cirrhosis (13.5+/-9.0 microg/ml) (P=0.009) could not be explained by glycosylation. CONCLUSION Our recent findings confirm our initial proteome results on serological and histological level as well as the role of G3BP as a marker of hepatitis C-related fibrosis, especially cirrhosis. Implication of this protein in future multi-marker study should be considered.
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Yao X, Jiang H, Zhang C, Wang H, Yang L, Yu Y, Yu J, Shi B, Shen Z, Gao H, Chen Z, Tian S, Lu S, Li Z, Gu J. Dickkopf-1 autoantibody is a novel serological biomarker for non-small cell lung cancer. Biomarkers 2010; 15:128-34. [PMID: 19839718 DOI: 10.3109/13547500903325662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated whether or not there are autoantibodies for DKK1 (Dickkopf-1) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and whether this autoantibody can be used for cancer detection. METHODS The levels of DKK1 autoantibodies were determined in 93 NSCLC patients and 87 healthy controls. RESULTS We found that, in the sera, the presence of autoantibody against DKK1 was highly correlated with NSCLC. High anti-DKK1 autoantibody titres were found in the sera of NSCLC patients, whereas low or negative titres were found in the control group. The ROC curve results showed that autoantibody immunoassay exhibited 62% sensitivity and 84% specificity. The sensitivity for the detection of NSCLC in stage I also reach 64.3%. Furthermore, a combined ELISA assays for both DKK1 and autoantibody DKK1 increased sensitivity and classified 81.7% (76/93) of the NSCLC patients as positive, whereas only 13.8 % (12/87) of healthy volunteers were falsely diagnosed as positive. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the detection of circulating DKK1 autoantibody could potentially serve as a useful non-invasive marker for determining lung cancer status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
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Srirajaskanthan R, Caplin ME, Waugh MG, Watkins J, Meyer T, Hsuan JJ, Beaumont NJ. Identification of Mac-2-binding protein as a putative marker of neuroendocrine tumors from the analysis of cell line secretomes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 9:656-66. [PMID: 20019050 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900401-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) can arise from a variety of organs. They can vary widely in clinical behavior; consequently, optimizing their treatment plan can be problematic. NETs display diverse tumor biology; however, most secrete peptides such as chromogranin A into the circulation, consistent with their neuroendocrine origin. In this study, we sought to identify other potential markers for NETs by analyzing the secreted proteomes of three neuroendocrine cell lines. BON-1, NCI-H727, and SHP-77 cells were grown in serum-free media, and the secreted proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and identified by LC-MS/MS. We identified 205 proteins of which 61 were secreted by two or more of the cell lines and 19 were secreted by all three lines. Mac-2-binding protein (Mac-2BP) was found to be secreted by all three cell lines, and this was confirmed by Western blotting. Immunohistochemical analysis found 29 of 33 NET cases from different primary sites to be positive for Mac-2BP. Serum Mac-2BP was significantly elevated in NET patients compared with healthy controls (p < 0.001). This study demonstrated that analysis of the secreted proteomes of neuroendocrine cell lines can identify potential biomarkers for NET. Initial assessment showed that serum Mac-2BP is significantly elevated in patients with NET and is expressed by the majority of NET tissues.
