1
|
Leão CF, Lima Ribeiro MS, Moraes K, Gonçalves GSR, Lima MGM. Climate change and carnivores: shifts in the distribution and effectiveness of protected areas in the Amazon. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15887. [PMID: 37744233 PMCID: PMC10516102 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Carnivore mammals are animals vulnerable to human interference, such as climate change and deforestation. Their distribution and persistence are affected by such impacts, mainly in tropical regions such as the Amazon. Due to the importance of carnivores in the maintenance and functioning of the ecosystem, they are extremely important animals for conservation. We evaluated the impact of climate change on the geographic distribution of carnivores in the Amazon using Species Distribution Models (SDMs). Do we seek to answer the following questions: (1) What is the effect of climate change on the distribution of carnivores in the Amazon? (2) Will carnivore species lose or gain representation within the Protected Areas (PAs) of the Amazon in the future? Methods We evaluated the distribution area of 16 species of carnivores mammals in the Amazon, based on two future climate scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) for the year 2070. For the construction of the SDMs we used bioclimatic and vegetation cover variables (land type). Based on these models, we calculated the area loss and climate suitability of the species, as well as the effectiveness of the protected areas inserted in the Amazon. We estimated the effectiveness of PAs on the individual persistence of carnivores in the future, for this, we used the SDMs to perform the gap analysis. Finally, we analyze the effectiveness of PAs in protecting taxonomic richness in future scenarios. Results The SDMs showed satisfactory predictive performance, with Jaccard values above 0.85 and AUC above 0.91 for all species. In the present and for the future climate scenarios, we observe a reduction of potencial distribution in both future scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), where five species will be negatively affected by climate change in the RCP 4.5 future scenario and eight in the RCP 8.5 scenario. The remaining species stay stable in terms of total area. All species in the study showed a loss of climatic suitability. Some species lost almost all climatic suitability in the RCP 8.5 scenario. According to the GAP analysis, all species are protected within the PAs both in the current scenario and in both future climate scenarios. From the null models, we found that in all climate scenarios, the PAs are not efficient in protecting species richness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Ferreira Leão
- Programa Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biogeografia da Conservação e Macroecologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Kauê Moraes
- Laboratório de Biogeografia da Conservação e Macroecologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fragoso CE, Rampim LE, Quigley H, Buhrke Haberfeld M, Ayala Espíndola W, Cabral Araújo V, Rodrigues Sartorello L, May Júnior JA. Unveiling demographic and mating strategies of Panthera onca in the Pantanal, Brazil. J Mammal 2023; 104:239-251. [PMID: 37032705 PMCID: PMC10075339 DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyac123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We conducted the first long-term and large-scale study of demographic characteristics and reproductive behavior in a wild jaguar (Panthera onca) population. Data were collected through a combination of direct observations and camera trapping on a study area that operates both as a cattle ranch and ecotourism destination. Jaguars exhibited two birth peaks: April/May and October/November, that are the end and the beginning of the wet season in the Pantanal, respectively. The average litter size was 1.43 ± 0.65. Single cubs made up a total of 65.7% of the births, and we found a slight predominance of females (1.15:1 ratio) in litters. The mean age at independence was 17.6 ± 0.98 months, with sex-biased dispersal, with all males (n = 27) leaving the natal home range and 63.6% of females exhibiting philopatry. The interbirth intervals were 21.8 ± 3.2 months and the mean age at first parturition was 31.8 ± 4.2 months. Our results estimated a lifetime reproductive success for female jaguars of 8.13 cubs. Our observations also indicate that female jaguars can display mating behavior during cub rearing or pregnancy, representing 41.4% of the consorts and copulations recorded. We speculate that this behavior has evolved as a defense against infanticide and physical harm to the female. To our knowledge, this is the first time that such behavior is described for this species. All aggressive interactions between females involved the presence of cubs, following the offspring–defense hypothesis, that lead to territoriality among females in mammals, regardless of food availability. In the face of growing threats to this apex predator, this work unveils several aspects of its natural history, representing a baseline for comparison with future research and providing critical information for population viability analysis and conservation planning in the long term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Fragoso
- Associação Onçafari , Rua Ferreira de Araújo, 153, Conjunto 14, Sala 4, Pinheiros, 05428-000 São Paulo, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Lilian Elaine Rampim
- Associação Onçafari , Rua Ferreira de Araújo, 153, Conjunto 14, Sala 4, Pinheiros, 05428-000 São Paulo, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Howard Quigley
- Panthera Corporation , 8 West 40th Street 18th Floor, New York, New York 10018 , USA
| | - Mario Buhrke Haberfeld
- Associação Onçafari , Rua Ferreira de Araújo, 153, Conjunto 14, Sala 4, Pinheiros, 05428-000 São Paulo, São Paulo , Brazil
- Panthera Corporation , 8 West 40th Street 18th Floor, New York, New York 10018 , USA
- Instituto SOS Pantanal , Rua Alberto Neder, 328, Centro, 79002-160 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul , Brazil
| | - Wellyngton Ayala Espíndola
- Associação Onçafari , Rua Ferreira de Araújo, 153, Conjunto 14, Sala 4, Pinheiros, 05428-000 São Paulo, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Valquíria Cabral Araújo
- Associação Onçafari , Rua Ferreira de Araújo, 153, Conjunto 14, Sala 4, Pinheiros, 05428-000 São Paulo, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Leonardo Rodrigues Sartorello
- Associação Onçafari , Rua Ferreira de Araújo, 153, Conjunto 14, Sala 4, Pinheiros, 05428-000 São Paulo, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Joares Adenilson May Júnior
- Associação Onçafari , Rua Ferreira de Araújo, 153, Conjunto 14, Sala 4, Pinheiros, 05428-000 São Paulo, São Paulo , Brazil
- Panthera Corporation , 8 West 40th Street 18th Floor, New York, New York 10018 , USA
- Laboratório de Protozoologia e Rickettsioses Vetoriais, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, RS , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
de Barros AE, Morato RG, Fleming CH, Pardini R, Oliveira-Santos LGR, Tomas WM, Kantek DLZ, Tortato FR, Fragoso CE, Azevedo FCC, Thompson JJ, Prado PI. Wildfires disproportionately affected jaguars in the Pantanal. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1028. [PMID: 36229543 PMCID: PMC9561719 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pantanal wetland harbours the second largest population of jaguars in the world. Alongside climate and land-use changes, the recent mega-fires in the Pantanal may pose a threat to the jaguars' long-term survival. To put these growing threats into perspective, we addressed the reach and intensity of fires that have affected jaguar conservation in the Pantanal ecoregion over the last 16 years. The 2020 fires were the most severe in the annual series, burned 31% of the Pantanal and affected 45% of the estimated jaguar population (87% of these in Brazil); 79% of the home range areas, and 54% of the protected areas within home ranges. Fires consumed core habitats and injured several jaguars, the Pantanal's apex predator. Displacement, hunger, dehydration, territorial defence, and lower fecundity are among the impacts that may affect the abundance of the species. These impacts are likely to affect other less mobile species and, therefore, the ecological stability of the region. A solution to prevent the recurrence of mega-fires lies in combating the anthropogenic causes that intensify drought conditions, such as implementing actions to protect springs, increasing the number and area of protected areas, regulating fire use, and allocating fire brigades before dry seasons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Eduardo de Barros
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, no. 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.
