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Wang J, Li Y, Wang R, Han C, Xu S, You T, Li Y, Xia J, Xu X, Wang D, Tang H, Yang C, Chen X, Peng Z. A Fully Automated and Integrated Microfluidic System for Efficient CTC Detection and Its Application in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Screening and Prognosis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:30174-30186. [PMID: 34142547 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is regarded as a useful diagnostic index to monitor tumor development and guide precision medicine. Although the immunoassay is a common strategy for CTC identification and heterogeneity characterization, it is challenged by poor reaction efficiency and laborious manipulations in microdevices, which hinder the sensitivity, throughput, simplification, and applicability. To meet the need for rapid, sensitive, and simple CTC analysis, we developed an efficient CTC detection system by integrating a 3D printed off-chip multisource reagent platform, a bubble retainer, and a single CTC capture microchip, which can achieve CTC capture and identification within 90 min. Compared with traditional CTC identification methods, this system decreases immunostaining time and antibody consumption by 90% and performs the on-chip immunoassay in a fully automated manner. Using this system, CTCs from the peripheral blood of 19 patients with various cancers were captured, detected, and compared with clinical data. The system shows great potential for early screening, real-time monitoring, and precision medicine for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). With the advantages of automation, stability, economy, and user-friendly operation, the proposed system is promising for clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Department of Pathology, Department of Ultrasound, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
- Organ Transplantation Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Regeneration Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Department of Pathology, Department of Ultrasound, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
- Organ Transplantation Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Regeneration Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Department of Pathology, Department of Ultrasound, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
- Organ Transplantation Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Regeneration Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20080, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shiquan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Department of Pathology, Department of Ultrasound, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
- Organ Transplantation Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Regeneration Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Tingting You
- Department of General Surgery, Department of Pathology, Department of Ultrasound, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
- Organ Transplantation Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Regeneration Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Yuhuan Li
- Department of General Surgery, Department of Pathology, Department of Ultrasound, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
- Organ Transplantation Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Regeneration Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Junjie Xia
- Organ Transplantation Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Regeneration Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Xing Xu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Department of Pathology, Department of Ultrasound, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Huamei Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Department of Pathology, Department of Ultrasound, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Chaoyong Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhihai Peng
- Department of General Surgery, Department of Pathology, Department of Ultrasound, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
- Organ Transplantation Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Regeneration Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20080, China
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A novel anti Candida albicans drug screening system based on high-throughput microfluidic chips. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8087. [PMID: 31147583 PMCID: PMC6543036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44298-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the antibacterial resistance crisis, developing new antibacterials is of particular interest. In this study, we combined the antifungal drug amphotericin B with 50,520 different small molecule compounds obtained from the Chinese National Compound Library in an attempt to improve its efficacy against Candida albicans persister cells. To systematically study the antifungal effect of each compound, we utilized custom-designed high-throughput microfluidic chips. Our microfluidic chips contained microchannels ranging from 3 µm to 5 µm in width to allow Candida albicans cells to line up one-by-one to facilitate fluorescence-microscope viewing. After screening, we were left with 10 small molecule compounds that improved the antifungal effects of amphotericin B more than 30% against Candida albicans persister cells.
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Abstract
A micro-level technique so-called “microfluidic technology or simply microfluidic” has gained a special place as a powerful tool in bioengineering and biomedical engineering research due to its core advantages in modern science and engineering. Microfluidic technology has played a substantial role in numerous applications with special reference to bioscience, biomedical and biotechnological research. It has facilitated noteworthy development in various sectors of bio-research and upsurges the efficacy of research at the molecular level, in recent years. Microfluidic technology can manipulate sample volumes with precise control outside cellular microenvironment, at micro-level. Thus, enable the reduction of discrepancies between in vivo and in vitro environments and reduce the overall reaction time and cost. In this review, we discuss various integrations of microfluidic technologies into biotechnology and its paradigmatic significance in bio-research, supporting mechanical and chemical in vitro cellular microenvironment. Furthermore, specific innovations related to the application of microfluidics to advance microbial life, solitary and co-cultures along with a multiple-type cell culturing, cellular communications, cellular interactions, and population dynamics are also discussed.
