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Remley VA, Linden J, Bauer TW, Dimastromatteo J. Unlocking antitumor immunity with adenosine receptor blockers. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2023; 6:748-767. [PMID: 38263981 PMCID: PMC10804392 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2023.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Tumors survive by creating a tumor microenvironment (TME) that suppresses antitumor immunity. The TME suppresses the immune system by limiting antigen presentation, inhibiting lymphocyte and natural killer (NK) cell activation, and facilitating T cell exhaustion. Checkpoint inhibitors like anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA4 are immunostimulatory antibodies, and their blockade extends the survival of some but not all cancer patients. Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is abundant in inflamed tumors, and its metabolite, adenosine (ADO), is a driver of immunosuppression mediated by adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) and adenosine A2B receptors (A2BR) found on tumor-associated lymphoid and myeloid cells. This review will focus on adenosine as a key checkpoint inhibitor-like immunosuppressive player in the TME and how reducing adenosine production or blocking A2AR and A2BR enhances antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Remley
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- University of Virginia Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | | | - Todd W. Bauer
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- University of Virginia Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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2
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Xing J, Zhang J, Wang J. The Immune Regulatory Role of Adenosine in the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14928. [PMID: 37834375 PMCID: PMC10573203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine, an immunosuppressive metabolite, is produced by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) released from dying or stressed cells and is found at high levels in the tumor microenvironment of most solid tumors. It mediates pro-tumor activities by inducing tumor cell proliferation, migration or invasion, tumor tissue angiogenesis, and chemoresistance. In addition, adenosine plays an important role in regulating anti-tumor immune responses and facilitating tumor immune escape. Adenosine receptors are broadly expressed by tumor-infiltrated immune cells, including suppressive tumor-associated macrophages and CD4+ regulatory T cells, as well as effector CD4+ T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Therefore, adenosine is indispensable in down-regulating anti-tumor immune responses in the tumor microenvironment and contributes to tumor progression. This review describes the current progress on the role of adenosine/adenosine receptor pathway in regulating the tumor-infiltrating immune cells that contribute to tumor immune evasion and aims to provide insights into adenosine-targeted tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Xing
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 100001, China
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jinhua Zhang
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jinyan Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 100001, China
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3
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Angelats E, Santamaria P. Lineage origin and transcriptional control of autoantigen-specific T-regulatory type 1 cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1267697. [PMID: 37818381 PMCID: PMC10560755 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1267697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
T Regulatory type-1 (TR1) cells represent an immunosuppressive T cell subset, discovered over 25 years ago, that produces high levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) but, unlike its FoxP3+ T regulatory (Treg) cell counterpart, does not express FoxP3 or CD25. Experimental evidence generated over the last few years has exposed a promising role for TR1 cells as targets of therapeutic intervention in immune-mediated diseases. The discovery of cell surface markers capable of distinguishing these cells from related T cell types and the application of next generation sequencing techniques to defining their transcriptional make-up have enabled a more accurate description of this T cell population. However, the developmental biology of TR1 cells has long remained elusive, in particular the identity of the cell type(s) giving rise to bona fide TR1 cells in vivo. Here, we review the fundamental phenotypic, transcriptional and functional properties of this T cell subset, and summarize recent lines of evidence shedding light into its ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Angelats
- Pathogenesis and Treatment of Autoimmunity Group, Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Pathogenesis and Treatment of Autoimmunity Group, Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Shi G, Zhou Y, Liu W, Chen C, Wei Y, Yan X, Wu L, Wang W, Sun L, Zhang T. Bone-derived MSCs encapsulated in alginate hydrogel prevent collagen-induced arthritis in mice through the activation of adenosine A 2A/2B receptors in tolerogenic dendritic cells. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:2778-2794. [PMID: 37425054 PMCID: PMC10326293 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs) facilitate the suppression of autoimmune responses by differentiating regulatory T cells (Treg). The dysfunction of immunotolerance results in the development of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). As multipotent progenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), can regulate dendritic cells (DCs) to restore their immunosuppressive function and prevent disease development. However, the underlying mechanisms of MSCs in regulating DCs still need to be better defined. Simultaneously, the delivery system for MSCs also influences their function. Herein, MSCs are encapsulated in alginate hydrogel to improve cell survival and retention in situ, maximizing efficacy in vivo. The three-dimensional co-culture of encapsulated MSCs with DCs demonstrates that MSCs can inhibit the maturation of DCs and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice model, alginate hydrogel encapsulated MSCs induce a significantly higher expression of CD39+CD73+ on MSCs. These enzymes hydrolyze ATP to adenosine and activate A2A/2B receptors on immature DCs, further promoting the phenotypic transformation of DCs to tolDCs and regulating naïve T cells to Tregs. Therefore, encapsulated MSCs obviously alleviate the inflammatory response and prevent CIA progression. This finding clarifies the mechanism of MSCs-DCs crosstalk in eliciting the immunosuppression effect and provides insights into hydrogel-promoted stem cell therapy for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaona Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wenshuai Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Chengjuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yazi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xinlong Yan
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Lei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Lan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Tiantai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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5
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Strickland LN, Faraoni EY, Ruan W, Yuan X, Eltzschig HK, Bailey-Lundberg JM. The resurgence of the Adora2b receptor as an immunotherapeutic target in pancreatic cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1163585. [PMID: 37187740 PMCID: PMC10175829 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1163585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by a dense desmoplastic stroma that impedes drug delivery, reduces parenchymal blood flow, and suppresses the anti-tumor immune response. The extracellular matrix and abundance of stromal cells result in severe hypoxia within the tumor microenvironment (TME), and emerging publications evaluating PDAC tumorigenesis have shown the adenosine signaling pathway promotes an immunosuppressive TME and contributes to the overall low survival rate. Hypoxia increases many elements of the adenosine signaling pathway, resulting in higher adenosine levels in the TME, further contributing to immune suppression. Extracellular adenosine signals through 4 adenosine receptors (Adora1, Adora2a, Adora2b, Adora3). Of the 4 receptors, Adora2b has the lowest affinity for adenosine and thus, has important consequences when stimulated by adenosine binding in the hypoxic TME. We and others have shown that Adora2b is present in normal pancreas tissue, and in injured or diseased pancreatic tissue, Adora2b levels are significantly elevated. The Adora2b receptor is present on many immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, γδ T cells, B cells, T cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells. In these immune cell types, adenosine signaling through Adora2b can reduce the adaptive anti-tumor response, augmenting immune suppression, or may contribute to transformation and changes in fibrosis, perineural invasion, or the vasculature by binding the Adora2b receptor on neoplastic epithelial cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. In this review, we discuss the mechanistic consequences of Adora2b activation on cell types in the tumor microenvironment. As the cell-autonomous role of adenosine signaling through Adora2b has not been comprehensively studied in pancreatic cancer cells, we will also discuss published data from other malignancies to infer emerging therapeutic considerations for targeting the Adora2b adenosine receptor to reduce the proliferative, invasive, and metastatic potential of PDAC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer M. Bailey-Lundberg
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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6
