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Foladori P, Lucchini G, Torboli A, Bruni L. Flow cytometry as a tool for the rapid enumeration of 1-μm microplastics spiked in wastewater and activated sludge after coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142328. [PMID: 38740336 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Considering the limited literature and the difficulty of quantifying 1-μm micro-nanoplastics (1-μm MNP) in complex aqueous matrices such as wastewater and sludge, the removal rate of these very small particles in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) represents a major challenge. In this study, coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation (CFS) with aluminum salts was investigated to evaluate the removal of 1-μm MNPs spiked in tap water, raw wastewater, pre-settled wastewater, and activated sludge. Quantification of 1-μm MNP was performed using the high-throughput flow cytometry (FCM) analysis which takes only a few minutes and produces results with high accuracy and reproducibly. The results indicated that the 1-μm MNPs were highly stable in pure water and unable to settle rapidly. In raw wastewater, sedimentation without coagulants removed less than 4% of 1-μm MNP. Conversely, CFS treatment showed a significant improvement in the removal of 1-μm MNP from wastewater. At dosages of 0.3-3 mg Al3+/L, the removal of MNPs in wastewater reached 30% and no flocs were observed, while floc formation was visible with increased dosages of 3-12 mg Al3+/L, obtaining MNP removal greater than 90%. CFS in activated sludge with a solids content of 5800 mg MLSS/L registered the highest removal efficiency (95-99%) even for dosages of 0.3-60 mg Al3+/L and pH dropping to 5. However, activated sludge showed extremely high removal efficiency of MNPs (97.3 ± 0.9%) even without coagulants. The large, dense flocs that constitute activated sludge appear particularly efficient in capturing 1-μm MNPs during the sedimentation process even in the absence of coagulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Foladori
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, via Mesiano 77, 38123, Trento, Italy.
| | - Giulia Lucchini
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, via Mesiano 77, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Alessia Torboli
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, via Mesiano 77, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Laura Bruni
- ADEP, Agenzia per la Depurazione (Wastewater Treatment Agency), Autonomous Province of Trento, via Gilli 3, 38121, Trento, Italy
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2
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Clarke E, Varela L, Jenkins RE, Lozano-Andrés E, Cywińska A, Przewozny M, van Weeren PR, van de Lest CH, Peffers M, Wauben MH. Proteome and phospholipidome interrelationship of synovial fluid-derived extracellular vesicles in equine osteoarthritis: An exploratory 'multi-omics' study to identify composite biomarkers. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 37:101635. [PMID: 38298208 PMCID: PMC10828605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis causes progressive joint deterioration, severe morbidity, and reduced mobility in both humans and horses. Currently, osteoarthritis is diagnosed at late stages through clinical examination and radiographic imaging, hence it is challenging to address and provide timely therapeutic interventions to slow disease progression or ameliorate symptoms. Extracellular vesicles are cell-derived vesicles that play a key role in cell-to-cell communication and are potential sources for specific composite biomarker panel discovery. We here used a multi-omics strategy combining proteomics and phospholipidomics in an integral approach to identify composite biomarkers associated to purified extracellular vesicles from synovial fluid of healthy, mildly and severely osteoarthritic equine joints. Although the number of extracellular vesicles was unaffected by osteoarthritis, proteome profiling of extracellular vesicles by mass spectrometry identified 40 differentially expressed proteins (non-adjusted p < 0.05) in osteoarthritic joints associated with 7 significant canonical pathways in osteoarthritis. Moreover, pathway analysis unveiled changes in disease and molecular functions during osteoarthritis development. Phospholipidome profiling by mass spectrometry showed a relative increase in sphingomyelin and a decrease in phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylserine in extracellular vesicles derived from osteoarthritic joints compared to healthy joints. Unsupervised data integration revealed positive correlations between the proteome and the phospholipidome. Comprehensive analysis showed that some phospholipids and their related proteins increased as the severity of osteoarthritis progressed, while others decreased or remained stable. Altogether our data show interrelationships between synovial fluid extracellular vesicle-associated phospholipids and proteins responding to osteoarthritis pathology and which could be explored as potential composite diagnostic biomarkers of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Clarke
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Laura Varela
- Division Equine Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Division Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rosalind E. Jenkins
- Centre for Drug Safety Science Bioanalytical Facility, Liverpool Shared Research Facilities, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Estefanía Lozano-Andrés
- Division Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Cywińska
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | | | - P. René van Weeren
- Division Equine Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Chris H.A. van de Lest
- Division Equine Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Division Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mandy Peffers
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marca H.M. Wauben
- Division Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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3
