1
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Vadori M, Cozzi E. Current challenges in xenotransplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2024; 29:205-211. [PMID: 38529696 PMCID: PMC11064916 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000001146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In recent years, the xenotransplantation science has advanced tremendously, with significant strides in both preclinical and clinical research. This review intends to describe the latest cutting-edge progress in knowledge and methodologies developed to overcome potential obstacles that may preclude the translation and successful application of clinical xenotransplantation. RECENT FINDINGS Preclinical studies have demonstrated that it is now possible to extend beyond two years survival of primate recipients of life saving xenografts. This has been accomplished thanks to the utilization of genetic engineering methodologies that have allowed the generation of specifically designed gene-edited pigs, a careful donor and recipient selection, and appropriate immunosuppressive strategies.In this light, the compassionate use of genetically modified pig hearts has been authorized in two human recipients and xenotransplants have also been achieved in human decedents. Although encouraging the preliminary results suggest that several challenges have yet to be fully addressed for a successful clinical translation of xenotransplantation. These challenges include immunologic, physiologic and biosafety aspects. SUMMARY Recent progress has paved the way for the initial compassionate use of pig organs in humans and sets the scene for a wider application of clinical xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vadori
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua
| | - Emanuele Cozzi
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua
- Transplant Immunology Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
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2
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Sakata N, Yoshimatsu G, Kawakami R, Aoyagi C, Kodama S. Optimal temperature for the long-term culture of adult porcine islets for xenotransplantation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1280668. [PMID: 37901206 PMCID: PMC10611499 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1280668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine islet xenotransplantation represents a promising therapy for severe diabetes mellitus. Long-term culture of porcine islets is a crucial challenge to permit the on-demand provision of islets. We aimed to identify the optimal temperature for the long-term culture of adult porcine islets for xenotransplantation. We evaluated the factors potentially influencing successful 28-day culture of islets at 24°C and 37°C, and found that culture at 37°C contributed to the stability of the morphology of the islets, the proliferation of islet cells, and the recovery of endocrine function, indicated by the expression of genes involved in pancreatic development, hormone production, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. These advantages may be provided by islet-derived CD146-positive stellate cells. The efficacy of xenotransplantation using islets cultured for a long time at 37°C was similar to that of overnight-cultured islets. In conclusion, 37°C might be a suitable temperature for the long-term culture of porcine islets, but further modifications will be required for successful xenotransplantation in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoaki Sakata
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Gumpei Yoshimatsu
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryo Kawakami
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chikao Aoyagi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shohta Kodama
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
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3
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Koh J, Chee HK, Kim KH, Jeong IS, Kim JS, Lee CH, Seo JW. Historical Review and Future of Cardiac Xenotransplantation. Korean Circ J 2023; 53:351-366. [PMID: 37271743 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2022.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Along with the development of immunosuppressive drugs, major advances on xenotransplantation were achieved by understanding the immunobiology of xenograft rejection. Most importantly, three predominant carbohydrate antigens on porcine endothelial cells were key elements provoking hyperacute rejection: α1,3-galactose, SDa blood group antigen, and N-glycolylneuraminic acid. Preformed antibodies binding to the porcine major xenoantigen causes complement activation and endothelial cell activation, leading to xenograft injury and intravascular thrombosis. Recent advances in genetic engineering enabled knock-outs of these major xenoantigens, thus producing xenografts with less hyperacute rejection rates. Another milestone in the history of xenotransplantation was the development of co-stimulation blockaded strategy. Unlike allotransplantation, xenotransplantation requires blockade of CD40-CD40L pathway to prevent T-cell dependent B-cell activation and antibody production. In 2010s, advanced genetic engineering of xenograft by inducing the expression of multiple human transgenes became available. So-called 'multi-gene' xenografts expressing human transgenes such as thrombomodulin and endothelial protein C receptor were introduced, which resulted in the reduction of thrombotic events and improvement of xenograft survival. Still, there are many limitations to clinical translation of cardiac xenotransplantation. Along with technical challenges, zoonotic infection and physiological discordances are major obstacles. Social barriers including healthcare costs also need to be addressed. Although there are several remaining obstacles to overcome, xenotransplantation would surely become the novel option for millions of patients with end-stage heart failure who have limited options to traditional therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Koh
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Keun Chee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Incheon Sejong Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - In-Seok Jeong
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital and Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jung-Sun Kim
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Ha Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Bucheon Sejong Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Jeong-Wook Seo
- Department of Pathology, Incheon Sejong Hospital, Incheon, Korea.
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4
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Li Q, Lan P. Activation of immune signals during organ transplantation. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:110. [PMID: 36906586 PMCID: PMC10008588 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of host's innate and adaptive immune systems can lead to acute and chronic graft rejection, which seriously impacts graft survival. Thus, it is particularly significant to clarify the immune signals, which are critical to the initiation and maintenance of rejection generated after transplantation. The initiation of response to graft is dependent on sensing of danger and stranger molecules. The ischemia and reperfusion of grafts lead to cell stress or death, followed by releasing a variety of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of host immune cells to activate intracellular immune signals and induce sterile inflammation. In addition to DAMPs, the graft exposed to 'non-self' antigens (stranger molecules) are recognized by the host immune system, stimulating a more intense immune response and further aggravating the graft damage. The polymorphism of MHC genes between different individuals is the key for host or donor immune cells to identify heterologous 'non-self' components in allogeneic and xenogeneic organ transplantation. The recognition of 'non-self' antigen by immune cells mediates the activation of immune signals between donor and host, resulting in adaptive memory immunity and innate trained immunity to the graft, which poses a challenge to the long-term survival of the graft. This review focuses on innate and adaptive immune cells receptor recognition of damage-associated molecular patterns, alloantigens and xenoantigens, which is described as danger model and stranger model. In this review, we also discuss the innate trained immunity in organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Li
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Peixiang Lan
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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5
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Lei T, Chen L, Wang K, Du S, Gonelle-Gispert C, Wang Y, Buhler LH. Genetic engineering of pigs for xenotransplantation to overcome immune rejection and physiological incompatibilities: The first clinical steps. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1031185. [PMID: 36561750 PMCID: PMC9766364 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1031185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation has the potential to solve the shortfall of human organ donors. Genetically modified pigs have been considered as potential animal donors for human xenotransplantation and have been widely used in preclinical research. The genetic modifications aim to prevent the major species-specific barriers, which include humoral and cellular immune responses, and physiological incompatibilities such as complement and coagulation dysfunctions. Genetically modified pigs can be created by deleting several pig genes related to the synthesis of various pig specific antigens or by inserting human complement- and coagulation-regulatory transgenes. Finally, in order to reduce the risk of infection, genes related to porcine endogenous retroviruses can be knocked down. In this review, we focus on genetically modified pigs and comprehensively summarize the immunological mechanism of xenograft rejection and recent progress in preclinical and clinical studies. Overall, both genetically engineered pig-based xenografts and technological breakthroughs in the biomedical field provide a promising foundation for pig-to-human xenotransplantation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Lei
- Department of Pharmacy, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
| | - Kejing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
| | - Suya Du
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China
| | | | - Yi Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Leo H. Buhler
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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6
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Eisenson DL, Hisadome Y, Santillan MR, Yamada K. Progress in islet xenotransplantation: Immunologic barriers, advances in gene editing, and tolerance induction strategies for xenogeneic islets in pig-to-primate transplantation. FRONTIERS IN TRANSPLANTATION 2022; 1:989811. [PMID: 38390384 PMCID: PMC10883655 DOI: 10.3389/frtra.2022.989811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Islet transplantation has emerged as a curative therapy for diabetes in select patients but remains rare due to shortage of suitable donor pancreases. Islet transplantation using porcine islets has long been proposed as a solution to this organ shortage. There have already been several small clinical trials using porcine islets in humans, but results have been mixed and further trials limited by calls for more rigorous pre-clinical data. Recent progress in heart and kidney xenograft transplant, including three studies of pig-to-human xenograft transplant, have recaptured popular imagination and renewed interest in clinical islet xenotransplantation. This review outlines immunologic barriers to islet transplantation, summarizes current strategies to overcome these barriers with a particular focus on approaches to induce tolerance, and describes an innovative strategy for treatment of diabetic nephropathy with composite islet-kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Eisenson
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yu Hisadome
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Kazuhiko Yamada
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
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7
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Sykes M, Sachs DH. Progress in xenotransplantation: overcoming immune barriers. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:745-761. [PMID: 36198911 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00624-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A major limitation of organ allotransplantation is the insufficient supply of donor organs. Consequently, thousands of patients die every year while waiting for a transplant. Progress in xenotransplantation that has permitted pig organ graft survivals of years in non-human primates has led to renewed excitement about the potential of this approach to alleviate the organ shortage. In 2022, the first pig-to-human heart transplant was performed on a compassionate use basis, and xenotransplantation experiments using pig kidneys in deceased human recipients provided encouraging data. Many advances in xenotransplantation have resulted from improvements in the ability to genetically modify pigs using CRISPR-Cas9 and other methodologies. Gene editing has the capacity to generate pig organs that more closely resemble those of humans and are hence more physiologically compatible and less prone to rejection. Despite such modifications, immune responses to xenografts remain powerful and multi-faceted, involving innate immune components that do not attack allografts. Thus, the induction of innate and adaptive immune tolerance to prevent rejection while preserving the capacity of the immune system to protect the recipient and the graft from infection is desirable to enable clinical xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - David H Sachs
