1
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Wilson AP, Moshal KS, Franca AP, Ramani S, Gallucci R, Chaaban H, Burge KY. Analyzing efficiency of a lentiviral shRNA knockdown system in human enteroids using western blot and flow cytometry. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:103082. [PMID: 38781076 PMCID: PMC11145376 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2024.103082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteroids are in vitro models to study gastrointestinal pathologies and test personalized therapeutics; however, the inherent complexity of enteroids often renders standard gene editing approaches ineffective. Here, we introduce a refined lentiviral transfection protocol, ensuring sufficient lentiviral engagement with enteroids while considering spatiotemporal growth variability throughout the extracellular matrix. Additionally, we highlight a selection process for transduced cells, introduce a protocol to accurately measure transduction efficiency, and explore methodologies to gauge effects of gene knockdown on biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Wilson
- Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Karni S Moshal
- Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Addison P Franca
- Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Randle Gallucci
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Hala Chaaban
- Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Kathryn Y Burge
- Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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2
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Lee RF, Li ML, Figetakis M, Sumigray K. A Coculture System for Modeling Intestinal Epithelial-Fibroblast Crosstalk. Methods Mol Biol 2024. [PMID: 38700834 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2024_544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial organoid monoculture is a powerful tool to model stem cell dynamics in vitro. However, extensive efforts have recently revealed various niche players and their significant roles in regulating epithelial stem cells. Among these niche components, fibroblasts have been heavily recognized in the field as a critical niche signal secretor. Thus, understanding the roles of fibroblasts in epithelial dynamics has become increasingly relevant and crucial. This propels the development of approaches to coculture epithelial 3D organoids with fibroblasts to model epithelial-fibroblast crosstalk in vitro. Here, we describe a stepwise coculture method to isolate and culture primary intestinal fibroblasts and epithelial organoids together. Aligned with the recent literature, our coculture protocol allows for primary intestinal fibroblast support of epithelial organoid growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca F Lee
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mei-Lan Li
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maria Figetakis
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kaelyn Sumigray
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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3
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Batani G, Vezzani G, Lashchuk S, Allaoui A, Cardamone D, Raso MM, Boero E, Roscioli E, Ridelfi M, Gasperini G, Pizza M, Rossi O, Berlanda Scorza F, Micoli F, Rappuoli R, Sala C. Development of a visual Adhesion/Invasion Inhibition Assay to assess the functionality of Shigella-specific antibodies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1374293. [PMID: 38680489 PMCID: PMC11045934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1374293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Shigella is the etiologic agent of a bacillary dysentery known as shigellosis, which causes millions of infections and thousands of deaths worldwide each year due to Shigella's unique lifestyle within intestinal epithelial cells. Cell adhesion/invasion assays have been extensively used not only to identify targets mediating host-pathogen interaction, but also to evaluate the ability of Shigella-specific antibodies to reduce virulence. However, these assays are time-consuming and labor-intensive and fail to assess differences at the single-cell level. Objectives and methods Here, we developed a simple, fast and high-content method named visual Adhesion/Invasion Inhibition Assay (vAIA) to measure the ability of anti-Shigellaantibodies to inhibit bacterial adhesion to and invasion of epithelial cells by using the confocal microscope Opera Phenix. Results We showed that vAIA performed well with a pooled human serum from subjects challenged with S. sonnei and that a specific anti-IpaD monoclonal antibody effectively reduced bacterial virulence in a dose-dependent manner. Discussion vAIA can therefore inform on the functionality of polyclonal and monoclonal responses thereby supporting the discovery of pathogenicity mechanisms and the development of candidate vaccines and immunotherapies. Lastly, this assay is very versatile and may be easily applied to other Shigella species or serotypes and to different pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Batani
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Laboratory, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Giacomo Vezzani
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy
| | - Sabrina Lashchuk
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Laboratory, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Abdelmounaaim Allaoui
- The Microbiology Laboratory, University Mohammed VI Polytechnic, Ben, Guerir, Morocco
| | - Dario Cardamone
- Data Science for Health Laboratory, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Elena Boero
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Roscioli
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Laboratory, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Matteo Ridelfi
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Laboratory, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Gasperini
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Pizza
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Omar Rossi
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Micoli
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Sala
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Laboratory, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
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4
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Wang B, Iglesias-Ledon L, Bishop M, Chadha A, Rudolph SE, Longo BN, Cairns DM, Chen Y, Kaplan DL. Impact of Micro- and Nano-Plastics on Human Intestinal Organoid-Derived Epithelium. Curr Protoc 2024; 4:e1027. [PMID: 38588063 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The development of patient-derived intestinal organoids represents an invaluable model for simulating the native human intestinal epithelium. These stem cell-rich cultures outperform commonly used cell lines like Caco-2 and HT29-MTX in reflecting the cellular diversity of the native intestinal epithelium after differentiation. In our recent study examining the effects of polystyrene (PS), microplastics (MPs), and nanoplastics (NPs), widespread pollutants in our environment and food chain, on the human intestinal epithelium, these organoids have been instrumental in elucidating the absorption mechanisms and potential biological impacts of plastic particles. Building on previously established protocols in human intestinal organoid culture, we herein detail a streamlined protocol for the cultivation, differentiation, and generation of organoid-derived monolayers. This protocol is tailored to generate monolayers incorporating microfold cells (M cells), key for intestinal particle uptake but often absent in current in vitro models. We provide validated protocols for the characterization of MPs/NPs via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for detailed imaging and their introduction to intestinal epithelial monolayer cells via confocal immunostaining. Additionally, protocols to test the impacts of MP/NP exposure on the functions of the intestinal barrier using transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements and assessing inflammatory responses using cytokine profiling are detailed. Overall, our protocols enable the generation of human intestinal organoid monolayers, complete with the option of including or excluding M cells, offering crucial techniques for observing particle uptake and identifying inflammatory responses in intestinal epithelial cells to advance our knowledge of the potential effects of plastic pollution on human gut health. These approaches are also amendable to the study of other gut-related chemical and biological exposures and physiological responses due to the robust nature of the systems. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Human intestinal organoid culture and generation of monolayers with and without M cells Support Protocol 1: Culture of L-WRN and production of WRN-conditioned medium Support Protocol 2: Neuronal cell culture and integration into intestinal epithelium Support Protocol 3: Immune cell culture and integration into intestinal epithelium Basic Protocol 2: Scanning electron microscopy: sample preparation and imaging Basic Protocol 3: Immunostaining and confocal imaging of MP/NP uptake in organoid-derived monolayers Basic Protocol 4: Assessment of intestinal barrier function via TEER measurements Basic Protocol 5: Cytokine profiling using ELISA post-MP/NP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | | | - Matthew Bishop