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Lozano-Andrés E, Van Den Broeck T, Wang L, Mehrpouyan M, Tian Y, Yan X, Arkesteijn GJA, Wauben MHM. Intrinsic variability of fluorescence calibrators impacts the assignment of MESF or ERF values to nanoparticles and extracellular vesicles by flow cytometry. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2024; 56:102720. [PMID: 38007067 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2023.102720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry allows to characterize nanoparticles (NPs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) but results are often expressed in arbitrary units of fluorescence. We evaluated the precision and accuracy of molecules of equivalent soluble fluorophores (MESF) beads for calibration of NPs and EVs. Firstly, two FITC-MESF bead sets, 2 and 6 um in size, were measured on three flow cytometers. We showed that arbitrary units could not be compared between instruments but after calibration, comparable FITC MESF units were achieved. However, the two calibration bead sets displayed varying slopes that were consistent across platforms. Further investigation revealed that the intrinsic uncertainty related to the MESF beads impacts the robust assignment of values to NPs and EVs based on extrapolation into the dim fluorescence range. Similar variations were found with PE MESF calibration. Therefore, the same calibration materials and numbers of calibration points should be used for reliable comparison of submicron sized particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Lozano-Andrés
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Lili Wang
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institutes of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
| | | | - Ye Tian
- Department of Chemical Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- Department of Chemical Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ger J A Arkesteijn
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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4
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Lozano‐Andrés E, Enciso‐Martinez A, Gijsbers A, Ridolfi A, Van Niel G, Libregts SFWM, Pinheiro C, van Herwijnen MJC, Hendrix A, Brucale M, Valle F, Peters PJ, Otto C, Arkesteijn GJA, Wauben MHM. Physical association of low density lipoprotein particles and extracellular vesicles unveiled by single particle analysis. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12376. [PMID: 37942918 PMCID: PMC10634195 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in blood plasma are recognized as potential biomarkers for disease. Although blood plasma is easily obtainable, analysis of EVs at the single particle level is still challenging due to the biological complexity of this body fluid. Besides EVs, plasma contains different types of lipoproteins particles (LPPs), that outnumber EVs by orders of magnitude and which partially overlap in biophysical properties such as size, density and molecular makeup. Consequently, during EV isolation LPPs are often co-isolated. Furthermore, physical EV-LPP complexes have been observed in purified EV preparations. Since co-isolation or association of LPPs can impact EV-based analysis and biomarker profiling, we investigated the presence and formation of EV-LPP complexes in biological samples by using label-free atomic force microscopy, cryo-electron tomography and synchronous Rayleigh and Raman scattering analysis of optically trapped particles and fluorescence-based high sensitivity single particle flow cytometry. Furthermore, we evaluated the impact on flow cytometric analysis in the presence of LPPs using in vitro spike-in experiments of purified tumour cell line-derived EVs in different classes of purified human LPPs. Based on orthogonal single-particle analysis techniques we demonstrate that EV-LPP complexes can form under physiological conditions. Furthermore, we show that in fluorescence-based flow cytometric EV analysis staining of LPPs, as well as EV-LPP associations, can influence quantitative and qualitative EV analysis. Lastly, we demonstrate that the colloidal matrix of the biofluid in which EVs reside impacts their buoyant density, size and/or refractive index (RI), which may have consequences for down-stream EV analysis and EV biomarker profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Lozano‐Andrés
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Agustin Enciso‐Martinez
- Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Medical Cell Biophysics GroupUniversity of TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Abril Gijsbers
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Division of NanoscopyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Andrea Ridolfi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB AmsterdamVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Guillaume Van Niel
- Institute for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of ParisHopital Saint‐Anne, Université DescartesParisFrance
| | - Sten F. W. M. Libregts
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Cláudio Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer ResearchDepartment of Human Structure and Repair Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Cancer Research Institute GhentGhentBelgium
| | - Martijn J. C. van Herwijnen
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer ResearchDepartment of Human Structure and Repair Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Cancer Research Institute GhentGhentBelgium
| | - Marco Brucale
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN)Italian National Research Council (CNR)BolognaItaly
| | - Francesco Valle
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN)Italian National Research Council (CNR)BolognaItaly
| | - Peter J. Peters
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Division of NanoscopyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Cees Otto
- Medical Cell Biophysics GroupUniversity of TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Ger J. A. Arkesteijn
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Marca H. M. Wauben
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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5