| | - Ronaldo Gonçalves Morato
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Atibaia, SP, 12952011, Brazil
| | - Christen H Fleming
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, 20742, MD, USA.,Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, 22630, VA, USA
| | - Renata Pardini
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, no. 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | | | - Walfrido M Tomas
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa Pantanal), Corumbá, MS, Brazil
| | - Daniel L Z Kantek
- Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBIO), Estação Ecológica de Taiamã (EET), Cáceres, MT, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Eduardo Fragoso
- Associação Onçafari, Rua Ferreira de Araújo, 153, Conjunto 14, Sala 4, Pinheiros, 05428-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando C C Azevedo
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais - Universidade Federal de São João del Rei., São João Del Rei, MG, Brazil.,Instituto Pró-Carnívoros Atibaia, Av. Horácio Neto, 1030, 12954-010, Atibaia, SP, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey J Thompson
- Instituto Saite, Asunción, Paraguay.,Asociación Guyra Paraguay and CONACYT, Parque Ecológico Asunción Verde, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Paulo Inácio Prado
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, no. 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thompson JJ, Velilla M, Cabral H, Cantero N, Bonzi VR, Britez E, Campos Krauer JM, McBride RT, Ayala R, Cartes JL. Jaguar (Panthera onca) population density and landscape connectivity in a deforestation hotspot: The Paraguayan Dry Chaco as a case study. Perspect Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
|
5
|
Collaborative behaviour and coalitions in male jaguars (Panthera onca)—evidence and comparison with other felids. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03232-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Most large felids are classified as solitary species, with only lions (Panthera leo) and cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) exhibiting social, collaborative behaviours. Herein, we present evidence of the formation of male coalitions by jaguars (Panthera onca), based on data from five studies conducted with camera trapping, GPS telemetry, and direct observations in the Venezuelan Llanos and Brazilian Pantanal. Out of 7062 male records obtained with camera traps or visual observations, we detected 105 cases of male-male interactions, of which we classified 18 as aggression, nine as tolerance, 70 as cooperation/coalition, and eight as unidentified. In two studies, two male jaguars formed stable coalitions lasting over 7 years each. In the Llanos, each coalition male paired and mated with several females. For male jaguar coalitions, we documented similar behaviours as recorded earlier in lions or cheetahs, which included patrolling and marking territory together, invading territories of other males, collaborative chasing and killing other jaguars, and sharing prey. However, different from lions or cheetahs, associated male jaguars spent less time together, did not cooperate with females, and did not hunt cooperatively together. Our analysis of literature suggested that male jaguar coalitions were more likely to form when females had small home range size, a proxy of females’ concentration, while in lions, the male group size was directly correlated with the female group size. Similarly, locally concentrated access to females may drive formation of male coalitions in cheetahs. We conclude that high biomass and aggregation of prey are likely drivers of sociality in felids.
Significance statement
The division into social and solitary species in large felids has so far seemed unambiguous, with only lions and cheetahs classified as social species, in which male coalitions also occurred. Our data show that, under certain conditions, male coalitions may also form in jaguar populations. Factors that drive formation of male coalitions in lions and cheetahs, but not in other species of large cats, have not been clear until now. Our analyses indicate that in jaguars, lions, and cheetahs, the concentration of females likely plays the most important role. In jaguars, the probability of male coalition occurrence is highest in populations with the smallest mean female home range size (and thus likely high local density of females), while in lions, male group size is most strongly correlated with female group size.
Collapse
|
6
|
Landau VA, Noon BR, Theobald DM, Hobbs NT, Nielsen CK. Integrating presence-only and occupancy data to model habitat use for the northernmost population of jaguars. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2619. [PMID: 35384139 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Species distribution models (SDMs) have become an essential tool for the management and conservation of imperiled species. However, many at-risk species are rare and characterized by limited data on their spatial distribution and habitat relationships. This has led to the development of SDMs that integrate multiple types and sources of data to leverage more information and provide improved predictions of habitat associations. We developed a novel integrated species distribution model to predict habitat suitability for jaguars (Panthera onca) in the border region between northern Mexico and the southwestern USA. Our model combined presence-only and occupancy data to identify key environmental correlates, and we used model results to develop a probability of use map. We adopted a logistic regression modeling framework, which we found to be more straightforward and less computationally intensive to fit than Poisson point process-based models. Model results suggested that high terrain ruggedness and the presence of riparian vegetation were most strongly related to habitat use by jaguars in our study region. Our best model, on average, predicted that there is currently 25,463 km2 of usable habitat in our study region. The United States portion of the study region, which makes up 38.6% of the total area, contained 40.6% of the total usable habitat. Even though there have been few detections of jaguars in the southwestern USA in recent decades, our results suggest that protection of currently suitable habitats, along with increased conservation efforts, could significantly contribute to the recovery of jaguars in the USA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Barry R Noon
- Conservation Science Partners, Inc, Truckee, California, USA
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | | | - N Thompson Hobbs
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Clayton K Nielsen
- Department of Forestry and Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Brennan A, Naidoo R, Greenstreet L, Mehrabi Z, Ramankutty N, Kremen C. Functional connectivity of the world's protected areas. Science 2022; 376:1101-1104. [PMID: 35653461 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl8974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Global policies call for connecting protected areas (PAs) to conserve the flow of animals and genes across changing landscapes, yet whether global PA networks currently support animal movement-and where connectivity conservation is most critical-remain largely unknown. In this study, we map the functional connectivity of the world's terrestrial PAs and quantify national PA connectivity through the lens of moving mammals. We find that mitigating the human footprint may improve connectivity more than adding new PAs, although both strategies together maximize benefits. The most globally important areas of concentrated mammal movement remain unprotected, with 71% of these overlapping with global biodiversity priority areas and 6% occurring on land with moderate to high human modification. Conservation and restoration of critical connectivity areas could safeguard PA connectivity while supporting other global conservation priorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Brennan
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Biodiversity Solutions Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC, USA
| | - R Naidoo
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC, USA
| | - L Greenstreet
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Z Mehrabi
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.,Mortenson Center in Global Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - N Ramankutty
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,School of Public Policy and Global Affairs, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - C Kremen
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Biodiversity Solutions Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Moseby K, McGregor H. Feral Cats Use Fine Scale Prey Cues and Microhabitat Patches of Dense Vegetation When Hunting Prey in Arid Australia. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