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Anushka Chadha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Sara E Rudolph
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Brooke N Longo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Dana M Cairns
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
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5
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Flood P, Hanrahan N, Nally K, Melgar S. Human intestinal organoids: Modeling gastrointestinal physiology and immunopathology - current applications and limitations. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2250248. [PMID: 37957831 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Human intestinal organoids are an ideal model system for studying gastrointestinal physiology and immunopathology. Altered physiology and mucosal immune response are hallmarks of numerous intestinal functional and inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), coeliac disease, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and obesity. These conditions impact the normal epithelial functions of the intestine, such as absorption, barrier function, secretion, and host-microbiome communication. They are accompanied by characteristic intestinal symptoms and have significant societal, economic, and healthcare burdens. To develop new treatment options, cutting-edge research is required to investigate their etiology and pathology. Human intestinal organoids derived from patient tissue recapitulate the key physiological and immunopathological aspects of these conditions, providing a promising platform for elucidating disease mechanisms. This review will summarize recent reports on patient-derived human small intestinal and colonic organoids and highlight how these models have been used to study intestinal epithelial functions in the context of inflammation, altered physiology, and immune response. Furthermore, it will elaborate on the various organoid systems in use and the techniques/assays currently available to study epithelial functions. Finally, it will conclude by discussing the limitations and future perspectives of organoid technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Flood
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Naomi Hanrahan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ken Nally
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Silvia Melgar
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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6
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Desalegn G, Tamilselvi CS, Lemme-Dumit JM, Heine SJ, Dunn D, Ndungo E, Kapoor N, Oaks EV, Fairman J, Pasetti MF. Shigella virulence protein VirG is a broadly protective antigen and vaccine candidate. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:2. [PMID: 38167387 PMCID: PMC10761965 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00797-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea caused by Shigella has been associated with high morbidity and mortality in young children worldwide. There are no licensed vaccines, and those clinically advanced have restricted coverage as they elicit serotype-specific immunity while disease is caused by multiple circulating serotypes. Our group had previously reported a close association between serum antibodies to the Shigella virulence factor VirG (or IcsA) and clinical protection in infected individuals. VirG is highly conserved among Shigella strains and appealing as a broad-spectrum vaccine candidate. In this study, we investigated the immunogenicity and protective capacity of VirG as a subunit vaccine in mice. The surface-exposed alpha (α) domain of VirG (VirGα) was produced as a recombinant protein. This region has almost identical immune reactivity to full-length VirG. Administered intramuscularly with alum, VirGα elicited robust immune responses and high protective efficacy against S. flexneri 2a and S. sonnei. Almost complete protection was afforded by VirGα given intranasally with the E. coli double mutant heat-labile toxin (dmLT). VirGα-specific antibodies recognized VirG expressed on live Shigella, and blocked Shigella adhesion and invasion to human colonic cells. These results show for the first time that VirGα is a promising cross-protective vaccine candidate to prevent Shigella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girmay Desalegn
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Chitradevi S Tamilselvi
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jose M Lemme-Dumit
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Shannon J Heine
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Dylan Dunn
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Esther Ndungo
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Neeraj Kapoor
- Vaxcyte, Inc., 825 Industrial Road, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA
| | - Edwin V Oaks
- Patuxent Research and Consulting Group, 3106 Arrowhead Farm Rd, Gambrills, MD, 21054, USA
| | - Jeff Fairman
- Vaxcyte, Inc., 825 Industrial Road, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA
| | - Marcela F Pasetti
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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7
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Sutton K, Nash T, Sives S, Borowska D, Mitchell J, Vohra P, Stevens MP, Vervelde L. Disentangling the innate immune responses of intestinal epithelial cells and lamina propria cells to Salmonella Typhimurium infection in chickens. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1258796. [PMID: 37854334 PMCID: PMC10579587 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1258796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) is a major foodborne pathogen and poultry are a key reservoir of human infections. To understand the host responses to early stages of Salmonella infection in poultry, we infected 2D and 3D enteroids, the latter of which contains leukocytes, neurons, and mesenchymal cells that are characteristic of the lamina propria. We infected these enteroids with wild-type (WT STm), a non-invasive mutant lacking the prgH gene (ΔprgH STm), or treated them with STm lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and analyzed the expression of innate immune related genes by qPCR at 4 and 8 h. The localization of the tight junction protein, ZO-1, expression was disrupted in WT STm infected enteroids but not ΔprgH STm or LPS treated enteroids, suggesting a loss of epithelial barrier integrity. The innate immune response to LPS was more pronounced in 2D enteroids compared to 3D enteroids and by 8 hpi, the response in 3D enteroids was almost negligible. However, when STm adhered to or invaded the enteroids, both 2D and 3D enteroids exhibited an upregulation of inflammatory responses. The presence of lamina propria cells in 3D enteroids resulted in the unique expression of genes associated with immune functions involved in regulating inflammation. Moreover, 2D and 3D enteroids showed temporal differences in response to bacterial invasion or adherence. At 8 hpi, innate responses in 3D but not 2D enteroids continued to increase after infection with WT STm, whereas the responses to the non-invasive strain decreased at 8 hpi in both 2D and 3D enteroids. In conclusion, STm infection of chicken enteroids recapitulated several observations from in vivo studies of Salmonella-infected chickens, including altered epithelial barrier integrity based on ZO-1 expression and inflammatory responses. Our findings provide evidence that Salmonella-infected enteroids serve as effective models for investigating host-pathogen interactions and exploring the molecular mechanisms of microbial virulence although the 3D model mimics the host more accurately due to the presence of a lamina propria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Sutton