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Silva-Vilches C, Bolduan V, Alabdullah M, Steinbrink K, Probst HC, Enk A, Mahnke K. Topical Application of Adenosine A 2-Type Receptor Agonists Prevents Contact Hypersensitivity Reactions in Mice by Affecting Skin Dendritic Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:408-418.e6. [PMID: 36174716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine (Ado) produced by skin and skin migratory CD73+ dendritic cells is critically involved in tolerance to haptens. We therefore investigated the use of Ado receptor agonists for the treatment of contact hypersensitivity reactions. A2A- 4-[2-[[6-Amino-9-(N-ethyl-β-D-ribofuranuronamidosyl)-9H-purin-2-yl]amino] ethyl]benzenepropanoic acid hydrochloride (CGS) and A2B- 2-[[6-Amino-3,5-dicyano-4-[4-[cyclopropylmethoxy]phenyl]-2-pyridinyl]thio]-acetamide (BAY) specific Ado receptor agonists were epicutaneously applied to the skin before sensitization and challenge with DNFB. Both agonists reduced ear swelling compared with solvent controls. This was accompanied by fewer activated T cells in the skin after the challenge and by higher numbers of T cells expressing anergic markers such as LAG-3, CD137, PD-1, CD272, and TIM-3 in the lymph nodes of CGS-treated groups. In ear tissue, Ado receptor agonist treatment reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines as well as the infiltration by neutrophils after sensitization. Moreover, reduced numbers of skin migratory dendritic cells producing less IL-12 and exhibiting lower expression of CD86 were recorded in lymph nodes after sensitization. In cocultures of skin migratory dendritic cells from CGS-treated mice with T cells, reduced proliferation of T cells and decreased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines compared with that of solvent controls were apparent. In conclusion, topical application of Ado receptor agonists to the skin prevents sensitization of T cells against haptens by reducing the migration and activation of skin migratory dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Silva-Vilches
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Ruprecht Karls University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Bolduan
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Ruprecht Karls University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohamad Alabdullah
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Ruprecht Karls University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Steinbrink
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Enk
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Ruprecht Karls University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karsten Mahnke
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Ruprecht Karls University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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7
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Da M, Chen L, Enk A, Mahnke K. Tolerance to 2,4-Dinitrofluorobenzene‒Induced Contact Hypersensitivity Is Mediated by CD73-Expressing Tissue-homing Regulatory T Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 143:1011-1022.e8. [PMID: 36539031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) express CD73, an ectonucleotidase that converts adenosine (Ado) monophosphate to Ado, which has been shown to suppress immune reactions. To investigate the role(s) of CD73+ Tregs during the induction of tolerance, we used a 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene‒driven contact hypersensitivity model, in which tolerance can be induced by pretreating wild type mice with 2,4-dinitrothiocyanobenzene. CD73-deficient mice were unable to acquire tolerance. Likewise, transfer of CD73‒/‒ Tregs failed to suppress 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene‒induced ear swelling in wild type mice, whereas transfer of wild type‒derived Tregs into CD73‒/‒ mice re-established tolerance. This indicates a crucial role of CD73+ Tregs for skin-induced tolerance. Furthermore, we found that 2,4-dinitrothiocyanobenzene induces more activated CD73+ tissue-homing Tregs (marked by Ki-67, CTLA4, CCR4, CD103, CCR6, and CD49b expression) in draining lymph nodes and blood, eventually accumulating in the skin. The application of anti-CD73 antibodies that block CD73-derived Ado production as well as the injection of Ado deaminase, which degrades Ado in tissues, abrogated tolerance induction. Thus, our data indicate that CD73+ Ado-producing Tregs are crucial for the regulation of contact hypersensitivity reactions and tolerance induction in the skin and that manipulating the function(s) of CD73 in tissues may offer a tool to influence autoimmunity and inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihong Da
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luxia Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Enk
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karsten Mahnke
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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8
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Jasim SA, Mahdi RS, Bokov DO, Najm MAA, Sobirova GN, Bafoyeva ZO, Taifi A, Alkadir OKA, Mustafa YF, Mirzaei R, Karampoor S. The deciphering of the immune cells and marker signature in COVID-19 pathogenesis: An update. J Med Virol 2022; 94:5128-5148. [PMID: 35835586 PMCID: PMC9350195 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The precise interaction between the immune system and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical in deciphering the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is also vital for developing novel therapeutic tools, including monoclonal antibodies, antivirals drugs, and vaccines. Viral infections need innate and adaptive immune reactions since the various immune components, such as neutrophils, macrophages, CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and B lymphocytes, play different roles in various infections. Consequently, the characterization of innate and adaptive immune reactions toward SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for defining the pathogenicity of COVID-19. In this study, we explain what is currently understood concerning the conventional immune reactions to SARS-CoV-2 infection to shed light on the protective and pathogenic role of immune response in this case. Also, in particular, we investigate the in-depth roles of other immune mediators, including neutrophil elastase, serum amyloid A, and syndecan, in the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roaa Salih Mahdi
- Department of Pathology, College of MedicineUniversity of BabylonHillaIraq
| | - Dmitry Olegovich Bokov
- Institute of PharmacySechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityMoscowRussian Federation,Laboratory of Food ChemistryFederal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food SafetyMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Mazin A. A. Najm
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of PharmacyAl‐Ayen UniversityThi‐QarIraq
| | - Guzal N. Sobirova
- Department of Rehabilitation, Folk Medicine and Physical EducationTashkent Medical AcademyTashkentUzbekistan
| | - Zarnigor O. Bafoyeva
- Department of Rehabilitation, Folk Medicine and Physical EducationTashkent Medical AcademyTashkentUzbekistan
| | | | | | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of PharmacyUniversity of MosulMosulIraq
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research CenterPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research CenterIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Debnath N, Kumar A, Yadav AK. Probiotics as a biotherapeutics for the management and prevention of respiratory tract diseases. Microbiol Immunol 2022; 66:277-291. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nabendu Debnath
- Centre for Molecular Biology Central University of Jammu Samba 181143 Jammu and Kashmir (UT) India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Nutrition Biology Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh Jant‐Pali 123031 Haryana India
| | - Ashok Kumar Yadav
- Centre for Molecular Biology Central University of Jammu Samba 181143 Jammu and Kashmir (UT) India
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10
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Tang X, Qi J, Sun L, Zhao J, Zhang G, Zhao Y. Pathological effect of different avian infectious bronchitis virus strains on the bursa of Fabricius of chickens. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:339-348. [PMID: 35404721 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2063710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis is an acute and highly contagious disease caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). As well as the typical clinical respiratory symptoms, such as dyspnoea and tracheal rales, QX genotype strains can also cause damage to the urinary system and reproductive system. Our previous studies found that chickens infected with QX-type IBV also displayed damage to the bursa of Fabricius. To investigate the effects of different genotypes of IBV on the bursa of Fabricius, we challenged one-week-old SPF chickens with Mass, QX and TW genotype IBV strains and compared the clinical symptoms, gross lesions, histopathological damage, viral loads and expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1ß, IFN-α, ß, γ and TNF-α). The results showed that all three strains caused tissue damage, while significant temporal variations in the viral loads of the different infected groups were detected. IBV infection seriously interfered with the natural immune response mediated by inflammatory cytokines (IFN-α, IFN-ß, IL-6 and IFN-γ) in chickens. Our results suggested that IBV has potential immunological implications for chickens that may lead to poor production efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingyi Qi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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11
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Santos JGDO, Migueis DP, Amaral JBD, Bachi ALL, Boggi AC, Thamboo A, Voegels RL, Pezato R. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Saliva: TNF-⍺, IL-6, IL-10, Lactoferrin, Lysozyme, IgG, IgA, and IgM. J Oral Biosci 2022; 64:108-113. [PMID: 35091065 PMCID: PMC8788095 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Understanding the role of certain salivary components, such as TNF-⍺, IL-6, IL-10, lactoferrin, lysozyme, IgG, IgA, and IgM, in airway defense during the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is essential. The salivary immune barrier of patients with COVID-19 may play a role in their prognosis. The present study aims to evaluate the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on saliva composition. Methods A longitudinal study was carried out with male and female firefighters aged 24–48 years. The study sample (n = 34) was divided into 3 groups: asymptomatic volunteers with a negative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for SARS-CoV-2 (group 1, Control, n = 21); patients with symptoms of COVID-19 of less than 7 days’ duration and a diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection by PCR (group 2, COVID-19, n = 13); and recovered patients from group 2 who were free of COVID-19 symptoms for at least 2 months (group 3, post-COVID-19 recovery, n = 13). All groups underwent real-time PCR to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2, as well as analysis of the salivary concentrations of TNF-⍺, IL-6, IL-10, lactoferrin, lysozyme, IgG, IgA, and IgM by the ELISA method. Results Lactoferrin concentrations were significantly decreased in the infected group (COVID-19) when compared to those not infected by SARS-CoV-2 (control) (p = 0.032). IgA concentrations were decreased in the COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 groups compared to the control group (p = 0.005 and p = 0.016, respectively). Comparison of the COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 groups also revealed an increase in IgM concentrations during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection (p = 0.010). Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 alters the composition of the salivary immune barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Gaspar de Oliveira Santos