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Shrirao AB, Fritz Z, Novik EM, Yarmush GM, Schloss RS, Zahn JD, Yarmush ML. Microfluidic flow cytometry: The role of microfabrication methodologies, performance and functional specification. TECHNOLOGY 2018; 6:1-23. [PMID: 29682599 PMCID: PMC5907470 DOI: 10.1142/s2339547818300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is an invaluable tool utilized in modern biomedical research and clinical applications requiring high throughput, high resolution particle analysis for cytometric characterization and/or sorting of cells and particles as well as for analyzing results from immunocytometric assays. In recent years, research has focused on developing microfluidic flow cytometers with the motivation of creating smaller, less expensive, simpler, and more autonomous alternatives to conventional flow cytometers. These devices could ideally be highly portable, easy to operate without extensive user training, and utilized for research purposes and/or point-of-care diagnostics especially in limited resource facilities or locations requiring on-site analyses. However, designing a device that fulfills the criteria of high throughput analysis, automation and portability, while not sacrificing performance is not a trivial matter. This review intends to present the current state of the field and provide considerations for further improvement by focusing on the key design components of microfluidic flow cytometers. The recent innovations in particle focusing and detection strategies are detailed and compared. This review outlines performance matrix parameters of flow cytometers that are interdependent with each other, suggesting trade offs in selection based on the requirements of the applications. The ongoing contribution of microfluidics demonstrates that it is a viable technology to advance the current state of flow cytometry and develop automated, easy to operate and cost-effective flow cytometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil B Shrirao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Zachary Fritz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Eric M Novik
- Hurel Corporation, 671, Suite B, U.S. Highway 1, North Brunswick, NJ 08902
| | - Gabriel M Yarmush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Rene S Schloss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Jeffrey D Zahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
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Cavalieri D, Di Paola M, Rizzetto L, Tocci N, De Filippo C, Lionetti P, Ardizzoni A, Colombari B, Paulone S, Gut IG, Berná L, Gut M, Blanc J, Kapushesky M, Pericolini E, Blasi E, Peppoloni S. Genomic and Phenotypic Variation in Morphogenetic Networks of Two Candida albicans Isolates Subtends Their Different Pathogenic Potential. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1997. [PMID: 29403478 PMCID: PMC5780349 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition from commensalism to pathogenicity of Candida albicans reflects both the host inability to mount specific immune responses and the microorganism’s dimorphic switch efficiency. In this study, we used whole genome sequencing and microarray analysis to investigate the genomic determinants of the phenotypic changes observed in two C. albicans clinical isolates (YL1 and YQ2). In vitro experiments employing epithelial, microglial, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were thus used to evaluate C. albicans isolates interaction with first line host defenses, measuring adhesion, susceptibility to phagocytosis, and induction of secretory responses. Moreover, a murine model of peritoneal infection was used to compare the in vivo pathogenic potential of the two isolates. Genome sequence and gene expression analysis of C. albicans YL1 and YQ2 showed significant changes in cellular pathways involved in environmental stress response, adhesion, filamentous growth, invasiveness, and dimorphic transition. This was in accordance with the observed marked phenotypic differences in biofilm production, dimorphic switch efficiency, cell adhesion, invasion, and survival to phagocyte-mediated host defenses. The mutations in key regulators of the hyphal growth pathway in the more virulent strain corresponded to an overall greater number of budding yeast cells released. Compared to YQ2, YL1 consistently showed enhanced pathogenic potential, since in vitro, it was less susceptible to ingestion by phagocytic cells and more efficient in invading epithelial cells, while in vivo YL1 was more effective than YQ2 in recruiting inflammatory cells, eliciting IL-1β response and eluding phagocytic cells. Overall, these results indicate an unexpected isolate-specific variation in pathways important for host invasion and colonization, showing how the genetic background of C. albicans may greatly affect its behavior both in vitro and in vivo. Based on this approach, we propose that the co-occurrence of changes in sequence and expression in genes and pathways driving dimorphic transition and pathogenicity reflects a selective balance between traits favoring dissemination of the pathogen and traits involved in host defense evasion. This study highlights the importance of investigating strain-level, rather than species level, differences, when determining fungal–host interactions and defining commensal or pathogen behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duccio Cavalieri
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Monica Di Paola
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Lisa Rizzetto
- Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Noemi Tocci
- Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Carlotta De Filippo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Ardizzoni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Bruna Colombari
- Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Simona Paulone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Ivo G Gut
- Centro Nacional de Anàlisi Genòmica, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luisa Berná
- Unidad de Biologia Molecular, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marta Gut
- Centro Nacional de Anàlisi Genòmica, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julie Blanc
- Centro Nacional de Anàlisi Genòmica, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Misha Kapushesky
