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Bergmann MM, Santos AF. Basophil activation test in the food allergy clinic: its current use and future applications. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38591129 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2024.2336568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The basophil activation test (BAT) has shown evidence of high sensitivity and high specificity to support the diagnosis of IgE-mediated allergy. It is a functional test that uses live cells analyzed by flow cytometry and thus needs to be performed within 24h of blood collection. BAT has shown to be reproducible and reliable when tested in a clinical diagnostic laboratory with standardized protocols and flow cytometry settings. AREAS COVERED In this review, we summarize the evidence to support clinical use of BAT and the next steps required for clinical implementation for an improve clinical care for patients with suspected IgE-mediated food allergy. EXPERT OPINION BAT has recently been included in Clinical Guidelines of Food Allergy Diagnosis and its implementation in clinical practice depends largely on availability. Proposed clinical applications of the BAT include: distinction between food allergy and asymptomatic IgE sensitization; determination of food allergic status to peanut, tree nuts and seeds in polysensitized children; evaluation of tolerance to baked egg and baked milk in egg and milk allergic children; identification of patients at high-risk of severe allergic reactions; monitoring for spontaneous resolution of food allergy; confirmation of eligibility for specific treatments of food allergy; prediction and monitoring of response to immunomodulatory treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel M Bergmann
- Pediatric allergy unit, Department of Women, Children and Adolescents, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Pediatrics, Centro Pediatrico del Mendrisiotto, Mendrisio, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Science, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra F Santos
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Pediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Children's Allergy Service, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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2
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Castaño N, Chua K, Kaushik A, Kim S, Cordts SC, Nafarzadegan CD, Hofmann GH, Seastedt H, Schuetz JP, Dunham D, Parsons ES, Tsai M, Cao S, Desai M, Sindher SB, Chinthrajah RS, Galli SJ, Nadeau KC, Tang SK. Combining avidin with CD63 improves basophil activation test accuracy in classifying peanut allergy. Allergy 2024; 79:445-455. [PMID: 37916710 PMCID: PMC10842984 DOI: 10.1111/all.15930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional basophil activation tests (BATs) measure basophil activation by the increased expression of CD63. Previously, fluorophore-labeled avidin, a positively-charged molecule, was found to bind to activated basophils, which tend to expose negatively charged granule constituents during degranulation. This study further compares avidin versus CD63 as basophil activation biomarkers in classifying peanut allergy. METHODS Seventy subjects with either a peanut allergy (N = 47), a food allergy other than peanut (N = 6), or no food allergy (N = 17) were evaluated. We conducted BATs in response to seven peanut extract (PE) concentrations (0.01-10,000 ng/mL) and four control conditions (no stimulant, anti-IgE, fMLP (N-formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine), and anti-FcεRI). We measured avidin binding and CD63 expression on basophils with flow cytometry. We evaluated logistic regression and XGBoost models for peanut allergy classification and feature identification. RESULTS Avidin binding was correlated with CD63 expression. Both markers discriminated between subjects with and without a peanut allergy. Although small by percentage, an avidin+ /CD63- cell subset was found in all allergic subjects tested, indicating that the combination of avidin and CD63 could allow a more comprehensive identification of activated basophils. Indeed, we obtained the best classification accuracy (97.8% sensitivity, 96.7% specificity) by combining avidin and CD63 across seven PE doses. Similar accuracy was obtained by combining PE dose of 10,000 ng/mL for avidin and PE doses of 10 and 100 ng/mL for CD63. CONCLUSIONS Avidin and CD63 are reliable BAT activation markers associated with degranulation. Their combination enhances the identification of activated basophils and improves the classification accuracy of peanut allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaiser Chua
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University
| | - Abhinav Kaushik
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University
- Department of Environmental Health, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University
| | - Sungu Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University
| | - Seth C. Cordts
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University
| | - Ceena D. Nafarzadegan
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University
| | | | - Hana Seastedt
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University
| | - Jackson P. Schuetz
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University