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Goerlich CE, Singh AK, Griffith BP, Mohiuddin MM. The immunobiology and clinical use of genetically engineered porcine hearts for cardiac xenotransplantation. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2022; 1:715-726. [PMID: 36895262 PMCID: PMC9994617 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-022-00112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A summary of the scientific rationale of the advancements that led to the first genetically modified pig-to-human cardiac xenotransplantation is lacking in a complex and rapidly evolving field. Here, we aim to aid the general readership in the understanding of the gradual progression of cardiac (xeno)transplantation research, the immunobiology of cardiac xenotransplantation (including the latest immunosuppression, cardiac preservation and genetic engineering required for successful transplantation) and the regulatory landscape related to the clinical application of cardiac xenotransplantation for people with end-stage heart failure. Finally, we provide an overview of the outcomes and lessons learned from the first genetically modified pig-to-human cardiac heart xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corbin E. Goerlich
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Avneesh K. Singh
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bartley P. Griffith
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Muhammad M. Mohiuddin
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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9
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Katz H, Victor L, Guinet E, Nouri-Shirazi M. Human T cells show plasticity for direct recognition of xenogeneic dendritic cells. Immunol Lett 2022; 248:90-95. [PMID: 35753524 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Organ shortage continues to be the forefront of problems facing clinical transplantation. Although xenografts serve as a promising alternative, its success is contingent upon further investigation into the mechanisms of cell-mediated xenograft rejection. Here, we explored the direct and indirect contribution of human immune cells in xenorecognition using human and murine in vitro coculture systems. Our data shows that human T cells directly recognized the xenogeneic MHC molecules since blocking of MHCs suppressed their proliferative response and cytokines production of IL-2 and IFN-γ. While B and NK cells alone did not generate a significant response, the combination of B and T cells promoted indirect xenorecognition by T cells as evidenced by an increase in B cell proliferative response. Overall, our data suggests that human T cells have the plasticity to recognize xenogeneic MHCs and contribute to xenograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Katz
- Integrated Medical Science Department, Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Boca Raton, Florida, 33431, USA
| | - Lisa Victor
- Integrated Medical Science Department, Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Boca Raton, Florida, 33431, USA
| | - Elisabeth Guinet
- Integrated Medical Science Department, Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Boca Raton, Florida, 33431, USA
| | - Mahyar Nouri-Shirazi
- Integrated Medical Science Department, Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Boca Raton, Florida, 33431, USA..
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10
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Eisenson DL, Hisadome Y, Yamada K. Progress in Xenotransplantation: Immunologic Barriers, Advances in Gene Editing, and Successful Tolerance Induction Strategies in Pig-To-Primate Transplantation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:899657. [PMID: 35663933 PMCID: PMC9157571 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.899657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ transplantation is the most effective treatment for end stage organ failure, but there are not enough organs to meet burgeoning demand. One potential solution to this organ shortage is xenotransplantation using pig tissues. Decades of progress in xenotransplantation, accelerated by the development of rapid genome editing tools, particularly the advent of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technologies, have enabled remarkable advances in kidney and heart xenotransplantation in pig-to-nonhuman primates. These breakthroughs in large animal preclinical models laid the foundation for three recent pig-to-human transplants by three different groups: two kidney xenografts in brain dead recipients deemed ineligible for transplant, and one heart xenograft in the first clinical grade study of pig-to-human transplantation. However, despite tremendous progress, recent data including the first clinical case suggest that gene-modification alone will not overcome all xenogeneic immunologic barriers, and thus an active and innovative immunologic strategy is required for successful xenotransplantation. This review highlights xenogeneic immunologic barriers, advances in gene editing, and tolerance-inducing strategies in pig-to-human xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Eisenson
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yu Hisadome
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kazuhiko Yamada
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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11
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Singh AK, Goerlich CE, Shah AM, Zhang T, Tatarov I, Ayares D, Horvath KA, Mohiuddin MM. Cardiac Xenotransplantation: Progress in Preclinical Models and Prospects for Clinical Translation. Transpl Int 2022; 35:10171. [PMID: 35401039 PMCID: PMC8985160 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2022.10171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Survival of pig cardiac xenografts in a non-human primate (NHP) model has improved significantly over the last 4 years with the introduction of costimulation blockade based immunosuppression (IS) and genetically engineered (GE) pig donors. The longest survival of a cardiac xenograft in the heterotopic (HHTx) position was almost 3 years and only rejected when IS was stopped. Recent reports of cardiac xenograft survival in a life-sustaining orthotopic (OHTx) position for 6 months is a significant step forward. Despite these achievements, there are still several barriers to the clinical success of xenotransplantation (XTx). This includes the possible transmission of porcine pathogens with pig donors and continued xenograft growth after XTx. Both these concerns, and issues with additional incompatibilities, have been addressed recently with the genetic modification of pigs. This review discusses the spectrum of issues related to cardiac xenotransplantation, recent progress in preclinical models, and its feasibility for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avneesh K. Singh
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Corbin E. Goerlich
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Aakash M. Shah
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ivan Tatarov
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Keith A. Horvath
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Muhammad M. Mohiuddin
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Muhammad M. Mohiuddin,
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12
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Reichart B, Längin M, Denner J, Schwinzer R, Cowan PJ, Wolf E. Pathways to Clinical Cardiac Xenotransplantation. Transplantation 2021; 105:1930-1943. [PMID: 33350675 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heart transplantation is the only long-lasting lifesaving option for patients with terminal cardiac failure. The number of available human organs is however far below the actual need, resulting in substantial mortality of patients while waiting for a human heart. Mechanical assist devices are used to support cardiac function but are associated with a high risk of severe complications and poor quality of life for the patients. Consistent success in orthotopic transplantation of genetically modified pig hearts into baboons indicates that cardiac xenotransplantation may become a clinically applicable option for heart failure patients who cannot get a human heart transplant. In this overview, we project potential paths to clinical cardiac xenotransplantation, including the choice of genetically modified source pigs; associated requirements of microbiological, including virological, safety; optimized matching of source pig and recipient; and specific treatments of the donor heart after explantation and of the recipients. Moreover, selection of patients and the regulatory framework will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Reichart
- Walter Brendel Center for Experimental Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Längin
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Denner
- Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schwinzer
- Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery, Transplant Laboratory, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter J Cowan
- Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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13
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Carvalho-Oliveira M, Valdivia E, Blasczyk R, Figueiredo C. Immunogenetics of xenotransplantation. Int J Immunogenet 2021; 48:120-134. [PMID: 33410582 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation may become the highly desired solution to close the gap between the availability of donated organs and number of patients on the waiting list. In recent years, enormous progress has been made in the development of genetically engineered donor pigs. The introduced genetic modifications showed to be efficient in prolonging xenograft survival. In this review, we focus on the type of immune responses that may target xeno-organs after transplantation and promising immunogenetic modifications that show a beneficial effect in ameliorating or eliminating harmful xenogeneic immune responses. Increasing histocompatibility of xenografts by eliminating genetic discrepancies between species will pave their way into clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carvalho-Oliveira
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,TRR127 - Biology of Xenogeneic Cell and Organ Transplantation - from bench to bedside, Hannover, Germany
| | - Emilio Valdivia
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rainer Blasczyk
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Constanca Figueiredo
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,TRR127 - Biology of Xenogeneic Cell and Organ Transplantation - from bench to bedside, Hannover, Germany
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14
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Galow AM, Goldammer T, Hoeflich A. Xenogeneic and Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases: Genetic Engineering of Porcine Cells and Their Applications in Heart Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249686. [PMID: 33353186 PMCID: PMC7766969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases represent a major health concern worldwide with few therapy options for ischemic injuries due to the limited regeneration potential of affected cardiomyocytes. Innovative cell replacement approaches could facilitate efficient regenerative therapy. However, despite extensive attempts to expand primary human cells in vitro, present technological limitations and the lack of human donors have so far prevented their broad clinical use. Cell xenotransplantation might provide an ethically acceptable unlimited source for cell replacement therapies and bridge the gap between waiting recipients and available donors. Pigs are considered the most suitable candidates as a source for xenogeneic cells and tissues due to their anatomical and physiological similarities with humans. The potential of porcine cells in the field of stem cell-based therapy and regenerative medicine is under intensive investigation. This review outlines the current progress and highlights the most promising approaches in xenogeneic cell therapy with a focus on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Galow
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (T.G.); (A.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38208-68-723
| | - Tom Goldammer
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (T.G.); (A.H.)
