1
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Ben Ahmed S, Pérez de Bustos G, Pina J, Torres T, Rodríguez-Morgade MS. Tuning Fluorescence and Singlet Oxygen Quantum Yields of Subporphyrazines by Axial Functionalization. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300779. [PMID: 38319826 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The axial functionalization of Subporphyrazines (SubPzs) with unreported alkoxy groups, carboxy and carboperoxy rests, as well as sulfanyl, aryl and amino groups, forming B-O, B-S, B-C, and B-N bonds, respectively, has been investigated. The studied oxygen nucleophiles include aromatic and sterically demanding aliphatic alcohols, along with carboxylic acids and peracids. In general, direct substitution of the chloro-SubPz by oxygen nucleophiles of diverse nature proceeds smoothly, with yields of the isolated alkoxy and carboxy-substituted SubPzs ranging from 49 to 100 %. Conversely, direct substitution with sulphur, carbon and nitrogen nucleophiles do not afford the corresponding substituted SubPzs. In these cases, a stepwise procedure involving an axial triflate-SubPz intermediate was employed, affording only the phenyl-SubPz in 8 % yield. The major compound under these conditions was the unreported SubPz μ-oxo dimer, presumably arising from substitution of the triflate-SubPz by the in situ generated hydroxy-SubPz. This result indicates a quite low reactivity of the TfO-SubPz intermediate with carbon, sulphur and nitrogen nucleophiles. All SubPzs prepared in this work exhibited fluorescence at 510-515 nm with quantum yields ranging from 0.1 to 0.24. Additionally, all SubPzs generated singlet oxygen, with ΦΔ values ranging from 0.15 to 0.57, which show no apparent correlation with the axial substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Ben Ahmed
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Pérez de Bustos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - João Pina
- University of Coimbra, CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Salomé Rodríguez-Morgade
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Cañizares-Espada E, Pérez de Bustos G, Naoda K, Osuka A, Torres T, Rodríguez-Morgade MS. A Green-to-Near-Infrared Photoswitch Based on a Blended Subporphyrazine-Dithienylethene System. Org Lett 2024; 26:955-959. [PMID: 38236757 PMCID: PMC10845152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
A subporphyrazine (SubPz)-dithienylethene (DTE) photochromic device with 1o and 1c states, was developed and characterized. In this device, the DTE unit can reversibly switch the SubPz absorbance from green to near-infrared [λmax (o/c) = 527 nm/740 nm], as well as the SubPz fluorescence and singlet oxygen quantum yields. The core of this design involves using a highly tunable SubPz chromophore that shares its quasi-isolated ethene moiety with a DTE photoswitch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cañizares-Espada
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Pérez de Bustos
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Koji Naoda
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Key Laboratory
of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of
Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute
for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Salomé Rodríguez-Morgade
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute
for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Lavarda G, Labella J, Martínez-Díaz MV, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Osuka A, Torres T. Recent advances in subphthalocyanines and related subporphyrinoids. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9482-9619. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Subporphyrinoids constitute a class of extremely versatile and attractive compounds. Herein, a comprehensive review of the most recent advances in the fundamentals and applications of these cone-shaped aromatic macrocycles is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lavarda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Labella
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Victoria Martínez-Díaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Salomé Rodríguez-Morgade
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Bottari G, de la Torre G, Guldi DM, Torres T. An exciting twenty-year journey exploring porphyrinoid-based photo- and electro-active systems. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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5
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Guzmán D, Papadopoulos I, Lavarda G, Rami PR, Tykwinski RR, Rodríguez‐Morgade MS, Guldi DM, Torres T. Controlling Intramolecular Förster Resonance Energy Transfer and Singlet Fission in a Subporphyrazine-Pentacene Conjugate by Solvent Polarity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1474-1481. [PMID: 33002284 PMCID: PMC7839765 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Due its complementary absorptions in the range of 450 and 600 nm, an energy-donating hexaaryl-subporphyrazine has been linked to a pentacene dimer, which acts primarily as an energy acceptor and secondarily as a singlet fission enabler. In the corresponding conjugate, efficient intramolecular Förster resonance energy transfer (i-FRET) is the modus operandi to transfer energy from the subporphyrazine to the pentacene dimer. Upon energy transfer, the pentacene dimer undergoes intramolecular singlet fission (i-SF), that is, converting the singlet excited state, via an intermediate state, into a pair of correlated triplet excited