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Selvam A, Aggarwal T, Mukherjee M, Verma YK. Humans and robots: Friends of the future? A bird's eye view of biomanufacturing industry 5.0. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108237. [PMID: 37604228 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of industries have introduced versatile technologies, motivating limitless possibilities of tackling pivotal global predicaments in the arenas of medicine, environment, defence, and national security. In this direction, ardently emerges the new era of Industry 5.0 through the eyes of biomanufacturing, which integrates the most advanced systems 21st century has to offer by means of integrating artificial systems to mimic and nativize the natural milieu to substitute the deficits of nature, thence leading to a new meta world. Albeit, it questions the natural order of the living world, which necessitates certain paramount stipulations to be addressed for a successful expansion of biomanufacturing Industry 5.0. Can humans live in synergism with artificial beings? How can humans establish dominance of hierarchy with artificial counterparts? This perspective provides a bird's eye view on the plausible direction of a new meta world inquisitively. For this purpose, we propose the influence of internet of things (IoT) via new generation interfacial systems, such as, human-machine interface (HMI) and brain-computer interface (BCI) in the domain of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, which can be extended to target modern warfare and smart healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhyavartin Selvam
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India
| | - Tanishka Aggarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCLS) Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Monalisa Mukherjee
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India
| | - Yogesh Kumar Verma
- Stem Cell & Tissue Engineering Research Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation, New Delhi 110054, India.
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2
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Zhang X, Li Z, Liu Y, Gai Z. Great Expectations: Induced pluripotent stem cell technologies in neurodevelopmental impairments. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:459-473. [PMID: 33390815 PMCID: PMC7757149 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.51842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cells such as skin fibroblasts, umbilical cord blood, peripheral blood, urinary epithelial cells, etc., are transformed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by reprogramming technology, a milestone in the stem-cell research field. IPSCs are similar to embryonic stem cells (ESCs), exhibiting the potential to differentiate into various somatic cells. Still, the former avoid problems of immune rejection and medical ethics in the study of ESCs and clinical trials. Neurodevelopmental disorders are chronic developmental brain dysfunctions that affect cognition, exercise, social adaptability, behavior, etc. Due to various inherited or acquired causes, they seriously affect the physical and psychological health of infants and children. These include generalized stunting / mental disability (GDD/ID), Epilepsy, autism spectrum disease (ASD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Most neurodevelopmental disorders are challenging to cure. Establishing a neurodevelopmental disorder system model is essential for researching and treating neurodevelopmental disorders. At this stage, the scarcity of samples is a bigger problem for studying neurological diseases based on the donor, ethics, etc. Some iPSCs are reprogrammed from somatic cells that carry disease-causing mutations. They differentiate into nerve cells by induction, which has the original characteristics of diseases. Disease-specific iPSCs are used to study the mechanism and pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders. The process provided samples and the impetus for developing drugs and developing treatment plans for neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, this article mainly introduced the development of iPSCs, the currently established iPSCs disease models, and artificial organoids related to neurodevelopmental impairments. This technology will promote our understanding of neurodevelopmental impairments and bring great expectations to children with neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250022, China.,Jinan Pediatric Research Institute, Jinan Children's Hospital, Ji'nan 250022, China.,Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Children's Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan 250033, China
| | - Zilong Li
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250022, China.,Jinan Pediatric Research Institute, Jinan Children's Hospital, Ji'nan 250022, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250022, China.,Jinan Pediatric Research Institute, Jinan Children's Hospital, Ji'nan 250022, China
| | - Zhongtao Gai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250022, China.,Jinan Pediatric Research Institute, Jinan Children's Hospital, Ji'nan 250022, China
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3
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Goetz LH, Schork NJ. Personalized medicine: motivation, challenges, and progress. Fertil Steril 2019; 109:952-963. [PMID: 29935653 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a great deal of hype surrounding the concept of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is rooted in the belief that since individuals possess nuanced and unique characteristics at the molecular, physiological, environmental exposure, and behavioral levels, they may need to have interventions provided to them for diseases they possess that are tailored to these nuanced and unique characteristics. This belief has been verified to some degree through the application of emerging technologies such as DNA sequencing, proteomics, imaging protocols, and wireless health monitoring devices, which have revealed great inter-individual variation in disease processes. In this review, we consider the motivation for personalized medicine, its historical precedents, the emerging technologies that are enabling it, some recent experiences including successes and setbacks, ways of vetting and deploying personalized medicines, and future directions, including potential ways of treating individuals with fertility and sterility issues. We also consider current limitations of personalized medicine. We ultimately argue that since aspects of personalized medicine are rooted in biological realities, personalized medicine practices in certain contexts are likely to be inevitable, especially as relevant assays and deployment strategies become more efficient and cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas J Schork
