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Syed T, Krujatz F, Ihadjadene Y, Mühlstädt G, Hamedi H, Mädler J, Urbas L. A review on machine learning approaches for microalgae cultivation systems. Comput Biol Med 2024; 172:108248. [PMID: 38493599 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Microalgae plays a crucial role in biomass production within aquatic environments and are increasingly recognized for their potential in generating biofuels, biomaterials, bioactive compounds, and bio-based chemicals. This growing significance is driven by the need to address imminent global challenges such as food and fuel shortages. Enhancing the value chain of bio-based products necessitates the implementation of an advanced screening and monitoring system. This system is crucial for tailoring and optimizing the cultivation conditions, ensuring the lucrative and efficient production of the final desired product. This, in turn, underscores the necessity for robust predictive models to accurately emulate algae growth in different conditions during the initial cultivation phase and simulate their subsequent processing in the downstream stage. In pursuit of these objectives, diverse mechanistic and machine learning-based methods have been independently employed to model and optimize microalgae processes. This review article thoroughly examines the techniques delineated in the literature for modeling, predicting, and monitoring microalgal biomass across various applications such as bioenergy, pharmaceuticals, and the food industry. While highlighting the merits and limitations of each method, we delve into the realm of newly emerging hybrid approaches and conduct an exhaustive survey of this evolving methodology. The challenges currently impeding the practical implementation of hybrid techniques are explored, and drawing inspiration from successful applications in other machine-learning-assisted fields, we review various plausible solutions to overcome these obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tehreem Syed
- Institute of Automation, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Saxony, Germany
| | - Felix Krujatz
- Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Zittau/Görlitz, 02763, Zittau, Germany; Institute of Natural Materials Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Saxony, Germany
| | - Yob Ihadjadene
- Institute of Natural Materials Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Saxony, Germany
| | | | - Homa Hamedi
- Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Saxony, Germany
| | - Jonathan Mädler
- Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Saxony, Germany.
| | - Leon Urbas
- Institute of Automation, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Saxony, Germany; Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Saxony, Germany
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2
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Wang H, Zhang L, Huang J, Yang Z, Fan C, Yuan L, Zhao H, Zhang Z, Liu X. Imaging the intracellular refractive index distribution (IRID) for dynamic label-free living colon cancer cells via circularly depolarization decay model (CDDM). Biomed Opt Express 2024; 15:2451-2465. [PMID: 38633098 PMCID: PMC11019712 DOI: 10.1364/boe.518957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Label-free detection of intracellular substances for living cancer cells remains a significant hurdle in cancer pathogenesis research. Although the sensitivity of light polarization to intracellular substances has been validated, current studies are predominantly focused on tissue lesions, thus label-free detection of substances within individual living cancer cells is still a challenge. The main difficulty is to find specific detection methods along with corresponding characteristic parameters. With refractive index as an endogenous marker of substances, this study proposes a detection method of intracellular refractive index distribution (IRID) for label-free living colon cancer (LoVo) cells. Utilizing the circular depolarization decay model (CDDM) to calculate the degree of circular polarization (DOCP) modulated by the cell allows for the derivation of the IRID on the focal plane. Experiments on LoVo cells demonstrated the refractive index of single cell can be accurately and precisely measured, with precision of 10-3 refractive index units (RIU). Additionally, chromatin content during the interphases (G1, S, G2) of cell cycle was recorded at 56.5%, 64.4%, and 71.5%, respectively. A significantly finer IRID can be obtained compared to the phase measurement method. This method is promising in providing a dynamic label-free intracellular substances detection method in cancer pathogenesis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- School of Instrument Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Zewen Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Chen Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- School of Instrument Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Li Yuan
- First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- School of Instrument Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Zhenxi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Provincey, Fuzhou 350025, China
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3
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Ma X, Guo G, Wu X, Wu Q, Liu F, Zhang H, Shi N, Guan Y. Advances in Integration, Wearable Applications, and Artificial Intelligence of Biomedical Microfluidics Systems. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:mi14050972. [PMID: 37241596 DOI: 10.3390/mi14050972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics attracts much attention due to its multiple advantages such as high throughput, rapid analysis, low sample volume, and high sensitivity. Microfluidics has profoundly influenced many fields including chemistry, biology, medicine, information technology, and other disciplines. However, some stumbling stones (miniaturization, integration, and intelligence) strain the development of industrialization and commercialization of microchips. The miniaturization of microfluidics means fewer samples and reagents, shorter times to results, and less footprint space consumption, enabling a high throughput and parallelism of sample analysis. Additionally, micro-size channels tend to produce laminar flow, which probably permits some creative applications that are not accessible to traditional fluid-processing platforms. The reasonable integration of biomedical/physical biosensors, semiconductor microelectronics, communications, and other cutting-edge technologies should greatly expand the applications of current microfluidic devices and help develop the next generation of lab-on-a-chip (LOC). At the same time, the evolution of artificial intelligence also gives another strong impetus to the rapid development of microfluidics. Biomedical applications based on microfluidics normally bring a large amount of complex data, so it is a big challenge for researchers and technicians to analyze those huge and complicated data accurately and quickly. To address this problem, machine learning is viewed as an indispensable and powerful tool in processing the data collected from micro-devices. In this review, we mainly focus on discussing the integration, miniaturization, portability, and intelligence of microfluidics technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfeng Ma
- School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Department of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Gang Guo
- Department of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Xuanye Wu
- Department of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Shanghai Industrial μTechnology Research Institute, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Shanghai Aure Technology Limited Company, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Fangfang Liu
- Shanghai Industrial μTechnology Research Institute, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Shanghai Aure Technology Limited Company, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Nan Shi
- Shanghai Industrial μTechnology Research Institute, Shanghai 200000, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Yimin Guan
- Department of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Shanghai Aure Technology Limited Company, Shanghai 200000, China
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4
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Tsai HF, Podder S, Chen PY. Microsystem Advances through Integration with Artificial Intelligence. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:826. [PMID: 37421059 DOI: 10.3390/mi14040826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics is a rapidly growing discipline that involves studying and manipulating fluids at reduced length scale and volume, typically on the scale of micro- or nanoliters. Under the reduced length scale and larger surface-to-volume ratio, advantages of low reagent consumption, faster reaction kinetics, and more compact systems are evident in microfluidics. However, miniaturization of microfluidic chips and systems introduces challenges of stricter tolerances in designing and controlling them for interdisciplinary applications. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have brought innovation to microfluidics from design, simulation, automation, and optimization to bioanalysis and data analytics. In microfluidics, the Navier-Stokes equations, which are partial differential equations describing viscous fluid motion that in complete form are known to not have a general analytical solution, can be simplified and have fair performance through numerical approximation due to low inertia and laminar flow. Approximation using neural networks trained by rules of physical knowledge introduces a new possibility to predict the physicochemical nature. The combination of microfluidics and automation can produce large amounts of data, where features and patterns that are difficult to discern by a human can be extracted by machine learning. Therefore, integration with AI introduces the potential to revolutionize the microfluidic workflow by enabling the precision control and automation of data analysis. Deployment of smart microfluidics may be tremendously beneficial in various applications in the future, including high-throughput drug discovery, rapid point-of-care-testing (POCT), and personalized medicine. In this review, we summarize key microfluidic advances integrated with AI and discuss the outlook and possibilities of combining AI and microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsieh-Fu Tsai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Keelung City 204, Taiwan
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Soumyajit Podder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Keelung City 204, Taiwan
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5