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Varela L, van de Lest CHA, Boere J, Libregts SFWM, Lozano-Andrés E, van Weeren PR, Wauben MHM. Acute joint inflammation induces a sharp increase in the number of synovial fluid EVs and modifies their phospholipid profile. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159367. [PMID: 37473834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is the hallmark of most joint disorders. However, the precise regulation of induction, perpetuation, and resolution of joint inflammation is not entirely understood. Since extracellular vesicles (EVs) are critical for intercellular communication, we aim to unveil their role in these processes. Here, we investigated the EVs' dynamics and phospholipidome profile from synovial fluid (SF) of healthy equine joints and from horses with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced synovitis. LPS injection triggered a sharp increase of SF-EVs at 5-8 h post-injection, which started to decline at 24 h post-injection. Importantly, we identified significant changes in the lipid profile of SF-EVs after synovitis induction. Compared to healthy joint-derived SF-EVs (0 h), SF-EVs collected at 5, 24, and 48 h post-LPS injection were strongly increased in hexosylceramides. At the same time, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin were decreased in SF-EVs at 5 h and 24 h post-LPS injection. Based on the lipid changes during acute inflammation, we composed specific lipid profiles associated with healthy and inflammatory state-derived SF-EVs. The sharp increase in SF-EVs during acute synovitis and the correlation of specific lipids with either healthy or inflamed states-derived SF-EVs are findings of potential interest for unveiling the role of SF-EVs in joint inflammation, as well as for the identification of EV-biomarkers of joint inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Varela
- Division Equine Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Chris H A van de Lest
- Division Equine Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Janneke Boere
- Division Equine Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sten F W M Libregts
- Division Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Estefanía Lozano-Andrés
- Division Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - P René van Weeren
- Division Equine Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Division Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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6
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Single-cell extracellular vesicle analysis by microfluidics and beyond. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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7
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Gul B, Syed F, Khan S, Iqbal A, Ahmad I. Characterization of extracellular vesicles by flow cytometry: Challenges and promises. Micron 2022; 161:103341. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2022.103341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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8
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Kim Y, van der Pol E, Arafa A, Thapa I, J Britton C, Kosti J, Song S, Joshi VB, M Erickson R, Ali H, Lucien F. Calibration and standardization of extracellular vesicle measurements by flow cytometry for translational prostate cancer research. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:9781-9795. [PMID: 35770741 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01160c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are microscopic particles released naturally in biofluids by all cell types. Since EVs inherits genomic and proteomic patterns from the cell of origin, they are emerging as promising liquid biomarkers for human diseases. Flow cytometry is a popular method that is able to detect, characterize and determine the concentration of EVs with minimal sample preparation. However, the limited awareness of the scientific community to utilize standardization and calibration methods of flow cytometers is an important roadblock for data reproducibility and inter-laboratory comparison. A significant collaborative effort by the Extracellular Vesicle Flow Cytometry Working Group has led to the development of guidelines and best practices for using flow cytometry and reporting data in a way to improve rigor and reproducibility in EV research. At first look, standardization and calibration of flow cytometry for EV detection may seem burdensome and technically challenging for non-academic laboratories with limited technical training and knowledge in EV flow cytometry. In this study, we build on prior research efforts and provide a systematic approach to evaluate the performance of a high sensitivity flow cytometer (herein Apogee A60-Micro Plus) and fine-tune settings to improve detection sensitivity for EVs. We performed calibration of our flow cytometer to generate data with comparable units (nanometers, MESF). Finally, we applied our optimized protocol to measure the concentrations of prostate-derived EVs in healthy individuals and prostate cancer patients. In conclusion, our proof-of-feasibility study can serve as a scientific and technical framework for other groups motivated in using flow cytometry for EV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Kim
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 4-97, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA.
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University, Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Arafa
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 4-97, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA.
| | - Ishwor Thapa
- College of Information Science and Technology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA
| | - Cameron J Britton
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 4-97, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA.
| | - Jorgena Kosti
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 4-97, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA.
| | - Siyang Song
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 4-97, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA.
| | - Vidhu B Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ree M Erickson
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 4-97, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA.
| | - Hesham Ali
- College of Information Science and Technology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA
| | - Fabrice Lucien
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 4-97, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA.