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tessa Nash
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Sives
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dominika Borowska
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan Mitchell
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Prerna Vohra
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P. Stevens
- Division of Bacteriology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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8
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Zachos NC, Vaughan H, Sarker R, Est-Witte S, Chakraborty M, Baetz NW, Yu H, Yarov-Yarovoy V, McNamara G, Green JJ, Tse CM, Donowitz M. A Novel Peptide Prevents Enterotoxin- and Inflammation-Induced Intestinal Fluid Secretion by Stimulating Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 3 Activity. Gastroenterology 2023; 165:986-998.e11. [PMID: 37429363 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Acute diarrheal diseases are the second most common cause of infant mortality in developing countries. This is contributed to by lack of effective drug therapy that shortens the duration or lessens the volume of diarrhea. The epithelial brush border sodium (Na+)/hydrogen (H+) exchanger 3 (NHE3) accounts for a major component of intestinal Na+ absorption and is inhibited in most diarrheas. Because increased intestinal Na+ absorption can rehydrate patients with diarrhea, NHE3 has been suggested as a potential druggable target for drug therapy for diarrhea. METHODS A peptide (sodium-hydrogen exchanger 3 stimulatory peptide [N3SP]) was synthesized to mimic the part of the NHE3 C-terminus that forms a multiprotein complex that inhibits NHE3 activity. The effect of N3SP on NHE3 activity was evaluated in NHE3-transfected fibroblasts null for other plasma membrane NHEs, a human colon cancer cell line that models intestinal absorptive enterocytes (Caco-2/BBe), human enteroids, and mouse intestine in vitro and in vivo. N3SP was delivered into cells via a hydrophobic fluorescent maleimide or nanoparticles. RESULTS N3SP uptake stimulated NHE3 activity at nmol/L concentrations under basal conditions and partially reversed the reduced NHE3 activity caused by elevated adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, and Ca2+ in cell lines and in in vitro mouse intestine. N3SP also stimulated intestinal fluid absorption in the mouse small intestine in vivo and prevented cholera toxin-, Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin-, and cluster of differentiation 3 inflammation-induced fluid secretion in a live mouse intestinal loop model. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest pharmacologic stimulation of NHE3 activity as an efficacious approach for the treatment of moderate/severe diarrheal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Zachos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Hannah Vaughan
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rafiquel Sarker
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Savannah Est-Witte
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Molee Chakraborty
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nicholas W Baetz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hongzhe Yu
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vladimir Yarov-Yarovoy
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - George McNamara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jordan J Green
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chung-Ming Tse
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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9
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Tan J, Liu Y, Li W, Chen G, Fang Y, He X, Fu B, Jing Z. A Strainer-Based Platform for the Collection and Immunolabeling of Mouse Intestinal Organoids. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13568. [PMID: 37686373 PMCID: PMC10487879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal organoids have emerged as powerful model systems for studying the complex structure and function of the intestine. However, there is a lack of widely applicable methods for the collection, labeling, and imaging of intestinal organoids. In this study, we developed a novel method for loading and labeling intestinal organoids, a method that efficiently collects the organoids and facilitates imaging of their three-dimensional (3D) structure. Based on this strainer platform, mouse intestinal organoids were adequately collected and immobilized, facilitating the immunolabeling workflow to target proteins of the organoids. After evaluation, the strainer size of 40 μm was considered to be more conducive to the collection and labeling of mouse intestinal organoids. More extensive research on organoids of multiple types and species origins will contribute to broadening the applicability of the methodology. Overall, our study proposes an innovative workflow for loading and analyzing intestinal organoids. The combination of a strainer-based collection method, fluorescent labeling, and 3D reconstruction provides valuable insights into the organization and complexity of these tissue models, thereby offering new avenues for investigating intestinal development, disease modeling, and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Baoquan Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (J.T.); (Y.L.); (W.L.); (G.C.); (Y.F.); (X.H.)
| | - Zhizhong Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (J.T.); (Y.L.); (W.L.); (G.C.); (Y.F.); (X.H.)
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10
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Britton C, Laing R, McNeilly TN, Perez MG, Otto TD, Hildersley KA, Maizels RM, Devaney E, Gillan V. New technologies to study helminth development and host-parasite interactions. Int J Parasitol 2023; 53:393-403. [PMID: 36931423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
How parasites develop and survive, and how they stimulate or modulate host immune responses are important in understanding disease pathology and for the design of new control strategies. Microarray analysis and bulk RNA sequencing have provided a wealth of data on gene expression as parasites develop through different life-cycle stages and on host cell responses to infection. These techniques have enabled gene expression in the whole organism or host tissue to be detailed, but do not take account of the heterogeneity between cells of different types or developmental stages, nor the spatial organisation of these cells. Single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) adds a new dimension to studying parasite biology and host immunity by enabling gene profiling at the individual cell level. Here we review the application of scRNA-seq to establish gene expression cell atlases for multicellular helminths and to explore the expansion and molecular profile of individual host cell types involved in parasite immunity and tissue repair. Studying host-parasite interactions in vivo is challenging and we conclude this review by briefly discussing the applications of organoids (stem-cell derived mini-tissues) to examine host-parasite interactions at the local level, and as a potential system to study parasite development in vitro. Organoid technology and its applications have developed rapidly, and the elegant studies performed to date support the use of organoids as an alternative in vitro system for research on helminth parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collette Britton
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Roz Laing
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tom N McNeilly
- Disease Control Department, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Matias G Perez
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas D Otto
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Katie A Hildersley
- Disease Control Department, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Devaney
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Gillan
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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11