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Weng Y, Shen H, Mei L, Liu L, Yao Y, Li R, Wei S, Yan R, Ruan X, Wang D, Wei Y, Deng Y, Zhou Y, Xiao T, Goda K, Liu S, Zhou F, Lei C. Typing of acute leukemia by intelligent optical time-stretch imaging flow cytometry on a chip. Lab Chip 2023; 23:1703-1712. [PMID: 36799214 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01048h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Acute leukemia (AL) is one of the top life-threatening diseases. Accurate typing of AL can significantly improve its prognosis. However, conventional methods for AL typing often require cell staining, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Furthermore, their performance is highly limited by the specificity and availability of fluorescent labels, which can hardly meet the requirements of AL typing in clinical settings. Here, we demonstrate AL typing by intelligent optical time-stretch (OTS) imaging flow cytometry on a microfluidic chip. Specifically, we employ OTS microscopy to capture the images of cells in clinical bone marrow samples with a spatial resolution of 780 nm at a high flowing speed of 1 m s-1 in a label-free manner. Then, to show the clinical utility of our method for which the features of clinical samples are diverse, we design and construct a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) to analyze the cellular images and determine the AL type of each sample. We measure 30 clinical samples composed of 7 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) samples, 17 acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) samples, and 6 samples from healthy donors, resulting in a total of 227 620 images acquired. Results show that our method can distinguish ALL and AML with an accuracy of 95.03%, which, to the best of our knowledge, is a record in label-free AL typing. In addition to AL typing, we believe that the high throughput, high accuracy, and label-free operation of our method make it a potential solution for cell analysis in scientific research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyun Weng
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Transients in Hydraulic Machinery of Ministry of Education, School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Liye Mei
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yifan Yao
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Rubing Li
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shubin Wei
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ruopeng Yan
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xiaolan Ruan
- Department of Hematology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Du Wang
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yongchang Wei
- Department of Radiation & Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunjie Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuqi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tinghui Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Goda
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sheng Liu
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Transients in Hydraulic Machinery of Ministry of Education, School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuling Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Cheng Lei
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Algorri JF, Roldán-Varona P, Fernández-Manteca MG, López-Higuera JM, Rodriguez-Cobo L, Cobo-García A. Photonic Microfluidic Technologies for Phytoplankton Research. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 12:1024. [PMID: 36421145 PMCID: PMC9688872 DOI: 10.3390/bios12111024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplankton is a crucial component for the correct functioning of different ecosystems, climate regulation and carbon reduction. Being at least a quarter of the biomass of the world's vegetation, they produce approximately 50% of atmospheric O2 and remove nearly a third of the anthropogenic carbon released into the atmosphere through photosynthesis. In addition, they support directly or indirectly all the animals of the ocean and freshwater ecosystems, being the base of the food web. The importance of their measurement and identification has increased in the last years, becoming an essential consideration for marine management. The gold standard process used to identify and quantify phytoplankton is manual sample collection and microscopy-based identification, which is a tedious and time-consuming task and requires highly trained professionals. Microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip technology represents a potential technical solution for environmental monitoring, for example, in situ quantifying toxic phytoplankton. Its main advantages are miniaturisation, portability, reduced reagent/sample consumption and cost reduction. In particular, photonic microfluidic chips that rely on optical sensing have emerged as powerful tools that can be used to identify and analyse phytoplankton with high specificity, sensitivity and throughput. In this review, we focus on recent advances in photonic microfluidic technologies for phytoplankton research. Different optical properties of phytoplankton, fabrication and sensing technologies will be reviewed. To conclude, current challenges and possible future directions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco Algorri
- Photonics Engineering Group, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniera, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Pablo Roldán-Varona
- Photonics Engineering Group, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniera, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | | | - José Miguel López-Higuera
- Photonics Engineering Group, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniera, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Luis Rodriguez-Cobo
- Photonics Engineering Group, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniera, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Adolfo Cobo-García
- Photonics Engineering Group, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniera, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
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Pirone D, Sirico DG, Mugnano M, Del Giudice D, Kurelac I, Cavina B, Memmolo P, Miccio L, Ferraro P. Finding intracellular lipid droplets from the single-cell biolens' signature in a holographic flow-cytometry assay. Biomed Opt Express 2022; 13:5585-5598. [PMID: 36733743 PMCID: PMC9872869 DOI: 10.1364/boe.460204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, intracellular LDs have been discovered to play an important role in several pathologies. Therefore, detection of LDs would provide an in-demand diagnostic tool if coupled with flow-cytometry to give significant statistical analysis and especially if the diagnosis is made in full non-invasive mode. Here we combine the experimental results of in-flow tomographic phase microscopy with a suited numerical simulation to demonstrate that intracellular LDs can be easily detected through a label-free approach based on the direct analysis of the 2D quantitative phase maps recorded by a holographic flow cytometer. In fact, we demonstrate that the presence of LDs affects the optical focusing lensing features of the embracing cell, which can be considered a biological lens. The research was conducted on white blood cells (i.e., lymphocytes and monocytes) and ovarian cancer cells. Results show that the biolens properties of cells can be a rapid biomarker that aids in boosting the diagnosis of LDs-related pathologies by means of the holographic flow-cytometry assay for fast, non-destructive, and high-throughput screening of statistically significant number of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Pirone
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, University of Naples "Federico II", via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
- CNR-ISASI, Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems "E. Caianiello", Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
- contributed equally
| | - Daniele G Sirico
- CNR-ISASI, Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems "E. Caianiello", Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
- DICMaPI, Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II", Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
- contributed equally
| | - Martina Mugnano
- CNR-ISASI, Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems "E. Caianiello", Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Danila Del Giudice
- CNR-ISASI, Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems "E. Caianiello", Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Ivana Kurelac
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Centro di Studio e Ricerca (CSR) sulle Neoplasie Ginecologiche, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Cavina
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Centro di Studio e Ricerca (CSR) sulle Neoplasie Ginecologiche, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pasquale Memmolo
- CNR-ISASI, Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems "E. Caianiello", Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Lisa Miccio
- CNR-ISASI, Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems "E. Caianiello", Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Pietro Ferraro
- CNR-ISASI, Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems "E. Caianiello", Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
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Raji H, Tayyab M, Sui J, Mahmoodi SR, Javanmard M. Biosensors and machine learning for enhanced detection, stratification, and classification of cells: a review. Biomed Microdevices 2022; 24:26. [PMID: 35953679 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-022-00627-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Biological cells, by definition, are the basic units which contain the fundamental molecules of life of which all living things are composed. Understanding how they function and differentiating cells from one another, therefore, is of paramount importance for disease diagnostics as well as therapeutics. Sensors focusing on the detection and stratification of cells have gained popularity as technological advancements have allowed for the miniaturization of various components inching us closer to Point-of-Care (POC) solutions with each passing day. Furthermore, Machine Learning has allowed for enhancement in the analytical capabilities of these various biosensing modalities, especially the challenging task of classification of cells into various categories using a data-driven approach rather than physics-driven. In this review, we provide an account of how Machine Learning has been applied explicitly to sensors that detect and classify cells. We also provide a comparison of how different sensing modalities and algorithms affect the classifier accuracy and the dataset size required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Raji
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Muhammad Tayyab
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Jianye Sui
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Seyed Reza Mahmoodi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Mehdi Javanmard
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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9
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Abstract
With the continuous miniaturization of conventional integrated circuits, obstacles such as excessive cost, increased resistance to electronic motion, and increased energy consumption are gradually slowing down the development of electrical computing and constraining the application of deep learning. Optical neuromorphic computing presents various opportunities and challenges compared with the realm of electronics. Algorithms running on optical hardware have the potential to meet the growing computational demands of deep learning and artificial intelligence. Here, we review the development of optical neural networks and compare various research proposals. We focus on fiber-based neural networks. Finally, we describe some new research directions and challenges.