|
9
|
Freitas F. Hunters, rangers, cougars, and jaguars: human and nonhuman territories at the Argentine-Brazilian border, 1960s-1990s. HISTORIA, CIENCIAS, SAUDE--MANGUINHOS 2021; 28:59-79. [PMID: 35137860 DOI: 10.1590/s0104-59702021000500004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This article aims to understand the role of territorial practices in the interaction between human and nonhuman animals. It focuses on the Iguazú and Iguaçu national parks, established by Argentina and Brazil in the 1930s as nature reserves bisected by an international boundary. In a setting where human-made boundaries overlay natural boundaries, qualitatively different spatial practices clash in the territorial encounters between cougars, jaguars, and humans. The article demonstrates how changes in the border practices of park officials, hunters, and big cats reshuffled the terms of these encounters. The article assesses when, where, and how these encounters between rangers, poachers, and big cats took place, showing how felids challenged the spatial placement and taxonomical categories attributed to them by humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Freitas
- Assistant Professor of History, North Carolina State University. Raleigh - NC - USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Whetten AB. Smoothing splines of apex predator movement: Functional modeling strategies for exploring animal behavior and social interactions. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:17786-17800. [PMID: 35003639 PMCID: PMC8717279 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The collection of animal position data via GPS tracking devices has increased in quality and usage in recent years. Animal position and movement, although measured discretely, follows the same principles of kinematic motion, and as such, the process is inherently continuous and differentiable. I demonstrate the functionality and visual elegance of smoothing spline models. I discuss the challenges and benefits of implementing such an approach, and I provide an analysis of movement and social interaction of seven jaguars inhabiting the Taiamã Ecological Station, Pantanal, Brazil, a region with the highest known density of jaguars. In the analysis, I derive measures for pairwise distance, cooccurrence, and spatiotemporal association between jaguars, borrowing ideas from density estimation and information theory. These measures are feasible as a result of spline model estimation, and they provide a critical tool for a deeper investigation of cooccurrence duration, frequency, and localized spatio-temporal relationships between animals. In this work, I characterize a variety of interactive relationships between pairs of jaguars, and I particularly emphasize the relationships in movement of two male-female and two male-male jaguar pairs exhibiting highly associative relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Whetten
- Department of Mathematical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin – MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cerqueira RC, de Rivera OR, Jaeger JAG, Grilo C. Direct and indirect effects of roads on space use by jaguars in Brazil. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22617. [PMID: 34799617 PMCID: PMC8604938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01936-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Roads pose an imminent threat to wildlife directly through mortality and changes in individual behavior, and also indirectly through modification of the amount and configuration of wildlife habitat. However, few studies have addressed how these mechanisms interact to determine species response to roads. We used structural equation modeling to assess direct and indirect effects (via landscape modification) of roads on space use by jaguars in Brazil, using radio-tracking data available from the literature. We fit path models that directly link jaguars' space use to roads and to land cover, and indirectly link jaguars' space use to roads through the same land cover categories. Our findings show that space use by jaguars was not directly affected by roads, but indirect effects occurred through reductions in natural areas on which jaguars depend, and through urban sprawl. Males´ space use, however, was not negatively influenced by urban areas. Since jaguars seem to ignore roads, mitigation should be directed to road fencing and promoting safe crossings. We argue that planners and managers need to much more seriously take into account the deforestation and the unbridled urban expansion from roads to ensure jaguar conservation in Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Cobucci Cerqueira
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Câmpus Universitário, Caixa Postal 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais, CEP 37200-000, Brazil.
| | - Oscar Rodríguez de Rivera
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Kent, Sibson, Park Wood Rd, Canterbury, CT2 7FS, UK
| | - Jochen A G Jaeger
- Department of Geography, Planning and Environment, Concordia University Montreal, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. W., Suite H1255, Montréal, QC, H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Clara Grilo
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Câmpus Universitário, Caixa Postal 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais, CEP 37200-000, Brazil
- CESAM - Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Miranda EBP, Peres CA, Downs CT. Landowner perceptions of livestock predation: implications for persecution of an Amazonian apex predator. Anim Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. B. P. Miranda
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Pietermaritzburg South Africa
| | - C. A. Peres
- School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich UK
- Instituto Juruá Manaus Brazil
| | - C. T. Downs
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Pietermaritzburg South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Thompson JJ, Morato RG, Niebuhr BB, Alegre VB, Oshima JEF, de Barros AE, Paviolo A, de la Torre JA, Lima F, McBride RT, Cunha de Paula R, Cullen L, Silveira L, Kantek DLZ, Ramalho EE, Maranhão L, Haberfeld M, Sana DA, Medellin RA, Carrillo E, Montalvo VH, Monroy-Vilchis O, Cruz P, Jacomo ATA, Alves GB, Cassaigne I, Thompson R, Sáenz-Bolaños C, Cruz JC, Alfaro LD, Hagnauer I, Xavier da Silva M, Vogliotti A, Moraes MFD, Miyazaki SS, Araujo GR, Cruz da Silva L, Leuzinger L, Carvalho MM, Rampim L, Sartorello L, Quigley H, Tortato FR, Hoogesteijn R, Crawshaw PG, Devlin AL, May Júnior JA, Powell GVN, Tobler MW, Carrillo-Percastegui SE, Payán E, Azevedo FCC, Concone HVB, Quiroga VA, Costa SA, Arrabal JP, Vanderhoeven E, Di Blanco YE, Lopes AMC, Ribeiro MC. Environmental and anthropogenic factors synergistically affect space use of jaguars. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3457-3466.e4. [PMID: 34237270 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Large terrestrial carnivores have undergone some of the largest population declines and range reductions of any species, which is of concern as they can have large effects on ecosystem dynamics and function.1-4 The jaguar (Panthera onca) is the apex predator throughout the majority of the Neotropics; however, its distribution has been reduced by >50% and it survives in increasingly isolated populations.5 Consequently, the range-wide management of the jaguar depends upon maintaining core populations connected through multi-national, transboundary cooperation, which requires understanding the movement ecology and space use of jaguars throughout their range.6-8 Using GPS telemetry data for 111 jaguars from 13 ecoregions within the four biomes that constitute the majority of jaguar habitat, we examined the landscape-level environmental and anthropogenic factors related to jaguar home range size and movement parameters. Home range size decreased with increasing net productivity and forest cover and increased with increasing road density. Speed decreased with increasing forest cover with no sexual differences, while males had more directional movements, but tortuosity in movements was not related to any landscape factors. We demonstrated a synergistic relationship between landscape-scale environmental and anthropogenic factors and jaguars' spatial needs, which has applications to the conservation strategy for the species throughout the Neotropics. Using large-scale collaboration, we overcame limitations from small sample sizes typical in large carnivore research to provide a mechanism to evaluate habitat quality for jaguars and an inferential modeling framework adaptable to the conservation of other large terrestrial carnivores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Thompson
- Asociación Guyra Paraguay and CONACYT, Parque Ecológico Asunción Verde, Asunción, Paraguay; Insituto Saite, Asunción, Paraguay.