- ENT Research Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; IPO Hospital, Paranaense Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Jônatas Bussador do Amaral
- ENT Research Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - André Luis Lacerda Bachi
- ENT Research Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Coelho Boggi
- ENT Research Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Corpo de Bombeiros da Policia Militar do Estado de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrew Thamboo
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Richard Louis Voegels
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rogério Pezato
- ENT Research Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Deravi N, Ahsan E, Fathi M, Hosseini P, Yaghoobpoor S, Lotfi R, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Bashash D. Complement inhibition: A possible therapeutic approach in the fight against Covid-19. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2316. [PMID: 34873779 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The complement system, as a vital part of innate immunity, has an important role in the clearance of pathogens; however, unregulated activation of this system probably has a key role in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury, which is induced by highly pathogenic viruses (i.e. influenza A viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS] coronavirus). The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which is the causal agent for the ongoing global pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), has recently been spread to almost all countries around the world. Although most people are immunocompetent to SARS-CoV-2, a small group develops hyper-inflammation that leads to complications like acute respiratory distress syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multi-organ failure. Emerging evidence demonstrates that the complement system exerts a crucial role in this inflammatory reaction. Additionally, patients with the severe form of Covid-19 show over-activation of the complement in their skin, sera, and lungs. This study aims to summarise current knowledge concerning the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with the complement system and to critically appraise complement inhibition as a potential new approach for Covid-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Deravi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Ahsan
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mobina Fathi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Hosseini
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Yaghoobpoor
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Lotfi
- Clinical Research Development Center, Tohid Hospital, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Sharma HN, Latimore COD, Matthews QL. Biology and Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2: Understandings for Therapeutic Developments against COVID-19. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091218. [PMID: 34578250 PMCID: PMC8470303 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are positive sense, single-stranded, enveloped, and non-segmented RNA viruses that belong to the Coronaviridae family within the order Nidovirales and suborder Coronavirinae. Two Alphacoronavirus strains: HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63 and five Betacoronaviruses: HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 have so far been recognized as Human Coronaviruses (HCoVs). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is currently the greatest concern for humanity. Despite the overflow of research on SARS-CoV-2 and other HCoVs published every week, existing knowledge in this area is insufficient for the complete understanding of the viruses and the diseases caused by them. This review is based on the analysis of 210 published works, and it attempts to cover the basic biology of coronaviruses, including the genetic characteristics, life cycle, and host-pathogen interaction, pathogenesis, the antiviral drugs, and vaccines against HCoVs, especially focusing on SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, we will briefly discuss the potential link between extracellular vesicles (EVs) and SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Nath Sharma
- Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA;
| | | | - Qiana L. Matthews
- Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA;
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA;
- Correspondence:
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14
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Solé P, Santamaria P. Re-Programming Autoreactive T Cells Into T-Regulatory Type 1 Cells for the Treatment of Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:684240. [PMID: 34335585 PMCID: PMC8320845 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.684240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic delivery of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) class II-based nanomedicines can re-program cognate autoantigen-experienced CD4+ T cells into disease-suppressing T-regulatory type 1 (TR1)-like cells. In turn, these TR1-like cells trigger the formation of complex regulatory cell networks that can effectively suppress organ-specific autoimmunity without impairing normal immunity. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the transcriptional, phenotypic and functional make up of TR1-like cells as described in the literature. The true identity and direct precursors of these cells remain unclear, in particular whether TR1-like cells comprise a single terminally-differentiated lymphocyte population with distinct transcriptional and epigenetic features, or a collection of phenotypically different subsets sharing key regulatory properties. We propose that detailed transcriptional and epigenetic characterization of homogeneous pools of TR1-like cells will unravel this conundrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Solé
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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15
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Papadopoulou SK, Mantzorou M, Koutridou D, Tassoulas E, Sakellaropoulou S, Biskanaki F, Xatziapostolou E, Papandreou D. COVID-19 disease, obesity and micronutrients: an updated narrative review of the literature. NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2021; 51:808-824. [DOI: 10.1108/nfs-08-2020-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to critically summarize the current data concerning the impact of obesity and micronutrient adequacy and supplementation on the risk and severity of COVID-19 disease, and their potential impact on treatment and rehabilitation.Design/methodology/approachPubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases were thoroughly searched to identify studies concerning obesity and nutritional status, vitamin and other micronutrients adequacy with COVID-19 severity.FindingsIndividuals with higher body mass index are in greater risk of severe disease and need for mechanical ventilation. Concerning micronutrient adequacy, no published studies at the present time have evaluated the effect of supplementation on the risk and the treatment of the novel disease.Originality/valueRecently, COVID-19 has monopolized the interest of the medical community regarding diet and nutritional status and it possibly plays an important role in disease severity.
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16
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Farrag MA, Amer HM, Bhat R, Hamed ME, Aziz IM, Mubarak A, Dawoud TM, Almalki SG, Alghofaili F, Alnemare AK, Al-Baradi RS, Alosaimi B, Alturaiki W. SARS-CoV-2: An Overview of Virus Genetics, Transmission, and Immunopathogenesis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6312. [PMID: 34200934 PMCID: PMC8296125 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human population is currently facing the third and possibly the worst pandemic caused by human coronaviruses (CoVs). The virus was first reported in Wuhan, China, on 31 December 2019 and spread within a short time to almost all countries of the world. Genome analysis of the early virus isolates has revealed high similarity with SARS-CoV and hence the new virus was officially named SARS-CoV-2. Since CoVs have the largest genome among all RNA viruses, they can adapt to many point mutation and recombination events; particularly in the spike gene, which enable these viruses to rapidly change and evolve in nature. CoVs are known to cross the species boundaries by using different cellular receptors. Both animal reservoir and intermediate host for SARS-CoV-2 are still unresolved and necessitate further investigation. In the current review, different aspects of SARS-CoV-2 biology and pathogenicity are discussed, including virus genetics and evolution, spike protein and its role in evolution and adaptation to novel hosts, and virus transmission and persistence in nature. In addition, the immune response developed during SARS-CoV-2 infection is demonstrated with special reference to the interplay between immune cells and their role in disease progression. We believe that the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak will not be the last and spillover of CoVs from bats will continue. Therefore, establishing intervention approaches to reduce the likelihood of future CoVs spillover from natural reservoirs is a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Farrag
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.F.); (R.B.); (M.E.H.); (I.M.A.); (A.M.); (T.M.D.)
| | - Haitham M. Amer
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt;
| | - Rauf Bhat
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.F.); (R.B.); (M.E.H.); (I.M.A.); (A.M.); (T.M.D.)
| | - Maaweya E. Hamed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.F.); (R.B.); (M.E.H.); (I.M.A.); (A.M.); (T.M.D.)
| | - Ibrahim M. Aziz
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.F.); (R.B.); (M.E.H.); (I.M.A.); (A.M.); (T.M.D.)
| | - Ayman Mubarak
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.F.); (R.B.); (M.E.H.); (I.M.A.); (A.M.); (T.M.D.)
| | - Turki M Dawoud
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.F.); (R.B.); (M.E.H.); (I.M.A.); (A.M.); (T.M.D.)
| | - Sami G Almalki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (S.G.A.); (F.A.); (R.S.A.-B.)
| | - Fayez Alghofaili
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (S.G.A.); (F.A.); (R.S.A.-B.)
| | - Ahmad K. Alnemare
- Otolaryngology Department, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Raid Saleem Al-Baradi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (S.G.A.); (F.A.); (R.S.A.-B.)
| | - Bandar Alosaimi
- Research Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wael Alturaiki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (S.G.A.); (F.A.); (R.S.A.-B.)