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Abe T, Oh-hara S, Ukita Y. Integration of reinforcement learning to realize functional variability of microfluidic systems. Biomicrofluidics 2022; 16:024106. [PMID: 35356131 PMCID: PMC8934189 DOI: 10.1063/5.0087079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we present a proof-of-concept for microfluidic systems with high functional variability using reinforcement learning. By mathematically defining the objective of tasks, we demonstrate that the system can autonomously learn to behave according to its objectives. We applied Q-learning to a peristaltic micropump and showed that two different tasks can be performed on the same platform: adjusting the flow rate of the pump and manipulating the position of the particles. First, we performed typical micropumping with flow rate control. In this task, the system is rewarded according to the deviation between the average flow rate generated by the micropump and the target value. Therefore, the objective of the system is to maintain the target flow rate via an operation of the pump. Next, we demonstrate the micromanipulation of a small object (microbead) on the same platform. The objective was to manipulate the microbead position to the target area, and the system was rewarded for the success of the task. These results confirmed that the system learned to control the flow rate and manipulate the microbead to any randomly chosen target position. In particular, the manipulation technique is a new technology that does not require the use of structures such as wells or weirs. Therefore, this concept not only adds flexibility to the system but also contributes to the development of novel control methods to realize highly versatile microfluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Abe
- Department of Engineering, Integrated Graduate School of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu 400-8510, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Oh-hara
- Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu 400-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ukita
- Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu 400-8510, Japan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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11
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Rabbi F, Dabbagh SR, Angin P, Yetisen AK, Tasoglu S. Deep Learning-Enabled Technologies for Bioimage Analysis. Micromachines 2022; 13:mi13020260. [PMID: 35208385 PMCID: PMC8880650 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Deep learning (DL) is a subfield of machine learning (ML), which has recently demonstrated its potency to significantly improve the quantification and classification workflows in biomedical and clinical applications. Among the end applications profoundly benefitting from DL, cellular morphology quantification is one of the pioneers. Here, we first briefly explain fundamental concepts in DL and then we review some of the emerging DL-enabled applications in cell morphology quantification in the fields of embryology, point-of-care ovulation testing, as a predictive tool for fetal heart pregnancy, cancer diagnostics via classification of cancer histology images, autosomal polycystic kidney disease, and chronic kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazle Rabbi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey; (F.R.); (S.R.D.)
| | - Sajjad Rahmani Dabbagh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey; (F.R.); (S.R.D.)
- Koç University Arçelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR), Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Koc University Is Bank Artificial Intelligence Lab (KUIS AILab), Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Pelin Angin
- Department of Computer Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey;
| | - Ali Kemal Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey; (F.R.); (S.R.D.)
- Koç University Arçelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR), Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Koc University Is Bank Artificial Intelligence Lab (KUIS AILab), Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Çengelköy, Istanbul 34684, Turkey
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Correspondence:
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12
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Li J, Chen J, Bai H, Wang H, Hao S, Ding Y, Peng B, Zhang J, Li L, Huang W. An Overview of Organs-on-Chips Based on Deep Learning. Research (Wash D C) 2022; 2022:9869518. [PMID: 35136860 PMCID: PMC8795883 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9869518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic-based organs-on-chips (OoCs) are a rapidly developing technology in biomedical and chemical research and have emerged as one of the most advanced and promising in vitro models. The miniaturization, stimulated tissue mechanical forces, and microenvironment of OoCs offer unique properties for biomedical applications. However, the large amount of data generated by the high parallelization of OoC systems has grown far beyond the scope of manual analysis by researchers with biomedical backgrounds. Deep learning, an emerging area of research in the field of machine learning, can automatically mine the inherent characteristics and laws of "big data" and has achieved remarkable applications in computer vision, speech recognition, and natural language processing. The integration of deep learning in OoCs is an emerging field that holds enormous potential for drug development, disease modeling, and personalized medicine. This review briefly describes the basic concepts and mechanisms of microfluidics and deep learning and summarizes their successful integration. We then analyze the combination of OoCs and deep learning for image digitization, data analysis, and automation. Finally, the problems faced in current applications are discussed, and future perspectives and suggestions are provided to further strengthen this integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- 38th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Haiwei Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Shiping Hao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yang Ding
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Lin Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211800, China
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13
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Zheng J, Cole T, Zhang Y, Kim J, Tang SY. Exploiting machine learning for bestowing intelligence to microfluidics. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 194:113666. [PMID: 34600338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intelligent microfluidics is an emerging cross-discipline research area formed by combining microfluidics with machine learning. It uses the advantages of microfluidics, such as high throughput and controllability, and the powerful data processing capabilities of machine learning, resulting in improved systems in biotechnology and chemistry. Compared to traditional microfluidics using manual analysis methods, intelligent microfluidics needs less human intervention, and results in a more user-friendly experience with faster processing. There is a paucity of literature reviewing this burgeoning and highly promising cross-discipline. Therefore, we herein comprehensively and systematically summarize several aspects of microfluidic applications enabled by machine learning. We list the types of microfluidics used in intelligent microfluidic applications over the last five years, as well as the machine learning algorithms and the hardware used for training. We also present the most recent advances in key technologies, developments, challenges, and the emerging opportunities created by intelligent microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Zheng
- Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Tim Cole
- Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jeeson Kim
- Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea.
| | - Shi-Yang Tang
- Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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14
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Wang K, Khoo KS, Leong HY, Nagarajan D, Chew KW, Ting HY, Selvarajoo A, Chang JS, Show PL. How does the Internet of Things (IoT) help in microalgae biorefinery? Biotechnol Adv 2021;:107819. [PMID: 34454007 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae biorefinery is a platform for the conversion of microalgal biomass into a variety of value-added products, such as biofuels, bio-based chemicals, biomaterials, and bioactive substances. Commercialization and industrialization of microalgae biorefinery heavily rely on the capability and efficiency of large-scale cultivation of microalgae. Thus, there is an urgent need for novel technologies that can be used to monitor, automatically control, and precisely predict microalgae production. In light of this, innovative applications of the Internet of things (IoT) technologies in microalgae biorefinery have attracted tremendous research efforts. IoT has potential applications in a microalgae biorefinery for the automatic control of microalgae cultivation, monitoring and manipulation of microalgal cultivation parameters, optimization of microalgae productivity, identification of toxic algae species, screening of target microalgae species, classification of microalgae species, and viability detection of microalgal cells. In this critical review, cutting-edge IoT technologies that could be adopted to microalgae biorefinery in the upstream and downstream processing are described comprehensively. The current advances of the integration of IoT with microalgae biorefinery are presented. What this review discussed includes automation, sensors, lab-on-chip, and machine learning, which are the main constituent elements and advanced technologies of IoT. Specifically, future research directions are discussed with special emphasis on the development of sensors, the application of microfluidic technology, robotized microalgae, high-throughput platforms, deep learning, and other innovative techniques. This review could contribute greatly to the novelty and relevance in the field of IoT-based microalgae biorefinery to develop smarter, safer, cleaner, greener, and economically efficient techniques for exhaustive energy recovery during the biorefinery process.