| | - Ronaldo G Morato
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Atibaia, SP 12952011, Brazil
| | - Bernardo B Niebuhr
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Atibaia, SP 12952011, Brazil; Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Ecologia Espacial e Conservação LEEC, Rio Claro, SP 13506900, Brazil; Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia, SP 12945010, Brazil; Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vanesa Bejarano Alegre
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Ecologia Espacial e Conservação LEEC, Rio Claro, SP 13506900, Brazil
| | - Júlia Emi F Oshima
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Ecologia Espacial e Conservação LEEC, Rio Claro, SP 13506900, Brazil
| | - Alan E de Barros
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, no. 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Agustín Paviolo
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical, Universidad Nacional de Misiones and CONICET, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones 3370, Argentina; Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones 3370, Argentina
| | - J Antonio de la Torre
- Programa Jaguares de la Selva Maya, Bioconciencia A.C., Ciudad de México, México; School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fernando Lima
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Ecologia Espacial e Conservação LEEC, Rio Claro, SP 13506900, Brazil; IPÊ-Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas, Nazaré Paulista, SP 12960000, Brazil
| | - Roy T McBride
- Faro Moro Eco Research, Estancia Faro Moro, Departamento de Boquerón, Paraguay
| | - Rogerio Cunha de Paula
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Atibaia, SP 12952011, Brazil
| | - Laury Cullen
- IPÊ-Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas, Nazaré Paulista, SP 12960000, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel L Z Kantek
- Estacao Ecológica Taiamã, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Cáceres, MT 78210625, Brazil
| | - Emiliano E Ramalho
- Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia, SP 12945010, Brazil; Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Tefé, AM 69553225, Brazil
| | - Louise Maranhão
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Tefé, AM 69553225, Brazil
| | - Mario Haberfeld
- Associação Onçafari, Rua Ferreira de Araújo, 221, Cj.14, Sala 4, Pinheiros, São Paulo, SP 05428-000, Brazil; Panthera, 8 West 40th Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10018, USA; Instituto SOS Pantanal, R. Gutemberg, 328 Centro, Campo Grande, MS 79002-160, Brazil
| | - Denis A Sana
- Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia, SP 12945010, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91501970, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Medellin
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and CONACyT, Ciudad Universitaria, México D.F. 04318, México
| | - Eduardo Carrillo
- Instituto Internacional en Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 1350-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Victor H Montalvo
- Instituto Internacional en Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 1350-3000, Costa Rica; Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Octavio Monroy-Vilchis
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100, Col. Centro C.P. 50000, Toluca, Estado de México
| | - Paula Cruz
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical, Universidad Nacional de Misiones and CONICET, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones 3370, Argentina; Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones 3370, Argentina
| | | | - Giselle B Alves
- Instituto Onça Pintada, Mineiros, GO 75830000, Brazil; Instituto de Biologia, Laboratório de Ecologia de Mamíferos LEMA, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG 38408100, Brazil
| | | | - Ron Thompson
- Primero Conservation, Box 1588, Pinetop, AZ 85935, USA
| | - Carolina Sáenz-Bolaños
- Instituto Internacional en Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 1350-3000, Costa Rica; Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Cruz
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Namá Conservation, Heredia 40101, Costa Rica
| | - Luis D Alfaro
- Instituto Internacional en Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 1350-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Isabel Hagnauer
- Rescate Animal Zooave, Fundación Restauración de la Naturaleza, Apdo 1327-4050, Alajuela, Costa Rica
| | | | - Alexandre Vogliotti
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza, Foz do Iguaçu, PR 85851970, Brazil
| | | | - Selma S Miyazaki
- Estacao Ecológica Taiamã, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Cáceres, MT 78210625, Brazil
| | - Gediendson R Araujo
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brasil; Instituto Onças do Rio Negro, Fazenda Barranco Alto, Aquidauana, MS 79208000, Brazil
| | - Leanes Cruz da Silva
- Instituto Onças do Rio Negro, Fazenda Barranco Alto, Aquidauana, MS 79208000, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570, Brazil
| | - Lucas Leuzinger
- Instituto Onças do Rio Negro, Fazenda Barranco Alto, Aquidauana, MS 79208000, Brazil
| | - Marina M Carvalho
- Instituto de Defesa e Preservação dos Felídeos Brasileiros, Corumbá de Goiás, GO 72960000, Brazil
| | - Lilian Rampim
- Associação Onçafari, Rua Ferreira de Araújo, 221, Cj.14, Sala 4, Pinheiros, São Paulo, SP 05428-000, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Sartorello
- Associação Onçafari, Rua Ferreira de Araújo, 221, Cj.14, Sala 4, Pinheiros, São Paulo, SP 05428-000, Brazil
| | - Howard Quigley
- Panthera, 8 West 40th Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10018, USA
| | | | | | - Peter G Crawshaw
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Atibaia, SP 12952011, Brazil
| | - Allison L Devlin
- Panthera, 8 West 40th Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10018, USA; SUNY College of Environmental Science & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Wildlife Biology Program, W.A. Franke College of Forestry & Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Joares A May Júnior
- Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia, SP 12945010, Brazil; Associação Onçafari, Rua Ferreira de Araújo, 221, Cj.14, Sala 4, Pinheiros, São Paulo, SP 05428-000, Brazil; Panthera, 8 West 40th Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10018, USA; Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC 88704-900, Brazil
| | - George V N Powell
- Wildlife Protection Solutions, 2501 Welton Street, Denver, CO 80205, USA
| | - Mathias W Tobler
- San Diego Zoo Global, Institute for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92027, USA
| | - Samia E Carrillo-Percastegui
- San Diego Zoo Global, Institute for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92027, USA
| | - Estebán Payán
- Panthera, 8 West 40th Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10018, USA
| | - Fernando C C Azevedo
- Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia, SP 12945010, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Departamento de Ciências Naturais, São João del Rei, MG 36301160, Brazil
| | - Henrique V B Concone
- Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia, SP 12945010, Brazil; Laboratório de Ecologia, Manejo e Conservação de Fauna Silvestre, Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Ecologia Aplicada, Universidade de São Paulo ESALQ/CENA, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Verónica A Quiroga
- Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones 3370, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Centro de Zoología Aplicada, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas CONICET, Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal IDEA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sebastián A Costa