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona; The City of Hope/TGen IMPACT Center, Duarte, California; J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, California; The University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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Trujillo CA, Muotri AR. Brain Organoids and the Study of Neurodevelopment. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:982-990. [PMID: 30377071 PMCID: PMC6289846 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Brain organoids are 3D self-assembled structures composed of hundreds of thousands to millions of cells that resemble the cellular organization and transcriptional and epigenetic signature of a developing human brain. Advancements using brain organoids have been made to elucidate the genetic basis of certain neurodevelopmental disorders, such as microcephaly and autism; and to investigate the impact of environmental factors to the brain, such as during Zika virus infection. It remains to be explored how far brain organoids can functionally mature and process external information. An improved brain organoid model might reproduce important aspects of the human brain in a more reproducible and high-throughput fashion. This novel and complementary approach in the neuroscience toolbox opens perspectives to understand the fundamental features of the human neurodevelopment, with implications to personalize therapeutic opportunities for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleber A Trujillo
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037-0695, USA
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037-0695, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, La Jolla, CA 92037-0695, USA.
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Russo FB, Freitas BC, Pignatari GC, Fernandes IR, Sebat J, Muotri AR, Beltrão-Braga PCB. Modeling the Interplay Between Neurons and Astrocytes in Autism Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:569-578. [PMID: 29129319 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with unclear etiology and imprecise genetic causes. The main goal of this work was to investigate neuronal connectivity and the interplay between neurons and astrocytes from individuals with nonsyndromic ASD using induced pluripotent stem cells. METHODS Induced pluripotent stem cells were derived from a clinically well-characterized cohort of three individuals with nonsyndromic ASD sharing common behaviors and three control subjects, two clones each. We generated mixed neural cultures analyzing synaptogenesis and neuronal activity using a multielectrode array platform. Furthermore, using an enriched astrocyte population, we investigated their role in neuronal maintenance. RESULTS ASD-derived neurons had a significant decrease in synaptic gene expression and protein levels, glutamate neurotransmitter release, and, consequently, reduced spontaneous firing rate. Based on co-culture experiments, we observed that ASD-derived astrocytes interfered with proper neuronal development. In contrast, control-derived astrocytes rescued the morphological neuronal phenotype and synaptogenesis defects from ASD neuronal co-cultures. Furthermore, after identifying interleukin-6 secretion from astrocytes in individuals with ASD as a possible culprit for neural defects, we were able to increase synaptogenesis by blocking interleukin-6 levels. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal the contribution of astrocytes to neuronal phenotype and confirm previous studies linking interleukin-6 and autism, suggesting potential novel therapeutic pathways for a subtype of individuals with ASD. This is the first report demonstrating that glial dysfunctions could contribute to nonsyndromic autism pathophysiology using induced pluripotent stem cells modeling disease technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiele Baldino Russo
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Camille Freitas
- Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Graciela Conceição Pignatari
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabella Rodrigues Fernandes
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Jonathan Sebat
- Department of Psychiatry, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Alysson Renato Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Patricia Cristina Baleeiro Beltrão-Braga
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Use of Human Neurons Derived via Cellular Reprogramming Methods to Study Host-Parasite Interactions of Toxoplasma gondii in Neurons. Cells 2017; 6:cells6040032. [PMID: 28946615 PMCID: PMC5755492 DOI: 10.3390/cells6040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite, with approximately one-third of the worlds' population chronically infected. In chronically infected individuals, the parasite resides in tissue cysts in neurons in the brain. The chronic infection in immunocompetant individuals has traditionally been considered to be asymptomatic, but increasing evidence indicates that chronic infection is associated with diverse neurological disorders such as schizophrenia, cryptogenic epilepsy, and Parkinson's Disease. The mechanisms by which the parasite exerts affects on behavior and other neuronal functions are not understood. Human neurons derived from cellular reprogramming methods offer the opportunity to develop better human neuronal models to study T. gondii in neurons. Results from two studies using human neurons derived via cellular reprogramming methods indicate these human neuronal models provide better in vitro models to study the effects of T. gondii on neurons and neurological functions. In this review, an overview of the current neural reprogramming methods will be given, followed by a summary of the studies using human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons and induced neurons (iNs) to study T. gondii in neurons. The potential of these neural reprogramming methods for further study of the host-parasite interactions of T. gondii in neurons will be discussed.