| | - Diane Dunham
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University
| | - Ella S. Parsons
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University
| | - Shu Cao
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University
| | - Manisha Desai
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University
- Department of Medicine, Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University
| | - Sayantani B. Sindher
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Stanford University
| | - R. Sharon Chinthrajah
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Stanford University
| | - Stephen J. Galli
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University
| | - Kari C. Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University
- Department of Environmental Health, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University
| | - Sindy K.Y. Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University
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Charpy J, Barbier O, Le Mauff B, Sarrat A, Roland-Nicaise P, Goret J. Basophil activation test: Feedback and lessons from routine practice in French clinical laboratories. Clin Exp Allergy 2023; 53:1055-1058. [PMID: 37366346 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Charpy
- Department of Immunology and Immunogenetics, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
- AllergoBioNet network, Angers, France
| | - Ophélie Barbier
- Allergoly Unit, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Brigitte Le Mauff
- AllergoBioNet network, Angers, France
- Department of Immunology, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Anne Sarrat
- Department of Immunology and Immunogenetics, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
- AllergoBioNet network, Angers, France
| | - Pascale Roland-Nicaise
- AllergoBioNet network, Angers, France
- Department of Immunology, Paris Nord Val de Seine University Hospital, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Julien Goret
- Department of Immunology and Immunogenetics, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
- AllergoBioNet network, Angers, France
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LaHood NA, Min J, Keswani T, Richardson CM, Amoako K, Zhou J, Marini-Rapoport O, Bernard H, Hazebrouck S, Shreffler WG, Love JC, Pomes A, Pedersen LC, Mueller GA, Patil SU. Immunotherapy-induced neutralizing antibodies disrupt allergen binding and sustain allergen tolerance in peanut allergy. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e164501. [PMID: 36647835 PMCID: PMC9843057 DOI: 10.1172/jci164501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In IgE-mediated food allergies, exposure to the allergen activates systemic allergic responses. Oral immunotherapy (OIT) treats food allergies through incremental increases in oral allergen exposure. However, OIT only induces sustained clinical tolerance and decreased basophil sensitivity in a subset of individuals despite increases in circulating allergen-specific IgG in all treated individuals. Therefore, we examined the allergen-specific antibodies from 2 OIT cohorts of patients with sustained and transient responses. Here, we compared antibodies from individuals with sustained or transient responses and discovered specific tolerance-associated conformational epitopes of the immunodominant allergen Ara h 2 recognized by neutralizing antibodies. First, we identified what we believe to be previously unknown conformational, intrahelical epitopes using x-ray crystallography with recombinant antibodies. We then identified epitopes only recognized in sustained tolerance. Finally, antibodies recognizing tolerance-associated epitopes effectively neutralized allergen to suppress IgE-mediated effector cell activation. Our results demonstrate the molecular basis of antibody-mediated protection in IgE-mediated food allergy, by defining how these antibodies disrupt IgE-allergen interactions to prevent allergic reactions. Our approach to studying the structural and functional basis for neutralizing antibodies demonstrates the clinical relevance of specific antibody clones in antibody-mediated tolerance. We anticipate that our findings will form the foundation for treatments of peanut allergy using neutralizing antibodies and hypoallergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. LaHood
- Food Allergy Center and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jungki Min
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tarun Keswani
- Food Allergy Center and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Kwasi Amoako
- Food Allergy Center and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jingjia Zhou
- Food Allergy Center and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Hervé Bernard
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Stéphane Hazebrouck
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Wayne G. Shreffler
- Food Allergy Center and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J. Christopher Love
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Lars C. Pedersen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Geoffrey A. Mueller
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarita U. Patil