states. Solvatochromic fluorescence of the subporphyrazine is a key feature of this system and features a red-shift as large as 20 nm in polar media. Solvent is thus used to modulate spectral overlap between the fluorescence of subporphyrazine and absorption of the pentacene dimer, which controls the Förster rate constant, on one hand, and the triplet quantum yield, on the other hand. The optimum spectral overlap is realized in xylene, leading to Förster rate constant of 3.52×1011 s-1 and a triplet quantum yield of 171 % ±10 %. In short, the solvent polarity dependence, which is a unique feature of subporphyrazines, is decisive in terms of adjusting spectral overlap, ensuring a sizable Förster rate constant, and maximizing triplet quantum yields. Uniquely, this optimization can be achieved without a need for synthetic modification of the subporphyrazine donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Guzmán
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridCantoblanco28049MadridSpain
| | - Ilias Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInterdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Giulia Lavarda
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridCantoblanco28049MadridSpain
| | - Parisa R. Rami
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaT6G 2G2Canada
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaT6G 2G2Canada
| | - M. Salomé Rodríguez‐Morgade
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridCantoblanco28049MadridSpain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)Universidad Autónoma de MadridCantoblanco28049MadridSpain
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInterdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridCantoblanco28049MadridSpain
- IMDEA-NanocienciaCampus de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)Universidad Autónoma de MadridCantoblanco28049MadridSpain
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6
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Guzmán D, Papadopoulos I, Lavarda G, Rami PR, Tykwinski RR, Rodríguez‐Morgade MS, Guldi DM, Torres T. Kontrolle des intramolekularen Förster‐Resonanzenergietransfers und der Singulettspaltung in einem Subporphyrazin‐Pentacen‐Konjugat mittels Lösungsmittelpolarität. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Guzmán
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spanien
| | - Ilias Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Giulia Lavarda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spanien
| | - Parisa R. Rami
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Kanada
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Kanada
| | - M. Salomé Rodríguez‐Morgade
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spanien
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spanien
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spanien
- IMDEA-Nanociencia Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spanien
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spanien
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7
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Caballero E, Guzmán D, Torres T, Rodríguez-Morgade MS. Expanding the Subporphyrazine Chromophore by Conjugation of Phenylene and Vinylene Substituents: Rainbow SubPzs. J Org Chem 2020; 85:1948-1960. [PMID: 31885266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of the vinylene moiety as a linker to intercommunicate the subporphyrazine (SubPz) core with other chromophores and redox active systems has been examined. In addition, different substitution patterns for hexaarylated SubPzs have been explored in order to control the absorption, fluorescence, and redox properties independently of one another. Besides X-ray crystallography, complete spectroscopic and electrochemical characterizations have been performed, and the conclusions have been supported by density functional theory calculations. The absorption and emission profiles, as well as the organization of the macrocycles in the crystalline state, are strongly determined by the substitution pattern. Within the hexaarylated family, para-substitution with electron-rich moieties (i.e., phenylene or ether) red-shifts both the SubPz absorption and emission bands. Progressive fading of these effects upon extending the oligophenylene branches from one to three units evidences the less efficient electronic delocalization over the phenyl ends as the oligophenylene branch is enlarged. Contrasting, meta-substitution produces little variation or blue shift of the SubPz Q-band, while bathochromic shifts are always observed for the emission bands. In hexavinylene-SubPzs, peripheral vinylene moieties adopt a coplanar configuration with the aromatic SubPz core, resulting in a π-extended chromophore that preserves the unique electronic tunability of SubPzs. This is reflected by the strong alteration of the SubPz electronic properties produced by phenyl and biphenyl moieties attached to the vinylene ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Caballero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) , Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - David Guzmán
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) , Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid , Spain.,Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)-Nanociencia , C/Faraday, 9 , Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) , Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid , Spain.,Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)-Nanociencia , C/Faraday, 9 , Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid , Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - M Salomé Rodríguez-Morgade