- Molecular Biology and Fish Genetics Unit, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Hoeflich
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (T.G.); (A.H.)
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15
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Sykes M, Sachs DH. Transplanting organs from pigs to humans. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/41/eaau6298. [PMID: 31676497 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aau6298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The success of organ transplantation is limited by the complications of immunosuppression, by chronic rejection, and by the insufficient organ supply, and thousands of patients die every year while waiting for a transplant. With recent progress in xenotransplantation permitting porcine organ graft survival of months or even years in nonhuman primates, there is renewed interest in its potential to alleviate the organ shortage. Many of these advances are the result of our heightened capacity to modify pigs genetically, particularly with the development of CRISPR-Cas9-based gene editing methodologies. Although this approach allows the engineering of pig organs that are less prone to rejection, the clinical application of xenotransplantation will require the ability to avoid the ravages of a multifaceted attack on the immune system while preserving the capacity to protect both the recipient and the graft from infectious microorganisms. In this review, we will discuss the potential and limitations of these modifications and how the engineering of the graft can be leveraged to alter the host immune response so that all types of immune attack are avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, NY, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, NY, USA.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - David H Sachs
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, NY, USA.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, NY, USA
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16
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Shu S, Ren J, Song J. Cardiac xenotransplantation: a promising way to treat advanced heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2020; 27:71-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10741-020-09989-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Hein R, Sake HJ, Pokoyski C, Hundrieser J, Brinkmann A, Baars W, Nowak-Imialek M, Lucas-Hahn A, Figueiredo C, Schuberth HJ, Niemann H, Petersen B, Schwinzer R. Triple (GGTA1, CMAH, B2M) modified pigs expressing an SLA class I low phenotype-Effects on immune status and susceptibility to human immune responses. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:988-998. [PMID: 31733031 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Porcine xenografts lacking swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) class I are thought to be protected from human T cell responses. We have previously shown that SLA class I deficiency can be achieved in pigs by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of β2 -microglobulin (B2M). Here, we characterized another line of genetically modified pigs in which targeting of the B2M locus did not result in complete absence of B2M and SLA class I but rather in significantly reduced expression levels of both molecules. Residual SLA class I was functionally inert, because no proper differentiation of the CD8+ T cell subset was observed in B2Mlow pigs. Cells from B2Mlow pigs were less capable in triggering proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro, which was mainly due to the nonresponsiveness of CD8+ T cells. Nevertheless, cytotoxic effector cells developing from unaffected cell populations (eg, CD4+ T cells, natural killer cells) lysed targets from both SLA class I+ wildtype and SLA class Ilow pigs with similar efficiency. These data indicate that the absence of SLA class I is an effective approach to prevent the activation of human CD8+ T cells during the induction phase of an anti-xenograft response. However, cytotoxic activity of cells during the effector phase cannot be controlled by this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabea Hein
- Transplant Laboratory, Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hendrik J Sake
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Mariensee, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Claudia Pokoyski
- Transplant Laboratory, Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Joachim Hundrieser
- Transplant Laboratory, Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Antje Brinkmann
- Transplant Laboratory, Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wiebke Baars
- Transplant Laboratory, Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Monika Nowak-Imialek
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Mariensee, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Andrea Lucas-Hahn
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Mariensee, Neustadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Heiner Niemann
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Mariensee, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Björn Petersen
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Mariensee, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schwinzer
- Transplant Laboratory, Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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18
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Madelon N, Montanari E, Gruaz L, Pimenta J, Muller YD, Bühler LH, Puga Yung GL, Seebach JD. Prolongation of rat-to-mouse islets xenograft survival by co-transplantation of autologous IL-10 differentiated murine tolerogenic dendritic cells. Xenotransplantation 2020; 27:e12584. [PMID: 31984564 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) represent a promising approach to promote transplantation tolerance. In this study, the potential of autologous bone marrow (BM)-derived murine DC to protect rat-to-mouse islets xenografts was analyzed. METHODS Tolerogenic DCs were generated by differentiating BM cells in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 10 (IL-10, IL-10 DC). The phenotype of IL-10 DC was characterized in vitro by expression of costimulatory/inhibitory molecules (flow cytometry) and cytokines (Luminex and ELISA), their function by phagocytosis and T-cell stimulation assays. To study transplant tolerance in vivo, rat islets were transplanted alone or in combination with autologous murine IL-10 DC under the kidney capsule of streptozotocin-induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice. Xenograft survival was evaluated by monitoring glycemia, cellular infiltration of xenografts by microscopy and flow cytometry 10 days post-transplantation. RESULTS Compared with control DC, IL-10 DC exhibited lower levels of major histocompatibility complex class II, costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD86, CD205), lower production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-12p70, TNF, IL-6), and higher production of IL-10. Phagocytosis of xenogeneic rat splenocytes was not impaired in IL-10 DC, whereas stimulation of T-cell proliferation was reduced in the presence of IL-10 DC. Xenograft survival of rat islets in diabetic mice co-transplanted with autologous murine IL-10 DC was significantly prolonged from 12 to 21 days, without additional immunosuppressive treatment. Overall, infiltration of xenografts by T cells and myeloid cells was not different in IL-10 DC recipient mice, but enriched for CD8+ T cells and myeloid cells with suppressor-associated phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Autologous IL-10-differentiated DC with tolerogenic properties prolong rat-to-mouse islets xenograft survival, potentially by locally inducing immune regulatory cells, indicating their potential for regulatory immune cell therapy in xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Madelon
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medical Specialties, Medical Faculty, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Montanari
- Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty, Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lyssia Gruaz
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medical Specialties, Medical Faculty, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joel Pimenta
- Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty, Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yannick D Muller
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medical Specialties, Medical Faculty, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Leo H Bühler
- Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty, Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gisella L Puga Yung
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medical Specialties, Medical Faculty, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jörg D Seebach
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medical Specialties, Medical Faculty, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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Forneris N, Levy H, Burlak C. Xenotransplantation literature update, July/August 2019. Xenotransplantation 2019; 26:e12561. [PMID: 31562656 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Forneris
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Heather Levy
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Christopher Burlak
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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20
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Xenotransplantation tolerance: applications for recent advances in modified swine. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2019; 23:642-648. [PMID: 30379724 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this study was to review the recent progress in xenotransplantation achieved through genetic engineering and discuss the potential of tolerance induction to overcome remaining barriers to extended xenograft survival. RECENT FINDINGS The success of life-saving allotransplantation has created a demand for organ transplantation that cannot be met by the supply of human organs. Xenotransplantation is one possible solution that would allow for a nearly unlimited supply of organs. Recent genetic engineering of swine has decreased the reactivity of preformed antibodies to some, but not all, potential human recipients. Experiments using genetically modified swine organs have now resulted in survival of life-supporting kidneys for over a year. However, the grafts show evidence of antibody-mediated rejection on histology, suggesting additional measures will be required for further extension of graft survival. Tolerance induction through mixed chimerism or thymic transplantation across xenogeneic barriers would be well suited for patients with a positive crossmatch to genetically modified swine or relatively negative crossmatches to genetically modified swine, respectively. SUMMARY This review highlights the current understanding of the immunologic processes in xenotransplantation and describes the development and application of strategies designed to overcome them from the genetic modification of the source animal to the induction of tolerance to xenografts.