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Gene therapy for spinomuscular atrophy: a biomedical advance, a missed opportunity for more equitable drug pricing. Gene Ther 2017. [PMID: 28639617 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2017.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An experimental approach for gene therapy of spinomuscular atrophy has been reported to prevent development of the neuromuscular features of this lethal and previously untreatable disorder. The approach involves treatment of patients suffering from SMN1-associated infantile form of the disease with a splice-switching antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) that corrects aberrant splicing of the nearly identical SMN2 gene to allow the generation of functional SMN protein, thereby mitigating the development of the disease. This technique represents the first apparently effective therapy for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and an important documentation for ASO technology for therapy of neurodegenerative disease. These results with one form of SMA are likely to be relevant for similar applications to other SMA types and are likely to inspire application to a number of other intractable neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and possibly even the extremely common Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases and others. Nevertheless, the scientific and medical importance of this advance is marred by a pricing policy by the corporate sponsors that may complicate accessibility of the drug for some desperate patients.
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Marchetto MC, Belinson H, Tian Y, Freitas BC, Fu C, Vadodaria K, Beltrao-Braga P, Trujillo CA, Mendes AP, Padmanabhan K, Nunez Y, Ou J, Ghosh H, Wright R, Brennand K, Pierce K, Eichenfield L, Pramparo T, Eyler L, Barnes CC, Courchesne E, Geschwind DH, Gage FH, Wynshaw-Boris A, Muotri AR. Altered proliferation and networks in neural cells derived from idiopathic autistic individuals. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:820-835. [PMID: 27378147 PMCID: PMC5215991 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are common, complex and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders. Cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for ASD pathogenesis have been proposed based on genetic studies, brain pathology and imaging, but a major impediment to testing ASD hypotheses is the lack of human cell models. Here, we reprogrammed fibroblasts to generate induced pluripotent stem cells, neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and neurons from ASD individuals with early brain overgrowth and non-ASD controls with normal brain size. ASD-derived NPCs display increased cell proliferation because of dysregulation of a β-catenin/BRN2 transcriptional cascade. ASD-derived neurons display abnormal neurogenesis and reduced synaptogenesis leading to functional defects in neuronal networks. Interestingly, defects in neuronal networks could be rescued by insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a drug that is currently in clinical trials for ASD. This work demonstrates that selection of ASD subjects based on endophenotypes unraveled biologically relevant pathway disruption and revealed a potential cellular mechanism for the therapeutic effect of IGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haim Belinson
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Human Genetics, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yuan Tian
- University of California Los Angeles, Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90402, USA
| | - Beatriz C. Freitas
- University of California San Diego, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, La Jolla, CA 92093-0695, USA
| | - Chen Fu
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | - Patricia Beltrao-Braga
- University of California San Diego, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, La Jolla, CA 92093-0695, USA
- University of São Paulo, Department of Obstetrics, Department of Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleber A. Trujillo
- University of California San Diego, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, La Jolla, CA 92093-0695, USA
| | - Ana P.D. Mendes
- The Salk Institute, Laboratory of Genetics, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Krishnan Padmanabhan
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Neuroscience, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 603 Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Yanelli Nunez
- The Salk Institute, Laboratory of Genetics, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- University of California San Diego, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, La Jolla, CA 92093-0695, USA
| | - Jing Ou
- University of California Los Angeles, Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90402, USA
| | - Himanish Ghosh
- The Salk Institute, Laboratory of Genetics, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rebecca Wright
- The Salk Institute, Laboratory of Genetics, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kristen Brennand
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Karen Pierce
- University of California San Diego, Department of Neurosciences, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lawrence Eichenfield
- University of California San Diego, Department of Neurosciences, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tiziano Pramparo