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15
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Lai QTK, Yip GGK, Wu J, Wong JSJ, Lo MCK, Lee KCM, Le TTHD, So HKH, Ji N, Tsia KK. High-speed laser-scanning biological microscopy using FACED. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:4227-4264. [PMID: 34341580 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00576-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Laser scanning is used in advanced biological microscopy to deliver superior imaging contrast, resolution and sensitivity. However, it is challenging to scale up the scanning speed required for interrogating a large and heterogeneous population of biological specimens or capturing highly dynamic biological processes at high spatiotemporal resolution. Bypassing the speed limitation of traditional mechanical methods, free-space angular-chirp-enhanced delay (FACED) is an all-optical, passive and reconfigurable laser-scanning approach that has been successfully applied in different microscopy modalities at an ultrafast line-scan rate of 1-80 MHz. Optimal FACED imaging performance requires optimized experimental design and implementation to enable specific high-speed applications. In this protocol, we aim to disseminate information allowing FACED to be applied to a broader range of imaging modalities. We provide (i) a comprehensive guide and design specifications for the FACED hardware; (ii) step-by-step optical implementations of the FACED module including the key custom components; and (iii) the overall image acquisition and reconstruction pipeline. We illustrate two practical imaging configurations: multimodal FACED imaging flow cytometry (bright-field, fluorescence and second-harmonic generation) and kHz 2D two-photon fluorescence microscopy. Users with basic experience in optical microscope operation and software engineering should be able to complete the setup of the FACED imaging hardware and software in ~2-3 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Queenie T K Lai
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gwinky G K Yip
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianglai Wu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Justin S J Wong
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michelle C K Lo
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin C M Lee
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tony T H D Le
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hayden K H So
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Na Ji
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Kevin K Tsia
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin New Town, Hong Kong.
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16
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Abstract
Acoustofluidics, by combining acoustics and microfluidics, provides a unique means to manipulate cells and liquids for broad applications in biomedical sciences and translational medicine. However, it is challenging to standardize and maintain excellent performance of current acoustofluidic devices and systems due to a multiplicity of factors including device-to-device variation, manual operation, environmental factors, sample variability, etc. Herein, to address these challenges, we propose "intelligent acoustofluidics" - an automated system that involves acoustofluidic device design, sensor fusion, and intelligent controller integration. As a proof-of-concept, we developed intelligent acoustofluidics based mini-bioreactors for human brain organoid culture. Our mini-bioreactors consist of three components: (1) rotors for contact-free rotation via an acoustic spiral phase vortex approach, (2) a camera for real-time tracking of rotational actions, and (3) a reinforcement learning-based controller for closed-loop regulation of rotational manipulation. After training the reinforcement learning-based controller in simulation and experimental environments, our mini-bioreactors can achieve the automated rotation of rotors in well-plates. Importantly, our mini-bioreactors can enable excellent control over rotational mode, direction, and speed of rotors, regardless of fluctuations of rotor weight, liquid volume, and operating temperature. Moreover, we demonstrated our mini-bioreactors can stably maintain the rotational speed of organoids during long-term culture, and enhance neural differentiation and uniformity of organoids. Comparing with current acoustofluidics, our intelligent system has a superior performance in terms of automation, robustness, and accuracy, highlighting the potential of novel intelligent systems in microfluidic experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Cai
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Zheng Ao
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Zhuhao Wu
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Sunghwa Song
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Ken Mackie
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, and, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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17
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Pärnamets K, Pardy T, Koel A, Rang T, Scheler O, Le Moullec Y, Afrin F. Optical Detection Methods for High-Throughput Fluorescent Droplet Microflow Cytometry. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:mi12030345. [PMID: 33807031 PMCID: PMC8004903 DOI: 10.3390/mi12030345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput microflow cytometry has become a focal point of research in recent years. In particular, droplet microflow cytometry (DMFC) enables the analysis of cells reacting to different stimuli in chemical isolation due to each droplet acting as an isolated microreactor. Furthermore, at high flow rates, the droplets allow massive parallelization, further increasing the throughput of droplets. However, this novel methodology poses unique challenges related to commonly used fluorometry and fluorescent microscopy techniques. We review the optical sensor technology and light sources applicable to DMFC, as well as analyze the challenges and advantages of each option, primarily focusing on electronics. An analysis of low-cost and/or sufficiently compact systems that can be incorporated into portable devices is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiser Pärnamets
- Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (A.K.); (T.R.); (Y.L.M.); (F.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tamas Pardy
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (T.P.); (O.S.)
| | - Ants Koel
- Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (A.K.); (T.R.); (Y.L.M.); (F.A.)
| | - Toomas Rang
- Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (A.K.); (T.R.); (Y.L.M.); (F.A.)
| | - Ott Scheler
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (T.P.); (O.S.)
| | - Yannick Le Moullec
- Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (A.K.); (T.R.); (Y.L.M.); (F.A.)
| | - Fariha Afrin
- Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (A.K.); (T.R.); (Y.L.M.); (F.A.)
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18
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Zhang L, Li C, He J, Liu Y, Zhao J, Guo H, Zhu L, Zhou M, Zhu K, Liu C, Wang Z. Optical Machine Learning Using Time-Lens Deep Neural NetWorks. Photonics 2021; 8:78. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics8030078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As a high-throughput data analysis technique, photon time stretching (PTS) is widely used in the monitoring of rare events such as cancer cells, rough waves, and the study of electronic and optical transient dynamics. The PTS technology relies on high-speed data collection, and the large amount of data generated poses a challenge to data storage and real-time processing. Therefore, how to use compatible optical methods to filter and process data in advance is particularly important. The time-lens proposed, based on the duality of time and space as an important data processing method derived from PTS, achieves imaging of time signals by controlling the phase information of the timing signals. In this paper, an optical neural network based on the time-lens (TL-ONN) is proposed, which applies the time-lens to the layer algorithm of the neural network to realize the forward transmission of one-dimensional data. The recognition function of this optical neural network for speech information is verified by simulation, and the test recognition accuracy reaches 95.35%. This architecture can be applied to feature extraction and classification, and is expected to be a breakthrough in detecting rare events such as cancer cell identification and screening.