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21
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Hundrieser J, Hein R, Pokoyski C, Brinkmann A, Düvel H, Dinkel A, Trautewig B, Siegert JF, Römermann D, Petersen B, Schwinzer R. Role of human and porcine MHC DRB1 alleles in determining the intensity of individual human anti-pig T-cell responses. Xenotransplantation 2019; 26:e12523. [PMID: 31074044 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in quality and strength of immune responses between individuals are mainly due to polymorphisms in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Focusing on MHC class-II, we asked whether the intensity of human anti-pig T-cell responses is influenced by genetic variability in the human HLA-DRB1 and/or the porcine SLA-DRB1 locus. METHODS ELISpot assays were performed using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 62 HLA-DRB1-typed blood donors as responder and the porcine B cell line L23 as stimulator cells. Based on the frequency of IFN-γ-secreting cells, groups of weak, medium, and strong responder individuals were defined. Mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assays were performed to study the stimulatory capacity of porcine PBMCs expressing different SLA-DRB1 alleles. RESULTS Concerning the MHC class-II configuration of human cells, we found a significant overrepresentation of HLA-DRB1*01 alleles in the medium/strong responder group as compared to individuals showing weak responses to stimulation with L23 cells. Evaluation of the role of MHC class-II variability in porcine stimulators revealed that cells expressing SLA-DRB1*06 alleles triggered strong proliferation in approximately 70% of humans. Comparison of amino acid sequences indicated that strong human anti-pig reactivity may be associated with a high rate of similarity between human and pig HLA/SLA-DRB1 alleles. CONCLUSION Variability in human and porcine MHC determines the intensity of individual human anti-pig T-cell responses. MHC typing and cross-matching of prospective recipients of xenografts and donor pigs could be relevant to select for donor-recipient combinations with minimal anti-porcine immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Hundrieser
- Transplant Laboratory, Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rabea Hein
- Transplant Laboratory, Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Pokoyski
- Transplant Laboratory, Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Antje Brinkmann
- Transplant Laboratory, Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heike Düvel
- Transplant Laboratory, Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Astrid Dinkel
- Transplant Laboratory, Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Britta Trautewig
- Transplant Laboratory, Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Janina-Franziska Siegert
- Transplant Laboratory, Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dorothee Römermann
- Transplant Laboratory, Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Björn Petersen
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Mariensee, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schwinzer
- Transplant Laboratory, Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Abstract
β cell replacement with either pancreas or islet transplantation has progressed immensely over the last decades with current 1- and 5-year insulin independence rates of approximately 85% and 50%, respectively. Recent advances are largely attributed to improvements in immunosuppressive regimen, donor selection, and surgical technique. However, both strategies are compromised by a scarce donor source. Xenotransplantation offers a potential solution by providing a theoretically unlimited supply of islets, but clinical application has been limited by concerns for a potent immune response against xenogeneic tissue. β cell clusters derived from embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells represent another promising unlimited source of insulin producing cells, but clinical application is pending further advances in the function of the β cell like clusters. Exciting developments and rapid progress in all areas of β cell replacement prompted a lively debate by members of the young investigator committee of the International Pancreas and Islet Transplant Association at the 15th International Pancreas and Islet Transplant Association Congress in Melbourne and at the 26th international congress of The Transplant Society in Hong Kong. This international group of young investigators debated which modality of β cell replacement would predominate the landscape in 10 years, and their arguments are summarized here.
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23
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Ezzelarab MB. Regulatory T cells from allo- to xenotransplantation: Opportunities and challenges. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12415. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed B. Ezzelarab
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh PA USA
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24
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Wang HT, Maeda A, Sakai R, Lo PC, Takakura C, Jiaravuthisan P, Mod Shabri A, Matsuura R, Kodama T, Hiwatashi S, Eguchi H, Okuyama H, Miyagawa S. Human CD31 on porcine cells suppress xenogeneic neutrophil-mediated cytotoxicity via the inhibition of NETosis. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12396. [PMID: 29635708 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenotransplantation is one of the promising strategies for overcoming the shortage of organs available for transplant. However, many immunological obstructions need to be overcome for practical use. Increasing evidence suggests that neutrophils contribute to xenogeneic cellular rejection. Neutrophils are regulated by activation and inhibitory signals to induce appropriate immune reactions and to avoid unnecessary immune reactivity. Therefore, we hypothesized that the development of neutrophil-targeted therapies may have the potential for increased graft survival in xenotransplantation. METHODS A plasmid containing a cDNA insert encoding the human CD31 gene was transfected into swine endothelial cells (SEC). HL-60 cells were differentiated into neutrophil-like cells by culturing them in the presence of 1.3% dimethyl sulfoxide for 48 hours. The cytotoxicity of the differentiated HL-60 cells (dHL-60) and peripheral blood-derived neutrophils was evaluated by WST-8 assays. To investigate the mechanism responsible for hCD31-induced immunosuppression, citrullinated histone 3 (cit-H3) and phosphorylation of SHP-1 were detected by a cit-H3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS A significant decrease in dHL-60 and neutrophil-mediated cytotoxicity in SEC/hCD31 compared with SEC was seen, as evidenced by a cytotoxicity assay. Furthermore, the suppression of NETosis and the induction of SHP-1 phosphorylation in neutrophils that had been co-cultured with SEC/CD31 were confirmed by cit-H3 ELISA and Western blotting with an anti-phosphorylated SHP-1. CONCLUSION These data suggest that human CD31 suppresses neutrophil-mediated xenogenic cytotoxicity via the inhibition of NETosis. As CD31 is widely expressed in a variety of inflammatory cells, human CD31-induced suppression may cover the entire xenogeneic cellular rejection, thus making the generation of human CD31 transgenic pigs very attractive for use in xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Tang Wang
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Akira Maeda
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Rieko Sakai
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Pei-Chi Lo
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Chihiro Takakura
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | | | - Afifah Mod Shabri
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Rei Matsuura
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Tasuku Kodama
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Shohei Hiwatashi
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Eguchi
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroomi Okuyama
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Shuji Miyagawa
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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25
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Guo F, Hu M, Huang D, Zhao Y, Heng B, Guillemin G, Lim CK, Hawthorne WJ, Yi S. Human regulatory macrophages are potent in suppression of the xenoimmune response via indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-involved mechanism(s). Xenotransplantation 2017; 24. [PMID: 28771838 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For xenotransplantation to truly succeed, we must develop immunomodulatory strategies to suppress the xenoimmune response but by minimizing immunosuppression over the long term. Regulatory macrophages (Mreg) have been shown to suppress polyclonal T-cell proliferation in vitro and prolong allograft survival in vivo. However, the question of whether they are capable of suppressing xenoimmune responses remains unknown. This study assessed the potential of human Mreg to be used as an effective immunomodulatory method in xenotransplantation. METHODS CD14+ monocytes selected from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were cultured with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) for 7 days with IFN-γ added at day 6 for Mreg induction. Mreg phenotyping was performed by flow cytometric analysis, and the in vitro suppressive function was assessed by mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) using irradiated pig PBMC as the xenogeneic stimulator cells, human PBMC as responder cells, and autologous Mreg as suppressor cells. To assess mRNA expression of Mreg functional molecules indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), IL-10, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and TGF-β were measured by real-time PCR. Supernatants were collected from the MLR cultures for IDO activity assay by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The effects of the IDO inhibitor 1-D/L-methyl-tryptophan (1-MT), iNOS inhibitor NG -monomethyl-l-arginine (L-NMMA), and anti-IFN-γ or anti-TGF-β monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment on Mreg suppressive capacity were tested from the supernatants of the MLR assays. RESULTS We demonstrated that induced Mreg with a phenotype of CD14low CD16-/low CD80low CD83-/low CD86+/hi HLA-DR+/hi were capable of suppressing proliferating human PBMC, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells, even at a higher responder:Mreg ratio of 32:1 in a pig-human xenogeneic MLR. The strong suppressive potency of Mreg was further correlated with their upregulated IDO expression and activity. The IDO upregulation of Mreg was associated with an increased production of IFN-γ, an IDO stimulator, by xenoreactive responder cells in the xenogeneic MLR. While no effect on Mreg suppressive potency was detected by addition of the iNOS inhibitor L-NMMA or anti-TGF-β mAb into the MLR assays, inhibition of IDO activity by neutralizing IFN-γ or by IDO inhibitor 1-MT substantially impaired the capacity of Mreg to suppress the xenogeneic response, indicating the importance of upregulated IDO activity in Mreg-mediated suppression of the xenogeneic response in vitro. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that human Mreg are capable of suppressing the xenoimmune response in vitro via IDO-involved mechanism(s), suggesting their potential role as an effective immunomodulatory tool in xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Guo