- Food Allergy Center and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Kulis MD, Smeekens JM, Burk C, Yue X, Guo R, Orgel KA, Ye P, Herlihy L, Hamilton D, Li Q, Keet C, Shreffler W, Vickery BP, Burks AW, Kim EH. Kinetics of basophil hyporesponsiveness during short-course peanut oral immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:1144-1153. [PMID: 35716952 PMCID: PMC9643597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral immunotherapy (OIT) leads to suppression of mast cell and basophil degranulation along with changes in the adaptive immune response. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine how rapidly these effects occur during OIT and more broadly, the kinetics of basophil and mast cell suppression throughout the course of therapy. METHODS Twenty participants, age 4 to 12 years, were enrolled in a peanut OIT trial and assessed for desensitization and sustained unresponsiveness after 9 months of therapy. Blood was collected 5 times in the first month and then intermittently throughout to quantify immunoglobulins and assess basophil activation by CD63, CD203c, and phosphorylated SYK (pSYK). RESULTS Twelve of 16 participants that completed the trial were desensitized after OIT, with 9 achieving sustained unresponsiveness after discontinuing OIT for 4 weeks. Basophil hyporesponsiveness, defined by lower CD63 expression, was detected as early as day 90. pSYK was correlated with CD63 expression, and there was a significant decrease in pSYK by day 250. CD203c expression remained unchanged throughout therapy. Interestingly, although basophil activation was decreased across the cohort during OIT, basophil activation did not correlate with individual clinical outcomes. Serum peanut-specific IgG4 and IgA increased throughout therapy, whereas IgE remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Suppression of basophil activation occurs within the first 90 days of peanut OIT, ultimately leading to suppression of signaling through pSYK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Kulis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC; UNC Food Allergy Initiative, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
| | - Johanna M Smeekens
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC; UNC Food Allergy Initiative, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Caitlin Burk
- Food Allergy Center and the Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Xiaohong Yue
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC; UNC Food Allergy Initiative, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Rishu Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC; UNC Food Allergy Initiative, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kelly A Orgel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC; UNC Food Allergy Initiative, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Ping Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC; UNC Food Allergy Initiative, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Lauren Herlihy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC; UNC Food Allergy Initiative, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Deanna Hamilton
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC; UNC Food Allergy Initiative, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Quefeng Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Corinne Keet
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC; UNC Food Allergy Initiative, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Wayne Shreffler
- Food Allergy Center and the Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | | | - A Wesley Burks
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC; UNC Food Allergy Initiative, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Edwin H Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC; UNC Food Allergy Initiative, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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Jaumdally H, Kwok M, Jama Z, Hesse‐Lamptey R, McKendry R, Galvez O, Daniel Y, Santos AF. Basophil activation test has high reproducibility and is feasible in the clinical setting. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2022; 33:e13870. [PMID: 36433860 PMCID: PMC9828203 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The basophil activation test (BAT) has high accuracy to diagnose peanut allergy and can reduce the need for oral food challenges (OFC); however, so far it has not been incorporated in clinical practice. METHODS We assessed the reproducibility of BAT within the same laboratory and between two different laboratories and the feasibility of using BAT in the clinical setting. RESULTS One hundred and two children being assessed for peanut allergy were tested on BAT (72 allergic, 30 sensitized tolerant). There was little internal variation (coefficient of variation <15%) in the BAT and a very strong correlation (Rs > .95) between BAT performed across laboratories. The 2 BAT methods were strongly correlated but not interchangeable. In the cases of discrepancy, our in house BAT method was 100% accurate. BAT was feasible and well-accepted by clinicians: no patient with positive BAT was referred for OFC, leading to reduction in the number of OFC required. Twenty one percent of patients who underwent OFC reacted to peanut. A negative BAT also encouraged the performance of OFC in sensitized children who would otherwise be considered allergic, 50% of whom did not react and incorporated peanut in the diet. CONCLUSIONS The BAT is a robust test that can reliably be transferred between laboratories; however, different BAT methods are not interchangeable. BAT was well integrated in the clinical decision-making process in a specialized center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Jaumdally
