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Nyirenda MH, Nijjar JS, Frleta-Gilchrist M, Gilchrist DS, Porter D, Siebert S, Goodyear CS, McInnes IB. JAK inhibitors disrupt T cell-induced proinflammatory macrophage activation. RMD Open 2023; 9:rmdopen-2022-002671. [PMID: 36599629 PMCID: PMC9815080 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2022-002671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Macrophage subsets, activated by T cells, are increasingly recognised to play a central role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis. Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors have proven beneficial clinical effects in RA. In this study, we investigated the effect of JAK inhibitors on the generation of cytokine-activated T (Tck) cells and the production of cytokines and chemokines induced by Tck cell/macrophage interactions. METHODS CD14+ monocytes and CD4+ T cells were purified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from buffy coats of healthy donors. As representative JAK inhibitors, tofacitinib or ruxolitinib were added during Tck cell differentiation. Previously validated protocols were used to generate macrophages and Tck cells from monocytes and CD4+ T cells, respectively. Cytokine and chemokine including TNF, IL-6, IL-15, IL-RA, IL-10, MIP1α, MIP1β and IP10 were measured by ELISA. RESULTS JAK inhibitors prevented cytokine-induced maturation of Tck cells and decreased the production of proinflammatory cytokines TNF, IL-6, IL-15, IL-1RA and the chemokines IL-10, MIP1α, MIP1β, IP10 by Tck cell-activated macrophages in vitro (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that JAK inhibition disrupts T cell-induced macrophage activation and reduces downstream proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses, suggesting that suppressing the T cell-macrophage interaction contributes to the therapeutic effect of JAK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukanthu H Nyirenda
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK .,The Research into inflammatory Arthritis Centre of Excellence - Versus Arthritis (RACE-VA) Universities of Glasgow, Birmingham, Newcastle, Oxford, and Newcastle, UK
| | - Jagtar Singh Nijjar
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marina Frleta-Gilchrist
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Derek S Gilchrist
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Duncan Porter
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK,Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stefan Siebert
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Carl S Goodyear
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK,The Research into inflammatory Arthritis Centre of Excellence - Versus Arthritis (RACE-VA) Universities of Glasgow, Birmingham, Newcastle, Oxford, and Newcastle, UK
| | - Iain B McInnes
- The Research into inflammatory Arthritis Centre of Excellence - Versus Arthritis (RACE-VA) Universities of Glasgow, Birmingham, Newcastle, Oxford, and Newcastle, UK,College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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2
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Kim-Wang SY, Holt AG, McGowan AM, Danyluk ST, Goode AP, Lau BC, Toth AP, Wittstein JR, DeFrate LE, Yi JS, McNulty AL. Immune cell profiles in synovial fluid after anterior cruciate ligament and meniscus injuries. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:280. [PMID: 34736523 PMCID: PMC8567695 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02661-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and meniscus tears are common knee injuries. Despite the high rate of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) following these injuries, the contributing factors remain unclear. In this study, we characterized the immune cell profiles of normal and injured joints at the time of ACL and meniscal surgeries. Methods Twenty-nine patients (14 meniscus-injured and 15 ACL-injured) undergoing ACL and/or meniscus surgery but with a normal contralateral knee were recruited. During surgery, synovial fluid was aspirated from both normal and injured knees. Synovial fluid cells were pelleted, washed, and stained with an antibody cocktail consisting of fluorescent antibodies for cell surface proteins. Analysis of immune cells in the synovial fluid was performed by polychromatic flow cytometry. A broad spectrum immune cell panel was used in the first 10 subjects. Based on these results, a T cell-specific panel was used in the subsequent 19 subjects. Results Using the broad spectrum immune cell panel, we detected significantly more total viable cells and CD3 T cells in the injured compared to the paired normal knees. In addition, there were significantly more injured knees with T cells above a 500-cell threshold. Within the injured knees, CD4 and CD8 T cells were able to be differentiated into subsets. The frequency of total CD4 T cells was significantly different among injury types, but no statistical differences were detected among CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets by injury type. Conclusions Our findings provide foundational data showing that ACL and meniscus injuries induce an immune cell-rich microenvironment that consists primarily of T cells with multiple T helper phenotypes. Future studies investigating the relationship between immune cells and joint degeneration may provide an enhanced understanding of the pathophysiology of PTOA following joint injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Y Kim-Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Abigail G Holt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alyssa M McGowan
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie T Danyluk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Adam P Goode
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brian C Lau
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alison P Toth
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jocelyn R Wittstein
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Louis E DeFrate
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - John S Yi
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amy L McNulty
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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Tu J, Huang W, Zhang W, Mei J, Zhu C. A Tale of Two Immune Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Crosstalk Between Macrophages and T Cells in the Synovium. Front Immunol 2021; 12:655477. [PMID: 34220809 PMCID: PMC8248486 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.655477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. Joint inflammation of RA is closely related to infiltration of immune cells, synovium hyperplasia, and superfluous secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, which lead to cartilage degradation and bone erosion. The joint synovium of RA patients contains a variety of immune cellular types, among which monocytes/macrophages and T cells are two essential cellular components. Monocytes/macrophages can recruit and promote the differentiation of T cells into inflammatory phenotypes in RA synovium. Similarly, different subtypes of T cells can recruit monocytes/macrophages and promote osteoblast differentiation and production of inflammatory cytokines. In this review, we will discuss how T cell-monocyte/macrophage interactions promote the development of RA, which will provide new perspectives on RA pathogenesis and the development of targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Tu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China.,Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Departments of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jiawei Mei
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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4
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Siouti E, Andreakos E. The many facets of macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 165:152-169. [PMID: 30910693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are central to the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). They constitute the main source of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as TNF and IL-1β, they activate a wide range of immune and non-immune cells, and they secrete diverse tissue degrading enzymes driving chronic pro-inflammatory, tissue destructive and pain responses in RA. However, they can also produce anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10, secrete inhibitors of tissue degrading enzymes and promote immunoregulatory and protective responses, suggesting the existence of macrophages with distinct and diverse functional activities. Although the underlying basis of this phenomenon has remained obscure for years, emerging evidence has now provided insight into the mechanisms and molecular processes involved. Here, we review current knowledge on the biology of macrophages in RA, and highlight recent literature on the heterogeneity, origins and ontogeny of macrophages as part of the mononuclear phagocyte system. We also discuss their plasticity in the context of the M1/M2 paradigm, and the emerging theme of metabolic rewiring as a major mechanism for programming macrophage functions and pro-inflammatory activities. This sheds light into the many facets of macrophages in RA, their molecular regulation and their translational potential for developing novel protective and therapeutic strategies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Siouti
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Andreakos
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom.