- Centre for Transplant & Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute of Central South University at the 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Min Hu
- Centre for Transplant & Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Dandan Huang
- Centre for Transplant & Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuanfei Zhao
- Centre for Transplant & Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin Heng
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Gilles Guillemin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Chai K Lim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Wayne J Hawthorne
- Centre for Transplant & Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Shounan Yi
- Centre for Transplant & Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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26
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Madelon N, Puga Yung GL, Seebach JD. Human anti-pig NK cell and CD8 + T-cell responses in the presence of regulatory dendritic cells. Xenotransplantation 2016; 23:479-489. [PMID: 27862343 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DC) play a major role in natural killer (NK) cell and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activation leading to cell-mediated xenogeneic responses. In contrast, the use of in vitro differentiated regulatory DC may represent an attractive approach to protect porcine endothelial cells (pEC) from human cell-mediated immune responses. In this study, we evaluated the potential of human regulatory DC to reduce xenogeneic NK cell and CTL responses to pEC. METHODS Human monocytes were differentiated into DC with GM-CSF and IL-4 in the absence or presence of rapamycin or IL-10. The effect of regulatory DC on xenogeneic NK cell and CTL responses was evaluated by analyzing phenotype, IFNγ production, degranulation, and cytotoxicity by flow cytometry and cytotoxicity assays. RESULTS Upon maturation with LPS, Rapa-DC and IL-10-DC displayed different phenotypes and cytokine production profiles. In contrast to untreated DC, both Rapa-DC and IL-10-DC induced significantly less IFNγ production and NK cell degranulation in response to pEC, but did not affect NK cell-mediated pEC lysis. Low production of IL-18 by Rapa-DC, and of IL-12 by IL-10-DC were linked to the deficient IFNγ production by NK cells as shown by partial reversion of IFNγ production upon cytokine reconstitution. In contrast to untreated DC efficiently generating xenoantigen-specific CTL, priming of CTL in the presence of IL-10-DC was impaired as shown by lower IFNγ production and cytotoxicity of CTL in response to pEC. CONCLUSION Both Rapa-DC and IL-10-DC controlled human anti-porcine NK cell responses, in particular IFNγ production, whereas IL-10-DC presented stronger regulatory properties of anti-porcine CTL responses. These in vitro findings indicate that regulatory DC could be a useful tool to promote xenograft tolerance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Madelon
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gisella L Puga Yung
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jörg D Seebach
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
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28
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Abstract
The availability of cells, tissues and organs from a non-human species such as the pig could, at least in theory, meet the demand of organs necessary for clinical transplantation. At this stage, the important goal of getting over the first year of survival has been reported for both cellular and solid organ xenotransplantation in relevant preclinical primate models. In addition, xenotransplantation is already in the clinic as shown by the broad use of animal-derived medical devices, such as bioprosthetic heart valves and biological materials used for surgical tissue repair. At this stage, however, prior to starting a wide-scale clinical application of xenotransplantation of viable cells and organs, the important obstacle represented by the humoral immune response will need to be overcome. Likewise, the barriers posed by the activation of the innate immune system and coagulative pathway will have to be controlled. As far as xenogeneic nonviable xenografts, increasing evidence suggests that considerable immune reactions, mediated by both innate and adaptive immunity, take place and influence the long-term outcome of xenogeneic materials in patients, possibly precluding the use of bioprosthetic heart valves in young individuals. In this context, the present article provides an overview of current knowledge on the immune processes following xenotransplantation and on the possible therapeutic interventions to overcome the immunological drawbacks involved in xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vadori
- CORIT (Consortium for Research in Organ Transplantation), Via dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - E Cozzi
- CORIT (Consortium for Research in Organ Transplantation), Via dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.,Transplant Immunology Unit, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Padua University Hospital, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128 Padua, Italy
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Yu X, Lu L, Liu Z, Yang T, Gong X, Ning Y, Jiang Y. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor modulates immune reaction in mice with peripheral nerve xenotransplantation. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:685-94. [PMID: 27099498 PMCID: PMC4820192 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s98387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been demonstrated to play an important role in survival, differentiation, and neurite outgrowth for many types of neurons. This study was designed to identify the role of BDNF during peripheral nerve xenotransplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A peripheral nerve xenotransplantation from rats to mice was performed. Intracellular cytokines were stained for natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, T cells, and B cells and analyzed by flow cytometry in the spleen of the recipient mouse. Serum levels of related cytokines were quantified by cytometric bead array. RESULTS Splenic NK cells significantly increased in the xenotransplanted mice (8.47±0.88×10(7) cells/mL) compared to that in the control mice (4.66±0.78×10(7) cells/mL, P=0.0003), which significantly reduced in the presence of BDNF (4.85±0.87×10(7) cells/mL, P=0.0004). In contrast, splenic NKT cell number was significantly increased in the mice with xenotransplantation plus BDNF (XT + BDNF) compared to that of control group or of mice receiving xenotransplantation only (XT only). Furthermore, the number of CD3+ T cells, CD3+CD4+ T cells, CD3+CD4- T cells, interferon-γ-producing CD3+CD4+ T cells, and interleukin (IL)-17-producing CD3+CD4+ T cells, as well as CD3-CD19+ B cells, was significantly higher in the spleen of XT only mice compared to the control mice (P<0.05), which was significantly reduced by BDNF (P<0.05). The number of IL-4-producing CD3+CD4+ T cells and CD3+CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells was significantly higher in the spleen of XT + BDNF mice than that in the spleen of XT only mice (P<0.05). Serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, interferon-γ, and IL-17 were decreased, while IL-4 and IL-10 were stimulated by BDNF following xenotransplantation. CONCLUSION BDNF reduced NK cells but increased NKT cell accumulation in the spleen of xenotransplanted mice. BDNF modulated the number of splenic T cells and its subtype cells in the mice following xenotransplantation. These findings suggest that BDNF inhibits rejection of peripheral nerve following xenotransplantation by regulating innate as well as adaptive immune reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Laijin Lu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Gong
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubo Ning
- Department of Orthopedics, Ningshi Orthopedics Hospital of Tonghua, Tonghua, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfang Jiang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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Ma L, Zhang H, Hu K, Lv G, Fu Y, Ayana DA, Zhao P, Jiang Y. The imbalance between Tregs, Th17 cells and inflammatory cytokines among renal transplant recipients. BMC Immunol 2015; 16:56. [PMID: 26400627 PMCID: PMC4581081 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-015-0118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A significant barrier to organ transplantation is the cellular rejection that occurs and mediated by antibodies, T cells, and innate immune cells. This study was aimed to determine the number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg, CD4+IFN-γ−IL-17+ Th17, CD4+IFN-γ+IL-17− Th1 and CD4+IFN-γ+IL-17+ Th1/17 cells in renal transplant recipients (RTR). Methods Renal transplantation was performed for a total of 35 patients with end-stage renal failure. The number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg, CD4+IFN-γ−IL-17+ Th17, CD4+IFN-γ+IL-17− Th1 and CD4+IFN-γ+IL-17+ Th1/17 cells, and the serum level of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17 were measured in pre- and post-transplant patients and 10 healthy controls (HC) using flow cytometry and Cytometric Bead Array (CBA). The association between the number of different subsets of CD4+ T-cells and clinical parameters were analyzed among the pre- and post-transplant patients, and the healthy controls. Results The number of CD4+IFN-γ−IL-17+ Th17, CD4+IFN-γ+IL-17− Th1 and CD4+IFN-γ+IL-17+ Th1/17 cells were significantly increased in patients with End-Stage Renal Failure (ESRF) compared to the HC. Stratification analysis indicated that AMR (Acute antibody mediated acute rejection), AR (acute rejection) and CR (chronic rejection) groups displayed greater number of CD4+IFN-γ−IL-17+ Th17, CD4+IFN-γ+IL-17− Th1 and CD4+IFN-γ+IL-17+ Th1/17 cells as well as high level of serum IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-17. But, the AMR, AR and CR groups have shown lower level of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells and serum IL-10 compared to transplant stable (TS) patients. Moreover, the number of Tregs were negatively correlated with the number of Th17 cells in RTR patients. The number of Tregs and Th17 cells were positively correlated with the eGFR and serum creatinine values, respectively. Conclusion The imbalance between different types of CD4+ T cells and dysregulated inflammatory cytokines may contribute towards renal transplantation rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ma
- Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China. .,Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, China.