- University of California San Diego, Department of Neurosciences, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lisa Eyler
- University of California San Diego, Department of Neurosciences, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Cynthia C. Barnes
- University of California San Diego, Department of Neurosciences, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eric Courchesne
- University of California San Diego, Department of Neurosciences, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel H. Geschwind
- University of California Los Angeles, Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90402, USA
| | - Fred H. Gage
- The Salk Institute, Laboratory of Genetics, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anthony Wynshaw-Boris
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Human Genetics, CA 94143, USA
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Alysson R. Muotri
- University of California San Diego, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, La Jolla, CA 92093-0695, USA
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Beltrão-Braga PCB, Muotri AR. Modeling autism spectrum disorders with human neurons. Brain Res 2017; 1656:49-54. [PMID: 26854137 PMCID: PMC4975680 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired social communication and interactions and by restricted and repetitive behaviors. Although ASD is suspected to have a heritable or sporadic genetic basis, its underlying etiology and pathogenesis are not well understood. Therefore, viable human neurons and glial cells produced using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) to reprogram cells from individuals affected with ASD provide an unprecedented opportunity to elucidate the pathophysiology of these disorders, providing novel insights regarding ASD and a potential platform to develop and test therapeutic compounds. Herein, we discuss the state of art with regards to ASD modeling, including limitations of this technology, as well as potential future directions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Exploiting human neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C B Beltrão-Braga
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy (NETCEM), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children׳s Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children׳s Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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10
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Muotri AR. The Human Model: Changing Focus on Autism Research. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:642-9. [PMID: 25861701 PMCID: PMC4573784 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lack of live human brain cells for research has slowed progress toward understanding the mechanisms underlying autism spectrum disorders. A human model using reprogrammed patient somatic cells offers an attractive alternative, as it captures a patient's genome in relevant cell types. Despite the current limitations, the disease-in-a-dish approach allows for progressive time course analyses of target cells, offering a unique opportunity to investigate the cellular and molecular alterations before symptomatic onset. Understanding the current drawbacks of this model is essential for the correct data interpretation and extrapolation of conclusions applicable to the human brain. Innovative strategies for collecting biological material and clinical information from large patient cohorts are important for increasing the statistical power that will allow for the extraction of information from the noise resulting from the variability introduced by reprogramming and differentiation methods. Working with large patient cohorts is also important for understanding how brain cells derived from diverse human genetic backgrounds respond to specific drugs, creating the possibility of personalized medicine for autism spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysson Renato Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California..
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11
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Abstract
Immunomodulators regulate stem cell activity at all stages of development as well as during adulthood. Embryonic stem cell (ESC) proliferation as well as neurogenic processes during embryonic development are controlled by factors of the immune system. We review here immunophenotypic expression patterns of different stem cell types, including ESC, neural (NSC) and tissue-specific mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), and focus on immunodulatory properties of these cells. Immune and inflammatory responses, involving actions of cytokines as well as toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling are known to affect the differentiation capacity of NSC and MSC. Secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory messengers by MSC have been observed as the consequence of TLR and cytokine activation and promotion of differentiation into specified phenotypes. As result of augmented differentiation capacity, stem cells secrete angiogenic factors including vascular endothelial growth factor, resulting in multifactorial actions in tissue repair. Immunoregulatory properties of tissue specific adult stem cells are put into the context of possible clinical applications.