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9
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Lak NSM, van der Kooi EJ, Enciso-Martinez A, Lozano-Andrés E, Otto C, Wauben MHM, Tytgat GAM. Extracellular Vesicles: A New Source of Biomarkers in Pediatric Solid Tumors? A Systematic Review. Front Oncol 2022; 12:887210. [PMID: 35686092 PMCID: PMC9173703 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.887210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtually every cell in the body releases extracellular vesicles (EVs), the contents of which can provide a "fingerprint" of their cellular origin. EVs are present in all bodily fluids and can be obtained using minimally invasive techniques. Thus, EVs can provide a promising source of diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers, particularly in the context of cancer. Despite advances using EVs as biomarkers in adult cancers, little is known regarding their use in pediatric cancers. In this review, we provide an overview of published clinical and in vitro studies in order to assess the potential of using EV-derived biomarkers in pediatric solid tumors. We performed a systematic literature search, which yielded studies regarding desmoplastic small round cell tumor, hepatoblastoma, neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma. We then determined the extent to which the in vivo findings are supported by in vitro data, and vice versa. We also critically evaluated the clinical studies using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) system, and we evaluated the purification and characterization of EVs in both the in vivo and in vitro studies in accordance with MISEV guidelines, yielding EV-TRACK and PedEV scores. We found that several studies identified similar miRNAs in overlapping and distinct tumor entities, indicating the potential for EV-derived biomarkers. However, most studies regarding EV-based biomarkers in pediatric solid tumors lack a standardized system of reporting their EV purification and characterization methods, as well as validation in an independent cohort, which are needed in order to bring EV-based biomarkers to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie S M Lak
- Research Department, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elvera J van der Kooi
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Estefanía Lozano-Andrés
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Cees Otto
- Medical Cell Biophysics Group, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Godelieve A M Tytgat
- Research Department, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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10
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Gökçe F, Ravaynia PS, Modena MM, Hierlemann A. What is the future of electrical impedance spectroscopy in flow cytometry? BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:061302. [PMID: 34917226 PMCID: PMC8651262 DOI: 10.1063/5.0073457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
More than 20 years ago, electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was proposed as a potential characterization method for flow cytometry. As the setup is comparably simple and the method is label-free, EIS has attracted considerable interest from the research community as a potential alternative to standard optical methods, such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). However, until today, FACS remains by and large the laboratory standard with highly developed capabilities and broad use in research and clinical settings. Nevertheless, can EIS still provide a complement or alternative to FACS in specific applications? In this Perspective, we will give an overview of the current state of the art of EIS in terms of technologies and capabilities. We will then describe recent advances in EIS-based flow cytometry, compare the performance to that of FACS methods, and discuss potential prospects of EIS in flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furkan Gökçe
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paolo S. Ravaynia
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mario M. Modena
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Hilton SH, White IM. Advances in the analysis of single extracellular vesicles: A critical review. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS REPORTS 2021; 3:100052. [PMID: 35098157 PMCID: PMC8792802 DOI: 10.1016/j.snr.2021.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There is an ever-growing need for new cancer diagnostic approaches that provide earlier diagnosis as well as richer diagnostic, prognostic, and resistance information. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) recovered from a liquid biopsy have paradigm-shifting potential to offer earlier and more complete diagnostic information in the form of a minimally invasive liquid biopsy. However, much remains unknown about EVs, and current analytical approaches are unable to provide precise information about the contents and source of EVs. New approaches have emerged to analyze EVs at the single particle level, providing the opportunity to study biogenesis, correlate markers for higher specificity, and connect EV cargo with the source or destination. In this critical review we describe and analyze methods for single EV analysis that have emerged over the last five years. In addition, we note that current methods are limited in their adoption due to cost and complexity and we offer opportunities for the research community to address this challenge.