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17
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Sun D, Ko MK, Shao H, Kaplan HJ. Augmented Th17-stimulating activity of BMDCs as a result of reciprocal interaction between γδ and dendritic cells. Mol Immunol 2021; 134:13-24. [PMID: 33689926 PMCID: PMC8629029 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that γδ T cells have a strong regulatory effect on Th17 autoimmune responses in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). In the current study, we show that reciprocal interactions between mouse γδ T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) played a major role in γδ regulation of Th17 responses. Mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) acquired an increased ability to enhance Th17 autoimmune responses after exposure to γδ T cells; meanwhile, after exposure, a significant portion of the BMDCs expressed CD73 - a molecule that is fundamental in the conversion of immunostimulatory ATP into immunosuppressive adenosine. Functional studies showed that CD73+ BMDCs were uniquely effective in stimulating the Th17 responses, as compared to CD73- BMDCs; and activated γδ T cells are much more effective than non-activated γδ T cells at inducing CD73+ BMDCs. As a result, activated γδ T cells acquired greater Th17-enhancing activity. Treatment of BMDCs with the CD73-specific antagonist APCP abolished the enhancing effect of the BMDCs. γδ T cells more effectively induced CD73+ BMDCs from the BMDCs that were pre-exposed to TLR ligands, and the response was further augmented by adenosine. Moreover, BMDCs acquired increased ability to stimulate γδ activation after pre-exposure to TLR ligands and adenosine. Our results demonstrated that both extra-cellular adenosine and TLR ligands are critical factors in augmented Th17 responses in this autoimmune disease, and the reciprocal interactions between γδ T cells and DCs play a major role in promoting Th17 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States.
| | - Minhee K Ko
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, United States
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Saint Louis University (SLU) Eye Institute, SLU School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, United States
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18
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Potential Antiviral Immune Response Against COVID-19: Lessons Learned from SARS-CoV. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1318:149-167. [PMID: 33973177 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Virus and host innate immune system interaction plays a significant role in forming the outcome of viral diseases. Host innate immunity initially recognizes the viral invasion and induces a rapid inflammatory response, and this recognition activates signaling cascades that trigger the release of antiviral mediators. This chapter aims to explore the mechanisms by which newly emerged coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) activates the host immune system. Since SARS-CoV-2 shares similarities with SARS-CoV that caused the epidemic of SARS in 2003, the pathogenesis of both viruses could be at least very similar. For this, this chapter provides a synthesis of literature concerning antiviral immunity in SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. It includes the presentation of epitopes linked to SARS-CoV-2 as well as the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to cause proteolytic activation and interact with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) via molecular mimicry. This chapter characterizes various mechanisms that this virus may engage in escaping the host immunity, ended by a discussion of humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2.
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19
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Zhang H, Zheng H, Zhu J, Dong Q, Wang J, Fan H, Chen Y, Zhang X, Han X, Li Q, Lu J, Tong Y, Chen Z. Ubiquitin-Modified Proteome of SARS-CoV-2-Infected Host Cells Reveals Insights into Virus-Host Interaction and Pathogenesis. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:2224-2239. [PMID: 33666082 PMCID: PMC7945586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has posed a serious threat to global public health. The mechanism of pathogenesis and the host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection are largely unknown. In the present study, we applied a quantitative proteomic technology to identify and quantify the ubiquitination changes that occur in both the virus and the Vero E6 cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection. By applying label-free, quantitative liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry proteomics, 8943 lysine ubiquitination sites on 3086 proteins were identified, of which 138 sites on 104 proteins were quantified as significantly upregulated, while 828 sites on 447 proteins were downregulated at 72 h post-infection. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that SARS-CoV-2 infection might modulate host immune responses through the ubiquitination of important proteins, including USP5, IQGAP1, TRIM28, and Hsp90. Ubiquitination modification was also observed on 11 SAR-CoV-2 proteins, including proteins involved in virus replication and inhibition of the host innate immune response. Our study provides new insights into the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the host as well as potential targets for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic of Liaoning Province,
College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, P. R.
China
| | - Huanying Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease
Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, P. R.
China
| | - Jinying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic of Liaoning Province,
College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, P. R.
China
| | - Qiao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic of Liaoning Province,
College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, P. R.
China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen
University, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
| | - Huahao Fan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yangzhen Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic of Liaoning Province,
College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, P. R.
China
| | - Xiaohu Han
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic of Liaoning Province,
College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, P. R.
China
| | - Qianlin Li
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen
University, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
| | - Jiahai Lu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen
University, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
| | - Yigang Tong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zeliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic of Liaoning Province,
College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, P. R.
China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen
University, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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20
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Inflammation, immunity and potential target therapy of SARS-COV-2: A total scale analysis review. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 150:112087. [PMID: 33640537 PMCID: PMC7905385 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a complex disease that causes illness ranging from mild to severe respiratory problems. It is caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) that is an enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) virus belongs to coronavirus CoV family. It has a fast-spreading potential worldwide, which leads to high mortality regardless of lows death rates. Now some vaccines or a specific drug are approved but not available for every country for disease prevention and/or treatment. Therefore, it is a high demand to identify the known drugs and test them as a possible therapeutic approach. In this critical situation, one or more of these drugs may represent the only option to treat or reduce the severity of the disease, until some specific drugs or vaccines will be developed and/or approved for everyone in this pandemic. In this updated review, the available repurpose immunotherapeutic treatment strategies are highlighted, elucidating the crosstalk between the immune system and SARS-CoV-2. Despite the reasonable data availability, the effectiveness and safety of these drugs against SARS-CoV-2 needs further studies and validations aiming for a better clinical outcome.
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21
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Richard SA, Kampo S, Sackey M, Hechavarria ME, Buunaaim ADB, Kuugbee ED, Anabah TW. Elucidating the Pivotal Role of Immune Players in the Management of COVID-19: Focus on Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Inflammation. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 16:189-198. [PMID: 32628591 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666200705213751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The world is currently engulfed with a viral disease with no cure. Thus, far, millions of people are infected with the virus across the length and breadth of the world, with thousands losing their lives each passing day. The WHO in February 2020 classified the virus as a coronavirus and the name Coronavirus-19 (CoV-19) was offered to the virus. The disease caused by the virus was termed coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). The pathogenesis of COVID-19 is associated with elevation of several immune players as well as inflammatory factors which contribute to cytokine storms. Currently, the detection of CoV-19 RNA is through reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of suppressing several kinds of cytokines via the paracrine secretion system. Therefore, MSCs therapy could be game changer in the treatment of the current COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, intravenous IG may be capable of suppressing the high expression of IL-6 by the CoV-19 resulting in lessen disease burden. Anti-inflammatory medications like, corticosteroids, tocilizumab, glycyrrhetinic acid, as well as etoposide may be very advantageous in decreasing the COVID-19 burden because their mode of action targets the cytokine storms initiated by the CoV-19. It is important to indicate that, these medications do not target the virus itself. Therefore, potent CoV-19 anti-viral medications are needed to completely cure patients with COVID-19. Furthermore, a vaccine is urgently needed to stop the spread of the virus. This review, therefore, elucidates the immune players in the management of COVID-19; focusing principally on MSCs and inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seidu A Richard
- Department of Medicine, Princefield University, P. O. Box MA128, Ho, Ghana
| | - Sylvanus Kampo
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical care, School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Marian Sackey
- Department of Pharmacy, Ho Teaching Hospital, P.O. Box MA-374, Ho, Ghana
| | | | - Alexis D B Buunaaim
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Health Science, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Eugene Dogkotenge Kuugbee
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine and Health Science, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
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22
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Giuliani AL, Sarti AC, Di Virgilio F. Ectonucleotidases in Acute and Chronic Inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:619458. [PMID: 33613285 PMCID: PMC7887318 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.619458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectonucleotidases are extracellular enzymes with a pivotal role in inflammation that hydrolyse extracellular purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, e.g., ATP, UTP, ADP, UDP, AMP and NAD+. Ectonucleotidases, expressed by virtually all cell types, immune cells included, either as plasma membrane-associated or secreted enzymes, are classified into four main families: 1) nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases), 2) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide glycohydrolase (NAD glycohydrolase/ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1), 3) ecto-5′-nucleotidase (NT5E), and 4) ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (NPPs). Concentration of ATP, UTP and NAD+ can be increased in the extracellular space thanks to un-regulated, e.g., cell damage or cell death, or regulated processes. Regulated processes include secretory exocytosis, connexin or pannexin hemichannels, ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters, calcium homeostasis modulator (CALMH) channels, the ATP-gated P2X7 receptor, maxi-anion channels (MACs) and volume regulated ion channels (VRACs). Hydrolysis of extracellular purine nucleotides generates adenosine, an important immunosuppressant. Extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides initiate or dampen inflammation via P2 and P1 receptors, respectively. All these agents, depending on their level of expression or activation and on the agonist concentration, are potent modulators of inflammation and key promoters of host defences, immune cells activation, pathogen clearance, tissue repair and regeneration. Thus, their knowledge is of great importance for a full understanding of the pathophysiology of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. A selection of these pathologies will be briefly discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lisa Giuliani
- Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alba Clara Sarti
- Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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23
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A review on the immune responses against novel emerging coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Immunol Res 2021; 69. [PMID: 33928531 PMCID: PMC8084416 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09198-0&n933034=v971361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease caused by a newly identified coronavirus called the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which was initially emerged in Wuhan, China in late December 2019 and then rapidly extended to other countries worldwide. COVID-19 is now known as a pandemic threat to global public health. It possesses a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic infection to mild, moderate, and ultimately severe pneumonia accompanied by multi-organ system dysfunction that can cause the death of the afflicted patients. The host immune system plays a critical role in defending against potentially pathogenic microorganisms such as coronaviruses, and it eliminates and eradicates these invading agents by triggering effective immune responses. However, there exists evidence indicating that in critically ill cases of the COVID-19, dysregulated immune responses and hyper-inflammation lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ failure. Achieving a profound understanding of the pathological immune responses involved in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 will boost our comprehending of disease pathogenesis and its progression toward severe form, contributing to the identification and rational design of effective therapies. In this review, we have tried to summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 and also give a glimpse of the immune evasion strategies of this virus.