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Pericolini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Blasi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Samuele Peppoloni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Marshall J, Qiao X, Baumbach J, Xie J, Dong L, Bhattacharyya MK. Microfluidic device enabled quantitative time-lapse microscopic-photography for phenotyping vegetative and reproductive phases in Fusarium virguliforme, which is pathogenic to soybean. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44365. [PMID: 28295054 PMCID: PMC5353701 DOI: 10.1038/srep44365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-lapse microscopic-photography allows in-depth phenotyping of microorganisms. Here we report development of such a system using a microfluidic device, generated from polydimethylsiloxane and glass slide, placed on a motorized stage of a microscope for conducting time-lapse microphotography of multiple observations in 20 channels simultaneously. We have demonstrated the utility of the device in studying growth, germination and sporulation in Fusarium virguliforme that causes sudden death syndrome in soybean. To measure the growth differences, we developed a polyamine oxidase fvpo1 mutant in this fungus that fails to grow in minimal medium containing polyamines as the sole nitrogen source. Using this system, we demonstrated that the conidiospores of the pathogen take an average of five hours to germinate. During sporulation, it takes an average of 10.5 h for a conidiospore to mature and get detached from its conidiophore for the first time. Conidiospores are developed in a single conidiophore one after another. The microfluidic device enabled quantitative time-lapse microphotography reported here should be suitable for screening compounds, peptides, micro-organisms to identify fungitoxic or antimicrobial agents for controlling serious plant pathogens. The device could also be applied in identifying suitable target genes for host-induced gene silencing in pathogens for generating novel disease resistance in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Marshall
- G303 Agronomy Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1010, USA
| | - Xuan Qiao
- 2115 Coover Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1010, USA
| | - Jordan Baumbach
- G303 Agronomy Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1010, USA
| | - Jingyu Xie
- 2115 Coover Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1010, USA
| | - Liang Dong
- 2115 Coover Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1010, USA
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Time-resolved, single-cell analysis of induced and programmed cell death via non-invasive propidium iodide and counterstain perfusion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32104. [PMID: 27580964 PMCID: PMC5007472 DOI: 10.1038/srep32104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional propidium iodide (PI) staining requires the execution of multiple steps prior to analysis, potentially affecting assay results as well as cell vitality. In this study, this multistep analysis method has been transformed into a single-step, non-toxic, real-time method via live-cell imaging during perfusion with 0.1 μM PI inside a microfluidic cultivation device. Dynamic PI staining was an effective live/dead analytical tool and demonstrated consistent results for single-cell death initiated by direct or indirect triggers. Application of this method for the first time revealed the apparent antibiotic tolerance of wild-type Corynebacterium glutamicum cells, as indicated by the conversion of violet fluorogenic calcein acetoxymethyl ester (CvAM). Additional implementation of this method provided insight into the induced cell lysis of Escherichia coli cells expressing a lytic toxin-antitoxin module, providing evidence for non-lytic cell death and cell resistance to toxin production. Finally, our dynamic PI staining method distinguished necrotic-like and apoptotic-like cell death phenotypes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae among predisposed descendants of nutrient-deprived ancestor cells using PO-PRO-1 or green fluorogenic calcein acetoxymethyl ester (CgAM) as counterstains. The combination of single-cell cultivation, fluorescent time-lapse imaging, and PI perfusion facilitates spatiotemporally resolved observations that deliver new insights into the dynamics of cellular behaviour.
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Jiang H, Jiang D, Zhu P, Pi F, Ji J, Sun C, Sun J, Sun X. A novel mast cell co-culture microfluidic chip for the electrochemical evaluation of food allergen. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 83:126-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Barkam S, Saraf S, Seal S. Fabricated micro-nano devices for in vivo and in vitro biomedical applications. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 5:544-68. [PMID: 23894041 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the innovative use of microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs) and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMSs) in biomedical applications has opened wide opportunities for precise and accurate human diagnostics and therapeutics. The introduction of nanotechnology in biomedical applications has facilitated the exact control and regulation of biological environments. This ability is derived from the small size of the devices and their multifunctional capabilities to operate at specific sites for selected durations of time. Researchers have developed wide varieties of unique and multifunctional MEMS/NEMS devices with micro and nano features for biomedical applications (BioMEMS/NEMS) using the state of the art microfabrication techniques and biocompatible materials. However, the integration of devices with the biological milieu is still a fundamental issue to be addressed. Devices often fail to operate due to loss of functionality, or generate adverse toxic effects inside the body. The in vitro and in vivo performance of implantable BioMEMS such as biosensors, smart stents, drug delivery systems, and actuation systems are researched extensively to understand the interaction of the BioMEMS devices with physiological environments. BioMEMS developed for drug delivery applications include microneedles, microreservoirs, and micropumps to achieve targeted drug delivery. The biocompatibility of BioMEMS is further enhanced through the application of tissue and smart surface engineering. This involves the application of nanotechnology, which includes the modification of surfaces with polymers or the self-assembly of monolayers of molecules. Thereby, the adverse effects of biofouling can be reduced and the performance of devices can be improved in in vivo and in vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Barkam
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Nanoscience Technology Center, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Bouquet O, Kocsis B, Kilár F, Kustos I. Application of chip-based flow cytometry for amphotericin B and fluconazole susceptibility testing on Candida strains. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 968:149-154. [PMID: 23296892 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-257-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chip-based flow cytometry is a rather new method that offers an easy, fast opportunity for examination of yeasts, such as Candida cells. In our study cell-chip technology was tested with ATCC Candida strains to determine their viability and susceptibility against antifungal agents, amphotericin B and fluconazole. We found this technology to be suitable for the detection of Candida cells, for the differentiation between dead and living cells, and for the determination of amphotericin B and fluconazole susceptibility of different Candida strains (Bouquet et al., Mycoses 55:e90-e96, 2012).