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Pediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Children's Allergy Service, Evelina London Children's HospitalGuy's and St Thomas' HospitalLondonUK
| | - Matthew Kwok
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Pediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaLondonUK
| | - Zainab Jama
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Pediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaLondonUK
| | - Rochelle Hesse‐Lamptey
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Richard McKendry
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Pediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaLondonUK
| | | | | | - Alexandra F. Santos
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Pediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Children's Allergy Service, Evelina London Children's HospitalGuy's and St Thomas' HospitalLondonUK
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaLondonUK
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Behrends J, Schwager C, Hein M, Scholzen T, Kull S, Jappe U. Innovative robust basophil activation test using a novel gating strategy reliably diagnosing allergy with full automation. Allergy 2021; 76:3776-3788. [PMID: 33973252 DOI: 10.1111/all.14900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergy is one of the most common chronic diseases in Europe. Therefore, an increased need for specific and sensitive diagnostic tests that truly detect allergy exists. This study aimed at establishing a highly specific high-throughput and automated basophil activation test (BAT) that proves the existence of an allergy with utmost probability. METHODS BAT from 1104 samples was analyzed; a novel gating strategy with three antibodies (FcεRIα, CD203c, CD63) was established and compared with our published protocol (12 antibodies). Based on the novel gating strategy, storage conditions, automated measurement, and analyses using R (1376 samples out of 1389) were optimized to set up a high-throughput BAT. RESULTS No differences in sensitivity and specificity were found between the novel three antibody (FcεRIα, CD203c, CD63) and the 12 antibody gating strategy or between automated and manually analyzed samples (saving up to 90% of labor time). The time frame for basophil activation measurement after blood donation has been extended considerably (whole blood storage ≤7 days (RT) and 17 days (4°C) prior to BAT preparation and measurement). Respective storage conditions were optimized for samples after stimulation, staining, and preparation (≤7 days (RT) and 28 days (4°C)). These achievements were confirmed by a nationwide ring trial showing robustness and applicability of our BAT on a variety of flow cytometers. CONCLUSION Our considerable optimizations overcame the hurdles that until now prevented the BAT from being used as high-throughput allergy diagnostic test in routine laboratories and shall allow for collaborative studies between clinics and research centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Behrends
- Core Facility Fluorescence Cytometry Research Center Borstel Leibniz Lung Center Borstel Germany
| | - Christian Schwager
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology Priority Area Asthma and Allergy Airway Research Center North (ARCN) German Center for Lung Research (DZL Borstel Germany
| | - Martina Hein
- Core Facility Fluorescence Cytometry Research Center Borstel Leibniz Lung Center Borstel Germany
| | - Thomas Scholzen
- Core Facility Fluorescence Cytometry Research Center Borstel Leibniz Lung Center Borstel Germany
| | - Skadi Kull
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology Priority Area Asthma and Allergy Airway Research Center North (ARCN) German Center for Lung Research (DZL Borstel Germany
| | - Uta Jappe
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology Priority Area Asthma and Allergy Airway Research Center North (ARCN) German Center for Lung Research (DZL Borstel Germany
- Interdisciplinary Allergy Outpatient Clinic Department of Pneumology University of Lübeck Lübeck Germany
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Briceno Noriega D, Teodorowicz M, Savelkoul H, Ruinemans-Koerts J. The Basophil Activation Test for Clinical Management of Food Allergies: Recent Advances and Future Directions. J Asthma Allergy 2021; 14:1335-1348. [PMID: 34754200 PMCID: PMC8572092 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s237759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The basophil activation test (BAT) is an ex vivo functional assay that measures by flow cytometry the degree of basophil degranulation after stimulation with an allergen. In recent years, there has been an increased interest in the diagnostic value of the BAT as it has the potential to mimic the clinical phenotype of sIgE sensitized patients, in contrast to allergen-specific IgE levels. This diagnostic potential would be of particular interest for food allergies present early in life such as peanut, cow’s milk and eggs, which require an expensive, time-consuming and patient unfriendly oral food challenge (OFC) for diagnosis. However, routine applications of the BAT for clinical use are not yet feasible due to the lack of standardized protocols and large clinical validation studies. This review will summarize the current data regarding the application of the BAT in food allergy (FA) for cow’s milk, egg and peanut, being the most common causes of FA in children. Additionally, it will discuss the hurdles for widespread clinical use of the BAT and possible future directions for this diagnostic procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Briceno Noriega