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24
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Antonioli L, Fornai M, Pellegrini C, D'Antongiovanni V, Turiello R, Morello S, Haskó G, Blandizzi C. Adenosine Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1270:145-167. [PMID: 33123998 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-47189-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine, deriving from ATP released by dying cancer cells and then degradated in the tumor environment by CD39/CD73 enzyme axis, is linked to the generation of an immunosuppressed niche favoring the onset of neoplasia. Signals delivered by extracellular adenosine are detected and transduced by G-protein-coupled cell surface receptors, classified into four subtypes: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. A critical role of this nucleoside is emerging in the modulation of several immune and nonimmune cells defining the tumor microenvironment, providing novel insights about the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at undermining the immune-privileged sites where cancer cells grow and proliferate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Antonioli
- Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Matteo Fornai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberta Turiello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy.,PhD Program in Drug discovery and Development, Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Silvana Morello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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25
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Lotfi R, Kalmarzi RN, Roghani SA. A review on the immune responses against novel emerging coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Immunol Res 2021; 69:213-224. [PMID: 33928531 PMCID: PMC8084416 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease caused by a newly identified coronavirus called the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which was initially emerged in Wuhan, China in late December 2019 and then rapidly extended to other countries worldwide. COVID-19 is now known as a pandemic threat to global public health. It possesses a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic infection to mild, moderate, and ultimately severe pneumonia accompanied by multi-organ system dysfunction that can cause the death of the afflicted patients. The host immune system plays a critical role in defending against potentially pathogenic microorganisms such as coronaviruses, and it eliminates and eradicates these invading agents by triggering effective immune responses. However, there exists evidence indicating that in critically ill cases of the COVID-19, dysregulated immune responses and hyper-inflammation lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ failure. Achieving a profound understanding of the pathological immune responses involved in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 will boost our comprehending of disease pathogenesis and its progression toward severe form, contributing to the identification and rational design of effective therapies. In this review, we have tried to summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 and also give a glimpse of the immune evasion strategies of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Lotfi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, PO-Box: 6617713446, Sanandaj, Iran.
- Lung Diseases and Allergy Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Rasoul Nasiri Kalmarzi
- Lung Diseases and Allergy Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Seyed Askar Roghani
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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26
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Majellaro M, Jespers W, Crespo A, Núñez MJ, Novio S, Azuaje J, Prieto-Díaz R, Gioé C, Alispahic B, Brea J, Loza MI, Freire-Garabal M, Garcia-Santiago C, Rodríguez-García C, García-Mera X, Caamaño O, Fernandez-Masaguer C, Sardina JF, Stefanachi A, El Maatougui A, Mallo-Abreu A, Åqvist J, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, Sotelo E. 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1 H)-ones as Antagonists of the Human A 2B Adenosine Receptor: Optimization, Structure-Activity Relationship Studies, and Enantiospecific Recognition. J Med Chem 2020; 64:458-480. [PMID: 33372800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We present and thoroughly characterize a large collection of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones as A2BAR antagonists, an emerging strategy in cancer (immuno) therapy. Most compounds selectively bind A2BAR, with a number of potent and selective antagonists further confirmed by functional cyclic adenosine monophosphate experiments. The series was analyzed with one of the most exhaustive free energy perturbation studies on a GPCR, obtaining an accurate model of the structure-activity relationship of this chemotype. The stereospecific binding modeled for this scaffold was confirmed by resolving the two most potent ligands [(±)-47, and (±)-38 Ki = 10.20 and 23.6 nM, respectively] into their two enantiomers, isolating the affinity on the corresponding (S)-eutomers (Ki = 6.30 and 11.10 nM, respectively). The assessment of the effect in representative cytochromes (CYP3A4 and CYP2D6) demonstrated insignificant inhibitory activity, while in vitro experiments in three prostate cancer cells demonstrated that this pair of compounds exhibits a pronounced antimetastatic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Majellaro
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica y Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Willem Jespers
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Abel Crespo
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica y Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María J Núñez
- SNL, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Silvia Novio
- SNL, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jhonny Azuaje
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica y Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rubén Prieto-Díaz
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica y Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Claudia Gioé
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica y Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Belma Alispahic
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - José Brea
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María I Loza
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Freire-Garabal
- SNL, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlota Garcia-Santiago
- SNL, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodríguez-García
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica y Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Xerardo García-Mera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Olga Caamaño
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Christian Fernandez-Masaguer
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Javier F Sardina
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica y Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angela Stefanachi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Abdelaziz El Maatougui
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica y Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Mallo-Abreu
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica y Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Johan Åqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Eddy Sotelo
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica y Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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27
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Plebanek MP, Sturdivant M, DeVito NC, Hanks BA. Role of dendritic cell metabolic reprogramming in tumor immune evasion. Int Immunol 2020; 32:485-491. [PMID: 32449776 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The dendritic cell (DC) is recognized as a vital mediator of anti-tumor immunity. More recent studies have also demonstrated the important role of DCs in the generation of effective responses to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. Metabolic programming of DCs dictates their functionality and can determine which DCs become immunostimulatory versus those that develop a tolerized phenotype capable of actively suppressing effector T-cell responses to cancers. As a result, there is great interest in understanding what mechanisms have evolved in cancers to alter these metabolic pathways, thereby allowing for their continued progression and metastasis. The therapeutic strategies developed to reverse these processes of DC tolerization in the tumor microenvironment represent promising candidates for future testing in combination immunotherapy clinical trials.