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Bouquet
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
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Wu M, Perroud TD, Srivastava N, Branda CS, Sale KL, Carson BD, Patel KD, Branda SS, Singh AK. Microfluidically-unified cell culture, sample preparation, imaging and flow cytometry for measurement of cell signaling pathways with single cell resolution. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:2823-2831. [PMID: 22777012 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40344g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a microfluidic platform that enables, in one experiment, monitoring of signaling events spanning multiple time-scales and cellular locations through seamless integration of cell culture, stimulation and preparation with downstream analysis. A combination of two single-cell resolution techniques-on-chip multi-color flow cytometry and fluorescence imaging provides multiplexed and orthogonal data on cellular events. Automated, microfluidic operation allows quantitatively- and temporally-precise dosing leading to fine time-resolution and improved reproducibility of measurements. The platform was used to profile the toll-like receptor (TLR4) pathway in macrophages challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-beginning with TLR4 receptor activation by LPS, through intracellular MAPK signaling, RelA/p65 translocation in real time, to TNF-α cytokine production, all in one small macrophage population (< 5000 cells) while using minute reagent volume (540 nL/condition). The platform is easily adaptable to many cell types including primary cells and provides a generic platform for profiling signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiye Wu
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratory, P.O. Box 969, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
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Nuchtavorn N, Bek F, Macka M, Suntornsuk W, Suntornsuk L. Rapid separations of nile blue stained microorganisms as cationic charged species by chip-CE with LIF. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1421-6. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nantana Nuchtavorn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Mahidol University; Bangkok; Thailand
| | - Fritz Bek
- Agilent Technologies; Waldbronn; Germany
| | - Mirek Macka
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry; University of Tasmania; Tasmania; Australia
| | - Worapot Suntornsuk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science; King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi; Bangkok; Thailand
| | - Leena Suntornsuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Mahidol University; Bangkok; Thailand
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Bouquet O, Kocsis B, Kilár F, Lóránd T, Kustos I. Amphotericin B and fluconazole susceptibility of Candida species determined by cell-chip technology. Mycoses 2011; 55:e90-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2011.02118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
The coming of age of whole‐cell biosensors, combined with the continuing advances in array technologies, has prepared the ground for the next step in the evolution of both disciplines – the whole‐cell array. In the present review, we highlight the state‐of‐the‐art in the different disciplines essential for a functional bacterial array. These include the genetic engineering of the biological components, their immobilization in different polymers, technologies for live cell deposition and patterning on different types of solid surfaces, and cellular viability maintenance. Also reviewed are the types of signals emitted by the reporter cell arrays, some of the transduction methodologies for reading these signals and the mathematical approaches proposed for their analysis. Finally, we review some of the potential applications for bacterial cell arrays, and list the future needs for their maturation: a richer arsenal of high‐performance reporter strains, better methodologies for their incorporation into hardware platforms, design of appropriate detection circuits, the continuing development of dedicated algorithms for multiplex signal analysis and – most importantly – enhanced long‐term maintenance of viability and activity on the fabricated biochips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Elad
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Wlodkowic D, Darzynkiewicz Z. Rise of the micromachines: microfluidics and the future of cytometry. Methods Cell Biol 2011; 102:105-25. [PMID: 21704837 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374912-3.00005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has brought many innovations to the field of flow and image-based cytometry. These advancements can be seen in the current miniaturization trends and simplification of analytical components found in the conventional flow cytometers. On the other hand, the maturation of multispectral imaging cytometry in flow imaging and the slide-based laser scanning cytometers offers great hopes for improved data quality and throughput while proving new vistas for the multiparameter, real-time analysis of cells and tissues. Importantly, however, cytometry remains a viable and very dynamic field of modern engineering. Technological milestones and innovations made over the last couple of years are bringing the next generation of cytometers out of centralized core facilities while making it much more affordable and user friendly. In this context, the development of microfluidic, lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technologies is one of the most innovative and cost-effective approaches toward the advancement of cytometry. LOC devices promise new functionalities that can overcome current limitations while at the same time promise greatly reduced costs, increased sensitivity, and ultra high throughputs. We can expect that the current pace in the development of novel microfabricated cytometric systems will open up groundbreaking vistas for the field of cytometry, lead to the renaissance of cytometric techniques and most importantly greatly support the wider availability of these enabling bioanalytical technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- The BioMEMS Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Valero A, Braschler T, Renaud P. A unified approach to dielectric single cell analysis: impedance and dielectrophoretic force spectroscopy. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:2216-25. [PMID: 20664865 DOI: 10.1039/c003982a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review we present a unified approach for single cell dielectric spectroscopy. Impedance spectroscopy and dielectrophoretic cell sorting, current microtechnologies applied in electrical analysis of single cells are discussed based on their closely related physical principles. In addition, examples of microfluidic devices will be presented: a microfabricated flow cytometer for single cell discrimination based on impedance analysis and a miniaturized continuous dielectrophoretic cell sorter, both using the concept of liquid electrodes. Using the experimental results obtained from both microdevices, we give a comparative overview over the dielectrophoretic sorting and impedance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Valero