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Malgorzata Teodorowicz
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Huub Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Janneke Ruinemans-Koerts
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Utilization of basophil activation in the diagnosis and monitoring of food allergy has gained increasing recognition. An ex-vivo functional assay, basophil activation reflects clinical reactivity, thereby providing clinically relevant insights. Moreover, as a biomarker of reactivity and tolerance, basophil activation testing (BAT) may provide a useful tool for management of food allergies. Despite its utility, significant limitations of BAT have prevented widespread use. Addressing these limitations will increase the future application and adoption of BAT in food allergy. RECENT FINDINGS A number of clinical trials in the past few years have demonstrated the use of BAT in the diagnosis and treatment of food allergy. Specifically, BAT has been found to be a biomarker of tolerance. SUMMARY Basophil activation testing is an effective biomarker for diagnosis and monitoring of food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Keswani
- Center for Immunological and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Sarita U. Patil
- Center for Immunological and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Food Allergy Center, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
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Bringing the Next Generation of Food Allergy Diagnostics into the Clinic. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2021; 10:1-9. [PMID: 34530176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Food allergy diagnosis has a massive impact on the lives of patients and their families. Despite recent developments with specific IgE to component allergens, a significant proportion of patients assessed for possible food allergy require oral food challenge to ensure an accurate diagnosis. More precise diagnostic methods are required to reduce the need for oral food challenges. Bead-based epitope assays and cellular tests, such as basophil activation and mast cell tests are the most novel and promising tests on the horizon. There is a pathway to pursue to enable their incorporation in clinical practice, including standardization, technical validation, clinical validation, external validation, overcoming practical and logistical issues, and regulatory approval. Valuable clinical application of these tests goes beyond diagnosis and includes risk assessment to identify allergic patients who are most sensitive and at risk for severe allergic reactions, and to define prognosis and assess clinical response to immunomodulatory treatments.
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Preffer FI. Issue Highlights - November 2020. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2021; 98:461-463. [PMID: 33245614 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederic I Preffer
- Professor of Pathology Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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12
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Santos AF, Alpan O, Hoffmann H. Basophil activation test: Mechanisms and considerations for use in clinical trials and clinical practice. Allergy 2021; 76:2420-2432. [PMID: 33475181 DOI: 10.1111/all.14747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The basophil activation test (BAT) is a functional assay that measures the degree of degranulation following stimulation with allergen or controls by flow cytometry. It correlates directly with histamine release. From the dose-response curve resulting from BAT in allergic patients, basophil reactivity (%CD63+ basophils) and basophil sensitivity (EC50 or similar) are the main outcomes of the test. BAT takes into account all characteristics of IgE and allergen and thus can be more specific than sensitization tests in the diagnosis of allergic disease. BAT reduces the need for in vivo procedures, such as intradermal tests and allergen challenges, which can cause allergic reactions of unpredictable severity. As it closely reflects the patients' phenotype in most cases, it may be used to support the diagnosis of food, venom and drug allergies and chronic urticaria, to monitor the natural resolution of food allergies and to predict and monitor clinical the response to immunomodulatory treatments, such as allergen-specific immunotherapy and biologicals. Clinical application of BAT requires analytical validation, clinical validation, standardization of procedures and quality assurance to ensure reproducibility and reliability of results. Currently, efforts are ongoing to establish a platform that could be used by laboratories in Europe and in the USA for quality assurance and certification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra F. Santos