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Bouffi C, Wikenheiser-Brokamp KA, Chaturvedi P, Sundaram N, Goddard GR, Wunderlich M, Brown NE, Staab JF, Latanich R, Zachos NC, Holloway EM, Mahe MM, Poling HM, Vales S, Fisher GW, Spence JR, Mulloy JC, Zorn AM, Wells JM, Helmrath MA. In vivo development of immune tissue in human intestinal organoids transplanted into humanized mice. Nat Biotechnol 2023; 41:824-831. [PMID: 36702898 PMCID: PMC10264243 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01558-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Human intestinal organoids (HIOs) derived from pluripotent stem cells provide a valuable model for investigating human intestinal organogenesis and physiology, but they lack the immune components required to fully recapitulate the complexity of human intestinal biology and diseases. To address this issue and to begin to decipher human intestinal-immune crosstalk during development, we generated HIOs containing immune cells by transplanting HIOs under the kidney capsule of mice with a humanized immune system. We found that human immune cells temporally migrate to the mucosa and form cellular aggregates that resemble human intestinal lymphoid follicles. Moreover, after microbial exposure, epithelial microfold cells are increased in number, leading to immune cell activation determined by the secretion of IgA antibodies in the HIO lumen. This in vivo HIO system with human immune cells provides a framework for future studies on infection- or allergen-driven intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Bouffi
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kathryn A Wikenheiser-Brokamp
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Praneet Chaturvedi
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nambirajan Sundaram
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Gillian R Goddard
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mark Wunderlich
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nicole E Brown
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Janet F Staab
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rachel Latanich
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas C Zachos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emily M Holloway
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Maxime M Mahe
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Holly M Poling
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Simon Vales
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Garrett W Fisher
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James C Mulloy
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael A Helmrath
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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12
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Zhou Q, Yang L, Verne ML, Zhang BB, Fields J, Verne GN. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Loss Drives Cell-Specific Nociceptive Signaling via the Enteric Catechol-O-Methyltransferase/microRNA-155/Tumor Necrosis Factor α Axis. Gastroenterology 2023; 164:630-641.e34. [PMID: 36623778 PMCID: PMC10038873 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The etiology of abdominal pain in postinfectious, diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS-D) is unknown, and few treatment options exist. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), an enzyme that inactivates and degrades biologically active catecholamines, plays an important role in numerous physiologic processes, including modulation of pain perception. Our objective was to determine the mechanism(s) of how decreased colonic COMT in PI-IBS-D patients contributes to the chronic abdominal pain phenotype after enteric infections. METHODS Colon neurons, epithelial cells, and macrophages were procured with laser capture microdissection from PI-IBS-D patients to evaluate cell-specific colonic COMT, microRNA-155 (miR-155), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α expression levels compared to recovered patients (infection cleared: did not develop PI-IBS-D) and control individuals. COMT-/-, colon-specific COMT-/-, and miR-155-/- mice and human colonoids were used to model phenotypic expression of COMT in PI-IBS-D patients and to investigate signaling pathways linking abdominal pain. Citrobacter rodentium and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid animal models were used to model postinflammatory changes seen in PI-IBS-D patients. RESULTS Colonic COMT levels were significantly decreased and correlated with increased visual analog scale abdominal pain ratings in PI-IBS-D patients compared to recovered patients and control individuals. Colonic miR-155 and TNF-α were increased in PI-IBS-D patients with diminished colonic COMT. COMT-/- mice had significantly increased expression of miR-155 and TNF-α in both colon tissues and dorsal root ganglia. Introduction of cV1q antibody (anti-TNF-α) into mice reversed visceral hypersensitivity after C rodentium and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. CONCLUSIONS Decreased colonic COMT in PI-IBS-D patients drives abdominal pain phenotypes via the COMT/miR-155/TNF-α axis. These important findings will allow new treatment paradigms and more targeted and personalized medicine approaches for gastrointestinal disorders after enteric infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- QiQi Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Liuqing Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Meghan L Verne
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Benjamin B Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jeremy Fields
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - George Nicholas Verne
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Memphis, Tennessee.
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13
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Tumor organoid biobank-new platform for medical research. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1819. [PMID: 36725963 PMCID: PMC9892604 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids are a new type of 3D model for tumor research, which makes up for the shortcomings of cell lines and xenograft models, and promotes the development of personalized precision medicine. Long-term culture, expansion and storage of organoids provide the necessary conditions for the establishment of biobanks. Biobanks standardize the collection and preservation of normal or pathological specimens, as well as related clinical information. The tumor organoid biobank has a good quality control system, which is conducive to the clinical transformation and large-scale application of tumor organoids, such as disease modeling, new drug development and high-throughput drug screening. This article summarized the common tumor types of patient-derived organoid (PDO) biobanks and the necessary information for biobank construction, such as the number of organoids, morphology, success rate of culture and resuscitation, pathological types. In our results, we found that patient-derived tumor organoid (PDTO) biobanks were being established more and more, with the Netherlands, the United States, and China establishing the most. Biobanks of colorectal, pancreas, breast, glioma, and bladder cancers were established more, which reflected the relative maturity of culture techniques for these tumors. In addition, we provided insights on the precautions and future development direction of PDTO biobank building.
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14
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The Efficacy of Using Patient-Derived Organoids to Predict Treatment Response in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030805. [PMID: 36765763 PMCID: PMC9913532 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The current treatment landscape includes chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. A key challenge to improving patient outcomes is the significant inter-patient heterogeneity in treatment response. Tumour organoids derived from the patients' tumours via surgically resected or endoscopically biopsied tissue, have emerged as promising models for personalised medicine. This review synthesises the findings, to date, of studies which have explored the efficacy of ex vivo organoid sensitivity testing for predicting treatment response. Most studies have focused on predicting the response to standard-of-care radiotherapy and chemotherapy options. There is strong evidence to support organoid sensitivity testing of ionising radiation, 5-fluorouracil, and irinotecan, and to a lesser extent, oxaliplatin and TAS-102. Fewer studies have used organoids to identify patients who are likely to benefit from novel treatment options that otherwise remain in clinical trials. This review also summarises recent advancements in organoid culture to include non-epithelial components of the tumour microenvironment, to allow testing of immunotherapy and certain targeted therapy options. Overall, further prospective trials will support the implementation of organoid-based personalised medicine for colorectal cancer patients in the future.