- Microsystems Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL, BM 3.124 Station 17, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Pully VV, Lenferink A, van Manen HJ, Subramaniam V, van Blitterswijk CA, Otto C. Microbioreactors for Raman microscopy of stromal cell differentiation. Anal Chem 2010; 82:1844-50. [PMID: 20143855 DOI: 10.1021/ac902515c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We present the development of microbioreactors with a sensitive and accurate optical coupling to a confocal Raman microspectrometer. We show that such devices enable in situ and in vitro investigation of cell cultures for tissue engineering by chemically sensitive Raman spectroscopic imaging techniques. The optical resolution of the Raman microspectrometer allows recognition and chemical analysis of subcellular features. Human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) have been followed after seeding through a phase of early proliferation until typically 21 days later, well after the cells have differentiated to osteoblasts. Long-term perfusion of cells in the dynamic culture conditions was shown to be compatible with experimental optical demands and off-line optical analysis. We show that Raman optical analysis of cells and cellular differentiation in microbioreactors is feasible down to the level of subcellular organelles during development. We conclude that microbioreactors combined with Raman microspectroscopy are a valuable tool to study hBMSC proliferation, differentiation, and development into tissues under in situ and in vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Vardhan Pully
- Biophysical Engineering Group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7522 ND Enschede, The Netherlands
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Lindström S, Mori K, Ohashi T, Andersson-Svahn H. A microwell array device with integrated microfluidic components for enhanced single-cell analysis. Electrophoresis 2010; 30:4166-71. [PMID: 19938185 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Increasing awareness of the importance of cell heterogeneity in many biological and medical contexts is prompting increasing interest in systems that allow single-cell analysis rather than conventional bulk analysis (which provides average values for variables of interest from large numbers of cells). Recently, we presented a microwell chip for long-term, high-throughput single-cell analysis. The chip has proved to be useful for purposes such as screening individual cancer and stem cells for protein/gene markers. However, liquids in the wells can only be added or changed by manually rinsing the chip, or parts of it. This procedure has several well-known drawbacks--including risks of cross-contamination, large dead volumes and laboriousness--but there have been few previous attempts to integrate liquid rinsing/switching channels in "ready-to-use" systems for single-cell analysis. Here we present a microwell system designed (using flow simulations) for single-cell analysis with integrated microfluidic components (microchannels, magnetically driven micropumps and reservoirs) for supplying the cell culture wells with reagents, or rinsing, thus facilitating controlled, directed liquid handling. It can be used totally independently, since tubing is not essential. The practical utility of the integrated system has been demonstrated by culturing endothelial cells in the microwells, and successfully applying live-cell Calcein AM staining. Systems such as this combining high-density microwell chips with microfluidic components have great potential in numerous screening applications, such as exploring the important, but frequently undetected, heterogeneity in drug responses among individual cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lindström
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, School of Biotechnology, AlbaNova University Center, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Elad T, Lee JH, Gu MB, Belkin S. Microbial cell arrays. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 117:85-108. [PMID: 20625955 DOI: 10.1007/10_2009_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The coming of age of whole-cell biosensors, combined with the continuing advances in array technologies, has prepared the ground for the next step in the evolution of both disciplines - the whole cell array. In the present chapter, we highlight the state-of-the-art in the different disciplines essential for a functional bacterial array. These include the genetic engineering of the biological components, their immobilization in different polymers, technologies for live cell deposition and patterning on different types of solid surfaces, and cellular viability maintenance. Also reviewed are the types of signals emitted by the reporter cell arrays, some of the transduction methodologies for reading these signals, and the mathematical approaches proposed for their analysis. Finally, we review some of the potential applications for bacterial cell arrays, and list the future needs for their maturation: a richer arsenal of high-performance reporter strains, better methodologies for their incorporation into hardware platforms, design of appropriate detection circuits, the continuing development of dedicated algorithms for multiplex signal analysis, and - most importantly - enhanced long term maintenance of viability and activity on the fabricated biochips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Elad
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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20
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Cell culture on MEMS platforms: a review. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:5411-5441. [PMID: 20054478 PMCID: PMC2802002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10125411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfabricated systems provide an excellent platform for the culture of cells, and are an extremely useful tool for the investigation of cellular responses to various stimuli. Advantages offered over traditional methods include cost-effectiveness, controllability, low volume, high resolution, and sensitivity. Both biocompatible and bio-incompatible materials have been developed for use in these applications. Biocompatible materials such as PMMA or PLGA can be used directly for cell culture. However, for bio-incompatible materials such as silicon or PDMS, additional steps need to be taken to render these materials more suitable for cell adhesion and maintenance. This review describes multiple surface modification strategies to improve the biocompatibility of MEMS materials. Basic concepts of cell-biomaterial interactions, such as protein adsorption and cell adhesion are covered. Finally, the applications of these MEMS materials in Tissue Engineering are presented.