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19
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De Chiara F, Ferret-Miñana A, Ramón-Azcón J. The Synergy between Organ-on-a-Chip and Artificial Intelligence for the Study of NAFLD: From Basic Science to Clinical Research. Biomedicines 2021; 9:248. [PMID: 33801289 PMCID: PMC7999375 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver affects about 25% of global adult population. On the long-term, it is associated with extra-hepatic compliances, multiorgan failure, and death. Various invasive and non-invasive methods are employed for its diagnosis such as liver biopsies, CT scan, MRI, and numerous scoring systems. However, the lack of accuracy and reproducibility represents one of the biggest limitations of evaluating the effectiveness of drug candidates in clinical trials. Organ-on-chips (OOC) are emerging as a cost-effective tool to reproduce in vitro the main NAFLD's pathogenic features for drug screening purposes. Those platforms have reached a high degree of complexity that generate an unprecedented amount of both structured and unstructured data that outpaced our capacity to analyze the results. The addition of artificial intelligence (AI) layer for data analysis and interpretation enables those platforms to reach their full potential. Furthermore, the use of them do not require any ethic and legal regulation. In this review, we discuss the synergy between OOC and AI as one of the most promising ways to unveil potential therapeutic targets as well as the complex mechanism(s) underlying NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Chiara
- Biosensors for Bioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri I Reixac 10–12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.F.-M.); (J.R.-A.)
| | - Ainhoa Ferret-Miñana
- Biosensors for Bioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri I Reixac 10–12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.F.-M.); (J.R.-A.)
| | - Javier Ramón-Azcón
- Biosensors for Bioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri I Reixac 10–12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.F.-M.); (J.R.-A.)
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Yan S, Yuan D. Continuous microfluidic 3D focusing enabling microflow cytometry for single-cell analysis. Talanta 2021; 221:121401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Siu DMD, Lee KCM, Lo MCK, Stassen SV, Wang M, Zhang IZQ, So HKH, Chan GCF, Cheah KSE, Wong KKY, Hsin MKY, Ho JCM, Tsia KK. Deep-learning-assisted biophysical imaging cytometry at massive throughput delineates cell population heterogeneity. Lab Chip 2020; 20:3696-3708. [PMID: 32935707 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00542h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The association of the intrinsic optical and biophysical properties of cells to homeostasis and pathogenesis has long been acknowledged. Defining these label-free cellular features obviates the need for costly and time-consuming labelling protocols that perturb the living cells. However, wide-ranging applicability of such label-free cell-based assays requires sufficient throughput, statistical power and sensitivity that are unattainable with current technologies. To close this gap, we present a large-scale, integrative imaging flow cytometry platform and strategy that allows hierarchical analysis of intrinsic morphological descriptors of single-cell optical and mass density within a population of millions of cells. The optofluidic cytometry system also enables the synchronous single-cell acquisition of and correlation with fluorescently labeled biochemical markers. Combined with deep neural network and transfer learning, this massive single-cell profiling strategy demonstrates the label-free power to delineate the biophysical signatures of the cancer subtypes, to detect rare populations of cells in the heterogeneous samples (10-5), and to assess the efficacy of targeted therapeutics. This technique could spearhead the development of optofluidic imaging cell-based assays that stratify the underlying physiological and pathological processes based on the information-rich biophysical cellular phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dickson M D Siu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Choi Yei Ching Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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22
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Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) has dramatically changed the landscape of science, industry, defence, and medicine in the last several years. Supported by considerably enhanced computational power and cloud storage, the field of AI has shifted from mostly theoretical studies in the discipline of computer science to diverse real-life applications such as drug design, material discovery, speech recognition, self-driving cars, advertising, finance, medical imaging, and astronomical observation, where AI-produced outcomes have been proven to be comparable or even superior to the performance of human experts. In these applications, what is essentially important for the development of AI is the data needed for machine learning. Despite its prominent importance, the very first process of the AI development, namely data collection and data preparation, is typically the most laborious task and is often a limiting factor of constructing functional AI algorithms. Lab-on-a-chip technology, in particular microfluidics, is a powerful platform for both the construction and implementation of AI in a large-scale, cost-effective, high-throughput, automated, and multiplexed manner, thereby overcoming the above bottleneck. On this platform, high-throughput imaging is a critical tool as it can generate high-content information (e.g., size, shape, structure, composition, interaction) of objects on a large scale. High-throughput imaging can also be paired with sorting and DNA/RNA sequencing to conduct a massive survey of phenotype-genotype relations whose data is too complex to analyze with traditional computational tools, but is analyzable with the power of AI. In addition to its function as a data provider, lab-on-a-chip technology can also be employed to implement the developed AI for accurate identification, characterization, classification, and prediction of objects in mixed, heterogeneous, or unknown samples. In this review article, motivated by the excellent synergy between AI and lab-on-a-chip technology, we outline fundamental elements, recent advances, future challenges, and emerging opportunities of AI with lab-on-a-chip technology or "AI on a chip" for short.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Isozaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. and Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan
| | - Jeffrey Harmon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Yuqi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. and The Cambridge Centre for Data-Driven Discovery, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
| | - Yuta Nakagawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Mika Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Hideharu Mikami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Cheng Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. and Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Keisuke Goda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. and Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, China and Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Yamada H, Hirotsu A, Yamashita D, Yasuhiko O, Yamauchi T, Kayou T, Suzuki H, Okazaki S, Kikuchi H, Takeuchi H, Ueda Y. Label-free imaging flow cytometer for analyzing large cell populations by line-field quantitative phase microscopy with digital refocusing. Biomed Opt Express 2020; 11:2213-2223. [PMID: 32341878 PMCID: PMC7173910 DOI: 10.1364/boe.389435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We propose a line-field quantitative phase-imaging flow cytometer for analyzing large populations of label-free cells. Hydrodynamical focusing brings cells into the focus plane of an optical system while diluting the cell suspension, resulting in decreased throughput rate. To overcome the trade-off between throughput rate and in-focus imaging, our cytometer involves digitally extending the depth-of-focus on loosely hydrodynamically focusing cell suspensions. The cells outside the depth-of-focus range in the 70-µm diameter of the core flow were automatically digitally refocused after image acquisition. We verified that refocusing was successful with our cytometer through statistical analysis of image quality before and after digital refocusing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenao Yamada
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka-Pref., 434-8601, Japan
| | - Amane Hirotsu
- Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka-Pref., 431-3192, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamashita
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka-Pref., 434-8601, Japan
| | - Osamu Yasuhiko
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka-Pref., 434-8601, Japan
| | - Toyohiko Yamauchi
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka-Pref., 434-8601, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Kayou
- Electron Tube Division, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 314-5 Shimokanzo, Iwata, Shizuoka-Pref., 438-0126, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Electron Tube Division, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 314-5 Shimokanzo, Iwata, Shizuoka-Pref., 438-0126, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Okazaki
- HAMAMATSU BioPhotonics Innovation Chair Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka-Pref., 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Kikuchi
- Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka-Pref., 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hiroya Takeuchi
- Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka-Pref., 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yukio Ueda
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka-Pref., 434-8601, Japan
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Wu Y, Zhou Y, Huang CJ, Kobayashi H, Yan S, Ozeki Y, Wu Y, Sun CW, Yasumoto A, Yatomi Y, Lei C, Goda K. Intelligent frequency-shifted optofluidic time-stretch quantitative phase imaging. Opt Express 2020; 28:519-532. [PMID: 32118978 DOI: 10.1364/oe.380679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Optofluidic time-stretch quantitative phase imaging (OTS-QPI) is a powerful tool as it enables high-throughput (>10,000 cell/s) QPI of single live cells. OTS-QPI is based on decoding temporally stretched spectral interferograms that carry the spatial profiles of cells flowing on a microfluidic chip. However, the utility of OTS-QPI is troubled by difficulties in phase retrieval from the high-frequency region of the temporal interferograms, such as phase-unwrapping errors, high instrumentation cost, and large data volume. To overcome these difficulties, we propose and experimentally demonstrate frequency-shifted OTS-QPI by bringing the phase information to the baseband region. Furthermore, to show its boosted utility, we use it to demonstrate image-based classification of leukemia cells with high accuracy over 96% and evaluation of drug-treated leukemia cells via deep learning.