| | - Huimao Zhang
- Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Kebang Hu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Guoyue Lv
- Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Yaowen Fu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | | | - Pingwei Zhao
- Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Yanfang Jiang
- Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Higginbotham L, Ford ML, Newell KA, Adams AB. Preventing T cell rejection of pig xenografts. Int J Surg 2015; 23:285-290. [PMID: 26306770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.07.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation is a potential solution to the limited supply of donor organs. While early barriers to xenograft acceptance, such as hyperacute rejection, are now largely avoided through genetic engineering, the next frontier in successful xenograft survival will require prevention of T cell-mediated rejection. Most successful immunosuppressive regimens in xenotransplantation utilize T cell depletion with antibody therapy. Additionally, the use of T cell costimulatory blockade - specifically blockade of the CD40-CD154 pathway - shows promise with several reports of long-term xenograft survival. Additional therapies, such as transgenic expression of T cell coinhibitory molecules or transfer of immunomodulatory cells to promote tolerance, may be necessary to achieve reliable long-term xenograft acceptance. Further studies in pre-clinical models are essential in order to optimize these regimens prior to trials in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Higginbotham
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kenneth A Newell
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew B Adams
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Maeda A, Eguchi H, Nakahata K, Lo PC, Yamanaka K, Kawamura T, Matsuura R, Sakai R, Asada M, Okuyama H, Miyagawa S. Monocytic MDSCs regulate macrophage-mediated xenogenic cytotoxicity. Transpl Immunol 2015. [PMID: 26209355 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenotransplantation is considered to be one of the most attractive strategies for overcoming the worldwide shortage of organs. However, many obstructions need to be overcome before it will achieve clinical use in patients. One such obstacle is the development of an effective immunosuppressive strategy. We previously reported that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), a heterogeneous population of progenitor and immature myeloid cells, suppress xenogenic CTL-mediated cytotoxicity. Because of their heterogeneous nature, MDSC can function via several suppressive mechanisms that disrupt both innate and adaptive immunity. Since macrophages play a pivotal role in the rejection of a xenograft, in this study, we evaluated the suppressive effects of MDSC against macrophage-mediated xenogenic rejection. MATERIALS AND METHODS To evaluate the effect of monocyte-derived MDSCs on xenogenic immune reactions, a CFSE(carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester)assay was employed to assess cytotoxicity. RESULTS While, in the absence of activation, primed MDSCs had no detectable effect on macrophage-induced cytotoxicity against SEC cells, LPS-activated MDSCs were found to significantly suppress xenogenic cytotoxicity. A CFSE cytotoxicity assay revealed that MDSCs significantly suppressed macrophage-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, an indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitor, 1-methyl tryptophan (1-MT), abolished the MDSC-induced suppression of macrophage-mediated xeno-rejection, indicating that MDSCs may suppress macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity in an IDO-dependent manner. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that MDSCs have great potential for immunosuppressing macrophage-mediated xeno-rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Maeda
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Eguchi
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kengo Nakahata
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Pei-Chi Lo
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Yamanaka
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuji Kawamura
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rei Matsuura
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rieko Sakai
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mayumi Asada
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroomi Okuyama
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuji Miyagawa
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Griesemer A, Yamada K, Sykes M. Xenotransplantation: immunological hurdles and progress toward tolerance. Immunol Rev 2015; 258:241-58. [PMID: 24517437 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The discrepancy between organ need and organ availability represents one of the major limitations in the field of transplantation. One possible solution to this problem is xenotransplantation. Research in this field has identified several obstacles that have so far prevented the successful development of clinical xenotransplantation protocols. The main immunologic barriers include strong T-cell and B-cell responses to solid organ and cellular xenografts. In addition, components of the innate immune system can mediate xenograft rejection. Here, we review these immunologic and physiologic barriers and describe some of the strategies that we and others have developed to overcome them. We also describe the development of two strategies to induce tolerance across the xenogeneic barrier, namely thymus transplantation and mixed chimerism, from their inception in rodent models through their current progress in preclinical large animal models. We believe that the addition of further beneficial transgenes to Gal knockout swine, combined with new therapies such as Treg administration, will allow for successful clinical application of xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Griesemer
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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Plege-Fleck A, Lieke T, Römermann D, Düvel H, Hundrieser J, Buermann A, Kraus L, Klempnauer J, Schwinzer R. Pig to rat cell transplantation: reduced cellular and antibody responses to xenografts overexpressing PD-L1. Xenotransplantation 2014; 21:533-42. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Annegret Plege-Fleck
- Transplant Laboratory; Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Thorsten Lieke
- Transplant Laboratory; Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Dorothee Römermann
- Transplant Laboratory; Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Heike Düvel
- Transplant Laboratory; Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Joachim Hundrieser
- Transplant Laboratory; Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Anna Buermann
- Transplant Laboratory; Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Lilli Kraus
- Transplant Laboratory; Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Jürgen Klempnauer
- Transplant Laboratory; Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Reinhard Schwinzer
- Transplant Laboratory; Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
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Park CS, Im SA, Song S, Kim K, Lee CK. Identification of HLA-A2-restricted immunogenic peptides derived from a xenogenic porcine major histocompatibility complex. Xenotransplantation 2014; 21:465-72. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Su Park
- College of Pharmacy; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju South Korea
| | - Sun-A Im
- College of Pharmacy; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju South Korea
| | - Sukgil Song
- College of Pharmacy; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju South Korea
| | - Kyungjae Kim
- College of Pharmacy; SahmYook University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Chong-Kil Lee
- College of Pharmacy; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju South Korea
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Vadori M, Cozzi E. Immunological challenges and therapies in xenotransplantation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a015578. [PMID: 24616201 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation, or the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs between different species, was proposed a long time ago as a possible solution to the worldwide shortage of human organs and tissues for transplantation. In this setting, the pig is currently seen as the most likely candidate species. In the last decade, progress in this field has been remarkable and includes a better insight into the immunological mechanisms underlying the rejection process. Several immunological hurdles nonetheless remain, such as the strong antibody-mediated and innate or adaptive cellular immune responses linked to coagulation derangements, precluding indefinite xenograft survival. This article reviews our current understanding of the immunological mechanisms involved in xenograft rejection and the potential strategies that may enable xenotransplantation to become a clinical reality in the not-too-distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vadori
- CORIT (Consortium for Research in Organ Transplantation), Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy
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Abstract
The shortage of human organs for transplantation has focused research on the possibility of transplanting pig organs into humans. Many factors contribute to the failure of a pig organ graft in a primate. A rapid innate immune response (natural anti-pig antibody, complement activation, and an innate cellular response; e.g., neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells) is followed by an adaptive immune response, although T-cell infiltration of the graft has rarely been reported. Other factors (e.g., coagulation dysregulation and inflammation) appear to play a significantly greater role than in allotransplantation. The immune responses to a pig xenograft cannot therefore be controlled simply by suppression of T-cell activity. Before xenotransplantation can be introduced successfully into the clinic, the problems of the innate, coagulopathic, and inflammatory responses will have to be overcome, most likely by the transplantation of organs from genetically engineered pigs. Many of the genetic manipulations aimed at protecting against these responses also reduce the adaptive response. The T-cell and elicited antibody responses can be prevented by the biological and/or pharmacologic agents currently available, in particular, by costimulation blockade-based regimens. The exogenous immunosuppressive regimen may be significantly reduced by the presence of a graft from a pig transgenic for a mutant (human) class II transactivator gene, resulting in down-regulation of swine leukocyte antigen class II expression, or from a pig with "local" vascular endothelial cell expression of an immunosuppressive gene (e.g., CTLA4-Ig). The immunomodulatory efficacy of regulatory T cells or mesenchymal stromal cells has been demonstrated in vitro but not yet in vivo.