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Pediatric Allergy) School of Life Course Sciences Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine King's College London London UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences King's College London London UK
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma London UK
- Children's Allergy ServiceEvelina London Children's HospitalGuy's and St Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | | | - Hans‐Jürgen Hoffmann
- Department of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus Denmark
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Elst J, van der Poorten MLM, Van Gasse AL, De Puysseleyr L, Hagendorens MM, Faber MA, Van Houdt M, Passante E, Bahri R, Walschot M, Mertens C, Bridts CH, Sabato V, Ebo DG. Mast cell activation tests by flow cytometry: A new diagnostic asset? Clin Exp Allergy 2021; 51:1482-1500. [PMID: 34233046 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the late nineties, evidence has accumulated that flow-assisted basophil activation test (BAT) might be an accessible and reliable method to explore the mechanisms governing basophil degranulation and diagnostic allowing correct prediction of the clinical outcome following exposure to the offending allergen(s) and cross-reactive structures for different IgE-dependent allergies and particular forms of autoimmune urticaria. Although the BAT offers many advantages over mediator release tests, it is left with some weaknesses that hinder a wider application. It is preferable to perform the BAT analysis within 4 h of collection, and the technique does not advance diagnosis in patients with non-responsive cells. Besides, the BAT is difficult to standardize mainly because of the difficulty to perform large batch analyses that might span over several days. This article reviews the status of flow cytometric mast cell activation test (MAT) using passively sensitized mast cells (MCs) with patients' sera or plasma (henceforth indicated as passive MAT; pMAT) using both MC lines and cultured MCs in the diagnosis of IgE-dependent allergies. In addition, this paper provides guidance for generating human MCs from peripheral blood CD34+ progenitor cells (PBCMCs) and correct interpretation of flow cytometric analyses of activated and/or degranulating cells. With the recent recognition of the mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) occupation as a putative mechanism of immediate drug hypersensitivity reactions (IDHRs), we also speculate how direct activation of MCs (dMAT)-that is direct activation by MRGPRX2 agonists without prior passive sensitization-could advance paradigms for this novel endotype of IDHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy Elst
- Department of Immunology - Allergology - Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marie-Line M van der Poorten
- Department of Immunology - Allergology - Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Athina L Van Gasse
- Department of Immunology - Allergology - Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leander De Puysseleyr
- Department of Immunology - Allergology - Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Margo M Hagendorens
- Department of Immunology - Allergology - Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Margaretha A Faber
- Department of Immunology - Allergology - Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Michel Van Houdt
- Department of Immunology - Allergology - Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Rajia Bahri
- Division of Musculoskeletal & Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Mark Walschot
- Department of Immunology - Allergology - Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christel Mertens
- Department of Immunology - Allergology - Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chris H Bridts
- Department of Immunology - Allergology - Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vito Sabato
- Department of Immunology - Allergology - Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Immunology and Allergology, AZ Jan Palfijn Gent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Didier G Ebo
- Department of Immunology - Allergology - Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Immunology and Allergology, AZ Jan Palfijn Gent, Ghent, Belgium
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14