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5
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Prendergast CT, Patakas A, Al-Khabouri S, McIntyre CL, McInnes IB, Brewer JM, Garside P, Benson RA. Visualising the interaction of CD4 T cells and DCs in the evolution of inflammatory arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 77:579-588. [PMID: 29358281 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Successful early intervention in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with the aim of resetting immunological tolerance requires a clearer understanding of how specificity, cellular kinetics and spatial behaviour shape the evolution of articular T cell responses. We aimed to define initial seeding of articular CD4+ T cell responses in early experimental arthritis, evaluating their dynamic behaviour and interactions with dendritic cells (DCs) in the inflamed articular environment. METHODS Antigen-induced arthritis was used to model articular inflammation. Flow cytometry and PCR of T cell receptor (TCR) diversity genes allowed phenotypic analysis of infiltrating T cells. The dynamic interactions of T cells with joint residing DCs were visualised using intravital multiphoton microscopy. RESULTS Initial recruitment of antigen-specific T cells into the joint was paralleled by accumulation of CD4+ T cells with diverse antigen-receptor expression and ability to produce tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interferon gamma (IFNγ) on mitogenic restimulation. A proportion of this infiltrate demonstrated slower motility speeds and engaged for longer periods with articular DCs in vivo. Abatacept treatment did not disrupt these interactions but did reduce T cell expression of inducible costimulatory (ICOS) molecule. We also demonstrated that non-specific CD4+ T cells could be recruited during these early articular events. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that CD4+ T cells engage with articular DCs supporting antigen specific T cell reactivation. This cellular dialogue can be targeted therapeutically to reduce local T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona T Prendergast
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Agapitos Patakas
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Shaima Al-Khabouri
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Claire L McIntyre
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Iain B McInnes
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - James M Brewer
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul Garside
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Robert A Benson
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Scotece M, Pérez T, Conde J, Abella V, López V, Pino J, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Gomez-Reino JJ, Mera A, Gomez R, Gualillo O. Adipokines induce pro-inflammatory factors in activated Cd4+ T cells from osteoarthritis patient. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:1299-1303. [PMID: 27472907 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic systemic musculoskeletal disorder involving inflammation, immunity, and metabolic alterations. OA is commonly regarded as non-inflammatory disease; still inflammation is recognized as contributing to the symptoms and progression of OA. New evidence suggests that adipokines are involved in the pathophysiology of OA and might modulate the production of inflammatory mediators including in immune cells. However, the role of immune component in osteoarthritis is still poorly investigated. To gain further insights into the interaction of immune cells in OA and the role of adipokines on these cells, we performed experiments aimed to determine the cytokine profile in activated CD4+ T cells from OA patients. For completeness, we also explored the cross talk between T lymphocytes and chondrocytes in OA by co-culturing human primary chondrocytes with activated CD4+ T cells in two ways: the first by incubating the cells by direct contact (D.C.) or by transwell system. Our results show that the exposure of activated CD4+ T cells to adipokines modulates IL-6, IL-8, and CCL-3 production. In addition, the production of key macromolecules of ECM (aggrecan and collagen-2) and matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) in co-cultured chondrocytes with activated CD4+ T cells was altered. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1299-1303, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morena Scotece
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Research Laboratory 9 (NEIRID LAB: Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Level-2, Door 9, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Tamara Pérez
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Research Laboratory 9 (NEIRID LAB: Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Level-2, Door 9, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Javier Conde
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Research Laboratory 9 (NEIRID LAB: Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Level-2, Door 9, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Vanessa Abella
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Research Laboratory 9 (NEIRID LAB: Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Level-2, Door 9, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Veronica López
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Research Laboratory 9 (NEIRID LAB: Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Level-2, Door 9, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Jesús Pino
- SERGAS-IDIS, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel A Gonzalez-Gay
- Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Universidad de Cantabria and IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Juan J Gomez-Reino
- SERGAS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, University of Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Mera
- SERGAS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, University of Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Gomez
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Research Laboratory 9 (NEIRID LAB: Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Level-2, Door 9, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Research Laboratory 9 (NEIRID LAB: Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Level-2, Door 9, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
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Knickelbein JE, Kim M, Argon E, Nussenblatt RB, Sen NH. Comparative efficacy of steroid-sparing therapies for non-infectious uveitis. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2017; 12:313-319. [PMID: 30867672 DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2017.1319762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Non-infectious uveitis encompasses a group of inflammatory eye diseases that can cause irreversible vision loss if left untreated or undertreated. In cases requiring stemic treatment, a step-wise treatment approach is often employed starting with corticosteroids for severe active disease, followed by initiation of steroid-sparing therapies to maintain inflammatory control and avoid the abundant complications of long-term corticosteroid use. Areas covered We review the current high-quality evidence comparing the efficacy of various systemic steroid-sparing agents in the treatment of non-infectious uveitis. For studies to be included, they had to have a prospective, randomized, comparative design or a retrospective design including at least 100 patients. Expert commentary Given the rarity of uveitis and the heterogeneity of uveitic diseases, there are few randomized controlled studies that directly compare the relative efficacy of the various steroid-sparing immunosuppressive agents. Therefore, current treatment strategies are based mainly on data from observational series.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meredith Kim
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Elvira Argon
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Nida H Sen
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Miller MR, Miller EW, Blystone SD. Non-canonical activity of the podosomal formin FMNL1γ supports immune cell migration. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1730-1739. [PMID: 28348104 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.195099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Having previously located the formin FMNL1 in macrophage podosomes, we developed an in vivo model to assess the role of FMNL1 in the migration activities of primary macrophages. Deletion of FMNL1 in mice was genetically lethal; however, targeted deletion in macrophages was achieved by employing macrophage-specific Cre. Unchallenged FMNL1-deficient mice exhibited an unexpected reduction in tissue-resident macrophages despite normal blood monocyte numbers. Upon immune stimulus, the absence of FMNL1 resulted in reduced macrophage recruitment in vivo, decreased migration in two-dimensional in vitro culture and a decrease in the number of macrophages exhibiting podosomes. Of the three described isoforms of FMNL1 - α, β and γ - only FMNL1γ rescued macrophage migration when expressed exogenously in depleted macrophages. Surprisingly, mutation of residues in the FH2 domain of FMNL1γ that disrupt barbed-end actin binding did not limit rescue of macrophage migration and podosome numbers. These observations suggest that FMNL1 contributes to macrophage migration activity by stabilizing the lifespan of podosomes without interaction of fast-growing actin termini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Miller
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Eric W Miller
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Scott D Blystone
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Abstract
The contribution of inflammation to bone loss is well documented in arthritis and other diseases with an emphasis on how inflammatory cytokines promote osteoclastogenesis. Macrophages are the major producers of cytokines in inflammation, and the factors they produce depend upon their activation state or polarization. In recent years, it has become apparent that macrophages are also capable of interacting with osteoblasts and their mesenchymal precursors. This interaction provides growth and differentiation factors from one cell that act on the other and visa versa-a concept akin to the requirement for a feeder layer to grow hemopoietic cells or the coupling that occurs between osteoblasts and osteoclasts to maintain bone homeostasis. Alternatively, activated macrophages are the most likely candidates to promote bone formation and have also been implicated in the tissue repair process in other tissues. In bone, a number of factors, including oncostatin M, have been shown to promote osteoblast formation both in vitro and in vivo. This review discusses the different cell types involved, cellular mediators, and how this can be used to direct new bone anabolic approaches.
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Burchiel SW, Lauer FT, MacKenzie D, McClain S, Kuehl PJ, McDonald JD, Harrod KS. Changes in HPBMC markers of immmune function following controlled short-term inhalation exposures of humans to hardwood smoke. Inhal Toxicol 2016; 28:61-70. [PMID: 26895307 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1136714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that complex mixtures containing particulate matter (PM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) produce systemic immunotoxicity in animal models following inhalation exposures. While we and others have shown that emissions associated with hardwood smoke (HWS), cigarette smoke and diesel exhaust can suppress the immune systems of animals in vitro and in vivo, there have been few immune function studies on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (HPBMC) following exposure of humans to HWS. Our work shows that T cells are an important targets of PM and PAH immunotoxicity. These studies were conducted on HPBMC from 14 human volunteers receiving four 2 h nightly exposures to clean air or HWS at a concentration of 500 ug/m(3). We measured anti-CD3/anti-CD28 stimulated T-cell proliferation and HPBMC cytokine production in cell supernatants, including interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), TH1 cytokines γIFN and IL-2, TH2 cytokine IL-4, Th17 cytokine interleukin 17A (IL-17A) and interleukin 10 (IL-10). We analyzed results using analysis of variance (ANOVA), t-tests and Pearson correlation. Results showed that there was significant variation in the amount of T-cell proliferation observed following polyclonal activation with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies in both the air and HWS-exposed groups. There was not a significant effect of HWS on T-cell proliferation. However, we did find a strong relationship between the presence of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, but not IL-8) and the amount of T-cell proliferation seen in individual donors, demonstrating that brief exposures of humans to HWS can produce changes in systemic immunity that is associated with proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Burchiel
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Fredine T Lauer
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Debra MacKenzie
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Shea McClain
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Philip J Kuehl
- b Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA , and
| | - Jacob D McDonald
- b Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA , and
| | - Kevin S Harrod
- b Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA , and.,c Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine , School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
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11
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Rodríguez-Álvarez Y, Morera-Díaz Y, Gerónimo-Pérez H, Castro-Velazco J, Martínez-Castillo R, Puente-Pérez P, Besada-Pérez V, Hardy-Rando E, Chico-Capote A, Martínez-Cordovez K, Santos-Savio A. Active immunization with human interleukin-15 induces neutralizing antibodies in non-human primates. BMC Immunol 2016; 17:30. [PMID: 27671547 PMCID: PMC5036325 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-15 is an immunostimulatory cytokine overexpressed in several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as Rheumatoid Arthritis, psoriasis and ulcerative colitis; thus, inhibition of IL-15-induced signaling could be clinically beneficial in these disorders. Our approach to neutralize IL-15 consisted in active immunization with structurally modified human IL-15 (mhIL-15) with the aim to induce neutralizing antibodies against native IL-15. In the present study, we characterized the antibody response in Macaca fascicularis, non-human primates that were immunized with a vaccine candidate containing mhIL-15 in Aluminum hydroxide (Alum), Montanide and Incomplete Freund’s Adjuvant. Results Immunization with mhIL-15 elicited a specific antibodies response that neutralized native IL-15-dependent biologic activity in a CTLL-2 cell proliferation assay. The highest neutralizing response was obtained in macaques immunized with mhIL-15 adjuvanted in Alum. This response, which was shown to be transient, also inhibited the activity of simian IL-15 and did not affect the human IL-2-induced proliferation of CTLL-2 cells. Also, in a pool of synovial fluid cells from two Rheumatoid Arthritis patients, the immune sera slightly inhibited TNF-α secretion. Finally, it was observed that this vaccine candidate neither affect animal behavior, clinical status, blood biochemistry nor the percentage of IL-15-dependent cell populations, specifically CD56+ NK and CD8+ T cells. Conclusion Our results indicate that vaccination with mhIL-15 induced neutralizing antibodies to native IL-15 in non-human primates. Based on this fact, we propose that this vaccine candidate could be potentially beneficial for treatment of diseases where IL-15 overexpression is associated with their pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunier Rodríguez-Álvarez
- Pharmaceutical Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10 600, Cuba.