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15
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Shapira T, Vimalanathan S, Rens C, Pichler V, Peña-Díaz S, Jordana G, Rees W, Winkler DFH, Sarai I, Steiner T, Jean F, Pelech S, Av-Gay Y. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3-beta (GSK3β) blocks nucleocapsid phosphorylation and SARS-CoV-2 replication. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:43. [PMID: 36508083 PMCID: PMC9742639 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
GSK3β has been proposed to have an essential role in Coronaviridae infections. Screening of a targeted library of GSK3β inhibitors against both SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-229E to identify broad-spectrum anti-Coronaviridae inhibitors resulted in the identification of a high proportion of active compounds with low toxicity to host cells. A selected lead compound, T-1686568, showed low micromolar, dose-dependent activity against SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-229E. T-1686568 showed efficacy in viral-infected cultured cells and primary 2D organoids. T-1686568 also inhibited SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern Delta and Omicron. Importantly, while inhibition by T-1686568 resulted in the overall reduction of viral load and protein translation, GSK3β inhibition resulted in cellular accumulation of the nucleocapsid protein relative to the spike protein. Following identification of potential phosphorylation sites of Coronaviridae nucleocapsid, protein kinase substrate profiling assays combined with Western blotting analysis of nine host kinases showed that the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid could be phosphorylated by GSK3β and PKCa. GSK3β phosphorylated SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid on the S180/S184, S190/S194 and T198 phospho-sites, following previous priming in the adjacent S188, T198 and S206, respectively. Such inhibition presents a compelling target for broad-spectrum anti-Coronaviridae compound development, and underlies the mechanism of action of GSK3β host-directed therapy against this class of obligate intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirosh Shapira
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada ,grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Selvarani Vimalanathan
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Celine Rens
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Virginia Pichler
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Sandra Peña-Díaz
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Grace Jordana
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - William Rees
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Dirk F. H. Winkler
- grid.292479.3Kinexus Bioinformatics Corporation, Suite 1 – 8755 Ash Street, Vancouver, BC V6P 6T3 Canada
| | - Iqbal Sarai
- grid.292479.3Kinexus Bioinformatics Corporation, Suite 1 – 8755 Ash Street, Vancouver, BC V6P 6T3 Canada
| | - Theodore Steiner
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - François Jean
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Steven Pelech
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada ,grid.292479.3Kinexus Bioinformatics Corporation, Suite 1 – 8755 Ash Street, Vancouver, BC V6P 6T3 Canada
| | - Yossef Av-Gay
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada ,grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
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16
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Sacnun JM, Herzog R, Kratochwill K. Proteomic study of mesothelial and endothelial cross-talk: key lessons. Expert Rev Proteomics 2022; 19:289-296. [PMID: 36714918 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2023.2174851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The peritoneum, pleura, and pericardium are yet understudied multicellular systems where mesothelial cells (MCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) are in close proximity. Crosstalk between these cell types likely plays role in molecular transport, immunological reactions, and metabolic processes in health, disease, and therapeutic intervention. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss recent proteomic efforts to characterize the crosstalk between MC and EC. We describe the proteomic methods necessary for investigation of crosstalk between MC and EC, as well as the in-vitro models that can be employed. Potential experimental approaches range from conditioned medium, via co-culture on semi-permeable membranes, to 3D cell culture based organoid models. While the biological and clinical relevance of the models may increase with their ability to mimic close cell communication, the practicality of these complex experiments corresponds vice versa, making standardization more difficult and expensive. EXPERT OPINION Currently, data and reports on mesothelial-to-endothelial crosstalk are still very scarce. In our opinion, the in-vitro model using semi-permeable cell culture inserts will allow to establish a basic understanding of cellular crosstalk that may occur between those cell types. Later-on, more sophisticated 3D cell cultures may be better able to simulate the transport dynamics within the peritoneal membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Sacnun
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Stress Research in Peritoneal Dialysis, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rebecca Herzog
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Stress Research in Peritoneal Dialysis, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Kratochwill
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Stress Research in Peritoneal Dialysis, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Epithelial and Neutrophil Interactions and Coordinated Response to Shigella in a Human Intestinal Enteroid-Neutrophil Coculture Model. mBio 2022; 13:e0094422. [PMID: 35652591 PMCID: PMC9239269 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00944-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are recruited to the gastrointestinal mucosa in response to inflammation, injury, and infection. Here, we report the development and the characterization of an ex vivo tissue coculture model consisting of human primary intestinal enteroid monolayers and PMN, and a mechanistic interrogation of PMN-epithelial cell interaction and response to Shigella, a primary cause of childhood dysentery. Cellular adaptation and tissue integration, barrier function, PMN phenotypic and functional attributes, and innate immune responses were examined. PMN within the enteroid monolayers acquired a distinct activated/migratory phenotype that was influenced by direct epithelial cell contact as well as by molecular signals. Seeded on the basal side of the intestinal monolayer, PMN were intercalated within the epithelial cells and moved paracellularly toward the apical side. Cocultured PMN also increased basal secretion of interleukin 8 (IL-8). Shigella added to the apical surface of the monolayers evoked additional PMN phenotypic adaptations, including increased expression of cell surface markers associated with chemotaxis and cell degranulation (CD47, CD66b, and CD88). Apical Shigella infection triggered rapid transmigration of PMN to the luminal side, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, and bacterial phagocytosis and killing. Shigella infection modulated cytokine production in the coculture; apical monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and basolateral IL-8 production were downregulated, while basolateral IL-6 secretion was increased. We demonstrated, for the first time, PMN phenotypic adaptation and mobilization and coordinated epithelial cell-PMN innate response upon Shigella infection in the human intestinal environment. The enteroid monolayer-PMN coculture represents a technical innovation for mechanistic interrogation of gastrointestinal physiology, host-microbe interaction, innate immunity, and evaluation of preventive/therapeutic tools.
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18
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Hautefort I, Poletti M, Papp D, Korcsmaros T. Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Organoid-Based Models (and Never Dared to Ask). Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 14:311-331. [PMID: 35643188 PMCID: PMC9233279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Homeostatic functions of a living tissue, such as the gastrointestinal tract, rely on highly sophisticated and finely tuned cell-to-cell interactions. These crosstalks evolve and continuously are refined as the tissue develops and give rise to specialized cells performing general and tissue-specific functions. To study these systems, stem cell-based in vitro models, often called organoids, and non-stem cell-based primary cell aggregates (called spheroids) appeared just over a decade ago. These models still are evolving and gaining complexity, making them the state-of-the-art models for studying cellular crosstalk in the gastrointestinal tract, and to investigate digestive pathologies, such as inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, and liver diseases. However, the use of organoid- or spheroid-based models to recapitulate in vitro the highly complex structure of in vivo tissue remains challenging, and mainly restricted to expert developmental cell biologists. Here, we condense the founding knowledge and key literature information that scientists adopting the organoid technology for the first time need to consider when using these models for novel biological questions. We also include information that current organoid/spheroid users could use to add to increase the complexity to their existing models. We highlight the current and prospective evolution of these models through bridging stem cell biology with biomaterial and scaffold engineering research areas. Linking these complementary fields will increase the in vitro mimicry of in vivo tissue, and potentially lead to more successful translational biomedical applications. Deepening our understanding of the nature and dynamic fine-tuning of intercellular crosstalks will enable identifying novel signaling targets for new or repurposed therapeutics used in many multifactorial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Hautefort
- Earlham Institute, Organisms and Ecosystems Programme, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Poletti
- Earlham Institute, Organisms and Ecosystems Programme, Norwich, United Kingdom; Quadram Institute Bioscience, Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Papp
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Tamas Korcsmaros
- Earlham Institute, Organisms and Ecosystems Programme, Norwich, United Kingdom; Quadram Institute Bioscience, Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Norwich, United Kingdom; Imperial College London, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, London, United Kingdom.