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12
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Saitta B, Passarini J, Sareen D, Ornelas L, Sahabian A, Argade S, Krakow D, Cohn DH, Svendsen CN, Rimoin DL. Patient-derived skeletal dysplasia induced pluripotent stem cells display abnormal chondrogenic marker expression and regulation by BMP2 and TGFβ1. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1464-78. [PMID: 24559391 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal dysplasias (SDs) are caused by abnormal chondrogenesis during cartilage growth plate differentiation. To study early stages of aberrant cartilage formation in vitro, we generated the first induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from fibroblasts of an SD patient with a lethal form of metatropic dysplasia, caused by a dominant mutation (I604M) in the calcium channel gene TRPV4. When micromasses were grown in chondrogenic differentiation conditions and compared with control iPSCs, mutant TRPV4-iPSCs showed significantly (P<0.05) decreased expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction of COL2A1 (IIA and IIB forms), SOX9, Aggrecan, COL10A1, and RUNX2, all of which are cartilage growth plate markers. We found that stimulation with BMP2, but not TGFβ1, up-regulated COL2A1 (IIA and IIB) and SOX9 gene expression, only in control iPSCs. COL2A1 (Collagen II) expression data were confirmed at the protein level by western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy. TRPV4-iPSCs showed only focal areas of Alcian blue stain for proteoglycans, while in control iPSCs the stain was seen throughout the micromass sample. Similar staining patterns were found in neonatal cartilage from control and patient samples. We also found that COL1A1 (Collagen I), a marker of osteogenic differentiation, was significantly (P<0.05) up-regulated at the mRNA level in TRPV4-iPSCs when compared with the control, and confirmed at the protein level. Collagen I expression in the TRPV4 model also may correlate with abnormal staining patterns seen in patient tissues. This study demonstrates that an iPSC model can recapitulate normal chondrogenesis and that mutant TRPV4-iPSCs reflect molecular evidence of aberrant chondrogenic developmental processes, which could be used to design therapeutic approaches for disorders of cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biagio Saitta
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
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13
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Sousa BR, Parreira RC, Fonseca EA, Amaya MJ, Tonelli FMP, Lacerda SMSN, Lalwani P, Santos AK, Gomes KN, Ulrich H, Kihara AH, Resende RR. Human adult stem cells from diverse origins: An overview from multiparametric immunophenotyping to clinical applications. Cytometry A 2013; 85:43-77. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna R. Sousa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Cell Signaling and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Ricardo C. Parreira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Cell Signaling and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Emerson A Fonseca
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Cell Signaling and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Maria J. Amaya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven Connecticut
| | - Fernanda M. P. Tonelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Cell Signaling and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Samyra M. S. N. Lacerda
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Cell Signaling and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Pritesh Lalwani
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas; Universidade Federal do Amazonas; Manaus AM Brazil
| | - Anderson K. Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Cell Signaling and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Katia N. Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Cell Signaling and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Alexandre H. Kihara
- Núcleo de Cognição e Sistemas Complexos, Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição; Universidade Federal do ABC; Santo André SP Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R. Resende
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Cell Signaling and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
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14
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Qu X, Liu T, Song K, Li X, Ge D. Differentiation of reprogrammed human adipose mesenchymal stem cells toward neural cells with defined transcription factors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 439:552-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Svendsen CN. Back to the future: how human induced pluripotent stem cells will transform regenerative medicine. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:R32-8. [PMID: 23945396 PMCID: PMC3782070 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on cloning studies in mammals, all adult human cells theoretically contain DNA that is capable of creating a whole new person. Cells are maintained in their differentiated state by selectively activating some genes and silencing. The dogma until recently was that cell differentiation was largely fixed unless exposed to the environment of an activated oocyte. However, it is now possible to activate primitive pluripotent genes within adult human cells that take them back in time to a pluripotent state (termed induced pluripotent stem cells). This technology has grown at an exponential rate over the past few years, culminating in the Nobel Prize in medicine. Discussed here are recent developments in the field as they relate to regenerative medicine, with an emphasis on creating functional cells, editing their genome, autologous transplantation and how this ground-breaking field may eventually impact human aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive N. Svendsen
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 3102488072; Fax: +1 3102488555;
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