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Ai Y, Joo SW, Jiang Y, Xuan X, Qian S. Pressure-driven transport of particles through a converging-diverging microchannel. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2009; 3:22404. [PMID: 19693339 PMCID: PMC2717578 DOI: 10.1063/1.3122594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pressure-driven transport of particles through a symmetric converging-diverging microchannel is studied by solving a coupled nonlinear system, which is composed of the Navier-Stokes and continuity equations using the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian finite-element technique. The predicted particle translation is in good agreement with existing experimental observations. The effects of pressure gradient, particle size, channel geometry, and a particle's initial location on the particle transport are investigated. The pressure gradient has no effect on the ratio of the translational velocity of particles through a converging-diverging channel to that in the upstream straight channel. Particles are generally accelerated in the converging region and then decelerated in the diverging region, with the maximum translational velocity at the throat. For particles with diameters close to the width of the channel throat, the usual acceleration process is divided into three stages: Acceleration, deceleration, and reacceleration instead of a monotonic acceleration. Moreover, the maximum translational velocity occurs at the end of the first acceleration stage rather than at the throat. Along the centerline of the microchannel, particles do not rotate, and the closer a particle is located near the channel wall, the higher is its rotational velocity. Analysis of the transport of two particles demonstrates the feasibility of using a converging-diverging microchannel for passive (biological and synthetic) particle separation and ordering.
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Srivastava N, Brennan JS, Renzi RF, Wu M, Branda SS, Singh AK, Herr AE. Fully Integrated Microfluidic Platform Enabling Automated Phosphoprofiling of Macrophage Response. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3261-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8024224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Srivastava
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550
| | - James S. Brennan
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Ronald F. Renzi
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Meiye Wu
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Steven S. Branda
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Anup K. Singh
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Amy E. Herr
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550
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Hoffman RA. Flow Cytometry: Instrumentation, Applications, Future Trends and Limitations. SPRINGER SERIES ON FLUORESCENCE 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/4243_2008_037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
A goal of modern biology is to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying cellular function. The ability to manipulate and analyze single cells is crucial for this task. The advent of microengineering is providing biologists with unprecedented opportunities for cell handling and investigation on a cell-by-cell basis. For this reason, lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technologies are emerging as the next revolution in tools for biological discovery. In the current discussion, we seek to summarize the state of the art for conventional technologies in use by biologists for the analysis of single, mammalian cells, and then compare LOC devices engineered for these same single-cell studies. While a review of the technical progress is included, a major goal is to present the view point of the practicing biologist and the advances that might increase adoption by these individuals. The LOC field is expanding rapidly, and we have focused on areas of broad interest to the biology community where the technology is sufficiently far advanced to contemplate near-term application in biological experimentation. Focus areas to be covered include flow cytometry, electrophoretic analysis of cell contents, fluorescent-indicator-based analyses, cells as small volume reactors, control of the cellular microenvironment, and single-cell PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Sims
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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25
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Tárnok A, Bocsi J, Brockhoff G. Cytomics - importance of multimodal analysis of cell function and proliferation in oncology. Cell Prolif 2007; 39:495-505. [PMID: 17109634 PMCID: PMC6496464 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2006.00407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a highly complex and heterogeneous disease involving a succession of genetic changes (frequently caused or accompanied by exogenous trauma), and resulting in a molecular phenotype that in turn results in a malignant specification. The development of malignancy has been described as a multistep process involving self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to antigrowth signals, evasion of apoptosis, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and finally tissue invasion and metastasis. The quantitative analysis of networking molecules within the cells might be applied to understand native-state tissue signalling biology, complex drug actions and dysfunctional signalling in transformed cells, that is, in cancer cells. High-content and high-throughput single-cell analysis can lead to systems biology and cytomics. The application of cytomics in cancer research and diagnostics is very broad, ranging from the better understanding of the tumour cell biology to the identification of residual tumour cells after treatment, to drug discovery. The ultimate goal is to pinpoint in detail these processes on the molecular, cellular and tissue level. A comprehensive knowledge of these will require tissue analysis, which is multiplex and functional; thus, vast amounts of data are being collected from current genomic and proteomic platforms for integration and interpretation as well as for new varieties of updated cytomics technology. This overview will briefly highlight the most important aspects of this continuously developing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tárnok