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25
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Han SI, Kim HS, Han KH, Han A. Digital quantification and selection of high-lipid-producing microalgae through a lateral dielectrophoresis-based microfluidic platform. Lab Chip 2019; 19:4128-4138. [PMID: 31755503 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00850k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are promising alternatives to petroleum as renewable biofuel sources, however not sufficiently economically competitive yet. Here, a label-free lateral dielectrophoresis-based microfluidic sorting platform that can digitally quantify and separate microalgae into six outlets based on the degree of their intracellular lipid content is presented. In this microfluidic system, the degree of cellular lateral displacement is inversely proportional to the intracellular lipid level, which was successfully demonstrated using Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells. Using this functionality, a quick digital quantification of sub-populations that contain different intracellular lipid level in a given population was achieved. In addition, the degree of lateral displacement of microalgae could be readily controlled by simply changing the applied DEP voltage, where the level of gating in the intracellular lipid-based sorting decision could be easily adjusted. This allowed for selecting only a very small percentage of a given population that showed the highest degree of intracellular lipid content. In addition, this approach was utilized through an iterative selection process on natural and chemically mutated microalgal populations, successfully resulting in enrichment of high-lipid-accumulating microalgae. In summary, the developed platform can be exploited to quickly quantify microalgae lipid distribution in a given population in real-time and label-free, as well as to enrich a cell population with high-lipid-producing cells, or to select high-lipid-accumulating microalgal variants from a microalgal library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-I Han
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daegu Research Center for Medical Devices and Rehabilitation, Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Ho Han
- Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Center for Nano Manufacturing, Inje University, Gimhae, 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Arum Han
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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26
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Yalikun Y, Ota N, Guo B, Tang T, Zhou Y, Lei C, Kobayashi H, Hosokawa Y, Li M, Enrique Muñoz H, Di Carlo D, Goda K, Tanaka Y. Effects of Flow‐Induced Microfluidic Chip Wall Deformation on Imaging Flow Cytometry. Cytometry A 2019; 97:909-920. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaxiaer Yalikun
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR) RIKEN 1‐3 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565‐0871 Japan
- Division of Materials Science Nara Institute of Science and Technology Takayama, Ikoma Nara 630‐0192 Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Ota
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR) RIKEN 1‐3 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565‐0871 Japan
| | - Baoshan Guo
- Department of Chemistry School of Science, The University of Tokyo Tokyo 113‐0033 Japan
| | - Tao Tang
- Division of Materials Science Nara Institute of Science and Technology Takayama, Ikoma Nara 630‐0192 Japan
| | - Yuqi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry School of Science, The University of Tokyo Tokyo 113‐0033 Japan
| | - Cheng Lei
- Department of Chemistry School of Science, The University of Tokyo Tokyo 113‐0033 Japan
- Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Hirofumi Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry School of Science, The University of Tokyo Tokyo 113‐0033 Japan
| | - Yoichiroh Hosokawa
- Division of Materials Science Nara Institute of Science and Technology Takayama, Ikoma Nara 630‐0192 Japan
| | - Ming Li
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University Sydney 2109 Australia
| | - Hector Enrique Muñoz
- Department of Bioengineering University of California Los Angeles California 90095
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering University of California Los Angeles California 90095
| | - Keisuke Goda
- Department of Chemistry School of Science, The University of Tokyo Tokyo 113‐0033 Japan
- Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
- Department of Bioengineering University of California Los Angeles California 90095
| | - Yo Tanaka
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR) RIKEN 1‐3 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565‐0871 Japan
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27
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Kobayashi H, Lei C, Wu Y, Huang CJ, Yasumoto A, Jona M, Li W, Wu Y, Yalikun Y, Jiang Y, Guo B, Sun CW, Tanaka Y, Yamada M, Yatomi Y, Goda K. Intelligent whole-blood imaging flow cytometry for simple, rapid, and cost-effective drug-susceptibility testing of leukemia. Lab Chip 2019; 19:2688-2698. [PMID: 31287108 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01370e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Drug susceptibility (also called chemosensitivity) is an important criterion for developing a therapeutic strategy for various cancer types such as breast cancer and leukemia. Recently, functional assays such as high-content screening together with genomic analysis have been shown to be effective for predicting drug susceptibility, but their clinical applicability is poor since they are time-consuming (several days long), labor-intensive, and costly. Here we present a highly simple, rapid, and cost-effective liquid biopsy for ex vivo drug-susceptibility testing of leukemia. The method is based on an extreme-throughput (>1 million cells per second), label-free, whole-blood imaging flow cytometer with a deep convolutional autoencoder, enabling image-based identification of the drug susceptibility of every single white blood cell in whole blood within 24 hours by simply flowing a drug-treated whole blood sample as little as 500 μL into the imaging flow cytometer without labeling. Our results show that the method accurately evaluates the drug susceptibility of white blood cells from untreated patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Our method holds promise for affordable precision medicine.