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19
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Shapira T, Monreal IA, Dion SP, Buchholz DW, Imbiakha B, Olmstead AD, Jager M, Désilets A, Gao G, Martins M, Vandal T, Thompson CAH, Chin A, Rees WD, Steiner T, Nabi IR, Marsault E, Sahler J, Diel DG, Van de Walle GR, August A, Whittaker GR, Boudreault PL, Leduc R, Aguilar HC, Jean F. A TMPRSS2 inhibitor acts as a pan-SARS-CoV-2 prophylactic and therapeutic. Nature 2022; 605:340-348. [PMID: 35344983 PMCID: PMC9095466 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04661-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus remains a global public health crisis. Although widespread vaccination campaigns are underway, their efficacy is reduced owing to emerging variants of concern1,2. Development of host-directed therapeutics and prophylactics could limit such resistance and offer urgently needed protection against variants of concern3,4. Attractive pharmacological targets to impede viral entry include type-II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) such as TMPRSS2; these proteases cleave the viral spike protein to expose the fusion peptide for cell entry, and thus have an essential role in the virus lifecycle5,6. Here we identify and characterize a small-molecule compound, N-0385, which exhibits low nanomolar potency and a selectivity index of higher than 106 in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in human lung cells and in donor-derived colonoids7. In Calu-3 cells it inhibits the entry of the SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma) and B.1.617.2 (Delta). Notably, in the K18-human ACE2 transgenic mouse model of severe COVID-19, we found that N-0385 affords a high level of prophylactic and therapeutic benefit after multiple administrations or even after a single administration. Together, our findings show that TTSP-mediated proteolytic maturation of the spike protein is critical for SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo, and suggest that N-0385 provides an effective early treatment option against COVID-19 and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirosh Shapira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - I Abrrey Monreal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sébastien P Dion
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - David W Buchholz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Brian Imbiakha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Andrea D Olmstead
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mason Jager
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Antoine Désilets
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Guang Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mathias Martins
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Thierry Vandal
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Connor A H Thompson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aaleigha Chin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William D Rees
- Department of Medicine, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Theodore Steiner
- Department of Medicine, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ivan Robert Nabi
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eric Marsault
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie Sahler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Pierre-Luc Boudreault
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Richard Leduc
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
| | - Hector C Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - François Jean
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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20
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Smith D, Price DRG, Faber MN, Chapuis AF, McNeilly TN. Advancing animal health and disease research in the lab with three-dimensional cell culture systems. Vet Rec 2022; 191:e1528. [PMID: 35338777 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The development of three-dimensional cell culture systems representative of tissues from animals of veterinary interest is accelerating research that seeks to address specific questions tied to animal health. In terms of their relevance and complexity, these in vitro models can be seen as a midpoint between the more reductionist single-cell culture systems and complex live animals. Organoids in particular represent a significant development due to their organised multicellular structure that more closely represents in vivo tissues than any other cell culture technology previously developed. In this review, we provide an overview of the different three-dimensional cell culture systems available to veterinary researchers and give examples of their application in contexts relating to animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Smith
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | - Daniel R G Price
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | - Marc N Faber
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | - Ambre F Chapuis
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | - Tom N McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
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21
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Kopper JJ, Iennarella-Servantez C, Jergens AE, Sahoo DK, Guillot E, Bourgois-Mochel A, Martinez MN, Allenspach K, Mochel JP. Harnessing the Biology of Canine Intestinal Organoids to Heighten Understanding of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathogenesis and Accelerate Drug Discovery: A One Health Approach. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 3:773953. [PMID: 35295115 PMCID: PMC8915821 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.773953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent issue of the Lancet, the prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) was estimated at 7 million worldwide. Overall, the burden of IBD is rising globally, with direct and indirect healthcare costs ranging between $14.6 and $31.6 billion in the U.S. alone in 2014. There is currently no cure for IBD, and up to 40% of patients do not respond to medical therapy. Although the exact determinants of the disease pathophysiology remain unknown, the prevailing hypothesis involves complex interplay among host genetics, the intestinal microenvironment (primarily bacteria and dietary constituents), and the mucosal immune system. Importantly, multiple chronic diseases leading to high morbidity and mortality in modern western societies, including type II diabetes, IBD and colorectal cancer, have epidemiologically been linked to the consumption of high-calorie, low-fiber, high monosaccharide, and high-fat diets (HFD). More specifically, data from our laboratory and others have shown that repeated consumption of HFD triggers dysbiotic changes of the gut microbiome concomitant with a state of chronic intestinal inflammation and increased intestinal permeability. However, progress in our understanding of the effect of dietary interventions on IBD pathogenesis has been hampered by a lack of relevant animal models. Additionally, current in vitro cell culture systems are unable to emulate the in vivo interplay between the gut microbiome and the intestinal epithelium in a realistic and translatable way. There remains, therefore, a critical need to develop translatable in vitro and in vivo models that faithfully recapitulate human gut-specific physiological functions to facilitate detailed mechanistic studies on the impact of dietary interventions on gut homeostasis. While the study of murine models has been pivotal in advancing genetic and cellular discoveries, these animal systems often lack key clinical signs and temporal pathological changes representative of IBD. Specifically, some limitations of the mouse model are associated with the use of genetic knockouts to induce immune deficiency and disease. This is vastly different from the natural course of IBD developing in immunologically competent hosts, as is the case in humans and dogs. Noteworthily, abundant literature suggests that canine and human IBD share common clinical and molecular features, such that preclinical studies in dogs with naturally occurring IBD present an opportunity to further our understanding on disease pathogenesis and streamline the development of new therapeutic strategies. Using a stepwise approach, in vitro mechanistic studies investigating the contribution of dietary interventions to chronic intestinal inflammation and "gut leakiness" could be performed in intestinal organoids and organoid derived monolayers. The biologic potential of organoids stems from the method's ability to harness hard-wired cellular programming such that the complexity of the disease background can be reflected more accurately. Likewise, the effect of therapeutic drug candidates could be evaluated in organoids prior to longitudinal studies in dog and human patients with IBD. In this review, we will discuss the value (and limitations) of intestinal organoids derived from a spontaneous animal disease model of IBD (i.e., the dog), and how it can heighten understanding of the interplay between dietary interventions, the gut microbiota and intestinal inflammation. We will also review how intestinal organoids could be used to streamline the preclinical development of therapeutic drug candidates for IBD patients and their best four-legged friends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Kopper
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States.,SMART Translational Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Chelsea Iennarella-Servantez