| | - Yanelys Morera-Díaz
- Pharmaceutical Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10 600, Cuba
| | - Haydee Gerónimo-Pérez
- Quality Control Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Jorge Castro-Velazco
- Animal Facility Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Rafael Martínez-Castillo
- Animal Facility Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Pedro Puente-Pérez
- Animal Facility Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Vladimir Besada-Pérez
- Chemistry and Physics Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Eugenio Hardy-Rando
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Study Center for Research and Biological Evaluations, Institute of Pharmacy and Foods, Havana University, Avenue 222, PO Box 13600, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Araceli Chico-Capote
- Rheumatology Department, Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital, San Lazaro 701, PO Box 6122, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Klaudia Martínez-Cordovez
- Pharmaceutical Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10 600, Cuba
| | - Alicia Santos-Savio
- Pharmaceutical Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10 600, Cuba
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Arleevskaya MI, Kravtsova OA, Lemerle J, Renaudineau Y, Tsibulkin AP. How Rheumatoid Arthritis Can Result from Provocation of the Immune System by Microorganisms and Viruses. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1296. [PMID: 27582741 PMCID: PMC4987382 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), similar to development of a majority of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, is largely due to an inappropriate or inadequate immune response to environmental challenges. Among these challenges, infectious agents are the undisputed leaders. Since the 1870s, an impressive list of microorganisms suspected of provoking RA has formed, and the list is still growing. Although a definite causative link between a specific infectious agent and the disease has not been established, several arguments support such a possibility. First, in the absence of a defined pathogen, the spectrum of triggering agents may include polymicrobial communities or the cumulative effect of several bacterial/viral factors. Second, the range of infectious episodes (i.e., clinical manifestations caused by pathogens) may vary in the process of RA development from preclinical to late-stage disease. Third, infectious agents might not trigger RA in all cases, but trigger it in a certain subset of the cases, or the disease onset may arise from an unfortunate combination of infections along with, for example, psychological stress and/or chronic joint tissue microtrauma. Fourth, genetic differences may have a role in the disease onset. In this review, two aspects of the problem of “microorganisms and RA” are debated. First, is there an acquired immune deficiency and, in turn, susceptibility to infections in RA patients due to the too frequent and too lengthy infections, which at last break the tolerance of self antigens? Or, second, is there a congenital deficiency in tolerance and inflammation control, which may occur even with ordinary infection frequency and duration?
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina I Arleevskaya
- Central Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Kazan State Medical Academy Kazan, Russia
| | - Olga A Kravtsova
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kazan Federal University Kazan, Russia
| | - Julie Lemerle
- Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHU Morvan Brest, France
| | - Yves Renaudineau
- Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHU Morvan Brest, France
| | - Anatoly P Tsibulkin
- Central Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Kazan State Medical Academy Kazan, Russia
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13
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Wallach D. The cybernetics of TNF: Old views and newer ones. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 50:105-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Roberts CA, Dickinson AK, Taams LS. The Interplay Between Monocytes/Macrophages and CD4(+) T Cell Subsets in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:571. [PMID: 26635790 PMCID: PMC4652039 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by inflammation of the synovial lining (synovitis). The inflammation in the RA joint is associated with and driven by immune cell infiltration, synovial hyperproliferation, and excessive production of proinflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interferon γ (IFNγ), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-17, eventually resulting in damage to the cartilage and underlying bone. The RA joint harbors a wide range of immune cell types, including monocytes, macrophages, and CD4(+) T cells (both proinflammatory and regulatory). The interplay between CD14(+) myeloid cells and CD4(+) T cells can significantly influence CD4(+) T cell function, and conversely, effector vs. regulatory CD4(+) T cell subsets can exert profound effects on monocyte/macrophage function. In this review, we will discuss how the interplay between CD4(+) T cells and monocytes/macrophages may contribute to the immunopathology of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceri A Roberts
- Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation (CMCBI), Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Abigail K Dickinson
- Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation (CMCBI), Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Leonie S Taams
- Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation (CMCBI), Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, King's College London , London , UK
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Duan-Arnold Y, Gyurdieva A, Johnson A, Uveges TE, Jacobstein DA, Danilkovitch A. Retention of Endogenous Viable Cells Enhances the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Cryopreserved Amnion. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2015; 4:523-533. [PMID: 26401419 PMCID: PMC4529089 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2015.0636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Human amniotic membrane (hAM) has been used to treat wounds for more than 100 years. However, widespread use of fresh hAM has been limited due to its short shelf life and safety concerns. To overcome these concerns, different preservation methods have been introduced. The majority of these methods result in devitalized hAM (dev-hAM). Recently, we developed a cryopreservation method that retains all hAM components intact (int-hAM), including viable endogenous cells. To understand the advantages of retaining viable cells in preserved hAM, we compared the anti-inflammatory properties of int-hAM and dev-hAM. Approach: The tissue composition of int-hAM and dev-hAM was compared with fresh hAM through histology and cell viability analysis. We also evaluated the ability of int-hAM and dev-hAM to regulate tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1α (IL-1α), and IL-10 release when co-cultured with immune cells; to produce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on TNF-α stimulation; and to inhibit proteases. Results: Int-hAM maintained the structural and cellular integrity of fresh hAM. Int-hAM had >80% cell viability post-thaw and remained viable for at least a week in culture. Viable cells were not detected in dev-hAM. Compared with dev-hAM, int-hAM showed significantly greater downregulation of TNF-α and IL-1α, upregulation of PGE2 and IL-10, and stronger inhibition of collagenase. Innovation and Conclusion: A new cryopreservation method has been developed to retain all native components of hAM. For the first time, we show that viable endogenous cells significantly augment the anti-inflammatory activity of cryopreserved hAM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amy Johnson
- Osiris Therapeutics, Inc., Columbia, Maryland
| | | | - Douglas A. Jacobstein
- Osiris Therapeutics, Inc., Columbia, Maryland
- ThermoFisher Scientific, Inc., Portage, Michigan
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Knickelbein JE, Jaworski L, Hasan J, Kaushal P, Sen HN, Nussenblatt RB. Therapeutic options for the treatment of non-infectious uveitis. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2015.1047826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Anderson AE, Pratt AG, Sedhom MAK, Doran JP, Routledge C, Hargreaves B, Brown PM, Lê Cao KA, Isaacs JD, Thomas R. IL-6-driven STAT signalling in circulating CD4+ lymphocytes is a marker for early anticitrullinated peptide antibody-negative rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 75:466-73. [PMID: 25649145 PMCID: PMC4752669 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objectives A previously identified signal transduction and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) target-enriched gene signature in circulating CD4+ T cells of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was prominent in autoantibody-negative individuals. Here, interleukin (IL)-6-mediated STAT signalling was investigated in circulating lymphocytes of an independent early arthritis patient cohort, seeking further insight into RA pathogenesis and biomarkers of potential clinical utility. Methods Constitutive and IL-6-induced expression of phosphorylated STAT1 (pSTAT1) and pSTAT3 was determined in T and B cells using Phosflow cytometric analysis in patients with RA and controls. Contemporaneous levels of serum cytokines were measured by immunoassay. Induced gene expression was measured in cultured CD4+T cells by quantitative real-time PCR. Results Among circulating lymphocytes of 187 patients with early arthritis, constitutive pSTAT3 correlated with serum IL-6 levels maximally in CD4+ T cells. Increased constitutive pSTAT3, but not pSTAT1, was observed in circulating CD4+ T cells of patients with early anticitrullinated peptide autoantibody (ACPA)-negative RA compared with disease controls, and these levels decreased alongside markers of disease activity with IL-6R-targeted treatment. Among patients presenting with seronegative undifferentiated arthritis (UA) the ratio of constitutive pSTAT3:pSTAT1 in CD4+ T cells contributed substantially to an algorithm for predicting progression to classifiable RA during a median of 20 months follow-up (area under receiver operator characteristic curve=0.84; p<0.001). Conclusions Our findings support a particular role for IL-6-driven CD4+ T cell activation via STAT3 during the induction of RA, particularly as a feature of ACPA-negative disease. CD4+ T cell pSTAT measurements show promise as biomarkers of UA–RA progression and now require independent validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Anderson
- National Institute for Health Research Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Arthur G Pratt
- National Institute for Health Research Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mamdouh A K Sedhom
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - John Paul Doran
- National Institute for Health Research Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Christine Routledge
- National Institute for Health Research Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ben Hargreaves
- National Institute for Health Research Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Philip M Brown
- National Institute for Health Research Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kim-Anh Lê Cao
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - John D Isaacs
- National Institute for Health Research Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
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18
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Gravallese EM, Monach PA. The rheumatoid joint. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-09138-1.00094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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New R, Bansal GS, Dryjska M, Bogus M, Green P, Feldmann M, Brennan F. Design and optimisation of bioactive cyclic peptides: generation of a down-regulator of TNF secretion. Molecules 2014; 19:21529-40. [PMID: 25532847 PMCID: PMC6271530 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191221529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although strong binding interactions between protein receptor and ligand do not require the participation of a large number of amino acids in either site, short peptide chains are generally poor at recreating the types of protein-protein interactions which take place during cell recognition and signalling process, probably because their flexible backbones prevent the side chains from forming sufficiently rigid and stable epitopes, which can take part in binding with the desired strength and specificity. In a recently-reported study, it was shown that a proto-epitope containing F, R and S amino acids has the ability to down-regulate TNF secretion by macrophages. This paper extends these findings, putting those amino acids into a short cyclic peptide scaffold, and determining the optimal configuration required to overcome the problems of conformational instability, and give rise to molecules which have potential as therapeutic agents in human disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger New
- Proxima Concepts Limited, c/o London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK; E-Mails: (G.S.B.); (M.D.); (M.B.)