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Cardiac Centre Leipzig GmbH, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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26
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Tárnok A, Valet GK, Emmrich F. Systems biology and clinical cytomics: The 10th Leipziger Workshop and the 3rd International Workshop on Slide-Based Cytometry, Leipzig, Germany, April 2005. Cytometry A 2006; 69:36-40. [PMID: 16541487 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite very significant technical and software improvements in flow cytometry (FCM) since the 1980's, the demand for a cytometric technology combining both quantitative cell analysis and morphological documentation in Cytomics became evident. Improvements in microtechnology and computing permit nowadays similar quantitative and stoichiometric single cell-based high-throughput analyses by microscopic instruments, like Slide-Based Cytometry (SBC). SBC and related techniques offer unique tools to perform complex immunophenotyping, thereby enabling diagnostic procedures during early disease stages. Multicolor or polychromatic analysis of cells by SBC is of special importance not only as a cytomics technology platform but also because of low quantities of required reagents and biological material. The exact knowledge of the location of each cell on the slide permits repetitive restaining and reanalysis of specimens. Various separate measurements of the same specimen can be ultimately fused to one database increasing the information obtained per cell. Relocation and optical evaluation of cells as typical SBC feature, can be of integral importance for cytometric analysis, since artifacts can be excluded and morphology of measured cells can be documented. Progress in cell analytic: In the SBC, new horizons can be opened by the new techniques of structural and functional analysis with the high resolution from intracellular and membrane (confocal microscopy, nanoscopy, total internal fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM), and tissue level (tissomics), to organ and organism level (in vivo cytometry, optical whole body imaging). Predictive medicine aims at the detection of changes in patient's state prior to the manifestation of the disease or the complication. Such instances concern immune consequences of surgeries or noninfectious posttraumatic shock in intensive care patients or the pretherapeutic identification of high risk patients in cancer cytostatic therapy. Preventive anti-infectious or anti-shock therapy as well as curative chemotherapy in combination with stem cell transplantation may provide better survival chances for patient at concomitant cost containment. Predictive medicine-guided optimization of therapy could lead to individualized medicine that gives significant therapeutic effect and may lower or abrogate potential therapeutic side effects. The 10th Leipziger Workshop combined with the 3rd International Workshop on SBC aimed to offer new methods in Image- and Slide-Based Cytometry for solutions in clinical research. It moved towards practical applications in the clinics and the clinical laboratory. This development will be continued in 2006 at the upcoming Leipziger Workshop and the International Workshop on Slide-Based Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Tárnok
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Germany
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Gerstner AOH, Mittag A, Laffers W, Dähnert I, Lenz D, Bootz F, Bocsi J, Tárnok A. Comparison of immunophenotyping by slide-based cytometry and by flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2006; 311:130-8. [PMID: 16527301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2006.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flow cytometry (FCM) is the gold standard for immunophenotyping of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs). Slide-based cytometry (SBC) systems, for example the laser scanning cytometer (LSC(R), CompuCyte), can give additional information (repeated staining and scanning, morphology). In order to adequately judge the clinical usefulness of LSC for immunophenotyping it is obligatory to compare it with FCM. AIM The aim of this study was to systematically compare immunophenotyping by both FCM and LSC methods and to test the correlation of the results. METHODS PBLs were stained with directly labeled monoclonal antibodies with the whole blood staining method. Aliquots of the same paraformaldehyde fixed specimens were analyzed in parallel by a FACScan (BD-Biosciences) using standard protocols and by LSC with different triggers (forward scatter, CD45 FITC, or 7-AAD). For 7-AAD measurements by LSC, slides were additionally fixed with acetone before 7-AAD staining. RESULTS Calculating the percentage distribution of PBLs obtained by LSC and by FCM showed very good correlation with regression coefficients close to 1.0 for the major populations and the lymphocyte sub-populations (neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes; T-helper-, T-cytotoxic-, B-, NK-cells). The best trigger for LSC was 7-AAD. CONCLUSION LSC can be recommended for immunophenotyping of PBLs especially in cases where only limited sample volumes are available or where additional analysis of the cells' morphology is important. The detection of rare leukocytes or weak antigens is limited; in these cases appropriate amplification steps for immunofluorescence should be engaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas O H Gerstner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Plastic Surgery, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53127, University of Bonn, Germany.