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) , Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid , Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) , 28049 Madrid , Spain
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8
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Wang Y, Uchihara K, Mori S, Furuta H, Shimizu S. 1,3-Dithiole-2-one-Fused Subphthalocyanine and Subporphyrazine: Synthesis and Properties Arising from the 1,3-Dithiole-2-one Units. Org Lett 2019; 21:3103-3107. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yemei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Koya Uchihara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center (ADRES), Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Soji Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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9
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10
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Azarias C, Pawelek M, Jacquemin D. Structural and Optical Properties of Subporphyrinoids: A TD-DFT Study. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:4306-4317. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b03644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cloé Azarias
- CEISAM, UMR CNRS
6230, BP 92208, Universite de Nantes, 2, Rue de la Houssiniere, 44322 Nantes, Cedex 3, France
| | - Mylène Pawelek
- CEISAM, UMR CNRS
6230, BP 92208, Universite de Nantes, 2, Rue de la Houssiniere, 44322 Nantes, Cedex 3, France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- CEISAM, UMR CNRS
6230, BP 92208, Universite de Nantes, 2, Rue de la Houssiniere, 44322 Nantes, Cedex 3, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1, rue Descartes, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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11
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Zatsikha YV, Holstrom CD, Chanawanno K, Osinski AJ, Ziegler CJ, Nemykin VN. Observation of the Strong Electronic Coupling in Near-Infrared-Absorbing Tetraferrocene aza-Dipyrromethene and aza-BODIPY with Direct Ferrocene−α- and Ferrocene−β-Pyrrole Bonds: Toward Molecular Machinery with Four-Bit Information Storage Capacity. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:991-1000. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy V. Zatsikha
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Cole D. Holstrom
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Kullapa Chanawanno
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Allen J. Osinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | | | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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12
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Zatsikha YV, Didukh NO, Nemez D, Schlachter AC, Karsenti PL, Kovtun YP, Harvey PD, Nemykin VN. Ferrocene–BODIPYmerocyanine dyads: new NIR absorbing platforms with optical properties susceptible to protonation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc03332j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ferrocene–BODIPYmerocyanine dyads 5 and 6 were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia O. Didukh
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Manitoba
- Winnipeg
- Canada
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
| | - Dion Nemez
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Manitoba
- Winnipeg
- Canada
| | | | | | - Yuriy P. Kovtun
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
- 02660 Kyiv
- Ukraine
| | | | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Manitoba
- Winnipeg
- Canada
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
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13
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Münnich R, Löser P, Winzenburg A, Faust R. Deep-cavity subporphyrazines with extended π-perimeters. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424616501078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Unprecedentedly large subporphyrazines (SubPz) with dibenzoquinoxalino-fusion and peripheral phenyl substitution were prepared by the cyclization of perfluorated or non-fluorous polyphenyl-substituted quinoxaline dinitriles and characterized by spectroscopic techniques. The compounds suitability to act as photosensitizers was explored by wavelength-specific induction of singlet oxygen luminescence and was shown to be excellent. Determination of 1O2-quantum yields suggests that fluorine substitution enhances the photosensitization efficiencies of the SubPz. On the other hand, cyclic voltammetry reveals an increase of irreversible reductive processes in case of the fluorinated SubPz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Münnich
- Institute for Chemistry and CINSaT — Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, D-34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Patricia Löser
- Institute for Chemistry and CINSaT — Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, D-34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Andreas Winzenburg
- Institute for Chemistry and CINSaT — Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, D-34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Faust
- Institute for Chemistry and CINSaT — Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, D-34132 Kassel, Germany
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14
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Abstract