- Bone Medical Limited, 16 Ord Street, West Perth, WA 6005, Australia
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +44-207-419-5980
| | - Gurpal S. Bansal
- Proxima Concepts Limited, c/o London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK; E-Mails: (G.S.B.); (M.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Malgorzata Dryjska
- Proxima Concepts Limited, c/o London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK; E-Mails: (G.S.B.); (M.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Michal Bogus
- Proxima Concepts Limited, c/o London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK; E-Mails: (G.S.B.); (M.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Patricia Green
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Headington OX3 7FY, UK; E-Mails: (P.G.); (M.F.)
| | - Marc Feldmann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Headington OX3 7FY, UK; E-Mails: (P.G.); (M.F.)
| | - Fionula Brennan
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Headington OX3 7FY, UK; E-Mails: (P.G.); (M.F.)
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Nagy ZB, Csanád M, Tóth K, Börzsönyi B, Demendi C, Rigó J, Joó JG. Current concepts in the genetic diagnostics of rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 10:603-18. [PMID: 20629510 DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt B Nagy
- Nagy Gene Diagnostics and Research LTD, 1054 Budapest, Petofi tér 3, Hungary
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21
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Ahmad SF, Attia SM, Bakheet SA, Ashour AE, Zoheir KMA, Abd-Allah ARA. Anti-inflammatory effect ofEuphorbia hirtain an adjuvant-induced arthritic murine model. Immunol Invest 2014; 43:197-211. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2013.857350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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22
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Davignon JL, Hayder M, Baron M, Boyer JF, Constantin A, Apparailly F, Poupot R, Cantagrel A. Targeting monocytes/macrophages in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012. [PMID: 23204551 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotherapies have revolutionized the treatment of RA. However, much work is needed to understand all the mechanisms of these biotherapies, and alternatives are needed to circumvent adverse effects and the high cost of these long-lasting treatments. In this article we outline some of the approaches we have used to target monocytes/macrophages as major components of inflammation and bone homeostasis. We also discuss how anti-TNF-α antibodies target monocytes/macrophages in the complex mechanisms contributing to inhibition of inflammation.
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23
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Pavkova Goldbergova M, Pavek N, Lipkova J, Jarkovsky J, Stouracova M, Gatterova J, Vasku A, Soucek M, Nemec P. Circulating cytokine pattern and factors describing rheumatoid arthritis: IL-15 as one of the biomarkers for RA? Biomarkers 2012; 17:655-62. [PMID: 22998011 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2012.719036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of study was to examine relationship among levels of cytokines (IL-6, IL-13, IL-15, TNF-α) and chemokine (IL-8), production of autoantibodies, radiographic progression, and factors describing rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A total of 156 RA patients according to ACR criteria, and 55 control subjects were recruited into study. We observed higher levels of IL-15 within RA patients compared to healthy controls. Correlations among cytokine levels and the measures of rheumatoid factors, anti-CCP, measures of disease activity, and radiographic progression were observed. We conclude that IL-15 level in circulation could serve as one of the biomarkers for RA detection.
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Scott IC, Steer S, Lewis CM, Cope AP. Precipitating and perpetuating factors of rheumatoid arthritis immunopathology: linking the triad of genetic predisposition, environmental risk factors and autoimmunity to disease pathogenesis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2012; 25:447-68. [PMID: 22137917 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered to occur when genetic and environmental factors interact to trigger immunopathological changes and consequently an inflammatory arthritis. Over the last few decades, epidemiological and genetic studies have identified a large number of risk factors for RA development, the most prominent of which comprise cigarette smoking and the shared epitope alleles. These risks appear to differ substantially between anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (ACPA)-positive and ACPA-negative disease. In this article, we will summarise the risk factors for RA development that have currently been identified, outlining the specific gene-environment and gene-gene interactions that may occur to precipitate and perpetuate autoimmunity and RA. We will also focus on how this knowledge of risk factors for RA may be implemented in the future to identify individuals at a high risk of disease development in whom preventative strategies may be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Scott
- Department of Rheumatology, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK.
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25
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Savio AS, Acosta OR, Pérez HG, Alvarez YR, Chico A, Pérez HG, Ojeda MO, Aguero CAA, Estévez M, Nieto GG. Enhancement of the inhibitory effect of an IL-15 antagonist peptide by alanine scanning. J Pept Sci 2011; 18:25-9. [PMID: 22052738 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
IL-15 is a proinflammatory cytokine that acts early in the inflammatory response and has been associated with several autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, where it had been proposed as a therapeutic target. We recently reported an IL-15 antagonist peptide corresponding to sequence 36-45 of IL-15 (KVTAMKCFLL) named P8, which specifically binds to IL-15Rα and inhibits IL-15 biological activity with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 130 µ m in CTLL-2 proliferation assay. In order to improve binding of peptide P8 to the receptor IL-15Rα, we used an Ala scan strategy to study contribution of each individual amino acid to the peptide's antagonist effect. Here, we found that Phe and Cys are important for peptide binding to IL-15Rα. We also investigated other single site mutations and replaced the second Lys in the sequence by the polar non-charged amino acid threonine. The resulting peptide [K6T]P8 exhibited a higher activity than P8 with an IC50 of 24 µm. We also found that this peptide was more active than peptide P8 in the inhibition of TNFα secretion by synovial cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients. The peptide [K6T]P8 described in this work is a new type of IL-15 antagonist and constitutes a potential therapeutic agent for rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Santos Savio
- Pharmaceutical Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, CP, 10600, Havana, Cuba.
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Resistance to regulatory T cell-mediated suppression in rheumatoid arthritis can be bypassed by ectopic foxp3 expression in pathogenic synovial T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:16717-22. [PMID: 21926327 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1112722108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that regulatory T cell (Treg) function is impaired in chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here we demonstrate that Tregs are unable to modulate the spontaneous production of TNF-α from RA synovial cells cultured from the diseased synovium site. Cytokine (IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α) activated T cells (Tck), cells we previously demonstrated to mimic the effector function of pathogenic RA synovial T cells, contained Tregs that survived and divided in this cytokine environment; however, the up-regulation of key molecules associated with Treg function (CTLA-4 and LFA-1) was impaired. Furthermore, Tregs were unable to suppress the function of Tcks, including contact-dependent induction of TNF-α from macrophages, supporting the concept that impaired Treg function/responsiveness contributes to chronicity of RA. However, ectopic foxp3 expression in both Tcks and pathogenic RA synovial T cells attenuated their cytokine production and function, including contact-dependent activation of macrophages. This diminished response to cytokine activation after ectopic foxp3 expression involved inhibited NF-κB activity and differed mechanistically from that displayed endogenously in conventional Tregs. These results suggest that diseases such as RA may perpetuate owing to the inability of Tregs to control cytokine-activated T-cell function. Understanding the mechanism whereby foxp3 attenuates the pathogenic function of synovial T cells may provide insight into the mechanisms of chronicity in inflammatory disease and potentially reveal new therapeutic candidates.