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Ulmer TA, Keeler V, André S, Gabius HJ, Loh L, Laferté S. The tumor-associated antigen 90K/Mac-2-binding protein secreted by human colon carcinoma cells enhances extracellular levels of promatrilysin and is a novel substrate of matrix metalloproteinases-2, -7 (matrilysin) and -9: Implications of proteolytic cleavage. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1800:336-43. [PMID: 19665518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor-associated antigen 90K (TAA90K)/Mac-2-binding protein is expressed at elevated level in cancerous tissues and associated with poor prognosis. Since TAA90K has been implicated in the restructuring of the extracellular matrix, we examined the functional relationship between colon cancer cell-derived TAA90K and the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) promatrilysin (proMMP-7), and also tested whether TAA90K is a novel substrate for MMPs-2, -7 and -9. METHODS The effect of TAA90K on proMMP-7 levels in HT-29 conditioned media was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Binding of TAA90K to MMPs, extracellular matrix proteins and galectin-3 was measured by solid-phase binding assays. Proteolytic cleavage of TAA90K by MMPs was documented by SDS-PAGE and protein sequencing analysis. RESULTS TAA90K enhanced extracellular levels of proMMP-7 in HT-29 cells. In addition, TAA90K was cleaved by MMPs-2, -7 and -9. MMP-7-mediated cleavage of TAA90K did not affect its binding to MMP-7, laminin-1, collagen IV and galectin-3 but reduced its interaction with fibronectin and laminin-10, and lowered the levels of proMMP-7 in the HT-29 medium. CONCLUSION TAA90K is a novel substrate for MMPs-2, -7 and -9 and modulates proMMP-7 levels in colon cancer cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Proteolytic cleavage of TAA90K may have functional implications in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia A Ulmer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Room A3, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E5
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Torlakovic EE, Keeler V, Wang C, Lim HJ, Lining LA, Laferté S. Cyclophilin C-associated protein (CyCAP) knock-out mice spontaneously develop colonic mucosal hyperplasia and exaggerated tumorigenesis after treatment with carcinogen azoxymethane. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:251. [PMID: 19627619 PMCID: PMC2724547 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of a "serrated neoplasia pathway" has highlighted the role of hyperplastic lesions of the colon as the significant precursor of colorectal adenocarcinoma. In mice, hyperplasia of the colonic mucosa is a regular phenomenon after a challenge with colonic carcinogens indicating that mucosal hyperproliferation and thickening, even without cytological dysplasia, represents an early pre-malignant change. Cyclophilin C-associated protein (CyCAP) has been described to down-modulate endotoxin signaling in colorectal murine mucosa and is a murine orthologue of the tumor-associated antigen 90 K (TAA90K)/mac-2-binding protein. METHODS Female Balb/c wild-type (WT) and CyCAP knock-out (KO) mice (6-8 weeks old) were administered 2 or 6 weekly subcutaneous injections of azoxymethane. The animals were evaluated post-injection at six weeks for aberrant crypt foci (ACF) study and at five months for colon tumor measurement. The thickness of the colon crypts was measured in microns and the number of colonocytes per crypt was also determined in well-oriented crypts. Morphometric analyses of the colon mucosa were also performed in untreated 6-8 weeks old KO and WT animals. Formalin-fixed/paraffin-embedded colon sections were also studied by immunohistochemistry to determine the Ki-67 proliferation fraction of the colon mucosa, beta-catenin cellular localization, cyclin D1, c-myc, and lysozyme in Paneth cells. RESULTS Cyclophilin C-associated protein (CyCAP)-/- mice, spontaneously developed colonic mucosal hyperplasia early in life compared to wild-type mice (WT) (p < 0.0001, T-test) and crypts of colonic mucosa of the (CyCAP)-/- mice show higher proliferation rate (p = 0.039, Mann-Whitney Test) and larger number of cyclin D1-positive cells (p < 0.0001, Mann-Whitney Test). Proliferation fraction and cyclin D1 expression showed positive linear association (p = 0.019, Linear-by-Linear Association). The hyperplasia was even more pronounced in CyCAP-/- mice than in WT after challenge with azoxymethane (p = 0.005, T-test). The length of the crypts (r = 0.723, p = 0.018, Spearman Correlation) and the number of colonocytes per crypt (r = 0.863, p = 0.001, Spearman Correlation) in non-tumorous areas were positively associated with azoxymethane-induced number of tumors. CyCAP-/- developed larger numbers of tumors than WT animals (p = 0.003, T-Test) as well as overall larger tumor mass (p = 0.016, T-Test). Membranous beta-catenin was focally overexpressed in KO mice including proliferative zone of the crypts. CONCLUSION CyCAP-/- represent the first described model of spontaneous colonic mucosal hyperplasia. We conclude that CyCAP-deficient mice spontaneously and after challenge with carcinogen develop significantly more colorectal mucosal hyperplasia, an early stage in murine colonic carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emina Emilia Torlakovic
- Department of Pathology, Royal University Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