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical, Universidad Nacional de Misiones and CONICET, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones 3370, Argentina; Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones 3370, Argentina
| | - Juan P Arrabal
- Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones 3370, Argentina; Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical ANLIS, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones 3370, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Vanderhoeven
- Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones 3370, Argentina; Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical ANLIS, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones 3370, Argentina
| | - Yamil E Di Blanco
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical, Universidad Nacional de Misiones and CONICET, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones 3370, Argentina; Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones 3370, Argentina
| | - Alexandre M C Lopes
- Instituto de Pesquisa e Conservação de Tamanduás do Brasil, Parnaíba, PI 64200025, Brazil
| | - Milton Cezar Ribeiro
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Ecologia Espacial e Conservação LEEC, Rio Claro, SP 13506900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Calabrese JM, Fleming CH, Noonan MJ, Dong X. ctmmweb: A Graphical User Interface for Autocorrelation‐Informed Home Range Estimation. WILDLIFE SOC B 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Calabrese
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS) Untermarkt 20 02826 Görlitz Germany
| | - Christen H. Fleming
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute 1500 Remount Rd Front Royal VA 22630 USA
| | - Michael J. Noonan
- The Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences The University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus 1177 Research Road Kelowna BC V1V 1V7 Canada
| | - Xianghui Dong
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Garcia Fontes S, Gonçalves Morato R, Stanzani SL, Pizzigatti Corrêa PL. Jaguar movement behavior: using trajectories and association rule mining algorithms to unveil behavioral states and social interactions. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246233. [PMID: 33539384 PMCID: PMC7861389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal movement data are widely collected with devices such as sensors and collars, increasing the ability of researchers to monitor animal movement and providing information about animal behavioral patterns. Animal behavior is used as a basis for understanding the relationship between animals and the environment and for guiding decision-making by researchers and public agencies about environmental preservation and conservation actions. Animal movement and behavior are widely studied with a focus on identifying behavioral patterns, such as, animal group formation, the distance between animals and their home range. However, we observed a lack of research proposing a unified solution that aggregates resources for analyses of individual animal behavior and of social interactions between animals. The primary scientific contribution of this work is to present a framework that uses trajectory analysis and association rule mining [Jaiswal and Agarwal, 2012] to provide statistical measures of correlation and dependence to determine the relationship level between animals, their social interactions, and their interactions with other environmental factors based on their individual behavior and movement data. We demonstrate the usefulness of the framework by applying it to movement data from jaguars in the Pantanal, Brazil. This allowed us to describe jaguar behavior, social interactions among jaguars and their behavior in different landscapes, thus providing a highly detailed investigation of jaguar movement decisions at the fine scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suelane Garcia Fontes
- Computer Engineering and Digital Systems Department—Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Ronaldo Gonçalves Morato
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros (CENAP), ICMBIO, Atibaia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvio Luiz Stanzani
- Centro de Computação Científica, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Luiz Pizzigatti Corrêa
- Computer Engineering and Digital Systems Department—Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Noonan MJ, Fleming CH, Tucker MA, Kays R, Harrison A, Crofoot MC, Abrahms B, Alberts SC, Ali AH, Altmann J, Antunes PC, Attias N, Belant JL, Beyer DE, Bidner LR, Blaum N, Boone RB, Caillaud D, de Paula RC, de la Torre JA, Dekker J, DePerno CS, Farhadinia M, Fennessy J, Fichtel C, Fischer C, Ford A, Goheen JR, Havmøller RW, Hirsch BT, Hurtado C, Isbell LA, Janssen R, Jeltsch F, Kaczensky P, Kaneko Y, Kappeler P, Katna A, Kauffman M, Koch F, Kulkarni A, LaPoint S, Leimgruber P, Macdonald DW, Markham AC, McMahon L, Mertes K, Moorman CE, Morato RG, Moßbrucker AM, Mourão G, O'Connor D, Oliveira‐Santos LGR, Pastorini J, Patterson BD, Rachlow J, Ranglack DH, Reid N, Scantlebury DM, Scott DM, Selva N, Sergiel A, Songer M, Songsasen N, Stabach JA, Stacy‐Dawes J, Swingen MB, Thompson JJ, Ullmann W, Vanak AT, Thaker M, Wilson JW, Yamazaki K, Yarnell RW, Zieba F, Zwijacz‐Kozica T, Fagan WF, Mueller T, Calabrese JM. Effects of body size on estimation of mammalian area requirements. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2020; 34:1017-1028. [PMID: 32362060 PMCID: PMC7496598 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Accurately quantifying species' area requirements is a prerequisite for effective area-based conservation. This typically involves collecting tracking data on species of interest and then conducting home-range analyses. Problematically, autocorrelation in tracking data can result in space needs being severely underestimated. Based on the previous work, we hypothesized the magnitude of underestimation varies with body mass, a relationship that could have serious conservation implications. To evaluate this hypothesis for terrestrial mammals, we estimated home-range areas with global positioning system (GPS) locations from 757 individuals across 61 globally distributed mammalian species with body masses ranging from 0.4 to 4000 kg. We then applied block cross-validation to quantify bias in empirical home-range estimates. Area requirements of mammals <10 kg were underestimated by a mean approximately15%, and species weighing approximately100 kg were underestimated by approximately50% on average. Thus, we found area estimation was subject to autocorrelation-induced bias that was worse for large species. Combined with the fact that extinction risk increases as body mass increases, the allometric scaling of bias we observed suggests the most threatened species are also likely to be those with the least accurate home-range estimates. As a correction, we tested whether data thinning or autocorrelation-informed home-range estimation minimized the scaling effect of autocorrelation on area estimates. Data thinning required an approximately93% data loss to achieve statistical independence with 95% confidence and was, therefore, not a viable solution. In contrast, autocorrelation-informed home-range estimation resulted in consistently accurate estimates irrespective of mass. When relating body mass to home range size, we detected that correcting for autocorrelation resulted in a scaling exponent significantly >1, meaning the scaling of the relationship changed substantially at the upper end of the mass spectrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Noonan
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological Park1500 Remount RoadFront RoyalVA22630U.S.A.
- Department of BiologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742U.S.A.
| | - Christen H. Fleming
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological Park1500 Remount RoadFront RoyalVA22630U.S.A.