Beryllium subphthalocyanines have been recently shown to be suitable candidates for photochemical devices if combined with appropriate donor systems. The ability of beryllium subphthalocyanines to self-assemble is explored for the first time by means of density functional theory calculations. Free dimers of beryllium subphtalocyanine and their corresponding complexes with water and pyridine are computed at the wB97X-D/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory. In contrast with the behavior reported for beryllium phthalocyanines, for beryllium subphtalocyanines, beryllium–aza–nitrogen intermolecular interactions are observed, suggesting that these species are likely to self-assemble. Aggregates of related structures such as beryllium subporphyrazines with axial groups confirm the importance of hydrogen bonds in the stacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Merced Montero-Campillo
- Departmento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departmento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Otilia Mó
- Departmento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departmento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Yáñez
- Departmento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departmento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Zatsikha YV, Didukh NO, Blesener T, Kayser MP, Kovtun YP, Blank DA, Nemykin VN. Preparation, Characterization, Redox, and Photoinduced Electron‐Transfer Properties of the NIR‐Absorbing
N
‐Ferrocenyl‐2‐pyridone BODIPYs. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy V. Zatsikha
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryUniversity of Minnesota Duluth55812DuluthMinnesotaUSA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManitobaR3T 2N2WinnipegMBCanada
| | - Natalia O. Didukh
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryUniversity of Minnesota Duluth55812DuluthMinnesotaUSA
- Institute of Organic ChemistryNational Academy of Sciences of Ukraine5 Murmanska str.02660KyivUkraine
| | - Tanner Blesener
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryUniversity of Minnesota Duluth55812DuluthMinnesotaUSA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManitobaR3T 2N2WinnipegMBCanada
| | - Mathew P. Kayser
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryUniversity of Minnesota Duluth55812DuluthMinnesotaUSA
| | - Yuriy P. Kovtun
- Institute of Organic ChemistryNational Academy of Sciences of Ukraine5 Murmanska str.02660KyivUkraine
| | - David A. Blank
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota207 Pleasant St. SE55455MinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryUniversity of Minnesota Duluth55812DuluthMinnesotaUSA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManitobaR3T 2N2WinnipegMBCanada
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16
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Rhoda HM, Kayser MP, Wang Y, Nazarenko AY, Belosludov RV, Kiprof P, Blank DA, Nemykin VN. Tuning Up an Electronic Structure of the Subphthalocyanine Derivatives toward Electron-Transfer Process in Noncovalent Complexes with C60 and C70 Fullerenes: Experimental and Theoretical Studies. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:9549-9563. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Rhoda
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Mathew P. Kayser
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Yefeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Alexander Y. Nazarenko
- Chemistry Department, State University of New York, College at Buffalo, 1300 Elmwood Avenue, Buffalo, New York 14222, United States
| | | | - Paul Kiprof
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - David A. Blank
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
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17
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Montero-Campillo MM, Lamsabhi AM, Mó O, Yáñez M. Photochemical Behavior of Beryllium Complexes with Subporphyrazines and Subphthalocyanines. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:4845-52. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Merced Montero-Campillo
- Departamento de Química,
Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de
Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid (Spain)
| | - Al Mokhtar Lamsabhi
- Departamento de Química,
Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de
Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid (Spain)
| | - Otilia Mó
- Departamento de Química,
Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de
Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid (Spain)
| | - Manuel Yáñez
- Departamento de Química,
Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de
Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid (Spain)
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18
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Nemykin VN, Dudkin SV, Fathi-Rasekh M, Spaeth AD, Rhoda HM, Belosludov RV, Barybin MV. Probing Electronic Communications in Heterotrinuclear Fe–Ru–Fe Molecular Wires Formed by Ruthenium(II) Tetraphenylporphyrin and Isocyanoferrocene or 1,1′-Diisocyanoferrocene Ligands. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:10711-24. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor N. Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Semyon V. Dudkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Mahtab Fathi-Rasekh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Andrew D. Spaeth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Hannah M. Rhoda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | | | - Mikhail V. Barybin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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19