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28
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Baptista AF, Baltar A, Okano AH, Moreira A, Campos ACP, Fernandes AM, Brunoni AR, Badran BW, Tanaka C, de Andrade DC, da Silva Machado DG, Morya E, Trujillo E, Swami JK, Camprodon JA, Monte-Silva K, Sá KN, Nunes I, Goulardins JB, Bikson M, Sudbrack-Oliveira P, de Carvalho P, Duarte-Moreira RJ, Pagano RL, Shinjo SK, Zana Y. Applications of Non-invasive Neuromodulation for the Management of Disorders Related to COVID-19. Front Neurol 2020; 11:573718. [PMID: 33324324 PMCID: PMC7724108 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.573718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) morbidity is not restricted to the respiratory system, but also affects the nervous system. Non-invasive neuromodulation may be useful in the treatment of the disorders associated with COVID-19. Objective: To describe the rationale and empirical basis of the use of non-invasive neuromodulation in the management of patients with COVID-10 and related disorders. Methods: We summarize COVID-19 pathophysiology with emphasis of direct neuroinvasiveness, neuroimmune response and inflammation, autonomic balance and neurological, musculoskeletal and neuropsychiatric sequela. This supports the development of a framework for advancing applications of non-invasive neuromodulation in the management COVID-19 and related disorders. Results: Non-invasive neuromodulation may manage disorders associated with COVID-19 through four pathways: (1) Direct infection mitigation through the stimulation of regions involved in the regulation of systemic anti-inflammatory responses and/or autonomic responses and prevention of neuroinflammation and recovery of respiration; (2) Amelioration of COVID-19 symptoms of musculoskeletal pain and systemic fatigue; (3) Augmenting cognitive and physical rehabilitation following critical illness; and (4) Treating outbreak-related mental distress including neurological and psychiatric disorders exacerbated by surrounding psychosocial stressors related to COVID-19. The selection of the appropriate techniques will depend on the identified target treatment pathway. Conclusion: COVID-19 infection results in a myriad of acute and chronic symptoms, both directly associated with respiratory distress (e.g., rehabilitation) or of yet-to-be-determined etiology (e.g., fatigue). Non-invasive neuromodulation is a toolbox of techniques that based on targeted pathways and empirical evidence (largely in non-COVID-19 patients) can be investigated in the management of patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrahão Fontes Baptista
- Center for Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
- NAPeN Network (Rede de Núcleos de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação), Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Centros de Pesquisa, Investigação e Difusão - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (BRAINN/CEPID-FAPESP), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations 54 (LIM-54), São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Baltar
- NAPeN Network (Rede de Núcleos de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação), Brazil
- Specialized Neuromodulation Center—Neuromod, Recife, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Hideki Okano
- Center for Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
- NAPeN Network (Rede de Núcleos de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação), Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Centros de Pesquisa, Investigação e Difusão - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (BRAINN/CEPID-FAPESP), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Moreira
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Mércia Fernandes
- Centro de Dor, LIM-62, Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Russowsky Brunoni
- Serviço Interdisciplinar de Neuromodulação, Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bashar W. Badran
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Clarice Tanaka
- NAPeN Network (Rede de Núcleos de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação), Brazil
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations 54 (LIM-54), São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Central, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Ciampi de Andrade
- NAPeN Network (Rede de Núcleos de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação), Brazil
- Centro de Dor, LIM-62, Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Edgard Morya
- Edmond and Lily Safra International Neuroscience Institute, Santos Dumont Institute, Macaiba, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Trujillo
- Center for Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
- NAPeN Network (Rede de Núcleos de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação), Brazil
| | - Jaiti K. Swami
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York of CUNY, New York, NY, United States
| | - Joan A. Camprodon
- Laboratory for Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Katia Monte-Silva
- NAPeN Network (Rede de Núcleos de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação), Brazil
- Applied Neuroscience Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Katia Nunes Sá
- NAPeN Network (Rede de Núcleos de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação), Brazil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Isadora Nunes
- Department of Physiotherapy, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Betim, Brazil
| | - Juliana Barbosa Goulardins
- NAPeN Network (Rede de Núcleos de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação), Brazil
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations 54 (LIM-54), São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul (UNICSUL), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York of CUNY, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Priscila de Carvalho
- Instituto Central, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Jardim Duarte-Moreira
- Center for Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
- NAPeN Network (Rede de Núcleos de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação), Brazil
| | | | - Samuel Katsuyuki Shinjo
- Division of Rheumatology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yossi Zana
- Center for Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
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29
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Farjana M, Moni A, Sohag AAM, Hasan A, Hannan MA, Hossain MG, Uddin MJ. Repositioning Vitamin C as a Promising Option to Alleviate Complications associated with COVID-19. Infect Chemother 2020; 52:461-477. [PMID: 33263242 PMCID: PMC7779993 DOI: 10.3947/ic.2020.52.4.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C, also known as L-ascorbic acid, is an essential vitamin with pleiotropic functions, ranging from antioxidant to anti-microbial functions. Evidence suggests that vitamin C acts against inflammation, oxidative stress, autophagy chaos, and immune dysfunction. The ability to activate and enhance the immune system makes this versatile vitamin a prospective therapeutic agent amid the current situation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Being highly effective against the influenza virus, causing the common cold, vitamin C may also function against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and its associated complications. Severe infections need higher doses of the vitamin to compensate for the augmented inflammatory response and metabolic demand that commonly occur during COVID-19. Compelling evidence also suggests that a high dose of vitamin C (1.5 g/kg body weight) in inflammatory conditions can result in effective clinical outcomes and thus can be employed to combat COVID-19. However, further studies are crucial to delineate the mechanism underlying the action of vitamin C against COVID-19. The current review aims to reposition vitamin C as an alternative approach for alleviating COVID-19-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akhi Moni
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun Sohag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Adeba Hasan
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdul Hannan
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.,Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Md Golzar Hossain
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
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30
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Felsenstein S, Hedrich CM. SARS-CoV-2 infections in children and young people. Clin Immunol 2020; 220:108588. [PMID: 32905851 PMCID: PMC7474910 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Though recent reports link SARS-CoV-2 infections with hyper-inflammatory states in children, most children experience no/mild symptoms, and hospitalization and mortality rates are low in the age group. As symptoms are usually mild and seroconversion occurs at low frequencies, it remains unclear whether children significantly contribute to community transmission. Several hypotheses try to explain age-related differences in disease presentation and severity. Possible reasons for milder presentations in children as compared to adults include frequent contact to seasonal coronaviruses, presence of cross-reactive antibodies, and/or co-clearance with other viruses. Increased expression of ACE2 in young people may facilitate virus infection, while limiting inflammation and reducing the risk of severe disease. Further potential factors include recent vaccinations and a more diverse memory T cell repertoire. This manuscript reviews age-related host factors that may protect children from COVID-19 and complications associated, and addresses the confusion around seropositivity and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Felsenstein
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christian M Hedrich
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institute of Live Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Department of Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Liverpool, UK.
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31
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Kirtipal N, Bharadwaj S, Kang SG. From SARS to SARS-CoV-2, insights on structure, pathogenicity and immunity aspects of pandemic human coronaviruses. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 85:104502. [PMID: 32798769 PMCID: PMC7425554 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human Coronaviruses (HCoV), periodically emerging across the world, are potential threat to humans such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) - diseases termed as COVID-19. Current SARS-CoV-2 outbreak have fueled ongoing efforts to exploit various viral target proteins for therapy, but strategies aimed at blocking the viral proteins as in drug and vaccine development have largely failed. In fact, evidence has now shown that coronaviruses undergoes rapid recombination to generate new strains of altered virulence; additionally, escaped the host antiviral defense system and target humoral immune system which further results in severe deterioration of the body such as by cytokine storm. This demands the understanding of phenotypic and genotypic classification, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 for the production of potential therapy. In lack of clear clinical evidences for the pathogenesis of COVID-19, comparative analysis of previous pandemic HCoVs associated immunological responses can provide insights into COVID-19 pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the possible origin and transmission mode of CoVs and the current understanding on the viral genome integrity of known pandemic virus against SARS-CoV-2. We also consider the host immune response and viral evasion based on available clinical evidences which would be helpful to remodel COVID-19 pathogenesis; and hence, development of therapeutics against broad spectrum of coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Kirtipal
- Department of Science, Modern Institute of Technology, Dhalwala, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shiv Bharadwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Gu Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Islam MN, Hossain KS, Sarker PP, Ferdous J, Hannan MA, Rahman MM, Chu DT, Uddin MJ. Revisiting pharmacological potentials of Nigella sativa seed: A promising option for COVID-19 prevention and cure. Phytother Res 2020; 35:1329-1344. [PMID: 33047412 PMCID: PMC7675410 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nigella sativa seed and its active compounds have been historically recognized as an effective herbal panacea that can establish a balanced inflammatory response by suppressing chronic inflammation and promoting healthy immune response. The essential oil and other preparations of N. sativa seed have substantial therapeutic outcomes against immune disturbance, autophagy dysfunction, oxidative stress, ischemia, inflammation, in several COVID‐19 comorbidities such as diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, Kawasaki‐like diseases, and many bacterial and viral infections. Compelling evidence in the therapeutic efficiency of N. sativa along with the recent computational findings is strongly suggestive of combating emerged COVID‐19 pandemic. Also, being an available candidate in nutraceuticals, N. sativa seed oil could be immensely potential and feasible to prevent and cure COVID‐19. This review was aimed at revisiting the pharmacological benefits of N. sativa seed and its active metabolites that may constitute a potential basis for developing a novel preventive and therapeutic strategy against COVID‐19. Bioactive compounds of N. sativa seed, especially thymiquinone, α‐hederin, and nigellidine, could be alternative and promising herbal drugs to combat COVID‐19. Preclinical and clinical trials are required to delineate detailed mechanism of N. sativa's active components and to investigate their efficacy and potency under specific pathophysiological conditions of COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nazrul Islam