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Gerdts G, Luedke G. FISH and chips: Marine bacterial communities analyzed by flow cytometry based on microfluidics. J Microbiol Methods 2006; 64:232-40. [PMID: 15979175 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2005.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2005] [Revised: 05/02/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To unveil the structure of natural marine pelagic bacterial communities, PCR-based techniques as well as fluorescence in situ hybridizations (FISH) were successfully performed in the past. Using fluorescence microscopes or confocal laser scanning microscopes (CLSM) for the analysis of FISH experiments, it was possible to differentiate bacterial communities, but most attempts to combine flow cytometry and FISH for this purpose have failed till now. Here we present a successful analysis of FISH experiments of natural marine pelagic bacterial communities using a flow cytometer based on microfluidics (Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer). Marine water samples were enriched on polycarbonate filters and hybridized with Cy5 labeled gene probes of different phylogenetic depth. Bacteria were detached from the filters and subsequently analyzed in the Cell Chip of the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer. Samples were counter-stained using SYTOX. In all samples the EUB338 positive signals could be clearly differentiated from those of the NON probe. Furthermore a dominance of alpha-protebacteria (as indicated by the probes ALF968 and G rB) could be observed. Microfluidics based flow cytometry is a promising technique for the analysis of natural bacterial communities from the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gerdts
- Alfred Wegener Institute Foundation for Polar and Marine Research, Marine Station Helgoland, 27498 Helgoland, Germany.
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Valet G. Cytomics, the human cytome project and systems biology: top-down resolution of the molecular biocomplexity of organisms by single cell analysis. Cell Prolif 2005; 38:171-4. [PMID: 16098176 PMCID: PMC6496119 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2005.00342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A large amount of structural and functional information is obtained by molecular cell phenotype analysis of tissues, organs and organisms at the single cell level by image or flow cytometry in combination with bioinformatic knowledge extraction (cytomics) concerning nuclei acids, proteins and metabolites (cellular genomics, proteomics and metabolomics) as well as cell function parameters like intracellular pH, transmembrane potentials or ion gradients. In addition, differential molecular cell phenotypes between diseased and healthy cells provide molecular data patterns for (i) predictive medicine by cytomics or for (ii) drug discovery purposes using reverse engineering of the data patterns by biomedical cell systems biology. Molecular pathways can be explored in this way including the detection of suitable target molecules, without detailed a priori knowledge of specific disease mechanisms. This is useful during the analysis of complex diseases such as infections, allergies, rheumatoid diseases, diabetes or malignancies. The top-down approach reaching from single cell heterogeneity in cell systems and tissues down to the molecular level seems suitable for a human cytome project to systematically explore the molecular biocomplexity of human organisms. The analysis of already existing data from scientific studies or routine diagnostic procedures will be of immediate value in clinical medicine, for example as personalized therapy by cytomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Valet
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried, Germany.
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Differential interference contrast microscopy for real-time dynamics and manipulation of single cells in microchannels. Microchem J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2004.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ramser K, Enger J, Goksör M, Hanstorp D, Logg K, Käll M. A microfluidic system enabling Raman measurements of the oxygenation cycle in single optically trapped red blood cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2005; 5:431-6. [PMID: 15791341 DOI: 10.1039/b416749j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Using a lab-on-a-chip approach we demonstrate the possibility of selecting a single cell with certain properties and following its dynamics after an environmental stimulation in real time using Raman spectroscopy. This is accomplished by combining a micro Raman set-up with optical tweezers and a microfluidic system. The latter gives full control over the media surrounding the cell, and it consists of a pattern of channels and reservoirs defined by electron beam lithography that is moulded into rubber silicon (PDMS). Different buffers can be transported through the channels using electro-osmotic flow, while the resonance Raman response of an optically trapped red blood cell (RBC) is simultaneously registered. This makes it possible to monitor the oxygenation cycle of the cell in real time and to investigate effects like photo-induced chemistry caused by the illumination. The experimental set-up has high potential for in vivo monitoring of cellular drug response using a variety of spectroscopic probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Ramser
- Dept. of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology/Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2004; 21:1317-24. [PMID: 15586969 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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