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27
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The rheumatoid joint. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-06551-1.00091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Li C, Beavis P, Palfreeman AC, Amjadi P, Kennedy A, Brennan FM. Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is critical step for acquisition of effector function in cytokine-activated T cells, but acts as a negative regulator in T cells activated through the T-cell receptor. Immunology 2010; 132:104-10. [PMID: 20875074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood CD4(+) CD45RO(+) T cells activated in vitro are able to induce expression of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in monocytes via a contact-dependent mechanism. Activation is achieved either with interleukin-2 (IL-2)/IL-6/TNF-α over an 8-day period or cross-linking CD3 using anti-CD3 antibody for 48 hr. In this paper, we show that the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway played different roles in the generation of effector function in these two types of activated T cells. In anti-CD3 activated T cells, p38 MAPK is a negative regulator for anti-CD3 induced cell proliferation and has no significant effect on the acquisition of either the effector function (induction of monocyte-derived TNF-α) or production of T-cell cytokines. In contrast, the p38 MAPK signalling pathway is required for the acquisition of cytokine-induced effector function and promotes cell proliferation and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Li
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College London, London, UK
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29
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Carpintero R, Gruaz L, Brandt KJ, Scanu A, Faille D, Combes V, Grau GE, Burger D. HDL interfere with the binding of T cell microparticles to human monocytes to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine production. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11869. [PMID: 20686620 PMCID: PMC2912329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Direct cellular contact with stimulated T cells is a potent mechanism that induces cytokine production in human monocytes in the absence of an infectious agent. This mechanism is likely to be relevant to T cell-mediated inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Microparticles (MP) generated by stimulated T cells (MPT) display similar monocyte activating ability to whole T cells, isolated T cell membranes, or solubilized T cell membranes. We previously demonstrated that high-density lipoproteins (HDL) inhibited T cell contact- and MPT-induced production of IL-1β but not of its natural inhibitor, the secreted form of IL-1 receptor antagonist (sIL-1Ra). Methodology/Principal Findings Labeled MPT were used to assess their interaction with monocytes and T lymphocytes by flow cytometry. Similarly, interactions of labeled HDL with monocytes and MPT were assessed by flow cytometry. In parallel, the MPT-induction of IL-1β and sIL-1Ra production in human monocytes and the effect of HDL were assessed in cell cultures. The results show that MPT, but not MP generated by activated endothelial cells, bond monocytes to trigger cytokine production. MPT did not bind T cells. The inhibition of IL-1β production by HDL correlated with the inhibition of MPT binding to monocytes. HDL interacted with MPT rather than with monocytes suggesting that they bound the activating factor(s) of T cell surface. Furthermore, prototypical pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as TNF, IL-6, IL-8, CCL3 and CCL4 displayed a pattern of production induced by MPT and inhibition by HDL similar to IL-1β, whereas the production of CCL2, like that of sIL-1Ra, was not inhibited by HDL. Conclusions/Significance HDL inhibit both MPT binding to monocytes and the MPT-induced production of some but not all cytokines, shedding new light on the mechanism by which HDL display their anti-inflammatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakel Carpintero
- Hans Wilsdorf Laboratory, Inflammation and Allergy Research Group, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lyssia Gruaz
- Hans Wilsdorf Laboratory, Inflammation and Allergy Research Group, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karim J. Brandt
- Hans Wilsdorf Laboratory, Inflammation and Allergy Research Group, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anna Scanu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Dorothée Faille
- Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Valery Combes
- Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Georges E. Grau
- Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Danielle Burger
- Hans Wilsdorf Laboratory, Inflammation and Allergy Research Group, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Gruaz L, Delucinge-Vivier C, Descombes P, Dayer JM, Burger D. Blockade of T cell contact-activation of human monocytes by high-density lipoproteins reveals a new pattern of cytokine and inflammatory genes. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9418. [PMID: 20195532 PMCID: PMC2828473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular contact with stimulated T cells is a potent inducer of cytokine production in human monocytes and is likely to play a substantial part in chronic/sterile inflammatory diseases. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) specifically inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by T cell contact. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To further elucidate the pro-inflammatory functions of cellular contact with stimulated T cells and its inhibition by HDL, we carried out multiplex and microarray analyses. Multiplex analysis of monocyte supernatant revealed that 12 out of 27 cytokines were induced upon contact with stimulated T cells, which cytokines included IL-1Ra, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFNgamma, CCL2, CCL5, TNF, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, CCL3, and CCL4, but only the latter six were inhibited by HDL. Microarray analysis showed that 437 out of 54,675 probe sets were enhanced in monocytes activated by contact with stimulated T cells, 164 probe sets (i.e., 38%) being inhibited by HDL. These results were validated by qPCR. Interestingly, the cytokines induced by T cell contact in monocytes comprised IL-1beta, IL-6 but not IL-12, suggesting that this mechanism might favor Th17 polarization, which emphasizes the relevance of this mechanism to chronic inflammatory diseases and highlights the contrast with acute inflammatory conditions that usually involve lipopolysaccharides (LPS). In addition, the expression of miR-155 and production of prostaglandin E(2)-both involved in inflammatory response-were triggered by T cell contact and inhibited in the presence of HDL. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results leave no doubt as to the pro-inflammatory nature of T cell contact-activation of human monocytes and the anti-inflammatory functions of HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyssia Gruaz
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Inflammation and Allergy Research Group, Hans Wilsdorf Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Chang DT, Colton E, Anderson JM. Paracrine and juxtacrine lymphocyte enhancement of adherent macrophage and foreign body giant cell activation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 89:490-8. [PMID: 18437695 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes have been shown to be involved in modulating monocyte and macrophage behavior in the foreign body reaction. Lymphocyte effects on biomaterial-adherent macrophage and foreign body giant cell (FBGC) behavior were further investigated by culturing monocytes alone or together with lymphocytes, either in direct co-cultures or indirectly in transwells, on a series of polyethylene terephthalate-based photograft co-polymerized material surfaces displaying distinct hydrophobic, hydrophilic/neutral, hydrophilic/anionic, and hydrophilic/ cationic chemistries. After periods of 3, 7, and 10 days, cytokine production was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and normalized to adherent macrophage/FBGC density to yield a measure of adherent macrophage/FBGC activation. Interactions with lymphocytes enhanced adherent macrophage and FBGC production of pro-inflammatory IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8, and MIP-1beta on the hydrophobic and hydrophilic/cationic surfaces but had no effect on anti-inflammatory IL-10 production indicating lymphocytes promote a pro-inflammatory response to biomaterials. Lymphocytes also did not significantly influence MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 production. Interactions through indirect (paracrine) signaling showed a significant effect in enhancing adherent macrophage/FBGC activation at early time points whereas interactions via direct (juxtacrine) mechanisms dominated at later time points. Biomaterial surface chemistries differentially affected the observed responses as hydrophilic/neutral and hydrophilic/anionic surfaces, evoked the highest levels of activation relative to the other surfaces but did not facilitate lymphocyte enhancement of adherent macrophage/FBGC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Pandey A, Kour K, Bani S, Suri KA, Satti NK, Sharma P, Qazi GN. Amelioration of adjuvant induced arthritis by apocynin. Phytother Res 2009; 23:1462-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Sumariwalla PF, Palmer CD, Pickford LB, Feldmann M, Foxwell BMJ, Brennan FM. Suppression of tumour necrosis factor production from mononuclear cells by a novel synthetic compound, CLX-090717. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008; 48:32-8. [PMID: 19015145 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the clinical efficacy of a novel synthetic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonist, CLX-090717, in several in vitro cell culture systems and murine CIA, an experimental model of RA. METHODS Peripheral blood monocytes purified by elutriation, and rheumatoid synovial cells isolated from clinical tissue were cultured with CLX-090717 and TNF-alpha release was measured. Molecular mechanism of action was analysed by western blotting and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Thioglycollate-elicited murine peritoneal macrophages were cultured with CLX-090717 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-alpha release was assayed. Therapeutic studies were done in mice with established arthritis by evaluating clinical parameters and histology. In addition, type II collagen response of lymphocytes from mice with CIA was examined. RESULTS CLX-090717 significantly inhibited spontaneous TNF-alpha release by RA synovial membrane cells, as well as LPS-induced TNF-alpha release from human and murine monocytic cells. Inhibition of TNF-alpha in monocytes was mediated partially through a nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)-dependent pathway, as judged by sustained levels of IkappaBalpha in cytosolic extracts and a reduced level of LPS-induced NF-kappaB activity in nuclear extracts. CLX-090717 reduced clinical signs of arthritis and damage to joint architecture when administered therapeutically to arthritic mice. Mechanisms of action in CIA involved the reduction in proliferation of arthritic lymphocytes to antigen in vitro as well as reduced TNF-alpha release. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the synthetic compound CLX-090717 has potential as a small molecular weight anti-inflammatory therapeutic for chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Sumariwalla
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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González-Alvaro I, Ortiz AM, Domínguez-Jiménez C, Aragón-Bodi A, Díaz Sánchez B, Sánchez-Madrid F. Inhibition of tumour necrosis factor and IL-17 production by leflunomide involves the JAK/STAT pathway. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 68:1644-50. [PMID: 18957484 PMCID: PMC2946060 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2008.096743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To study the effects of different disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) on different events mediated by IL-15-activated lymphocytes. Methods: Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were isolated from healthy donors and activated with IL-15 after exposure to different DMARD: leflunomide, cyclosporin A, methotrexate, mycophenolic acid, FK-506, sulphasalazine and sodium aurothiomalate. The expression of different surface molecules on the PBL was then determined by flow cytometry. Cells were also co-cultured with the monocytic cell line THP-1 and the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) concentration in the supernatant was measured after 24 h using an immunoenzyme assay. The effect of the aforementioned drugs on IL-17 production by IL-15-activated PBL was also studied. Results: Treatment of PBL with leflunomide, cyclosporin A and FK-506 inhibited the IL-15-induced expression of both CD54 and CD69 by PBL, as well as TNF production in co-cultures of activated PBL and THP-1 cells. The downregulation of CD54 and CD69 in PBL was correlated with the inhibition of TNF production. Likewise, leflunomide, cyclosporin A and FK-506 all inhibited IL-17 production in IL-15-activated PBL. Interestingly, the effect of leflunomide was not reverted by the presence of uridine in the medium. In addition, leflunomide inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT6 in vitro. Conclusion: Inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway may represent an additional effect of leflunomide in chronic polyarthritis because it impairs certain events that control proinflammatory TNF and IL-17 cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- I González-Alvaro
- Rheumatology Unit, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa. Madrid, Spain.