- Department of Biotechnology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,ABEx Bio-Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Khandkar Shaharina Hossain
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Partha Protim Sarker
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University Santosh, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Jannatul Ferdous
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Chottogram Veterinary and Animal Science University, Chottogram, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdul Hannan
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.,Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, South Korea
| | - Md Masudur Rahman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Dinh-Toi Chu
- Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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33
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Abstract
Since the WHO declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic, huge efforts were made to understand the disease, its pathogenesis, and treatment. COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2), which is closely related to SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). This article attempts to provide a timely and comprehensive review of the coronaviruses over the years, and the epidemics they caused in this century with a focus on the current pandemic COVID-19. It also covers the basics about the disease immunopathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment options. Although almost every single week new clinical findings are published, which change our understanding of COVID-19, this review explores and explains the disease and the treatment options available so far. In summary, many therapeutic options are being investigated to treat and/or ameliorate the symptoms of COVID-19, but none is registered and no sufficient data to support immune-based therapy beyond the context of clinical trials. For that, strengthening our immune system is the best defense at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej M Assaf
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Randa N Haddadin
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Amal A Akour
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Cekic C. Modulation of myeloid cells by adenosine signaling. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 53:134-145. [PMID: 33022543 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia, metabolic activity, cell death and immune responses influence the adenosine concentrations in the extracellular space. Cellular responses to hypoxia and inflammation in myeloid cells promote activation of adenosine sensing circuit, which involves increased expression of ectoenzymes that converts phospho-nucleotides such as ATP to adenosine and increased expression of G protein-coupled adenosine receptors. Adenosine sensing circuitry also involves feedforward signaling, which leads to increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1 and feedback signaling, which leads to the suppression of inflammatory transcription factor, the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation. In this review we will discuss how different subsets of myeloid cells sense adenosine accumulation and how adenosine sensing by myeloid cells influence progression of different immune-related conditions including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Cekic
- Bilkent University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Ankara, Turkey; UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Irmak DK, Darıcı H, Karaöz E. Stem Cell Based Therapy Option in COVID-19: Is It Really Promising? Aging Dis 2020; 11:1174-1191. [PMID: 33014531 PMCID: PMC7505270 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 patients were first detected in China, in December 2019, then the novel virus with associated pneumonia and other diseases spread quickly to worldwide becoming a serious public health intimidation. Despite all the efforts, the pharmacological agents used for controlling or treating the disease, especially respiratory problems, have not been accomplished so far. Among various treatment options, mesenchymal stem cell-based cellular therapies are being investigated, because of their regeneration ability and multipotency along with other features like immunomodulation, antifibrosis and anti-inflammatory effects. This paper intends to analyze the current clinical trials on stem cell treatment of novel virus, searching and reviewing the available information and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) of World Health Organization (WHO). We concluded that the stem cell treatment of COVID-19 is found promising with pilot studies' results, but still in the early development phase. There is an urgent need for large-scale investigations to confirm and validate the safety and efficacy profile of these therapies with reliable scientific evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Koyuncu Irmak
- Istinye University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology & Embryology, Istanbul, Turkey
- Istinye University, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering R&D Center, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Darıcı
- Istinye University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology & Embryology, Istanbul, Turkey
- Istinye University, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering R&D Center, Istanbul, Turkey
- Istinye University, 3D Bioprinting Design & Prototyping R&D Center, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdal Karaöz
- Istinye University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology & Embryology, Istanbul, Turkey
- Istinye University, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering R&D Center, Istanbul, Turkey
- Istinye University, 3D Bioprinting Design & Prototyping R&D Center, Istanbul, Turkey
- Liv Hospital, Stem Cell and Regenerative Therapies Center (LivMedCell), Istanbul, Turkey
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36
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Hallak J, Teixeira TA, Bernardes FS, Carneiro F, Duarte SAS, Pariz JR, Esteves SC, Kallas E, Saldiva PHN. SARS-CoV-2 and its relationship with the genitourinary tract: Implications for male reproductive health in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. Andrology 2020; 9:73-79. [PMID: 32869939 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, named coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), is not the first well-known spillover of an animal originated virus to infect humans. However, one of the few to make such a fast jump in a powerful evolutionary shortcut. The incredible pattern of aggressiveness worldwide since the beginning of the outbreak is that up to 20% of those infected need hospitalization and 5% evolve to critical conditions, not limited to respiratory-related issues, but rather to systemic involvement. OBJECTIVE This study aims to summarize the current knowledge about the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the male genitourinary tract. MATERIALS AND METHODS A narrative review was carried out to identify articles on the SARS-CoV-2 infection on the male genitourinary system. RESULTS Considerations were made about the molecular characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and immune response to coronavirus. We discussed the influence of the virus on the urinary system, potential mechanisms of COVID-19- related acute kidney injury (AKI), and the role of cytokine release syndrome on the renal pathophysiology of the disease. In the male reproductive tract, it was discussed the testis' vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 invasion and the possible adverse effects on its function and the seminal findings of COVID-19. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION During the COVID-19 pandemic, an international coordinated scientific effort must arise to understand the role of the urogenital system in the SARS-CoV-2 infection in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Hallak
- Androscience, Science and Innovation Center in Andrology and High-Complex Clinical and Andrology Research Laboratory, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Urology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Reproductive Toxicology Unit, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago A Teixeira
- Androscience, Science and Innovation Center in Andrology and High-Complex Clinical and Andrology Research Laboratory, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Urology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Men's Health Study Group, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Amapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Felipe S Bernardes
- Androscience, Science and Innovation Center in Andrology and High-Complex Clinical and Andrology Research Laboratory, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Urology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Men's Health Study Group, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Men's Health Study Group, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Carneiro
- Androscience, Science and Innovation Center in Andrology and High-Complex Clinical and Andrology Research Laboratory, São Paulo, Brazil.,Men's Health Study Group, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Men's Health Study Group, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Radiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio A S Duarte
- Androscience, Science and Innovation Center in Andrology and High-Complex Clinical and Andrology Research Laboratory, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Urology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana R Pariz
- Androscience, Science and Innovation Center in Andrology and High-Complex Clinical and Andrology Research Laboratory, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Urology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Men's Health Study Group, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro C Esteves
- Department of Surgery (Division of Urology), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.,Androfert, Andrology and Human Reproduction Clinic, Campinas, Brazil.,Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Esper Kallas
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo H N Saldiva
- Reproductive Toxicology Unit, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Men's Health Study Group, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Men's Health Study Group, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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37
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Thompson EA, Powell JD. Inhibition of the Adenosine Pathway to Potentiate Cancer Immunotherapy: Potential for Combinatorial Approaches. Annu Rev Med 2020; 72:331-348. [PMID: 32903139 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-060619-023155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the way that we think about treating cancer. Although checkpoint blockade therapy, including anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4, has shown remarkable success, the responses are limited to only a subset of patients. This discrepancy highlights the many overlapping avenues for immune evasion or suppression that can be employed by a tumor. One such mechanism of immunosuppression is adenosinergic signaling within the tumor microenvironment. We provide an overview of the current status of clinical trials targeting the adenosine pathway, including CD73, CD39, and adenosine receptors. Additionally, we highlight several avenues that may be explored to further potentiate responses in the clinic by combining adenosine-targeting agents to target multiple arms of the pathway or by using conventional immunotherapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Thompson
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA; ,
| | - Jonathan D Powell
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA; ,
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38
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Afewerky HK. Pathology and pathogenicity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:1299-1307. [PMID: 32635753 PMCID: PMC7441345 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220942126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT The current survey of studies outlines the direct and indirect effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the specific body systems and summarizes the SARS-CoV-2 main pathogenicity mechanisms that require attention during patient hospitalization and for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henok Kessete Afewerky