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Ebo DG, Bridts CH, Mertens CH, Sabato V. Principles, potential, and limitations of ex vivo basophil activation by flow cytometry in allergology: A narrative review. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:1143-1153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Patil SU, Steinbrecher J, Calatroni A, Smith N, Ma A, Ruiter B, Virkud Y, Schneider M, Shreffler WG. Early decrease in basophil sensitivity to Ara h 2 precedes sustained unresponsiveness after peanut oral immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:1310-1319.e4. [PMID: 31377342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only some patients with peanut allergy undergoing oral immunotherapy (OIT) achieve sustained clinical response. Basophil activation could provide a functional surrogate of efficacy. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that changes in basophil sensitivity and area under the curve (AUC) to the immunodominant allergen Ara h 2 correlate with clinical responses to OIT. METHODS Children with peanut allergy aged 7 to 13 years were enrolled in a single-center, open-label peanut OIT trial. Levels of specific immunoglobulins were measured throughout OIT. Peripheral blood from multiple time points was stimulated in vitro with peanut allergens for flow cytometric assessment of the percentage of CD63hi activated basophils. RESULTS Twenty-two of 30 subjects were successfully treated with OIT; after avoidance, 9 achieved sustained unresponsiveness (SU), and 13 had transient desensitization (TD). Basophil sensitivity, measured by using the dose that induces 50% of the maximal basophil response, to Ara h 2 stimulation decreased from baseline in subjects with SU (after OIT, P = .0041; after avoidance, P = .0011). At 3 months of OIT, basophil sensitivity in subjects with SU decreased from baseline compared with that in subjects with TD (median, 18-fold vs 3-fold; P = .01), with a receiver operating characteristic of 0.84 and optimal fold change of 4.9. Basophil AUC to Ara h 2 was suppressed after OIT equally in subjects with SU and those with TD (P = .4). After avoidance, basophil AUC rebounded in subjects with TD but not those with SU (P < .001). Passively sensitized basophils suppressed with postavoidance SU plasma had a lower AUC than TD plasma (6.4% vs 38.9%, P = .03). CONCLUSIONS Early decreases in basophil sensitivity to Ara h 2 correlate with SU. Basophil AUC rebounds after avoidance in subjects with TD. Therefore, different aspects of basophil activation might be useful for monitoring of OIT efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita U Patil
- Food Allergy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Food Allergy Science Initiative at Broad Institute at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Boston, Mass.
| | | | | | - Neal Smith
- Food Allergy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Alex Ma
- Food Allergy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Bert Ruiter
- Food Allergy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Food Allergy Science Initiative at Broad Institute at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Boston, Mass
| | - Yamini Virkud
- Food Allergy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Food Allergy Science Initiative at Broad Institute at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Boston, Mass
| | | | - Wayne G Shreffler
- Food Allergy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Food Allergy Science Initiative at Broad Institute at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Boston, Mass
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16
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Hemmings O, Kwok M, McKendry R, Santos AF. Basophil Activation Test: Old and New Applications in Allergy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2018; 18:77. [PMID: 30430289 PMCID: PMC6244909 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-018-0831-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The basophil activation test (BAT) using flow cytometry has supplanted traditional methods of measuring basophil degranulation using histamine and other mediator release, and can be used for clinical applications as well as to explore the immune mechanisms of effector cell response to allergen. This review discusses the advancements made in clinical, diagnostic and laboratory research of allergy utilizing an ever-evolving BAT. RECENT FINDINGS Being an in vitro surrogate of the allergic reaction that happens in vivo in the sick patient, the BAT can be used to support the diagnosis of various allergic conditions, such as food, drug, respiratory and insect venom allergies, and the assessment of clinical response to allergen-specific immunotherapy and other immunomodulatory treatments. The BAT can also be used for research purposes to explore the mechanisms of allergy and tolerance at the level of the basophil, for instance by manipulating IgE and IgG and their receptors and by studying intracellular signalling cascade in response to allergen. This review covers the applications of the BAT to the clinical management of allergic patients and the increased understanding of the mechanisms of immune response to allergens as well as technological advancements made in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hemmings
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Paediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Matthew Kwok
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Paediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Richard McKendry
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Paediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Alexandra F Santos
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Paediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK. .,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK. .,MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK. .,Children's Allergies Department, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St. Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London, UK.