- Department of BiologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742U.S.A.
| | - Marlee A. Tucker
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research CentreSenckenberg Gesellschaft für NaturforschungSenckenberganlage 25Frankfurt (Main)60325Germany
- Department of Biological SciencesGoethe UniversityMax‐von‐Laue‐Straße 9Frankfurt (Main)60438Germany
- Department of Environmental ScienceInstitute for Wetland and Water ResearchRadboud UniversityP.O. Box 9010NijmegenGLNL‐6500The Netherlands
| | - Roland Kays
- North Carolina Museum of Natural SciencesBiodiversity LabRaleighNC27601U.S.A.
- Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, College of Natural Resources Campus Box 8001North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695U.S.A.
| | - Autumn‐Lynn Harrison
- Migratory Bird CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteWashingtonD.C.20013U.S.A.
| | - Margaret C. Crofoot
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCA95616U.S.A.
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboa Ancon0843‐03092Republic of Panama
| | - Briana Abrahms
- Environmental Research DivisionNOAA Southwest Fisheries Science CenterMontereyCA93940U.S.A.
| | - Susan C. Alberts
- Departments of Biology and Evolutionary AnthropologyDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708U.S.A.
| | | | - Jeanne Altmann
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionPrinceton University106A Guyot HallPrincetonNJ08544U.S.A.
| | - Pamela Castro Antunes
- Department of EcologyFederal University of Mato Grosso do SulCampo GrandeMS79070–900Brazil
| | - Nina Attias
- Programa de Pós‐Graduaçao em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do SulCidade UniversitáriaAv. Costa e SilvaCampo GrandeMato Grosso do Sul79070‐900Brazil
| | - Jerrold L. Belant
- Camp Fire Program in Wildlife Conservation, State University of New YorkCollege of Environmental Science and ForestrySyracuseNY13210U.S.A.
| | - Dean E. Beyer
- Michigan Department of Natural Resources1990 U.S. 41 SouthMarquetteMI49855U.S.A.
| | - Laura R. Bidner
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCA95616U.S.A.
- Mpala Research CentreNanyuki555–104000Kenya
| | - Niels Blaum
- University of Potsdam, Plant Ecology and Nature ConservationAm Mühlenberg 3Potsdam14476Germany
| | - Randall B. Boone
- Natural Resource Ecology LaboratoryColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523U.S.A.
- Department of Ecosystem Science and SustainabilityColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523U.S.A.
| | - Damien Caillaud
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCA95616U.S.A.
| | - Rogerio Cunha de Paula
- National Research Center for Carnivores ConservationChico Mendes Institute for the Conservation of BiodiversityEstrada Municipal Hisaichi Takebayashi 8600AtibaiaSP12952‐011Brazil
| | - J. Antonio de la Torre
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico and CONACyTCiudad UniversitariaMexicoD.F.04318Mexico
| | - Jasja Dekker
- Jasja Dekker DierecologieEnkhuizenstraat 26ArnhemWZ6843The Netherlands
| | - Christopher S. DePerno
- Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, College of Natural Resources Campus Box 8001North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695U.S.A.
| | - Mohammad Farhadinia
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordTubney House, OxfordshireOxfordOX13 5QLU.K.
- Future4Leopards FoundationTehranIran
| | | | - Claudia Fichtel
- German Primate CenterBehavioral Ecology & Sociobiology UnitKellnerweg 4Göttingen37077Germany
| | - Christina Fischer
- Restoration Ecology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem ManagementTechnische Universität MünchenEmil‐Ramann‐Straße 6Freising85354Germany
| | - Adam Ford
- The Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, Unit 2: BiologyThe University of British ColumbiaOkanagan Campus, SCI 109, 1177 Research RoadKelownaBCV1V 1V7Canada
| | - Jacob R. Goheen
- Department of Zoology and PhysiologyUniversity of WyomingLaramieWY82071U.S.A.
| | | | - Ben T. Hirsch
- Zoology and Ecology, College of Science and EngineeringJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQLD4811Australia
| | - Cindy Hurtado
- Museo de Historia NaturalUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San MarcosLima15072Peru
- Department of Forest Resources ManagementThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - Lynne A. Isbell
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCA95616U.S.A.
- Mpala Research CentreNanyuki555–104000Kenya
| | - René Janssen
- Bionet NatuuronderzoekValderstraat 39Stein6171ELThe Netherlands
| | - Florian Jeltsch
- University of Potsdam, Plant Ecology and Nature ConservationAm Mühlenberg 3Potsdam14476Germany
| | - Petra Kaczensky
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research — NINASluppenTrondheimNO‐7485Norway
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary MedicineSavoyenstraße 1ViennaA‐1160Austria
| | - Yayoi Kaneko
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyo183–8509Japan
| | - Peter Kappeler
- German Primate CenterBehavioral Ecology & Sociobiology UnitKellnerweg 4Göttingen37077Germany
| | - Anjan Katna
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE)BangaloreKarnataka560064India
- Manipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnataka576104India
| | - Matthew Kauffman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and PhysiologyUniversity of WyomingLaramieWY82071U.S.A.
| | - Flavia Koch
- German Primate CenterBehavioral Ecology & Sociobiology UnitKellnerweg 4Göttingen37077Germany
| | - Abhijeet Kulkarni
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE)BangaloreKarnataka560064India
| | - Scott LaPoint
- Max Planck Institute for OrnithologyVogelwarte RadolfzellAm Obstberg 1RadolfzellD‐78315Germany
- Black Rock Forest65 Reservoir RoadCornwallNY12518U.S.A.
| | - Peter Leimgruber
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological Park1500 Remount RoadFront RoyalVA22630U.S.A.
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordTubney House, OxfordshireOxfordOX13 5QLU.K.
| | | | - Laura McMahon
- Office of Applied ScienceDepartment of Natural ResourcesRhinelanderWI54501U.S.A.
| | - Katherine Mertes
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological Park1500 Remount RoadFront RoyalVA22630U.S.A.
| | - Christopher E. Moorman
- Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, College of Natural Resources Campus Box 8001North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695U.S.A.
| | - Ronaldo G. Morato
- National Research Center for Carnivores ConservationChico Mendes Institute for the Conservation of BiodiversityEstrada Municipal Hisaichi Takebayashi 8600AtibaiaSP12952‐011Brazil
- Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores – Pró‐CarnívorosAtibaiaSao Paulo12945‐010Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Mourão
- Embrapa PantanalRua 21 de setembro 1880Corumb´aMS79320–900Brazil
| | - David O'Connor
- Department of Biological SciencesGoethe UniversityMax‐von‐Laue‐Straße 9Frankfurt (Main)60438Germany
- San Diego Zoo Institute of Conservation Research15600 San Pasqual Valley RoadEscondidoCA92027U.S.A.