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Doom M, de Bruin T, de Rooster H, van Bree H, Cox E. Immunopathological mechanisms in dogs with rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 125:143-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Andersson AK, Feldmann M, Brennan FM. Neutralizing IL-21 and IL-15 inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine production in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Immunol 2008; 68:103-11. [PMID: 18482208 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin IL-21 and IL-15 belong to the common gamma-chain receptor family. IL-15 represents a novel therapeutic target in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), whereas less is known about the role of IL-21 in human inflammatory diseases. We have analysed the effects of blocking IL-21 and IL-15 on spontaneous production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in RA synovial cell cultures. RA synovial membrane cells were cultured in the presence of an IL-21R-Fc chimera or a neutralizing IL-15 antibody and production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha, IL-6 and IL-1beta was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Expression of IL-21 and IL-15 in RA synovium was measured by RT-PCR and ELISA. mRNA for IL-21 and IL-21R was detected in the culture cell lysates. Protein for IL-15 was found at detectable levels in the cell lysates. Both the IL-21R-Fc chimera and anti-IL-15 antibody inhibited cytokine release, although substantially more IL-21R-Fc was needed. IL-21R-Fc at the highest dose (100 microg/ml) significantly reduced TNFalpha production by 50%, IL-6 by 57% and IL-1beta by 81%. Anti-IL-15 antibody (5 microg/ml) significantly inhibited TNFalpha release by 51%, IL-6 by 37% and IL-1beta by 82% in line with previous published observations. The data confirm that IL-15 plays a role in RA and suggests that IL-21 is also involved in driving the pro-inflammatory cytokine response in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Andersson
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London, UK
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Clavel C, Nogueira L, Laurent L, Iobagiu C, Vincent C, Sebbag M, Serre G. Induction of macrophage secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha through Fcgamma receptor IIa engagement by rheumatoid arthritis-specific autoantibodies to citrullinated proteins complexed with fibrinogen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:678-88. [PMID: 18311806 DOI: 10.1002/art.23284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Macrophage-derived tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) is a dominant mediator of synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study was undertaken to assess whether and how immune complexes (ICs) formed by the interaction of disease-specific autoantibodies to citrullinated proteins (ACPAs) with their main synovial target antigen, citrullinated fibrin, contribute to TNFalpha production by macrophages. METHODS An in vitro human model was developed in which monocyte-derived macrophages were stimulated with ACPA-containing ICs that were generated by capturing ACPAs from RA sera on immobilized citrullinated fibrinogen. Cellular activation was evaluated by TNFalpha assay in culture supernatants. Selective blockade of IC interactions with the 3 classes of Fcgamma receptors (FcgammaR) was used to assess the contribution of each receptor to macrophage activation. In addition, 2 citrullinated fibrin-derived peptides bearing major ACPA epitopes were tested for their capacity to inhibit formation of macrophage-activating ACPA-containing ICs. RESULTS ACPA-containing ICs induced a dose-dependent TNFalpha secretion by macrophages from 14 of 20 healthy donors. The macrophage response was systematically higher than that of the paired monocyte precursors. TNFalpha secretion was not reduced by blockade of FcgammaRI or FcgammaRIII, but was strongly repressed when interaction of ICs with FcgammaRII was prevented. The 2 citrullinated peptides significantly inhibited ACPA reactivity to citrullinated fibrinogen and, when tested together, almost completely abolished formation of macrophage-activating ICs, thereby diminishing the secreted TNFalpha levels. CONCLUSION Our model demonstrates the inflammatory potential of ACPA-containing ICs via engagement of FcgammaRIIa at the surface of macrophages, strongly supporting their pathophysiologic involvement. Continuing dissection of these molecular pathways could open the way to new therapeutic approaches in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Clavel
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5165 CNRS-Université Toulouse III, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 30 (IFR30) Toulouse, France
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Albertini R, Villaverde AB, Aimbire F, Bjordal J, Brugnera A, Mittmann J, Silva JA, Costa M. Cytokine mRNA expression is decreased in the subplantar muscle of rat paw subjected to carrageenan-induced inflammation after low-level laser therapy. Photomed Laser Surg 2008; 26:19-24. [PMID: 18248157 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2007.2119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this work was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of low-level laser therapy, applied at different wavelengths (660 and 684 nm), on cytokine mRNA expression after carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in rat paw. BACKGROUND DATA Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been observed to reduce pain in inflammatory disorders. However, little is known about the mechanisms behind this effect or whether it is wavelength-specific. MATERIALS AND METHODS The test sample consisted of 32 rats divided into four groups: A(1) (control-saline), A(2) (carrageenan-only), A(3) (carrageenan + 660 nm laser therapy), and A(4) (carrageenan + 684 nm laser therapy). The animals from groups A(3) and A(4) were irradiated 1 h after induction of inflammation by carrageenan injection. Continuous-wave red lasers with wavelengths of 660 and 684 nm and dose of 7.5 J/cm(2) were used. RESULTS Both the 660 nm and 684 nm laser groups had 30%-40% lower mRNA expression for cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 in the paw muscle tissue than the carrageenan-only control group. Cytokine measurements were made 3 h after laser irradiation of the paw muscle, and all cytokine differences between the carrageenan-only control group and the LLLT groups were statistically significant (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS LLLT at the 660-nm and 684-nm wavelengths administered to inflamed rat paw tissue at a dose of 7.5 J/cm(2) reduce cytokine mRNA expression levels within 3 h in the laser-irradiated tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regiane Albertini
- Instituto de Pesquisa and Desenvolvimento (IP&D), Universidade do Vale do Paraíba (UNIVAP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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Brennan FM, Smith NMG, Owen S, Li C, Amjadi P, Green P, Andersson A, Palfreeman AC, Hillyer P, Foey A, Beech JT, Feldmann M. Resting CD4+ effector memory T cells are precursors of bystander-activated effectors: a surrogate model of rheumatoid arthritis synovial T-cell function. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 10:R36. [PMID: 18353171 PMCID: PMC2452984 DOI: 10.1186/ar2390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previously we described a system whereby human peripheral blood T cells stimulated for 8 days in a cytokine cocktail acquired effector function for contact-dependent induction of proinflammatory cytokines from monocytes. We termed these cells cytokine-activated (Tck) cells and found that the signalling pathways elicited in the responding monocytes were identical whether they were placed in contact with Tck cells or with T cells isolated from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue. Methods Here, using magnetic beads and fluorescence-activated cell sorting, we extensively phenotype the Tck effector cells and conclude that effector function resides within the CD4+CD45RO+, CCR7-, CD49dhigh population, and that these cells are derived from the effector memory CD4+ T cells in resting blood. Results After stimulation in culture, these cells produce a wide range of T-cell cytokines, undergo proliferation and differentiate to acquire an extensively activated phenotype resembling RA synovial T cells. Blocking antibodies against CD69, CD18, or CD49d resulted in a reduction of tumour necrosis factor-α production from monocytes stimulated with CD4+CD45RO+ Tck cells in the co-culture assay. Moreover, blockade of these ligands also resulted in inhibition of spontaneous tumour necrosis factor-α production in RA synovial mononuclear cell cultures. Conclusion Taken together, these data strengthen our understanding of T-cell effector function, highlight the multiple involvement of different cell surface ligands in cell-cell contact and, provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of inflammatory RA disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fionula M Brennan
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Aspenlea Road, London, W6 8LH, UK.