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Zatsikha YV, Maligaspe E, Purchel AA, Didukh NO, Wang Y, Kovtun YP, Blank DA, Nemykin VN. Tuning Electronic Structure, Redox, and Photophysical Properties in Asymmetric NIR-Absorbing Organometallic BODIPYs. Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy V. Zatsikha
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Murmanska Strasse, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Eranda Maligaspe
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Anatolii A. Purchel
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Natalia O. Didukh
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Murmanska Strasse, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yefeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yuriy P. Kovtun
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Murmanska Strasse, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - David A. Blank
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
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20
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Maligaspe E, Hauwiller MR, Zatsikha YV, Hinke JA, Solntsev PV, Blank DA, Nemykin VN. Redox and Photoinduced Electron-Transfer Properties in Short Distance Organoboryl Ferrocene-Subphthalocyanine Dyads. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:9336-47. [DOI: 10.1021/ic5014544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eranda Maligaspe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Matthew R. Hauwiller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yuriy V. Zatsikha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Murmanska str., 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Jonathan A. Hinke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Pavlo V. Solntsev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - David A. Blank
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
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21
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Caballero E, Romero‐Nieto C, Strauß V, Rodríguez‐Morgade MS, Guldi DM, Sessler JL, Torres T. Ruthenoarenes versus Phenol Derivatives as Axial Linkers for Subporphyrazine Dimers and Trimers. Chemistry 2014; 20:6518-25. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Caballero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049‐Madrid (Spain), Fax: (+34) 914974151
| | - Carlos Romero‐Nieto
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität, Erlangen‐Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen (Germany)
| | - Volker Strauß
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität, Erlangen‐Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen (Germany)
| | - M. Salomé Rodríguez‐Morgade
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049‐Madrid (Spain), Fax: (+34) 914974151
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität, Erlangen‐Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen (Germany)
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, 105 E. 24th Street‐Stop A5300, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712‐1224 (USA)
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049‐Madrid (Spain), Fax: (+34) 914974151
- IMDEA‐Nanociencia, c/Faraday, 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049‐ Madrid (Spain)
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22
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Claessens CG, González-Rodríguez D, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Medina A, Torres T. Subphthalocyanines, subporphyrazines, and subporphyrins: singular nonplanar aromatic systems. Chem Rev 2013; 114:2192-277. [PMID: 24568182 DOI: 10.1021/cr400088w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Claessens
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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23
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Higashino T, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Osuka A, Torres T. Peripheral arylation of subporphyrazines. Chemistry 2013; 19:10353-9. [PMID: 23784931 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Peripherally hexaarylated subporphyrazines (SubPzs) have been prepared through a Pd-catalyzed, CuTC-mediated coupling of a hexaethylsulfanylated subporphyrazine with arylboronic acids. The introduced aryl substituents strongly influence the electronic properties of the subporphyrazine through effective conjugative interaction. Aryl rings endowed with π-electron-donating groups at the para positions produce a remarkable perturbation of the electron density of the SubPz macrocycle. This is reflected through significant redshifts of the SubPz CT and Q-bands, together with increase of the molar absorptivity of the former, with respect to those exhibited by the hexaphenyl-SubPz 2 a. Moreover, the trend in the first SubPz reduction potentials correlates with the Hammett constants (σp ) corresponding to the para substituents of the aryl. The domed, extended SubPz π-system self-assembles in the solid state to form a dimeric capsule that houses a solvent molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Higashino
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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24