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Vikman S, Essand M, Cunningham JL, de la Torre M, Oberg K, Tötterman TH, Giandomenico V. Gene expression in midgut carcinoid tumors: potential targets for immunotherapy. Acta Oncol 2009; 44:32-40. [PMID: 15848904 DOI: 10.1080/02841860510007404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Classical midgut carcinoids are serotonin-secreting tumors derived from enterochromaffin cells in the gut. Metastatic disease represents a therapeutic challenge and immunotherapy implies a novel approach for treatment. In order to define antigens suitable for T-cell therapy with a preferential expression in midgut carcinoid tissue a broad screening of genes with preferential neuroendocrine restriction, genes described as over-expressed in various malignancies, and genes encoding cancer-testis associated antigens was performed. The expression of 32 genes was analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in 28 midgut carcinoid specimens, in the cell line BON and in normal tissues. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to evaluate protein expression. Expression is shown of genes that have previously not been observed in midgut carcinoid tumors, such as Survivin and GAGEs. Also the expression is confirmed of genes that encode pivotal proteins in enterochromaffin cells, such as TPH1 and VMAT1, and their tissue-restricted expression is indicated. In addition, gene expression of IA-2 and CDX-2 in normal gastrointestinal (GI) tract and in tumor is shown. Protein expression of TPH, VMAT1, and Survivin was detected in tumor tissue. This study elucidates that TPH1, VMAT1, and Survivin should be further investigated as potential target antigens for T cell-mediated immunotherapy of midgut carcinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Vikman
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Park YP, Choi SC, Kim JH, Song EY, Kim JW, Yoon DY, Yeom YI, Lim JS, Kim JW, Paik SG, Lee HG. Up-regulation of Mac-2 binding protein by hTERT in gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:813-20. [PMID: 17131321 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mac-2 binding protein (Mac-2BP) is a secreted tumor antigen that is elevated in many cancers and implicated in tumor metastasis, as well as cell adhesion and immune functions. We focused on the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) induced Mac-2BP expression and the relationship between Mac-2BP expression and the progression of gastric cancer. A cDNA expression array analysis was performed on the telomerase-negative cell line, SW13, which was engineered to overexpress hTERT when compared with the parental SW13 cell. hTERT-induced Mac-2BP expression was confirmed via RT-PCR and Northern blotting. ELISA and flow cytometric analyses revealed that Mac-2BP protein was increased by 2- to 4-fold in hTERT-overexpressing cells compared with the mock control. Mac-2BP expression was significantly reduced when the overexpressed hTERT was neutralized by the introduction of hTERT-specific siRNA. These results suggest that Mac-2BP expression is modulated by hTERT. Mac-2BP levels in both gastric cancer cells and tumor tissues were determined via Northern blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Mac-2BP protein was highly expressed in most gastric cancer cell lines, and gastric tumor tissues were stained more densely than normal tissues. The intracellular and secreted Mac-2BP levels were also evaluated via ELISA, indicating that Mac-2BP was expressed and secreted more abundantly in gastric cancer patients than in healthy donors. The elevated serum Mac-2BP level in gastric tumor patients was also significantly associated with distant metastasis (p = 0.05) and higher tumor stage (p = 0.04). Our findings suggest that Mac-2BP is induced by hTERT, and that it may prove to be a useful prognostic marker for the detection of malignant progression of metastatic stomach cancers.
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Ulmer TA, Keeler V, Loh L, Chibbar R, Torlakovic E, André S, Gabius HJ, Laferté S. Tumor-associated antigen 90K/Mac-2-binding protein: possible role in colon cancer. J Cell Biochem 2006; 98:1351-66. [PMID: 16518858 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The tumor-associated antigen 90K (TAA90K)/Mac-2-binding protein implicated in cancer progression and metastasis is modified by beta1-6 branched N-linked oligosaccharides in colon cancer cells, glycans shown to contribute to cancer metastasis. To elucidate the role of TAA90K in colon cancer, we examined its expression and function in human colon tumors and colon carcinoma cell lines. Immunohistochemical analyses of colon tumors revealed elevated expression of TAA90K in all samples analyzed compared to normal colon. To examine the function of TAA90K in colon cancer, we carried out protein and cell binding assays using TAA90K-His purified from HT-29 cells colon carcinoma cells infected with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing TAA90K containing a C-terminal poly-histidine tag. TAA90K-His bound to fibronectin, collagen IV, laminins-1, -5, and -10 and galectin-3 (Mac-2) but poorly to collagen I and galectin-1. As expected, binding of TAA90K to galectin-3 was dependent on carbohydrate since it was inhibitable by lactose and asiolofetuin, and a TAA90K-His glycoform purified from HT-29 cells treated with the glycosylation inhibitor 1-deoxymannojirimycin bound poorly to galectin-3. Unlike TAA90K isolated from other cell types, TAA90K-His isolated from colon cancer cells failed to mediate adhesion of colon cancer and normal cell lines, possibly due to cell-type specific glycosylation of TAA90K-His and/or its putative cellular receptor. However, at low concentrations, TAA90K-His enhanced galectin-3-mediated HT-29 cell adhesion while at high concentrations, it inhibited cell adhesion. Thus, a possible mechanism by which TAA90K may contribute to colon cancer progression is by modulating tumor cell adhesion to extracellular proteins, including galectin-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia A Ulmer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