- SMART Pharmacology, Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States.,SMART Translational Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Albert E Jergens
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Dipak K Sahoo
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States.,SMART Translational Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Emilie Guillot
- 3D Health Solutions, Inc., ISU Research Park, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Agnes Bourgois-Mochel
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Marilyn N Martinez
- Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States.,SMART Translational Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States.,3D Health Solutions, Inc., ISU Research Park, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- SMART Pharmacology, Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States.,SMART Translational Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States.,3D Health Solutions, Inc., ISU Research Park, Ames, IA, United States
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22
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Ma L, Yu J, Zhang H, Zhao B, Zhang J, Yang D, Luo F, Wang B, Jin B, Liu J. Effects of Immune Cells on Intestinal Stem Cells: Prospects for Therapeutic Targets. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:2296-2314. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10347-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Rees WD, Telkar N, Lin DTS, Wong MQ, Poloni C, Fathi A, Kobor M, Zachos NC, Steiner TS. An in vitro chronic damage model impairs inflammatory and regenerative responses in human colonoid monolayers. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110283. [PMID: 35045294 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute damage to the intestinal epithelium can be repaired via de-differentiation of mature intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) to a stem-like state, but there is a lack of knowledge on how intestinal stem cells function after chronic injury, such as in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We developed a chronic-injury model in human colonoid monolayers by repeated rounds of air-liquid interface and submerged culture. We use this model to understand how chronic intestinal damage affects the ability of IECs to (1) respond to microbial stimulation, using the Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) agonist FliC and (2) regenerate and protect the epithelium from further damage. Repeated rounds of damage impair the ability of IECs to regrow and respond to TLR stimulation. We also identify mRNA expression and DNA methylation changes in genes associated with IBD and colon cancer. This methodology results in a human model of recurrent IEC injury like that which occurs in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Rees
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Rm. C328 HP East, VGH, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3J5, Canada; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Nikita Telkar
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Rm. C328 HP East, VGH, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3J5, Canada; BC Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David T S Lin
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Rm. C328 HP East, VGH, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3J5, Canada
| | - May Q Wong
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Rm. C328 HP East, VGH, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3J5, Canada
| | - Chad Poloni
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Rm. C328 HP East, VGH, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3J5, Canada
| | - Ayda Fathi
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Rm. C328 HP East, VGH, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3J5, Canada
| | - Michael Kobor
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Rm. C328 HP East, VGH, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3J5, Canada
| | - Nicholas C Zachos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Theodore S Steiner
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Rm. C328 HP East, VGH, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3J5, Canada.
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24
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Häfliger J, Morsy Y, Scharl M, Wawrzyniak M. From Patient Material to New Discoveries: a Methodological Review and Guide for Intestinal Stem Cell Researchers. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:1309-1321. [PMID: 35038103 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISC) are characterized by their ability to continuously self-renew and differentiate into various functionally distinct intestinal epithelial cell types. Impaired stem cell proliferation and differentiation can cause severe dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract and lead to the development of several clinical disorders. Animal mouse models provide a valuable platform to study ISC function, disease mechanisms, and the intestinal epithelium's regenerative capacity upon tissue damage. However, advanced in vitro systems that are more relevant to human physiology are needed to understand better the diverse disease-triggering factors and the heterogeneity in clinical manifestations. Intestinal biopsies from patients might serve as potent starting material for such "gut-in-a-dish" approaches. While many promising tools for intestinal tissue processing, in vitro expansion, and downstream analysis have been developed in recent years, a comprehensive guide with recommendations to successfully launch or improve intestinal stem cell culture is missing. In this review, we present a selection of currently established methods, highlight recent publications and discuss the potential and limitations of those methodological approaches to facilitate and support the future design of novel and more personalized therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Häfliger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yasser Morsy
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcin Wawrzyniak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
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25
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García-Rodríguez I, van Eijk H, Koen G, Pajkrt D, Sridhar A, Wolthers KC. Parechovirus A Infection of the Intestinal Epithelium: Differences Between Genotypes A1 and A3. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:740662. [PMID: 34790587 PMCID: PMC8591172 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.740662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parechovirus (PeV-A), one of the species within the Picornaviridae family, is known to cause disease in humans. The most commonly detected genotypes are PeV-A1, associated with mild gastrointestinal disease in young children, and PeV-A3, linked to severe disease with neurological symptoms in neonates. As PeV-A are detectable in stool and nasopharyngeal samples, entry is speculated to occur via the respiratory and gastro-intestinal routes. In this study, we characterized PeV-A1 and PeV-A3 replication and tropism in the intestinal epithelium using a primary 2D model based on human fetal enteroids. This model was permissive to infection with lab-adapted strains and clinical isolates of PeV-A1, but for PeV-A3, infection could only be established with clinical isolates. Replication was highest with infection established from the basolateral side with apical shedding for both genotypes. Compared to PeV-A1, replication kinetics of PeV-A3 were slower. Interestingly, there was a difference in cell tropism with PeV-A1 infecting both Paneth cells and enterocytes, while PeV-A3 infected mainly goblet cells. This difference in cell tropism may explain the difference in replication kinetics and associated disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés García-Rodríguez
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Emma Children's Hospital Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hetty van Eijk
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Koen
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Emma Children's Hospital Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Adithya Sridhar
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Emma Children's Hospital Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Katja C Wolthers
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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26
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Gómez DP, Boudreau F. Organoids and Their Use in Modeling Gut Epithelial Cell Lineage Differentiation and Barrier Properties During Intestinal Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:732137. [PMID: 34485312 PMCID: PMC8414659 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.732137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of intestinal epithelium homeostasis is a complex process because of the multicellular and molecular composition of the gastrointestinal wall and the involvement of surrounding interactive signals. The complex nature of this intestinal barrier system poses challenges in the detailed mechanistic understanding of intestinal morphogenesis and the onset of several gut pathologies, including intestinal inflammatory disorders, food allergies, and cancer. For several years, the gut scientific community has explored different alternatives in research involving animals and in vitro models consisting of cultured monolayers derived from the immortalized or cancerous origin cell lines. The recent ability to recapitulate intestinal epithelial dynamics from mini-gut cultures has proven to be a promising step in the field of scientific research and biomedicine. The organoids can be grown as two- or three-dimensional structures, and are derived from adult or pluripotent stem cells that ultimately establish an intestinal epithelium that is composed of all differentiated cell types present in the normal epithelium. In this review, we summarize the different origins and recent use of organoids in modeling intestinal epithelial differentiation and barrier properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Pupo Gómez