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Caballero E, Fernández-Ariza J, Lynch VM, Romero-Nieto C, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Sessler JL, Guldi DM, Torres T. Cyclopentadienylruthenium π Complexes of Subphthalocyanines: A “Drop-Pin” Approach To Modifying the Electronic Features of Aromatic Macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201206111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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Caballero E, Fernández-Ariza J, Lynch VM, Romero-Nieto C, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Sessler JL, Guldi DM, Torres T. Cyclopentadienylruthenium π Complexes of Subphthalocyanines: A “Drop-Pin” Approach To Modifying the Electronic Features of Aromatic Macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11337-42. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Solntsev PV, Spurgin KL, Sabin JR, Heikal AA, Nemykin VN. Photoinduced charge transfer in short-distance ferrocenylsubphthalocyanine dyads. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:6537-47. [PMID: 22651219 DOI: 10.1021/ic3000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two new ferrocenylsubphthalocyanine dyads with ferrocenylmethoxide (2) and ferrocenecarboxylate (3) substituents directly attached to the subphthalocyanine ligand via the axial position have been prepared and characterized using NMR, UV-vis, and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopies as well as X-ray crystallography. The redox properties of the ferrocenyl-containing dyads 2 and 3 were investigated using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) approach and compared to those of the parent subphthalocyanine 1. CV data reveal that the first reversible oxidation is ferrocene-centered, while the second oxidation and the first reduction are localized on the subphthalocyanine ligand. The electronic structures and nature of the optical bands observed in the UV-vis and MCD spectra of all target compounds were investigated by a density functional theory polarized continuum model (DFT-PCM) and time-dependent (TD)DFT-PCM approaches. It has been found that in both dyads the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to HOMO-2 are ferrocene-centered molecular orbitals, while HOMO-3 as well as lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and LUMO+1 are localized on the subphthalocyanine ligand. TDDFT-PCM data on complexes 1-3 are consistent with the experimental observations, which indicate the dominance of π-π* transitions in the UV-vis spectra of 1-3. The excited-state dynamics of the dyads 2 and 3 were investigated using time-correlated single photon counting, which indicates that fluorescence quenching is more efficient in dyad 3 compared to dyad 2. These fluorescence lifetime measurements were interpreted on the basis of DFT-PCM calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo V Solntsev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota-Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA
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27
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Lamsabhi AM, Yáñez M, Mó O, Trujillo C, Blanco F, Alkorta I, Elguero J, Caballero E, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Claessens CG, Torres T. TDDFT study of the UV-vis spectra of subporphyrazines and subphthalocyanines. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424611004154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The UV-vis spectra of a series of subporphyrazines, SubPz(A,R), and subphthalocyanines, SubPc(A,R) ( A = F, Cl; R = H, F, CH3, C3H7, SCH3, SC2H5 and SPh), where A is the substituent attached to the central boron atom and R is the substituent attached to the periphery of the molecule have been analyzed through the use of TD–DFT calculations in vacuum and using chloroform as a solvent. The absorption spectra depend on both, the characteristics of the substituent attached to the periphery of the molecule and the extension of the π-system on going from SubPz to the SubPc analog. These latter effects lead to a red-shift of both the Q-band and the B-band, although the effect is larger for the former, mainly due to the increase of HOMO–LUMO energy gap on going from the SubPz to the SubPc analog. The effect of the substituents R is more intricate, because the profile of the absorption spectra changes depending on whether both substituents are on the same side (uu or dd) or on opposite sides (ud) of the molecular cone. Since the three conformers are rather close in energy, the observed spectra correspond, very likely, to the sum of the spectra of all of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Mokhtar Lamsabhi
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Yáñez
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Otilia Mó
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Trujillo
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC); Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Blanco
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC); Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC); Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC); Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esmeralda Caballero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Módulo 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Salomé Rodríguez-Morgade
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Módulo 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian G. Claessens
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Módulo 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Módulo 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J. Brothers
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
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