- National Geographic Partners1145 17th Street NWWashingtonD.C.20036U.S.A.
| | | | - Jennifer Pastorini
- Centre for Conservation and Research26/7 C2 Road, KodigahawewaJulpallamaTissamaharama82600Sri Lanka
- Anthropologisches InstitutUniversität ZürichWinterthurerstrasse 190Zurich8057Switzerland
| | - Bruce D. Patterson
- Integrative Research CenterField Museum of Natural HistoryChicagoIL60605U.S.A.
| | - Janet Rachlow
- Department of Fish and Wildlife SciencesUniversity of Idaho875 Perimeter Drive MS 1136MoscowID83844‐1136U.S.A.
| | - Dustin H. Ranglack
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Nebraska at KearneyKearneyNE68849U.S.A.
| | - Neil Reid
- Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS), School of Biological SciencesQueen's University BelfastBelfastBT9 5DLU.K.
| | - David M. Scantlebury
- School of Biological SciencesQueen's University Belfast19 Chlorine GardensBelfastNorthern IrelandBT9 5DLU.K.
| | - Dawn M. Scott
- School of Life SciencesKeele UniversityKeeleStaffordshireST5 5BGU.K.
| | - Nuria Selva
- Institute of Nature ConservationPolish Academy of SciencesMickiewicza 33Krakow31–120Poland
| | - Agnieszka Sergiel
- Institute of Nature ConservationPolish Academy of SciencesMickiewicza 33Krakow31–120Poland
| | - Melissa Songer
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological Park1500 Remount RoadFront RoyalVA22630U.S.A.
| | - Nucharin Songsasen
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological Park1500 Remount RoadFront RoyalVA22630U.S.A.
| | - Jared A. Stabach
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological Park1500 Remount RoadFront RoyalVA22630U.S.A.
| | - Jenna Stacy‐Dawes
- San Diego Zoo Institute of Conservation Research15600 San Pasqual Valley RoadEscondidoCA92027U.S.A.
| | - Morgan B. Swingen
- Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, College of Natural Resources Campus Box 8001North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695U.S.A.
- 1854 Treaty Authority4428 Haines RoadDuluthMN55811U.S.A.
| | - Jeffrey J. Thompson
- Asociación Guyra Paraguay – CONACYTParque Ecológico Asunción VerdeAsuncion1101Paraguay
- Instituto SaiteCoronel Felix Cabrera 166Asuncion1101Paraguay
| | - Wiebke Ullmann
- University of Potsdam, Plant Ecology and Nature ConservationAm Mühlenberg 3Potsdam14476Germany
| | - Abi Tamim Vanak
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE)BangaloreKarnataka560064India
- Wellcome Trust/DBT India AllianceHyderabad500034India
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalWestvilleDurban4041South Africa
| | - Maria Thaker
- Centre for Ecological SciencesIndian Institute of ScienceBangalore560012India
| | - John W. Wilson
- Department of Zoology & EntomologyUniversity of PretoriaPretoria0002South Africa
| | - Koji Yamazaki
- Ibaraki Nature MuseumZoological Laboratory700 OsakiBando‐cityIbaraki306–0622Japan
- Forest Ecology LaboratoryDepartment of Forest ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture1‐1‐1 SakuragaokaSetagaya‐KuTokyo156–8502Japan
| | - Richard W. Yarnell
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental SciencesNottingham Trent UniversityBrackenhurst CampusSouthwellNG25 0QFU.K.
| | - Filip Zieba
- Tatra National ParkKúznice 1Zakopane34–500Poland
| | | | - William F. Fagan
- Department of BiologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742U.S.A.
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research CentreSenckenberg Gesellschaft für NaturforschungSenckenberganlage 25Frankfurt (Main)60325Germany
- Department of Biological SciencesGoethe UniversityMax‐von‐Laue‐Straße 9Frankfurt (Main)60438Germany
| | - Justin M. Calabrese
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological Park1500 Remount RoadFront RoyalVA22630U.S.A.
- Department of BiologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742U.S.A.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Figel JJ, Botero-Cañola S, Forero-Medina G, Sánchez-Londoño JD, Valenzuela L, Noss RF. Wetlands are keystone habitats for jaguars in an intercontinental biodiversity hotspot. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221705. [PMID: 31509559 PMCID: PMC6738587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural development was the major contributor to South America's designation as the continent with the highest rates of forest loss from 2000-2012. As the apex predator in the Neotropics, jaguars (Panthera onca) are dependent on forest cover but the species' response to habitat fragmentation in heterogeneous agricultural landscapes has not been a subject of extensive research. We used occupancy as a measure of jaguar habitat use in Colombia's middle Magdalena River valley which, as part of the intercontinental Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena biodiversity hotspot, is exceedingly fragmented by expanding cattle pastures and oil palm plantations. We used single-season occupancy models to analyze 9 months of data (2015-2016) from 70 camera trap sites. Given the middle Magdalena's status as a "jaguar corridor" and our possible violation of the occupancy models' demographic closure assumption, we interpreted our results as "probability of habitat use (Ψ)" by jaguars. We measured the associations between jaguar presence and coverage of forest, oil palm, and wetlands in radii buffers of 1, 3, and 5 km around each camera trap. Our camera traps recorded 77 jaguar detections at 25 of the camera trap sites (36%) during 15,305 trap nights. The probability of detecting jaguars, given their presence at a site, was 0.28 (0.03 SE). In the top-ranked model, jaguar habitat use was positively influenced by wetland coverage (β = 7.16, 3.20 SE) and negatively influenced by cattle pastures (β = -1.40, 0.63 SE), both in the 3 km buffers. We conclude that wetlands may serve as keystone habitats for jaguars in landscapes fragmented by cattle ranches and oil palm plantations. Greater focus on wetland preservation could facilitate jaguar persistence in one of the most important yet vulnerable areas of their distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe J. Figel
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sebastián Botero-Cañola
- Harold W Manter Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Nebraska State Museum and School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- Instituto de Biología, Grupo de Mastozoología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Juan David Sánchez-Londoño
- Facultad de Ciencias y Biotecnología, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
- Fundación BioDiversa, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Reed F. Noss
- Florida Institute for Conservation Science, Chuluota, Florida, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Noonan MJ, Tucker MA, Fleming CH, Akre TS, Alberts SC, Ali AH, Altmann J, Antunes PC, Belant JL, Beyer D, Blaum N, Böhning‐Gaese K, Cullen L, Paula RC, Dekker J, Drescher‐Lehman J, Farwig N, Fichtel C, Fischer C, Ford AT, Goheen JR, Janssen R, Jeltsch F, Kauffman M, Kappeler PM, Koch F, LaPoint S, Markham AC, Medici EP, Morato RG, Nathan R, Oliveira‐Santos LGR, Olson KA, Patterson BD, Paviolo A, Ramalho EE, Rösner S, Schabo DG, Selva N, Sergiel A, Xavier da Silva M, Spiegel O, Thompson P, Ullmann W, Zięba F, Zwijacz‐Kozica T, Fagan WF, Mueller T, Calabrese JM. A comprehensive analysis of autocorrelation and bias in home range estimation. ECOL MONOGR 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Noonan