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Andersson AK, Li C, Brennan FM. Recent developments in the immunobiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 10:204. [PMID: 18373887 PMCID: PMC2453771 DOI: 10.1186/ar2370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress into the understanding of immunopathology in rheumatoid arthritis is reviewed in the present article with regard to pro-inflammatory cytokine production, cell activation and recruitment, and osteoclastogenesis. Studies highlight the potential importance of T helper 17 cells and regulatory T cells in driving and suppressing inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis, respectively, and highlight other potential T-cell therapeutic targets. The genetic associations of the HLA shared epitope alleles with antibodies to citrullinated peptides in rheumatoid arthritis patients indicate that T cells are providing help to B cells to produce autoantibodies, and there is increasing evidence that these autoantibodies are pathogenic in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Andersson
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, 1 Aspenlea Road, London W6 8LH, UK.
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Uniocular anterior chamber inoculation of a tumor necrosis factor alpha-expressing recombinant of herpes simplex virus type 1 results in more rapid destruction and increased viral replication in the retina of the uninoculated eye. J Virol 2008; 82:5068-78. [PMID: 18321975 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00082-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) has been shown to have a protective role in the eyes and brains of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-infected mice. To determine whether overexpression of TNF-alpha affected the course of virus infection following uniocular anterior chamber inoculation, a recombinant of HSV-1 that produces TNF-alpha constitutively (KOSTNF) was constructed. BALB/c mice were injected with the TNF-alpha recombinant, a recombinant containing the pCI plasmid, a recombinant rescue virus, or the parental virus. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry were used to identify virus-infected cells and to determine the numbers and types of infiltrating inflammatory cells in the uninjected eyes. Virus titers were determined by plaque assay. There were no differences among the groups in virus titers or the route and timing of virus spread in the injected eyes or in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. However, in the uninjected eyes of KOSTNF-infected mice, TNF-alpha expression was increased and there were more viral antigen-positive cells and immune inflammatory cells. There was earlier microscopic evidence of retinal infection and destruction in these mice, and the titers of virus in the uninjected eyes were significantly increased in KOSTNF-infected mice on day 7 postinfection compared with those of KOSpCI-, KOS6beta rescue-, or KOS6beta-infected mice. The results suggest that instead of moderating infection and reducing virus spread, overexpression of TNF-alpha has deleterious effects due to increased inflammation and virus infection that result in earlier destruction of the retina of the uninoculated eye.
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Li YYY, Bao M, Meurer J, Skuballa W, Bauman JG, Doecke WD, Zollner TM. The identification of a small molecule inhibitor that specifically reduces T cell-mediated adaptive but not LPS-mediated innate immunity by T cell membrane-monocyte contact bioassay. Immunol Lett 2007; 117:114-8. [PMID: 18241931 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2007.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 08/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFalpha and IL-1beta are produced in lesional skin of chronic plaque psoriasis patients, and at other sites of chronic inflammation such as arthritic joints. They play vital roles in maintaining inflammation. It has recently been suggested that activated T cell contact-mediated monocyte activation, leading to the production of proinflammatory cytokines, contributes to the pathogenesis of psoriasis and other chronic inflammatory diseases such as psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Using a T cell membrane-monocyte contact bioassay, we have identified small molecule antagonists that differentially block anti-CD3/anti-CD28 activated T cell-mediated, but not LPS-stimulated, TNFalpha production from monocytes. We selected several kinase inhibitors from the Berlex/Schering kinase library and tested the effect of these compounds in blocking TNFalpha production in the T cell membrane-monocyte contact bioassay. We have demonstrated that one compound BLX-1, from a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor project, inhibited T cell-mediated TNFalpha production from monocytes by about 80%, without any effect on TNFalpha production from LPS-stimulated monocytes. Other BLX-1 analogs showed 32-83% inhibition of TNFalpha production with LPS stimulation as compared to almost 100% inhibition of T cell-mediated TNFalpha production. In contrast, PKC inhibitors BLX-5, Go6983, and Ro-31-8220, inhibited TNFalpha production from both activated T cell membrane- and LPS-stimulated monocytes to the same extent (in the range of 50-100% inhibition). Therefore, the activated T cell membrane-monocyte contact bioassay can be used to screen small molecule antagonists that specifically target adaptive but not LPS-mediated innate immunity. Small molecule TNFalpha inhibitors interfering specifically with activated T cell contact-mediated TNFalpha production from monocytes, but not with LPS-mediated TNFalpha production of myeloid cells, are predicted to have an improved side-effect profile and thus may provide more favorable therapeutics for the treatment of T cell-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yang Yvonne Li
- CRBA Inflammation, RBA Dermatology USA, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, USA. Yvonne
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Gelderman KA, Hultqvist M, Olsson LM, Bauer K, Pizzolla A, Olofsson P, Holmdahl R. Rheumatoid arthritis: the role of reactive oxygen species in disease development and therapeutic strategies. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9:1541-67. [PMID: 17678439 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are chronic diseases that cannot be prevented or cured If the pathologic basis of such disease would be known, it might be easier to develop new drugs interfering with critical pathway. Genetic analysis of animal models for autoimmune diseases can result in discovery of proteins and pathways that play key function in pathogenesis, which may provide rationales for new therapeutic strategies. Currently, only the MHC class II is clearly associated with human RA and animal models for RA. However, recent data from rats and mice with a polymorphism in Ncf1, a member of the NADPH oxidase complex, indicate a role for oxidative burst in protection from arthritis. Oxidative burst-activating substances can treat and prevent arthritis in rats, as efficiently as clinically applied drugs, suggesting a novel pathway to a therapeutic target in human RA. Here, the authors discuss the role of oxygen radicals in regulating the immune system and autoimmune disease. It is proposed that reactive oxygen species set the threshold for T cell activation and thereby regulate chronic autoimmune inflammatory diseases like RA. In the light of this new hypothesis, new possibilities for preventive and therapeutic treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra A Gelderman
- Unit for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Devan P, Bani S, Suri KA, Satti NK, Qazi GN. Immunomodulation exhibited by piperinic acid through suppression of proinflammatory cytokines. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:889-99. [PMID: 17499191 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 02/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Piper longum (PL) has been reported for its varied pharmacological activities including bio-enhancer and anti-inflammatory activities in traditional medicine. Here the premise of the study was to investigate the immunoregulatory potential of PL and piperinic acid, one of its active constituent, in Balb/C mice (in vivo) and human PBMCs (in vitro) models. Piperinic acid moderated the proinflammatory mediators and cytokines in our experiments. At doses of 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg p.o. PL showed a dose dependent decrease of lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) and cytokine levels in sensitized Balb/C mice with a marked inhibition at 40 mg/kg. At an in vitro dose of 20 mug/ml of PL and 5 mug/ml of piperinic acid, there was a significant inhibition of mitogen induced human PBMC proliferation, mRNA transcripts of IL-2 (ConA) and TNFalpha, IL-1beta and iNOS (LPS) respectively under stimulated conditions in time dependent (6 h, 12 h and 24 h respectively) expression studies. In parallel, induced nitric oxide production was also reduced by stimulated macrophages. Our observations rationalize the traditional use of PL and also validate the immunoregulatory potential of piperinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhavathy Devan
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Regional Research Laboratory, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi-180001, Jammu and Kashmir State, India.