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12
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Kleinjan M, van Herwijnen MJ, Libregts SF, van Neerven RJ, Feitsma AL, Wauben MH. Regular Industrial Processing of Bovine Milk Impacts the Integrity and Molecular Composition of Extracellular Vesicles. J Nutr 2021; 151:1416-1425. [PMID: 33768229 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine milk contains extracellular vesicles (EVs), which act as mediators of intercellular communication by regulating the recipients' cellular processes via their selectively incorporated bioactive molecules. Because some of these EV components are evolutionarily conserved, EVs present in commercial milk might have the potential to regulate cellular processes in human consumers. OBJECTIVES Because commercial milk is subjected to industrial processing, we investigated its effect on the number and integrity of isolated milk EVs and their bioactive components. For this, we compared EVs isolated from raw bovine milk with EVs isolated from different types of commercial milk, including pasteurized milk, either homogenized or not, and ultra heat treated (UHT) milk. METHODS EVs were separated from other milk components by differential centrifugation, followed by density gradient ultracentrifugation. EVs from different milk types were compared by single-particle high-resolution fluorescence-based flow cytometry to determine EV numbers, Cryo-electron microscopy to visualize EV integrity and morphology, western blot analysis to investigate EV-associated protein cargo, and RNA analysis to assess total small RNA concentration and milk-EV-specific microRNA expression. RESULTS In UHT milk, we could not detect intact EVs. Interestingly, although pasteurization (irrespective of homogenization) did not affect mean ± SD EV numbers (3.4 × 108 ± 1.2 × 108-2.8 × 108 ± 0.3 × 107 compared with 3.1 × 108 ± 1.2 × 108 in raw milk), it affected EV integrity and appearance, altered their protein signature, and resulted in a loss of milk-EV-associated RNAs (from 40.2 ± 3.4 ng/μL in raw milk to 17.7 ± 5.4-23.3 ± 10.0 mg/μL in processed milk, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Commercial milk, that has been heated by either pasteurization or UHT, contains fewer or no intact EVs, respectively. Although most EVs seemed resistant to pasteurization based on particle numbers, their integrity was affected and their molecular composition was altered. Thus, the possible transfer of bioactive components via bovine milk EVs to human consumers is likely diminished or altered in heat-treated commercial milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Kleinjan
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Jc van Herwijnen
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sten Fwm Libregts
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rj Joost van Neerven
- FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, Netherlands.,Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Marca Hm Wauben
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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13
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Caputo F, Vogel R, Savage J, Vella G, Law A, Della Camera G, Hannon G, Peacock B, Mehn D, Ponti J, Geiss O, Aubert D, Prina-Mello A, Calzolai L. Measuring particle size distribution and mass concentration of nanoplastics and microplastics: addressing some analytical challenges in the sub-micron size range. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 588:401-417. [PMID: 33422789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The implementation of the proposal from the European Chemical Agency (ECHA) to restrict the use of nanoplastics (NP) and microplastics (MP) in consumer products will require reliable methods to perform size and mass-based concentration measurements. Analytical challenges arise at the nanometre to micrometre interface, e.g., 800 nm-10 µm, where techniques applicable at the nanometre scale reach their upper limit of applicability and approaches applicable at the micrometre scale must be pushed to their lower limits of detection. EXPERIMENTS Herein, we compared the performances of nine analytical techniques by measuring the particle size distribution and mass-based concentration of polystyrene mixtures containing both nano and microparticles, with the educational aim to underline applicability and limitations of each technique. FINDINGS Light scattering-based measurements do not have the resolution to distinguish multiple populations in polydisperse samples. Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), nano-flowcytometry (nFCM) and asymmetric flow field flow fractionation hyphenated with multiangle light scattering (AF4-MALS) cannot measure particles in the micrometre range. Static light scattering (SLS) is not able to accurately detect particles below 200 nm, and similarly to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and flow cytometry (FCM), is not suitable for accurate mass-based concentration measurements. Alternatives for high-resolution sizing and concentration measurements in the size range between 60 nm and 5 µm are tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) and centrifugal liquid sedimentation (CLS), that can bridge the gap between the nanometre and micrometre range.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Caputo
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - R Vogel
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; IZON Science Ltd., Burnside, Christchurch 8053, New Zealand
| | - J Savage
- LBCAM, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - G Vella
- LBCAM, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Law
- NanoFCM Co., Ltd, Medicity, Building D6, Thane Road, Nottingham NG90 6BH, UK
| | - G Della Camera
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - G Hannon
- LBCAM, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - B Peacock
- NanoFCM Co., Ltd, Medicity, Building D6, Thane Road, Nottingham NG90 6BH, UK
| | - D Mehn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - J Ponti
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - O Geiss
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - D Aubert
- NanoFCM Co., Ltd, Medicity, Building D6, Thane Road, Nottingham NG90 6BH, UK
| | - A Prina-Mello
- LBCAM, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; AMBER Centre, CRANN Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L Calzolai
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
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14
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Görgens A, Nolan JP. Aiming to Compare Apples to Apples: Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles and Other Nanosized Particles by Flow Cytometry. Cytometry A 2020; 97:566-568. [PMID: 32562309 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André Görgens
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - John P Nolan
- Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, USA
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