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Road Front Royal Virginia 22630 USA
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Marlee A. Tucker
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences Goethe University Max‐von‐Laue‐Straße 9 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Christen H. Fleming
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Road Front Royal Virginia 22630 USA
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Thomas S. Akre
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Road Front Royal Virginia 22630 USA
| | - Susan C. Alberts
- Departments of Biology and Evolutionary Anthropology Duke University Durham North Carolina 27708 USA
| | | | - Jeanne Altmann
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Princeton University Princeton New Jersey 08544 USA
| | - Pamela Castro Antunes
- Department of Ecology Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande MS 79070‐900 Brazil
| | - Jerrold L. Belant
- Camp Fire Program in Wildlife Conservation College of Environmental Science and Forestry State University of New York Syracuse New York 13210 USA
| | - Dean Beyer
- Conservation Ecology Faculty of Biology Philipps‐University Marburg Karl‐von‐Frisch Straße 8 Marburg D‐35043 Germany
| | - Niels Blaum
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation University of Potsdam Am Mühlenberg 3 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Katrin Böhning‐Gaese
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences Goethe University Max‐von‐Laue‐Straße 9 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Laury Cullen
- Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas Nazare Paulista Rod. Dom Pedro I, km 47 Caixa Postal 47 ‐ 12960‐000 Nazaré Paulista SP Brazil
| | - Rogerio Cunha Paula
- National Research Center for Carnivores Conservation Chico Mendes Institute for the Conservation of Biodiversity Estrada Municipal Hisaichi Takebayashi 8600 Atibaia SP 12952‐011 Brazil
| | - Jasja Dekker
- Jasja Dekker Dierecologie Enkhuizenstraat 26 6843 WZ Arnhem The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Drescher‐Lehman
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Road Front Royal Virginia 22630 USA
- Department of Biology George Mason University 4400 University Drive Fairfax Virginia 22030 USA
| | - Nina Farwig
- Michigan Department of Natural Resources 1990 U.S. 41 South Marquette Michigan 49855 USA
| | - Claudia Fichtel
- Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology Unit German Primate Center Kellnerweg 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Christina Fischer
- Restoration Ecology Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management Technische Universität München Emil‐Ramann‐Straße 6 85354 Freising Germany
| | - Adam T. Ford
- Department of Biology University of British Columbia 1177 Research Road Kelowna British Columbia V1V 1V7 Canada
| | - Jacob R. Goheen
- Department of Zoology and Physiology University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
| | - René Janssen
- Bionet Natuuronderzoek Valderstraat 39 6171EL Stein The Netherlands
| | - Florian Jeltsch
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation University of Potsdam Am Mühlenberg 3 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Matthew Kauffman
- U.S. Geological Survey Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Department of Zoology and Physiology University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
| | - Peter M. Kappeler
- Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology Unit German Primate Center Kellnerweg 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Flávia Koch
- Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology Unit German Primate Center Kellnerweg 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Scott LaPoint
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Vogelwarte Radolfzell Am Obstberg 1 D‐78315 Radolfzell Germany
- Lamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory Columbia University Palisades New York 10964 USA
| | - A. Catherine Markham
- Department of Anthropology Stony Brook University Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
| | - Emilia Patricia Medici
- Lowland Tapir Conservation Initiative (LTCI) Instituto de Pesquisas Ecologicas (IPE) & IUCN SSC Tapir Specialist Group (TSG) Rua Licuala 622, Damha 1, CEP: 79046‐150 Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Ronaldo G. Morato
- National Research Center for Carnivores Conservation Chico Mendes Institute for the Conservation of Biodiversity Estrada Municipal Hisaichi Takebayashi 8600 Atibaia SP 12952‐011 Brazil
- Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores – Pro‐Carnívoros Atibaia SP 12945‐010 Brazil
| | - Ran Nathan
- Movement Ecology Laboratory Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Edmond J. Safra Campus Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | | | - Kirk A. Olson
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Road Front Royal Virginia 22630 USA
- Wildlife Conservation Society Mongolia Program 201 San Business Center Amar Street 29, Small Ring Road, Sukhbaatar District Post 20A, Box‐21 Ulaanbaatar Mongolia
| | - Bruce D. Patterson
- Integrative Research Center Field Museum of Natural History Chicago Illinois 60605 USA
| | - Agustin Paviolo
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical Universidad Nacional de Misiones and CONICET Bertoni 85 3370 Puerto Iguazú Misiones Argentina
| | - Emiliano Esterci Ramalho
- Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores – Pro‐Carnívoros Atibaia SP 12945‐010 Brazil
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá Estrada do Bexiga, 2.584 Bairro Fonte Boa Caixa Postal 38 69.553‐225 Tefé Amazonas Brazil
| | - Sascha Rösner
- Michigan Department of Natural Resources 1990 U.S. 41 South Marquette Michigan 49855 USA
| | - Dana G. Schabo
- Michigan Department of Natural Resources 1990 U.S. 41 South Marquette Michigan 49855 USA
| | - Nuria Selva
- Institute of Nature Conservation Polish Academy of Sciences Mickiewicza 33 31‐120 Krakow Poland
| | - Agnieszka Sergiel
- Institute of Nature Conservation Polish Academy of Sciences Mickiewicza 33 31‐120 Krakow Poland
| | - Marina Xavier da Silva
- Projeto Carnívoros do Iguaçu Parque Nacional do Iguaçu BR‐469, Km 22.5, CEP 85851‐970 Foz do Iguaçu PR Brazil
| | - Orr Spiegel
- School of Zoology Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Peter Thompson
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Wiebke Ullmann
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation University of Potsdam Am Mühlenberg 3 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Filip Zięba
- Tatra National Park Kuźnice 1 34‐500 Zakopane Poland
| | | | - William F. Fagan
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences Goethe University Max‐von‐Laue‐Straße 9 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Justin M. Calabrese
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Road Front Royal Virginia 22630 USA
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA
| |
Collapse
|