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Mehlich J, Fischer J, Hilger C, Swiontek K, Morisset M, Codreanu-Morel F, Schiener M, Blank S, Ollert M, Darsow U, Biedermann T, Eberlein B. The basophil activation test differentiates between patients with alpha-gal syndrome and asymptomatic alpha-gal sensitization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:182-189. [PMID: 30125663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal) syndrome is characterized by the presence of serum specific IgE antibodies to alpha-gal and delayed type I allergic reactions to the carbohydrate alpha-gal after consumption of mammalian (red) meat products and drugs of mammalian origin. Diagnostics currently rely on patient history, skin tests, determination of serum specific IgE antibodies, and oral food or drug challenges. OBJECTIVE We sought to assess the utility of different basophil parameters (basophil reactivity and sensitivity, the ratio of the percentage of CD63+ basophils induced by the alpha-gal-containing allergen to the percentage of CD63+ basophils after stimulation with anti-FcεRI antibody [%CD63+/anti-FcεRI], and area under the dose-response curve [AUC]) as biomarkers for the clinical outcome of patients with alpha-gal syndrome compared with subjects with asymptomatic alpha-gal sensitization. METHODS In addition to routine diagnostics, a basophil activation test (Flow CAST) with different concentrations of alpha-gal-containing allergens (eg, commercially available alpha-gal-carrying proteins and pork kidney extracts) was performed in 21 patients with alpha-gal syndrome, 12 alpha-gal-sensitized subjects, and 18 control subjects. RESULTS Alpha-gal-containing allergens induced strong basophil activation in a dose-dependent manner in patients. Basophil reactivity at distinct allergen concentrations, the %CD63+/anti-FcεRI ratio across most allergen concentrations, the AUC of dose-response curves, and basophil allergen threshold sensitivity (CD-sens) with pork kidney extract were significantly higher in patients with alpha-gal syndrome compared with those in sensitized subjects. All parameters were negative in control subjects. CONCLUSION The basophil activation test should be considered as an additional diagnostic test before performing time-consuming and potentially risky oral provocation tests. The %CD63+/anti-FcεRI ratio for all allergens and AUCs for pork kidney were the best parameters for distinguishing patients with alpha-gal syndrome from subjects with asymptomatic alpha-gal sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Mehlich
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Fischer
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Hilger
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Kyra Swiontek
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Martine Morisset
- Immunology-Allergology Department, Luxembourg Hospital, Luxembourg-Ville, Luxembourg
| | | | - Maximilian Schiener
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Blank
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Ollert
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Ulf Darsow
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernadette Eberlein
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Santos AF, Shreffler WG. Road map for the clinical application of the basophil activation test in food allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:1115-1124. [PMID: 28618090 PMCID: PMC5601249 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of IgE‐mediated food allergy based solely on the clinical history and the documentation of specific IgE to whole allergen extract or single allergens is often ambiguous, requiring oral food challenges (OFCs), with the attendant risk and inconvenience to the patient, to confirm the diagnosis of food allergy. This is a considerable proportion of patients assessed in allergy clinics. The basophil activation test (BAT) has emerged as having superior specificity and comparable sensitivity to diagnose food allergy, when compared with skin prick test and specific IgE. BAT, therefore, may reduce the number of OFC required for accurate diagnosis, particularly positive OFC. BAT can also be used to monitor resolution of food allergy and the clinical response to immunomodulatory treatments. Given the practicalities involved in the performance of BAT, we propose that it can be applied for selected cases where the history, skin prick test and/or specific IgE are not definitive for the diagnosis of food allergy. In the cases that the BAT is positive, food allergy is sufficiently confirmed without OFC; in the cases that BAT is negative or the patient has non‐responder basophils, OFC may still be indicated. However, broad clinical application of BAT demands further standardization of the laboratory procedure and of the flow cytometry data analyses, as well as clinical validation of BAT as a diagnostic test for multiple target allergens and confirmation of its feasibility and cost‐effectiveness in multiple settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Santos
- Department of Paediatric Allergy, King's College London/Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - W G Shreffler
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Food Allergy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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