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28
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Tanhaemami M, Alizadeh E, Sanders CK, Marrone BL, Munsky B. Using flow cytometry and multistage machine learning to discover label-free signatures of algal lipid accumulation. Phys Biol 2019; 16:055001. [PMID: 31234155 PMCID: PMC6646084 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ab2c60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Most applications of flow cytometry or cell sorting rely on the conjugation of fluorescent dyes to specific biomarkers. However, labeled biomarkers are not always available, they can be costly, and they may disrupt natural cell behavior. Label-free quantification based upon machine learning approaches could help correct these issues, but label replacement strategies can be very difficult to discover when applied labels or other modifications in measurements inadvertently modify intrinsic cell properties. Here we demonstrate a new, but simple approach based upon feature selection and linear regression analyses to integrate statistical information collected from both labeled and unlabeled cell populations and to identify models for accurate label-free single-cell quantification. We verify the method’s accuracy to predict lipid content in algal cells (Picochlorum soloecismus) during a nitrogen starvation and lipid accumulation time course. Our general approach is expected to improve label-free single-cell analysis for other organisms or pathways, where biomarkers are inconvenient, expensive, or disruptive to downstream cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tanhaemami
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
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29
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Isozaki A, Mikami H, Hiramatsu K, Sakuma S, Kasai Y, Iino T, Yamano T, Yasumoto A, Oguchi Y, Suzuki N, Shirasaki Y, Endo T, Ito T, Hiraki K, Yamada M, Matsusaka S, Hayakawa T, Fukuzawa H, Yatomi Y, Arai F, Di Carlo D, Nakagawa A, Hoshino Y, Hosokawa Y, Uemura S, Sugimura T, Ozeki Y, Nitta N, Goda K. A practical guide to intelligent image-activated cell sorting. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:2370-2415. [PMID: 31278398 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intelligent image-activated cell sorting (iIACS) is a machine-intelligence technology that performs real-time intelligent image-based sorting of single cells with high throughput. iIACS extends beyond the capabilities of fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) from fluorescence intensity profiles of cells to multidimensional images, thereby enabling high-content sorting of cells or cell clusters with unique spatial chemical and morphological traits. Therefore, iIACS serves as an integral part of holistic single-cell analysis by enabling direct links between population-level analysis (flow cytometry), cell-level analysis (microscopy), and gene-level analysis (sequencing). Specifically, iIACS is based on a seamless integration of high-throughput cell microscopy (e.g., multicolor fluorescence imaging, bright-field imaging), cell focusing, cell sorting, and deep learning on a hybrid software-hardware data management infrastructure, enabling real-time automated operation for data acquisition, data processing, intelligent decision making, and actuation. Here, we provide a practical guide to iIACS that describes how to design, build, characterize, and use an iIACS machine. The guide includes the consideration of several important design parameters, such as throughput, sensitivity, dynamic range, image quality, sort purity, and sort yield; the development and integration of optical, microfluidic, electrical, computational, and mechanical components; and the characterization and practical usage of the integrated system. Assuming that all components are readily available, a team of several researchers experienced in optics, electronics, digital signal processing, microfluidics, mechatronics, and flow cytometry can complete this protocol in ~3 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Isozaki
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideharu Mikami
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shinya Sakuma
- Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kasai
- Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takanori Iino
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamano
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Microbiology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yasumoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Oguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutake Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Takuro Ito
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kei Hiraki
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamada
- Department of Intelligence Science and Technology, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsusaka
- Clinical Research and Regional Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hayakawa
- Department of Precision Mechanics, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideya Fukuzawa
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Microbiology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihito Arai
- Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Atsuhiro Nakagawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yu Hoshino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoichiroh Hosokawa
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Sotaro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeaki Sugimura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ozeki
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nao Nitta
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Goda
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. .,Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan. .,Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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30
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Lee KCM, Lau AKS, Tang AHL, Wang M, Mok ATY, Chung BMF, Yan W, Shum HC, Cheah KSE, Chan GCF, So HKH, Wong KKY, Tsia KK. Multi-ATOM: Ultrahigh-throughput single-cell quantitative phase imaging with subcellular resolution. J Biophotonics 2019; 12:e201800479. [PMID: 30719868 PMCID: PMC7065649 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has substantiated the significance of quantitative phase imaging (QPI) in enabling cost-effective and label-free cellular assays, which provides useful insights into understanding the biophysical properties of cells and their roles in cellular functions. However, available QPI modalities are limited by the loss of imaging resolution at high throughput and thus run short of sufficient statistical power at the single-cell precision to define cell identities in a large and heterogeneous population of cells-hindering their utility in mainstream biomedicine and biology. Here we present a new QPI modality, coined multiplexed asymmetric-detection time-stretch optical microscopy (multi-ATOM) that captures and processes quantitative label-free single-cell images at ultrahigh throughput without compromising subcellular resolution. We show that multi-ATOM, based upon ultrafast phase-gradient encoding, outperforms state-of-the-art QPI in permitting robust phase retrieval at a QPI throughput of >10 000 cell/sec, bypassing the need for interferometry which inevitably compromises QPI quality under ultrafast operation. We employ multi-ATOM for large-scale, label-free, multivariate, cell-type classification (e.g. breast cancer subtypes, and leukemic cells vs peripheral blood mononuclear cells) at high accuracy (>94%). Our results suggest that multi-ATOM could empower new strategies in large-scale biophysical single-cell analysis with applications in biology and enriching disease diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin C. M. Lee
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Andy K. S. Lau
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Anson H. L. Tang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Maolin Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Aaron T. Y. Mok
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Bob M. F. Chung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Wenwei Yan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Ho C. Shum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Kathryn S. E. Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Godfrey C. F. Chan
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Hayden K. H. So
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Kenneth K. Y. Wong
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Kevin K. Tsia
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
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31
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Attila Tárnok
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Therapy Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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32
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Riordon J, Sovilj D, Sanner S, Sinton D, Young EW. Deep Learning with Microfluidics for Biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:310-324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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33
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Koizumi K, Eades P, Hiraki K, Inaba M. BJR-tree: fast skyline computation algorithm using dominance relation-based tree structure. Int J Data Sci Anal 2019; 7:17-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s41060-018-0098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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35
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Lei C, Kobayashi H, Wu Y, Li M, Isozaki A, Yasumoto A, Mikami H, Ito T, Nitta N, Sugimura T, Yamada M, Yatomi Y, Di Carlo D, Ozeki Y, Goda K. High-throughput imaging flow cytometry by optofluidic time-stretch microscopy. Nat Protoc 2018; 13:1603-1631. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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36
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Miura T, Mikami H, Isozaki A, Ito T, Ozeki Y, Goda K. On-chip light-sheet fluorescence imaging flow cytometry at a high flow speed of 1 m/s. Biomed Opt Express 2018; 9:3424-3433. [PMID: 29984107 PMCID: PMC6033546 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.003424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We present on-chip fluorescence imaging flow cytometry by light-sheet excitation on a mirror-embedded microfluidic chip. The method allows us to obtain microscopy-grade fluorescence images of cells flowing at a high speed of 1 m/s, which is comparable to the flow speed of conventional non-imaging flow cytometers. To implement the light-sheet excitation of flowing cells in a microchannel, we designed and fabricated a mirror-embedded PDMS-based microfluidic chip. To show its broad utility, we used the method to classify large populations of microalgal cells (Euglena gracilis) and human cancer cells (human adenocarcinoma cells). Our method holds promise for large-scale single-cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Miura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hideharu Mikami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akihiro Isozaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takuro Ito
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ozeki
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Keisuke Goda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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37
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Pavillon N, Hobro AJ, Akira S, Smith NI. Noninvasive detection of macrophage activation with single-cell resolution through machine learning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E2676-85. [PMID: 29511099 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711872115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a method enabling the noninvasive study of minute cellular changes in response to stimuli, based on the acquisition of multiple parameters through label-free microscopy. The retrieved parameters are related to different attributes of the cell. Morphological variables are extracted from quantitative phase microscopy and autofluorescence images, while molecular indicators are retrieved via Raman spectroscopy. We show that these independent parameters can be used to build a multivariate statistical model based on logistic regression, which we apply to the detection at the single-cell level of macrophage activation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure and compare their respective performance in assessing the individual cellular state. The models generated from either morphology or Raman can reliably and independently detect the activation state of macrophage cells, which is validated by comparison with their cytokine secretion and intracellular expression of molecules related to the immune response. The independent models agree on the degree of activation, showing that the features provide insight into the cellular response heterogeneity. We found that morphological indicators are linked to the phenotype, which is mostly related to downstream effects, making the results obtained with these variables dose-dependent. On the other hand, Raman indicators are representative of upstream intracellular molecular changes related to specific activation pathways. By partially inhibiting the LPS-induced activation using progesterone, we could identify several subpopulations, showing the ability of our approach to identify the effect of LPS activation, specific inhibition of LPS, and also the effect of progesterone alone on macrophage cells.