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Bair EL, Nagle RB, Ulmer TA, Laferté S, Bowden GT. 90K/Mac-2 binding protein is expressed in prostate cancer and induces promatrilysin expression. Prostate 2006; 66:283-93. [PMID: 16245278 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 90K/Mac-2 binding protein is a cell adhesive protein whose level of expression has been correlated with metastatic potential in many different tumor types. The purpose of this investigation was to examine 90K expression in prostate cancer and to determine a possible role for 90K in cancer progression. METHODS 90K expression in prostate cell lines and tissue samples was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Expression in cell lines was also evaluated by Western blot analysis and real-time RT-PCR. Induction of promatrilysin by 90K was evaluated by ELISA. RESULTS Some of the human prostate cell lines studied expressed 90K. 90K was over-expressed in 38.8% of prostate cancer tumor samples, 7.14% of PIN lesions, and 18.6% of normal tissue. 90K was also shown to induce promatrilysin expression in the prostate cell line, LNCaP. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that 90K is over-expressed in a large fraction of malignant tumors. The fact that 90K can induce expression of promatrilysin indicates a possible role for 90K in cancer progression and metastasis. This suggests that 90K over-expression may be a useful marker for examining prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth L Bair
- Cancer Center Division, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
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Kong W, Li S, Longaker MT, Lorenz HP. Cyclophilin C-associated protein is up-regulated during wound healing. J Cell Physiol 2006; 210:153-60. [PMID: 16998803 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophilin C-associated protein (CyCAP) is identified from macrophages. It locates in intracellular, membrane bound and extracellular, suggesting it has an important role, however both of its regulation and function have not been elucidated. The expression of CyCAP in skin and during wound healing is also unknown. We demonstrate that CyCAP is expressed in both dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes. In the dermis, the majority of CyCAP protein is located intracellular in a filamentous protein form while a lesser amount is in the extracellular matrix (ECM). CyCAP gene and protein expression is increased 1 day after skin wound healing in both fetal and adult rats and remains elevated level up to 1 week in adult rats. Immunohistochemistry studies demonstrate that the increased CyCAP expression locates mainly to inflammatory cells, including macrophages, monocytes and lymphocytes during wound healing. Interferon-gamma increases CyCAP gene and protein expression in cultured rat fibroblasts. We also found that wound healing is slower and less collagen is expressed in skin of CyCAP null mice. These data are the first observations of CyCAP expression in skin and during wound repair. Our data indicates that CyCAP is regulated by IFNgamma and may function on immune defense in macrophages, lymphocytes, dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyi Kong
- Children's Surgical Research Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Ozaki Y, Kontani K, Teramoto K, Fujita T, Tezuka N, Sawai S, Watanabe H, Fujino S, Asai T, Ohkubo I. Identification of antigenic epitopes recognized by Mac-2 binding protein-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes for use in cancer immunotherapy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 317:1089-95. [PMID: 15094380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.03.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that 90K/Mac-2 binding protein (M2BP) was highly expressed in lung cancer and that M2BP-specific immunity was observed in many of cancer patients. In this study, we analyzed the ability of 11 M2BP-derived oligopeptides with an HLA-A*0201-binding motif to induce M2BP-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) from peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal donors by in vitro stimulation. One of the CTLs that were induced using M2BP216-224 (RIDITLSSV) produced interferon-gamma in response to HLA-A2-positive T2 cells pulsed with the same peptide and lysed MDA-MB-231 cells expressing both M2BP and HLA-A2. The cytolytic activities were blocked by antibodies against HLA class I or CD8. These findings suggest that M2BP216-224 is naturally processed from the native M2BP in cancer cells and recognized by M2BP-specific CTLs in an HLA-A2 restriction. We first identified M2BP-derived CTL epitopes that may be useful as a target antigenic epitope in clinical immunotherapy of cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Carrier Proteins/chemistry
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/immunology
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- HLA-A Antigens/immunology
- HLA-A Antigens/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitomo Ozaki
- Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
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