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Hara H, Witt W, Crossley T, Long C, Isse K, Fan L, Phelps CJ, Ayares D, Cooper DKC, Dai Y, Starzl TE. Human dominant-negative class II transactivator transgenic pigs - effect on the human anti-pig T-cell immune response and immune status. Immunology 2013; 140:39-46. [PMID: 23566228 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine leucocyte antigen (SLA) class II molecules on porcine (p) cells play a crucial role in xenotransplantation as activators of recipient human CD4(+) T cells. A human dominant-negative mutant class II transactivator (CIITA-DN) transgene under a CAG promoter with an endothelium-specific Tie2 enhancer was constructed. CIITA-DN transgenic pigs were produced by nuclear transfer/embryo transfer. CIITA-DN pig cells were evaluated for expression of SLA class II with/without activation, and the human CD4(+) T-cell response to cells from CIITA-DN and wild-type (WT) pigs was compared. Lymphocyte subset numbers and T-cell function in CIITA-DN pigs were compared with those in WT pigs. The expression of SLA class II on antigen-presenting cells from CIITA-DN pigs was significantly reduced (40-50% reduction compared with WT; P < 0·01), and was completely suppressed on aortic endothelial cells (AECs) even after activation (100% suppression; P < 0·01). The human CD4(+) T-cell response to CIITA-DN pAECs was significantly weaker than to WT pAECs (60-80% suppression; P < 0·01). Although there was a significantly lower frequency of CD4(+) cells in the PBMCs from CIITA-DN (20%) than from WT (30%) pigs (P < 0·01), T-cell proliferation was similar, suggesting no significant immunological compromise. Organs and cells from CIITA-DN pigs should be partially protected from the human cellular immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Hara
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Park CS, Kim KH, Im SA, Song S, Lee CK. Identification of HLA-DR4-restricted immunogenic peptide derived from xenogenic porcine major histocompatibility complex class I molecule. Xenotransplantation 2013; 19:317-22. [PMID: 22978463 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Indirect recognition of xenoantigens has been implicated as the major mechanism underlying xenospecific CD4+ T-cell activation in chronic rejection. We identified swine leukocyte antigen (SLA)-derived immunogenic peptides that are presented in the context of human HLA-DR4 molecules. The SLA class I-derived peptides that bind HLA-DRB1*0401, a representative of the DR4 supertype, were predicted using a computer-assisted algorithm. The candidate peptides were synthesized, and their binding capacities to HLA-DRB1*0401 were compared in a competitive ELISA using biotinylated hemagglutinin reporter peptides [HA(307-319)]. Peptide-11 (LRSWTAADTAAQISK) was determined to exhibit the most potent binding capacity to HLA-DRB1*0401 in vitro and thus selected for in vivo immunization. Immunization of HLA-DRB1*0401-transgenic mice with peptide-11 elicited potent CD4+ Th1 responses. Peptide-11 shares homology to α2 domains of three SLA-1 alleles, six SLA-2 alleles, and 14 SLA-3 alleles. Thus, this study has important implications not only for the identification of an immunogenic indirect epitope shared by diverse SLA class I alleles, but also for the development of epitope-specific immunoregulation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Su Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
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CD4 T cells mediate cardiac xenograft rejection via host MHC Class II. J Heart Lung Transplant 2012; 31:1018-24. [PMID: 22789136 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that acute CD4 T-cell-mediated cardiac allograft rejection requires donor major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class II expression and can be independent of "indirect" antigen presentation. However, other studies suggested that indirect antigen presentation to CD4 T cells may play a primary role in cellular xenograft immunity. Thus, the relative roles of direct/indirect CD4 T cell reactivity against cardiac xenografts are unclear. In this study we set out to determine the role for indirect CD4 T cell reactivity in cardiac xenograft rejection. METHODS Rat hearts were transplanted heterotopically into wild-type and immunodeficient mice. Recipients were untreated, treated with depleting antibodies, or reconstituted with wild-type cells. RESULTS Antibody depletion confirmed that rat heart xenograft rejection in C57Bl/6 mice was CD4 T-cell-dependent. Also, heart xenografts survived long term in B6 MHC Class II (C2D)-deficient mice. Graft acceptance in C2D mice was not secondary to CD4 T cell deficiency alone, because transferred B6 CD4 T cells failed to trigger rejection in C2D hosts. Furthermore, purified CD4 T cells were sufficient for acute rejection of rat heart xenografts in immune-deficient B6rag1(-/-) recipients. Importantly, CD4 T cells did not reject rat hearts in C2Drag1(-/-) hosts, in contrast to results using cardiac allografts. "Direct" xenoreactive CD4 T cells were not sufficient to mediate rejection despite vigorous reactivity to rat stimulator cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results show that CD4 T cells are both necessary and sufficient for acute cardiac xenograft rejection and that host MHC Class II is critical in this process.
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Luo Y, Lin L, Bolund L, Jensen TG, Sørensen CB. Genetically modified pigs for biomedical research. J Inherit Metab Dis 2012; 35:695-713. [PMID: 22453682 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
During the last two decades, pigs have been used to develop some of the most important large animal models for biomedical research. Advances in pig genome research, genetic modification (GM) of primary pig cells and pig cloning by nuclear transfer, have facilitated the generation of GM pigs for xenotransplantation and various human diseases. This review summarizes the key technologies used for generating GM pigs, including pronuclear microinjection, sperm-mediated gene transfer, somatic cell nuclear transfer by traditional cloning, and somatic cell nuclear transfer by handmade cloning. Broadly used genetic engineering tools for porcine cells are also discussed. We also summarize the GM pig models that have been generated for xenotransplantation and human disease processes, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, eye diseases, bone diseases, cancers and epidermal skin diseases, diabetes mellitus, cystic fibrosis, and inherited metabolic diseases. Thus, this review provides an overview of the progress in GM pig research over the last two decades and perspectives for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglun Luo
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Scalea J, Hanecamp I, Robson SC, Yamada K. T-cell-mediated immunological barriers to xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2012; 19:23-30. [PMID: 22360750 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2011.00687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantion remains the most viable option for significant expansion of the donor organ pool in clinical transplantation. With the advent of nuclear transfer technologies, the production of transgenic swine has become a possibility. These animals have allowed transplant investigators to overcome humoral mechanisms of hyperacute xenograft rejection in experimental pig-to-non-human primate models. However, other immunologic barriers preclude long-term acceptance of xenografts. This review article focuses on a major feature of xenogeneic rejection: xenogeneic T cell responses. Evidence obtained from both small and large animal models, particularly those using either islet cells or kidneys, have demonstrated that T cell responses play a major role in xenogeneic rejection, and that immunosuppression alone is likely incapable of completely suppressing these responses. Additionally, both the direct and indirect pathway of antigen presentation appear to be involved in these anti donor processes. Enhanced understanding of (i) CD47 and its role in transduced xeno-bone marrow (ii) CD39 and its role in coagulation dysregulation and (iii) thymic transplantation have provided us with encouraging results. Presently, experiments evaluating the possibility of xenogeneic tolerance are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Scalea
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Park KH, Sawada T, Murakami T, Ishii Y, Yasuo M, Urakawa M, Aoyagi Y, Fuchinoue S, Kubota K. Anti-human leukocyte antigen-DR (MHC class II) humanized monoclonal antibody, IMMU-114, suppresses human to bovine cellular responses. J Surg Res 2012; 178:472-7. [PMID: 22487390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The effect of an anti-human leukocyte antigen-DR (MHC class II) humanized monoclonal antibody, IMMU-114, against the human to bovine cellular response was investigated. METHODS Human peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cocultured with inactivated self-PBMCs (Self), bovine PBMCs with control antibody (Xeno), or bovine PBMCs with IMMU-114 (IMMU-114). Cellular responses were investigated by thymidine incorporation assay, CFSE (carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester)-mixed lymphocyte reaction, and cytokine production in culture medium. RESULTS Thymidine incorporation rates at a 1:1 responder to stimulator ratio for Xeno + control antibody, Xeno + IMMU-114, Self + control antibody, and Self + IMMU-114 were 14201.3 ± 1968.4, 513.0 ± 49.5, 952.7 ± 128.7, and 423.3 ± 138.8 cpm, respectively (P = 0.032). Those at a 1:2 ratio were 6518.0 ± 690.1, 896.6 ± 92.9, 1051.0 ± 123.6, and 736.0 ± 35.6 cpm, respectively (P = 0.036). CFSE-mixed lymphocyte reaction demonstrated that the frequencies of CFSE-low, CD4(+), and CD25(+) activating T cells in Self, Xeno, and IMMU-114 were 0.27 ± 0.04%, 3.65 ± 0.53%, and 1.23 ± 0.15%, respectively (P = 0.027). Cytokine production in culture medium indicated that IMMU-114 decreased Th1-type cytokines, including interleukin-2, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α. CONCLUSION IMMU-114 effectively suppresses human to bovine cellular responses. The mechanism involves direct inhibition of the interaction between class II human leukocyte antigen-DR-positive cells and CD4(+) T cells, and indirect suppression of Th1 cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hwa Park
- Second Department of Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Kitakobayashi 880, Mibu, Shimotsuga, Tochigi, Japan