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38
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Yan W, Wu J, Wong KKY, Tsia KK. A high-throughput all-optical laser-scanning imaging flow cytometer with biomolecular specificity and subcellular resolution. J Biophotonics 2018; 11:e201700178. [PMID: 29072813 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Image-based cellular assay advances approaches to dissect complex cellular characteristics through direct visualization of cellular functional structures. However, available technologies face a common challenge, especially when it comes to the unmet need for unraveling population heterogeneity at single-cell precision: higher imaging resolution (and thus content) comes at the expense of lower throughput, or vice versa. To overcome this challenge, a new type of imaging flow cytometer based upon an all-optical ultrafast laser-scanning imaging technique, called free-space angular-chirp-enhanced delay (FACED) is reported. It enables an imaging throughput (>20 000 cells s-1 ) 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than the camera-based imaging flow cytometers. It also has 2 critical advantages over optical time-stretch imaging flow cytometry, which achieves a similar throughput: (1) it is widely compatible to the repertoire of biochemical contrast agents, favoring biomolecular-specific cellular assay and (2) it enables high-throughput visualization of functional morphology of individual cells with subcellular resolution. These capabilities enable multiparametric single-cell image analysis which reveals cellular heterogeneity, for example, in the cell-death processes demonstrated in this work-the information generally masked in non-imaging flow cytometry. Therefore, this platform empowers not only efficient large-scale single-cell measurements, but also detailed mechanistic analysis of complex cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Yan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianglai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth K Y Wong
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kevin K Tsia
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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Guo B, Lei C, Wu Y, Kobayashi H, Ito T, Yalikun Y, Lee S, Isozaki A, Li M, Jiang Y, Yasumoto A, Di Carlo D, Tanaka Y, Yatomi Y, Ozeki Y, Goda K. Optofluidic time-stretch quantitative phase microscopy. Methods 2017; 136:116-125. [PMID: 29031836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovations in optical microscopy have opened new windows onto scientific research, industrial quality control, and medical practice over the last few decades. One of such innovations is optofluidic time-stretch quantitative phase microscopy - an emerging method for high-throughput quantitative phase imaging that builds on the interference between temporally stretched signal and reference pulses by using dispersive properties of light in both spatial and temporal domains in an interferometric configuration on a microfluidic platform. It achieves the continuous acquisition of both intensity and phase images with a high throughput of more than 10,000 particles or cells per second by overcoming speed limitations that exist in conventional quantitative phase imaging methods. Applications enabled by such capabilities are versatile and include characterization of cancer cells and microalgal cultures. In this paper, we review the principles and applications of optofluidic time-stretch quantitative phase microscopy and discuss its future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoshan Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Cheng Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | - Takuro Ito
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yaxiaer Yalikun
- Laboratory for Integrated Biodevices, Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sangwook Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akihiro Isozaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Mechanical Engineering, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yiyue Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yasumoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, Mechanical Engineering, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yo Tanaka
- Laboratory for Integrated Biodevices, Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ozeki
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Keisuke Goda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan; Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Kobayashi H, Lei C, Wu Y, Mao A, Jiang Y, Guo B, Ozeki Y, Goda K. Label-free detection of cellular drug responses by high-throughput bright-field imaging and machine learning. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28963483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598‐017‐12378‐4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, high-content screening based on multivariate single-cell imaging has been proven effective in drug discovery to evaluate drug-induced phenotypic variations. Unfortunately, this method inherently requires fluorescent labeling which has several drawbacks. Here we present a label-free method for evaluating cellular drug responses only by high-throughput bright-field imaging with the aid of machine learning algorithms. Specifically, we performed high-throughput bright-field imaging of numerous drug-treated and -untreated cells (N = ~240,000) by optofluidic time-stretch microscopy with high throughput up to 10,000 cells/s and applied machine learning to the cell images to identify their morphological variations which are too subtle for human eyes to detect. Consequently, we achieved a high accuracy of 92% in distinguishing drug-treated and -untreated cells without the need for labeling. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that dose-dependent, drug-induced morphological change from different experiments can be inferred from the classification accuracy of a single classification model. Our work lays the groundwork for label-free drug screening in pharmaceutical science and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheng Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Ailin Mao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yiyue Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Baoshan Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ozeki
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Keisuke Goda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. .,Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan. .,Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA.
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41
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Kobayashi H, Lei C, Wu Y, Mao A, Jiang Y, Guo B, Ozeki Y, Goda K. Label-free detection of cellular drug responses by high-throughput bright-field imaging and machine learning. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12454. [PMID: 28963483 PMCID: PMC5622112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12378-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, high-content screening based on multivariate single-cell imaging has been proven effective in drug discovery to evaluate drug-induced phenotypic variations. Unfortunately, this method inherently requires fluorescent labeling which has several drawbacks. Here we present a label-free method for evaluating cellular drug responses only by high-throughput bright-field imaging with the aid of machine learning algorithms. Specifically, we performed high-throughput bright-field imaging of numerous drug-treated and -untreated cells (N = ~240,000) by optofluidic time-stretch microscopy with high throughput up to 10,000 cells/s and applied machine learning to the cell images to identify their morphological variations which are too subtle for human eyes to detect. Consequently, we achieved a high accuracy of 92% in distinguishing drug-treated and -untreated cells without the need for labeling. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that dose-dependent, drug-induced morphological change from different experiments can be inferred from the classification accuracy of a single classification model. Our work lays the groundwork for label-free drug screening in pharmaceutical science and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheng Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Ailin Mao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yiyue Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Baoshan Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ozeki
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Keisuke Goda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. .,Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan. .,Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA.
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Li M, Muñoz HE, Goda K, Di Carlo D. Shape-based separation of microalga Euglena gracilis using inertial microfluidics. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10802. [PMID: 28883551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10452-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Euglena gracilis (E. gracilis) has been proposed as one of the most attractive microalgae species for biodiesel and biomass production, which exhibits a number of shapes, such as spherical, spindle-shaped, and elongated. Shape is an important biomarker for E. gracilis, serving as an indicator of biological clock status, photosynthetic and respiratory capacity, cell-cycle phase, and environmental condition. The ability to prepare E. gracilis of uniform shape at high purities has significant implications for various applications in biological research and industrial processes. Here, we adopt a label-free, high-throughput, and continuous technique utilizing inertial microfluidics to separate E. gracilis by a key shape parameter-cell aspect ratio (AR). The microfluidic device consists of a straight rectangular microchannel, a gradually expanding region, and five outlets with fluidic resistors, allowing for inertial focusing and ordering, enhancement of the differences in cell lateral positions, and accurate separation, respectively. By making use of the shape-activated differences in lateral inertial focusing dynamic equilibrium positions, E. gracilis with different ARs ranging from 1 to 7 are directed to different outlets.
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