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Francois Boudreau
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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27
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Noel G, In JG, Lemme-Dumit JM, DeVine LR, Cole RN, Guerrerio AL, Campbell JD, Kovbasnjuk O, Pasetti MF. Human Breast Milk Enhances Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Function and Innate Immunity in a Healthy Pediatric Human Enteroid Model. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:685171. [PMID: 34327199 PMCID: PMC8313895 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.685171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding has been associated with long lasting health benefits. Nutrients and bioactive components of human breast milk promote cell growth, immune development, and shield the infant gut from insults and microbial threats. The molecular and cellular events involved in these processes are ill defined. We have established human pediatric enteroids and interrogated maternal milk's impact on epithelial cell maturation and function in comparison with commercial infant formula. Colostrum applied apically to pediatric enteroid monolayers reduced ion permeability, stimulated epithelial cell differentiation, and enhanced tight junction function by upregulating occludin. Breast milk heightened the production of antimicrobial peptide α-defensin 5 by goblet and Paneth cells, and modulated cytokine production, which abolished apical release of pro-inflammatory GM-CSF. These attributes were not found in commercial infant formula. Epithelial cells exposed to breast milk elevated apical and intracellular pIgR and enabled maternal IgA translocation. Proteomic data revealed a breast milk-induced molecular pattern associated with tissue remodeling and homeostasis. Using a novel ex vivo pediatric enteroid model, we have identified distinct cellular and molecular events involved in human milk-mediated improvement of human intestinal physiology and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle Noel
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Julie G. In
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jose M. Lemme-Dumit
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lauren R. DeVine
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Robert N. Cole
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Anthony L. Guerrerio
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - James D. Campbell
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Olga Kovbasnjuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marcela F. Pasetti
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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28
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Ojo BA, VanDussen KL, Rosen MJ. The Promise of Patient-Derived Colon Organoids to Model Ulcerative Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 28:299-308. [PMID: 34251431 PMCID: PMC8804507 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izab161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Physiologic, molecular, and genetic findings all point to impaired intestinal epithelial function as a key element in the multifactorial pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). The lack of epithelial-directed therapies is a conspicuous weakness of our UC therapeutic armamentarium. However, a critical barrier to new drug discovery is the lack of preclinical human models of UC. Patient tissue-derived colon epithelial organoids (colonoids) are primary epithelial stem cell-derived in vitro structures capable of self-organization and self-renewal that hold great promise as a human preclinical model for UC drug development. Several single and multi-tissue systems for colonoid culture have been developed, including 3-dimensional colonoids grown in a gelatinous extracellular matrix, 2-dimensional polarized monolayers, and colonoids on a chip that model luminal and blood flow and nutrient delivery. A small number of pioneering studies suggest that colonoids derived from UC patients retain some disease-related transcriptional and epigenetic changes, but they also raise questions regarding the persistence of inflammatory transcriptional programs in culture over time. Additional research is needed to fully characterize the extent to which and under what conditions colonoids accurately model disease-associated epithelial molecular and functional aberrations. With further advancement and standardization of colonoid culture methodology, colonoids will likely become an important tool for realizing precision medicine in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babajide A Ojo
- Divisions of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Kelli L VanDussen
- Divisions of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States,Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Michael J Rosen
- Divisions of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States,Address correspondence to: Michael J. Rosen, MD, MSCI, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 2010, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, United States. E-mail:
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29
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Aggarwal S, Hassan E, Baldridge MT. Experimental Methods to Study the Pathogenesis of Human Enteric RNA Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:975. [PMID: 34070283 PMCID: PMC8225081 DOI: 10.3390/v13060975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Every year, millions of children are infected with viruses that target the gastrointestinal tract, causing acute gastroenteritis and diarrheal illness. Indeed, approximately 700 million episodes of diarrhea occur in children under five annually, with RNA viruses norovirus, rotavirus, and astrovirus serving as major causative pathogens. Numerous methodological advancements in recent years, including the establishment of novel cultivation systems using enteroids as well as the development of murine and other animal models of infection, have helped provide insight into many features of viral pathogenesis. However, many aspects of enteric viral infections remain elusive, demanding further study. Here, we describe the different in vitro and in vivo tools available to explore different pathophysiological attributes of human enteric RNA viruses, highlighting their advantages and limitations depending upon the question being explored. In addition, we discuss key areas and opportunities that would benefit from further methodological progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somya Aggarwal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (S.A.); (E.H.)
| | - Ebrahim Hassan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (S.A.); (E.H.)
| | - Megan T. Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (S.A.); (E.H.)
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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30
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Shapira T, Monreal IA, Dion SP, Jager M, Désilets A, Olmstead AD, Vandal T, Buchholz DW, Imbiakha B, Gao G, Chin A, Rees WD, Steiner T, Nabi IR, Marsault E, Sahler J, August A, Van de Walle G, Whittaker GR, Boudreault PL, Aguilar HC, Leduc R, Jean F. A novel highly potent inhibitor of TMPRSS2-like proteases blocks SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and is broadly protective against infection and mortality in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.05.03.442520. [PMID: 33972944 PMCID: PMC8109206 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.03.442520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus remains a global public health crisis. Although widespread vaccination campaigns are underway, their efficacy is reduced against emerging variants of concern (VOCs) 1,2 . Development of host-directed therapeutics and prophylactics could limit such resistance and offer urgently needed protection against VOCs 3,4 . Attractive pharmacological targets to impede viral entry include type-II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs), such as TMPRSS2, whose essential role in the virus lifecycle is responsible for the cleavage and priming of the viral spike protein 5-7 . Here, we identify and characterize a small-molecule compound, N-0385, as the most potent inhibitor of TMPRSS2 reported to date. N-0385 exhibited low nanomolar potency and a selectivity index of >10 6 at inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in human lung cells and in donor-derived colonoids 8 . Importantly, N-0385 acted as a broad-spectrum coronavirus inhibitor of two SARS-CoV-2 VOCs, B.1.1.7 and B.1.351. Strikingly, single daily intranasal administration of N-0385 early in infection significantly improved weight loss and clinical outcomes, and yielded 100% survival in the severe K18-human ACE2 transgenic mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 disease. This demonstrates that TTSP-mediated proteolytic maturation of spike is critical for SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo and suggests that N-0385 provides a novel effective early treatment option against COVID-19 and emerging SARS-CoV-2 VOCs.
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