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Yu X, Jiang Y, Lu L, Gong X, Sun X, Xuan Z, Lu L. A crucial role of IL-17 and IFN-γ during acute rejection of peripheral nerve xenotransplantation in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34419. [PMID: 22479627 PMCID: PMC3316676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve injuries causing segmental loss require nerve grafting. However, autografts and allografts have limitations for clinical use. Peripheral nerve xenotransplantation has become an area of great interest in clinical surgery research as an alternative graft strategy. However, xenotransplant rejection is severe with cellular immunity, and Th1 cells play an important role in the process. To better understand the process of rejection, we used peripheral nerve xenografts from rats to mice and found that mononuclear cells expressing IFN-γ and IL-17 infiltrated around the grafts, and IFN-γ and IL-17 producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells increased during the process of acute rejection. The changes of IL-4 level had no significant difference between xenotransplanted group and sham control group. The rejection of xenograft was significantly prevented after the treatment of IL-17 and IFN-γ neutralizing antibodies. These data suggest that Th17 cells contribute to the acute rejection process of peripheral nerve xenotransplant in addition to Th1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- Department of Hand Surgery, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanfang Jiang
- Department of Central Laboratory, the Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Hand Surgery, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Gong
- Department of Hand Surgery, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiguang Sun
- Department of Hand Surgery, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaopeng Xuan
- Department of Hand Surgery, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Laijin Lu
- Department of Hand Surgery, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Zhai C, Yu L, Zhu H, Tian M, Xiaogang Z, Bo W. Porcine CTLA4-Ig prolong islet xenografts in rats by downregulating the direct pathway of T-cell activation. Xenotransplantation 2011; 18:40-5. [PMID: 21342286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2011.00627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM Porcine pancreatic islets fused with pCTLA4-Ig were transplanted into diabetic rats. Xenografts survival was observed, and the underlying immunological rejection mechanisms were investigated. METHODS Control porcine islets, empty vector (Adv-GFP)-transfected, and gene-modified porcine islets were transplanted into the renal capsule of diabetic rats. The survival rates of the xenografts were observed. Changes in serum levels of IL-4 and γ-IFN in the recipients were assessed. RESULTS The survival time of xenografts in the gene-modified porcine islets group was 34.50 ± 4.14 days, which was longer than those in the control group (34.50 ± 4.14 days vs. 7.43 ± 1.72 days and 7.22 ± 1.72 days; P < 0.01). Changes in the serum levels of IL-4 and γ-IFN between the groups of rats post-transplantation indicated the differentiation bias of T helper cells. CONCLUSIONS The donor-originated pCTLA-IgG4 fusion protein inhibits the direct pathway of recipient T-cell priming, which might prolong xenograft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Tahara H, Ide K, Basnet N, Tanaka Y, Ohdan H. Determination of the precursor frequency and the reaction intensity of xenoreactive human T lymphocytes. Xenotransplantation 2010; 17:188-96. [PMID: 20636539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2010.00575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is acknowledged that the response of human T cells to xenogeneic targets is more potent than that to allogeneic targets. However, it is not clear whether the more vigorous T cell response to xenoantigens than to alloantigens is attributable to a higher frequency or stronger reaction of xenoreactive T cells. METHODS We determined the precursor frequencies (PFs) and stimulation indexes (SIs) of xenoreactive human T cells by performing a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay using a carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeling technique. Irradiated porcine or human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)used as stimulator cells--were cultured with CFSE-labeled human PBMCs--used as responder cells. RESULTS The SIs of the xenoreactive CD4(+) T cells were significantly higher than those of the alloreactive CD4(+) T cells, whereas the PFs of the alloreactive and xenoreactive CD4(+) T cell precursors were almost identical, suggesting a stronger reaction by a single xenoreactive CD4(+) T cell. In contrast, the SIs of the xenoreactive CD8(+) T cells did not differ from those of the alloreactive CD4(+) T cells, and the PFs of the allo- and xenoreactive CD8(+) T cell precursors were also identical. Addition of a soluble human CD47-Fc fusion protein in the porcine-to-human MLR assay caused a statistically significant reduction of the SIs of the xenoreactive CD4(+) T cells. Such an alteration was abrogated by further addition of blocking antibodies (Abs) against either human CD47 or signal regulatory protein-alpha in the porcine-to-human MLR assay. Addition of human CD47-Fc after the depletion of non-T cells from the population of human responder PBMCs in this MLR assay did not influence the SIs of the xenoreactive CD4(+) T cells. CONCLUSIONS The more vigorous T cell response to xenoantigens than to alloantigens is possibly attributable to a stronger reaction of xenoreactive T cells; the interspecies incompatibility of CD47 may contribute to such xenoreactive CD4(+) T cell responses via an indirect pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tahara
- Department of Surgery, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cellular human antipig immune responses are increasingly recognized as an important barrier to successful clinical xenotransplantation. This review addresses the role of monocytes/macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and T cells in xenograft rejection. We focus on the receptor-ligand interactions that regulate the responses of these cells to porcine tissues and thus could be targets for immunomodulation. RECENT FINDINGS Activation of human monocytes by pig cells is partly due to the incapacity of porcine ligands to bind to inhibitory receptors such as signal regulatory protein alpha. Porcine UL16-binding protein 1 can functionally interact with human NK group 2D protein, thereby contributing to human NK cell activity. Transgenic pigs overexpressing human leukocyte antigen class E were generated. Cells from these pigs induced diminished NK-cell lysis, suggesting that human leukocyte antigen class E expression compensates for the inability of porcine ligands to bind to the inhibitory CD94/NK group 2A receptor on human NK cells. A new concept for the modulation of antipig T-cell reactivity may result from the finding that porcine antigen-presenting cells that overexpress human negative costimulatory PD ligands also induce diminished responses of human T cells. SUMMARY Disruption of stimulatory receptor-ligand interactions (e.g. by blocking antibodies or 'knockout/down' technologies) combined with transgenic overexpression of inhibitory ligands in porcine cells and tissues could be an effective approach to downregulate human antipig cellular immune responses.
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IL‐10 is required for human CD4
+
CD25
+
regulatory T cell‐mediated suppression of xenogeneic proliferation. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 88:477-85. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Huang Y, Dryman B, Li W, Meng X. Porcine DC-SIGN: molecular cloning, gene structure, tissue distribution and binding characteristics. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:464-480. [PMID: 18951915 PMCID: PMC7103218 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 09/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
DC-SIGN, a human C-type lectin, is involved in the transmission of many enveloped viruses. Here we report the cloning and characterization of the cDNA and gene encoding porcine DC-SIGN (pDC-SIGN). The full-length pDC-SIGN cDNA encodes a type II transmembrane protein of 240 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that pDC-SIGN, together with bovine, canis and equine DC-SIGN, are more closely related to mouse SIGNR7 and SIGNR8 than to human DC-SIGN. pDC-SIGN has the same gene structure as bovine, canis DC-SIGN and mouse SIGNR8 with eight exons. pDC-SIGN mRNA expression was detected in pig spleen, thymus, lymph node, lung, bone marrow and muscles. pDC-SIGN protein was found to express on the surface of monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells, alveolar macrophages, lymph node sinusoidal macrophage-like, dendritic-like and endothelial cells but not of monocytes, peripheral blood lymphocytes or lymph node lymphocytes. A BHK cell line stably expressing pDC-SIGN binds to human ICAM-3 and ICAM-2 immunoadhesins in a calcium-dependent manner, and enhances the transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) to target cells in trans. The results will help better understand the biological role(s) of DC-SIGN family in innate immunity during the evolutionary process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - X.J. Meng
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 540 231 6912; fax: +1 540 231 3426.
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Cadili A, Kneteman N. The role of macrophages in xenograft rejection. Transplant Proc 2009; 40:3289-93. [PMID: 19100374 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.08.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Safe and effective xenotransplantation would provide a valuable answer to many of the limitations of allogenic transplantation. Such limitations include scarcity of organ supply and morbidity to donors in cases of living-related donor transplantation. The main hurdle to the efficacious application of xenotransplantation in clinical medicine is the fierce host immune response to xenografts. This immune response is embodied in 3 different types of xenograft rejection. Both hyperacute rejection and delayed xenograft rejection are mediated by natural antibodies and are concerned primarily with whole organ rejection. Cellular xenograft rejection (CXR), on the other hand, is concerned with both whole organ and CXR and is mediated by innate immunity rather than natural antibodies. Macrophages, which are cells of the innate immune system, play a role in all 3 types of xenograft rejection (not just CXR). They impart their effects both directly and through T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cadili
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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