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Beech JT, Andreakos E, Ciesielski CJ, Green P, Foxwell BMJ, Brennan FM. T-cell contact-dependent regulation of CC and CXC chemokine production in monocytes through differential involvement of NFkappaB: implications for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 8:R168. [PMID: 17101049 PMCID: PMC1794512 DOI: 10.1186/ar2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We and others have reported that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial T cells can activate human monocytes/macrophages in a contact-dependent manner to induce the expression of inflammatory cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). In the present study we demonstrate that RA synovial T cells without further activation can also induce monocyte CC and CXC chemokine production in a contact-dependent manner. The transcription factor NFκB is differentially involved in this process as CXC chemokines but not CC chemokines are inhibited after overexpression of IκBα, the natural inhibitor of NFκB. This effector function of RA synovial T cells is also shared by T cells activated with a cytokine cocktail containing IL-2, IL-6 and TNFα, but not T cells activated by anti-CD3 cross-linking that mimics TCR engagement. This study demonstrates for the first time that RA synovial T cells as well as cytokine-activated T cells are able to induce monocyte chemokine production in a contact-dependent manner and through NFκB-dependent and NFκB-independent mechanisms, in a process influenced by the phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase pathway. Moreover, this study provides further evidence that cytokine-activated T cells share aspects of their effector function with RA synovial T cells and that their targeting in the clinic has therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Beech
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College School of Medicine, 1 Aspenlea Road, Hammersmith, London W6 8LH, UK
| | - Evangelos Andreakos
- Foundation for Biomedical Research of the Academy of Athens, Center for Immunology and Transplantations, 4 Soranou tou Ephessiou, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Cathleen J Ciesielski
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College School of Medicine, 1 Aspenlea Road, Hammersmith, London W6 8LH, UK
| | - Patricia Green
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College School of Medicine, 1 Aspenlea Road, Hammersmith, London W6 8LH, UK
| | - Brian MJ Foxwell
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College School of Medicine, 1 Aspenlea Road, Hammersmith, London W6 8LH, UK
| | - Fionula M Brennan
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College School of Medicine, 1 Aspenlea Road, Hammersmith, London W6 8LH, UK
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González-Álvaro I, Domínguez-Jiménez C, Ortiz AM, Núñez-González V, Roda-Navarro P, Fernández-Ruiz E, Sancho D, Sánchez-Madrid F. Interleukin-15 and interferon-gamma participate in the cross-talk between natural killer and monocytic cells required for tumour necrosis factor production. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 8:R88. [PMID: 16684368 PMCID: PMC1779407 DOI: 10.1186/ar1955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Revised: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We have characterized the lymphocyte subset and the receptor molecules involved in inducing the secretion of TNF by monocytic cells in vitro. The TNF secreted by monocytic cells was measured when they were co-cultured with either resting or IL-15-stimulated lymphocytes, T cells, B cells or natural killer (NK) cells isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy subjects and from the synovial fluid from patients with inflammatory arthropathies. Co-culture with IL-15-activated peripheral blood or synovial fluid lymphocytes induced TNF production by monocytic cells within 24 hours, an effect that was mainly mediated by NK cells. In turn, monocytic cells induced CD69 expression and IFN-γ production in NK cells, an effect that was mediated mainly by β2 integrins and membrane-bound IL-15. Furthermore, IFN-γ increased the production of membrane-bound IL-15 in monocytic cells. Blockade of β2 integrins and membrane-bound IL-15 inhibited TNF production, whereas TNF synthesis increased in the presence of anti-CD48 and anti-CD244 (2B4) monoclonal antibodies. All these findings suggest that the cross-talk between NK cells and monocytes results in the sustained stimulation of TNF production. This phenomenon might be important in the pathogenesis of conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis in which the synthesis of TNF is enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidoro González-Álvaro
- Servicio de Reumatologia, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, c/ Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Domínguez-Jiménez
- Servicio de Reumatologia, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, c/ Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M Ortiz
- Servicio de Reumatologia, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, c/ Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanessa Núñez-González
- Servicio de Reumatologia, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, c/ Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Roda-Navarro
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, c/ Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Current address: Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Elena Fernández-Ruiz
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, c/ Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Sancho
- Servicio de Inmunologia, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, c/ Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Servicio de Inmunologia, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, c/ Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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47
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Zhang Z, Gorman CL, Vermi AC, Monaco C, Foey A, Owen S, Amjadi P, Vallance A, McClinton C, Marelli-Berg F, Isomäki P, Russell A, Dazzi F, Vyse TJ, Brennan FM, Cope AP. TCRzetadim lymphocytes define populations of circulating effector cells that migrate to inflamed tissues. Blood 2007; 109:4328-35. [PMID: 17255353 PMCID: PMC1939810 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-12-064170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The T-cell receptor ζ (TCRζ) chain is a master sensor and regulator of lymphocyte responses. Loss of TCRζ expression has been documented in infectious, inflammatory, and malignant diseases, suggesting that it may serve to limit T-cell reactivity and effector responses at sites of tissue damage. These observations prompted us to explore the relationship between TCRζ expression and effector function in T cells. We report here that TCRζdim lymphocytes are enriched for antigen-experienced cells refractory to TCR-induced proliferation. Compared to their TCRζbright counterparts, TCRζdim cells share characteristics of differentiated effector T cells but use accessory pathways for transducing signals for inflammatory cytokine gene expression and cell contact-dependent pathways to activate monocytes. TCRζdim T cells accumulate in inflamed tissues in vivo and have intrinsic migratory activity in vitro. Whilst blocking leukocyte trafficking with anti-TNF therapy in vivo is associated with the accumulation of TCRζdim T cells in peripheral blood, this T-cell subset retains the capacity to migrate in vitro. Taken together, the functional properties of TCRζdim T cells make them promising cellular targets for the treatment of chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoli Zhang
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith, London, United Kingdom
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48
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Jung YO, Cho ML, Kang CM, Jhun JY, Park JS, Oh HJ, Min JK, Park SH, Kim HY. Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 combination engagement upregulate IL-15 synergistically in human rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. Immunol Lett 2007; 109:21-7. [PMID: 17289161 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2006.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern-recognition receptors that connect innate and adaptive immunity. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a proinflammatory, innate response cytokine that mediates pleiotropic effector functions in inflammatory synovitis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to clarify whether stimulation of TLR2 and TLR4 by their specific ligands induces the production of IL-15 in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) from RA patients. FLS were isolated from RA synovial tissues and stimulated with the TLR2 ligand bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN) and the TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS). IL-15 in the culture supernatants was measured by ELISA, and mRNA levels were assessed by RT-PCR and real time PCR. The expression of TLR2, TLR4, and IL-15 in the RA synovium was quantified by immunohistochemistry and compared with values obtained in osteoarthritis synovium. IL-15 production increased in culture supernatants of RA FLS stimulated with PGN or PGN plus LPS, and this was upregulated at the transcriptional level. In contrast, LPS did not increase the level of IL-15 although it augmented the stimulatory effect of PGN on IL-15 production. Inhibition of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB with a specific inhibitor abrogated the stimulatory effect of PGN or PGN plus LPS on IL-15. Neutralization of TLR2 with a blocking monoclonal antibody significantly reduced IL-15 production (P<0.05), reflecting the functional relevance of TLR2 activation in the induction of IL-15 production. These data suggest that TLR2 activation in RA FLS by microbial constituents is involved in the induction of IL-15 and that TLR2 promotes inflammation through NF-kappaB. TLR4 augmented the stimulatory effect of TLR2 on IL-15, possibly contributing to the maintenance of synovitis in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ok Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Hallym University Kang-Nam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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49
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Kinne RW, Stuhlmüller B, Burmester GR. Cells of the synovium in rheumatoid arthritis. Macrophages. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 9:224. [PMID: 18177511 PMCID: PMC2246244 DOI: 10.1186/ar2333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The multitude and abundance of macrophage-derived mediators in rheumatoid arthritis and their paracrine/autocrine effects identify macrophages as local and systemic amplifiers of disease. Although uncovering the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis remains the ultimate means to silence the pathogenetic process, efforts in understanding how activated macrophages influence disease have led to optimization strategies to selectively target macrophages by agents tailored to specific features of macrophage activation. This approach has two advantages: (a) striking the cell population that mediates/amplifies most of the irreversible tissue destruction and (b) sparing other cells that have no (or only marginal) effects on joint damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimund W Kinne
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Department of Orthopedics, University Clinic, Jena, Klosterlausnitzer Str. 81, D-07607 Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Bruno Stuhlmüller
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital, Humboldt University of Berlin, Tucholskystr. 2, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd-R Burmester
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital, Humboldt University of Berlin, Tucholskystr. 2, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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50
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Sakkas LI, Platsoucas CD. The role of T cells in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:409-24. [PMID: 17265476 DOI: 10.1002/art.22369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lazaros I Sakkas
- Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA and Thessaly University School of Medicine, Larisa, Greece
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