- Department of Neurobiology, School
of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and
Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Department of Pathology and
Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- School of Allied Health Professions,
Asmara College of Health Sciences, Asmara 00291, Eritrea
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39
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Mortaz E, Tabarsi P, Varahram M, Folkerts G, Adcock IM. The Immune Response and Immunopathology of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2037. [PMID: 32983152 PMCID: PMC7479965 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses were first discovered in the 1960s and are named due to their crown-like shape. Sometimes, but not often, a coronavirus can infect both animals and humans. An acute respiratory disease, caused by a novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 or SARS-CoV-2 previously known as 2019-nCoV) was identified as the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as it spread throughout China and subsequently across the globe. As of 14th July 2020, a total of 13.1 million confirmed cases globally and 572,426 deaths had been reported by the World Health Organization (WHO). SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the β-coronavirus family and shares extensive genomic identity with bat coronavirus suggesting that bats are the natural host. SARS-CoV-2 uses the same receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as that for SARS-CoV, the coronavirus associated with the SARS outbreak in 2003. It mainly spreads through the respiratory tract with lymphopenia and cytokine storms occuring in the blood of subjects with severe disease. This suggests the existence of immunological dysregulation as an accompanying event during severe illness caused by this virus. The early recognition of this immunological phenotype could assist prompt recognition of patients who will progress to severe disease. Here we review the data of the immune response during COVID-19 infection. The current review summarizes our understanding of how immune dysregulation and altered cytokine networks contribute to the pathophysiology of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mortaz
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Tabarsi
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Varahram
- Mycobacteriology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ian M. Adcock
- Respiratory Section, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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40
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Wang SF, Chen KH, Wang SY, Yarmishyn AA, Lai WY, Lin YY, Wang ML, Chou SJ, Yang YP, Chang YL. The pharmacological development of direct acting agents for emerging needed therapy against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. J Chin Med Assoc 2020; 83:712-718. [PMID: 32433345 PMCID: PMC7493775 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was quickly identified as the causal pathogen leading to the outbreak of SARS-like illness all over the world. As the SARS-CoV-2 infection pandemic proceeds, many efforts are being dedicated to the development of diverse treatment strategies. Increasing evidence showed potential therapeutic agents directly acting against SARS-CoV-2 virus, such as interferon, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, viral entry blockers, neuraminidase inhibitor, vaccine, antibody agent targeting the SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome, natural killer cells, and nucleocytoplasmic trafficking inhibitor. To date, several direct anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents have demonstrated promising in vitro and clinical efficacy. This article reviews the current and future development of direct acting agents against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuan-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Szu-Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Wei-Yi Lai
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ying Lin
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mong-Lien Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Jie Chou
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ping Yang
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuh-Lih Chang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Address Correspondence: Dr. Yuh-Lih Chang, Pharmacy Department, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201, Section 2, Shi-Pai Road, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC. E-mail address: (Y.-L. Chang)
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41
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42
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Felsenstein S, Herbert JA, McNamara PS, Hedrich CM. COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options. Clin Immunol 2020; 215:108448. [PMID: 32353634 PMCID: PMC7185015 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV2 causes COVID-19, a pandemic threatening millions. As protective immunity does not exist in humans and the virus is capable of escaping innate immune responses, it can proliferate, unhindered, in primarily infected tissues. Subsequent cell death results in the release of virus particles and intracellular components to the extracellular space, which result in immune cell recruitment, the generation of immune complexes and associated damage. Infection of monocytes/macrophages and/or recruitment of uninfected immune cells can result in massive inflammatory responses later in the disease. Uncontrolled production of pro-inflammatory mediators contributes to ARDS and cytokine storm syndrome. Antiviral agents and immune modulating treatments are currently being trialled. Understanding immune evasion strategies of SARS-CoV2 and the resulting delayed massive immune response will result in the identification of biomarkers that predict outcomes as well as phenotype and disease stage specific treatments that will likely include both antiviral and immune modulating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Felsenstein
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jenny A Herbert
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul S McNamara
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christian M Hedrich
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Liverpool, UK.
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43
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Functional Role of Dietary Intervention to Improve the Outcome of COVID-19: A Hypothesis of Work. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093104. [PMID: 32354030 PMCID: PMC7247152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND On the 31 December 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) was informed of a cluster of cases of pneumonia of unknown origin detected in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. The infection spread first in China and then in the rest of the world, and on the 11th of March, the WHO declared that COVID-19 was a pandemic. Taking into consideration the mortality rate of COVID-19, about 5-7%, and the percentage of positive patients admitted to intensive care units being 9-11%, it should be mandatory to consider and take all necessary measures to contain the COVID-19 infection. Moreover, given the recent evidence in different hospitals suggesting IL-6 and TNF-α inhibitor drugs as a possible therapy for COVID-19, we aimed to highlight that a dietary intervention could be useful to prevent the infection and/or to ameliorate the outcomes during therapy. Considering that the COVID-19 infection can generate a mild or highly acute respiratory syndrome with a consequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and TNF-α, a dietary regimen modification in order to improve the levels of adiponectin could be very useful both to prevent the infection and to take care of patients, improving their outcomes.
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44
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Yi Y, Lagniton PNP, Ye S, Li E, Xu RH. COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease. Int J Biol Sci 2020. [PMID: 32226295 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.45134;select dbms_pipe.receive_message(chr(100)||chr(88)||chr(73)||chr(114),32) from dual--] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has thus far killed over 3,000 people and infected over 80,000 in China and elsewhere in the world, resulting in catastrophe for humans. Similar to its homologous virus, SARS-CoV, which caused SARS in thousands of people in 2003, SARS-CoV-2 might also be transmitted from the bats and causes similar symptoms through a similar mechanism. However, COVID-19 has lower severity and mortality than SARS but is much more transmissive and affects more elderly individuals than youth and more men than women. In response to the rapidly increasing number of publications on the emerging disease, this article attempts to provide a timely and comprehensive review of the swiftly developing research subject. We will cover the basics about the epidemiology, etiology, virology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of the disease. Although many questions still require answers, we hope that this review helps in the understanding and eradication of the threatening disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, and Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Philip N P Lagniton
- Institute of Translational Medicine, and Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Sen Ye
- Institute of Translational Medicine, and Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Enqin Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, and Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Ren-He Xu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, and Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
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45
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Yi Y, Lagniton PN, Ye S, Li E, Xu RH. COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:1753-1766. [PMID: 32226295 PMCID: PMC7098028 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.45134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has thus far killed over 3,000 people and infected over 80,000 in China and elsewhere in the world, resulting in catastrophe for humans. Similar to its homologous virus, SARS-CoV, which caused SARS in thousands of people in 2003, SARS-CoV-2 might also be transmitted from the bats and causes similar symptoms through a similar mechanism. However, COVID-19 has lower severity and mortality than SARS but is much more transmissive and affects more elderly individuals than youth and more men than women. In response to the rapidly increasing number of publications on the emerging disease, this article attempts to provide a timely and comprehensive review of the swiftly developing research subject. We will cover the basics about the epidemiology, etiology, virology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of the disease. Although many questions still require answers, we hope that this review helps in the understanding and eradication of the threatening disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ren-He Xu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, and Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
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46
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Multhoff G, Vaupel P. Hypoxia Compromises Anti-Cancer Immune Responses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1232:131-143. [PMID: 31893404 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34461-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia, one of the hallmarks of cancer, is caused by an insufficient oxygen supply, mostly due to a chaotic, deficient tumor microcirculation. Apart from a hypoxia-mediated resistance to standard therapies, modulated gene and protein expression, genetic instability and malignant progression, hypoxia also plays a pivotal role in anti-cancer immune responses by (a) reducing survival, cytolytic and migratory activity of effector cells such as CD4+ cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, natural killer-like T cells and natural killer cells, (b) reducing the production and release of effector cytokines, (c) supporting immunosuppressive cells such as regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells and M2 macrophages, (d) increasing the production and release of immunosuppressive cytokines, and (e) inducing the expression of immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this minireview, immunosuppressive effects of hypoxia- and HIF-1a-driven traits in cancers are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Multhoff
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU Munich (TUM), München, Germany.
| | - Peter Vaupel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München (TUM), München, Germany
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47
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DeVito NC, Plebanek MP, Theivanthiran B, Hanks BA. Role of Tumor-Mediated Dendritic Cell Tolerization in Immune Evasion. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2876. [PMID: 31921140 PMCID: PMC6914818 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of cancer-related deaths are due to metastasis, a process that requires evasion of the host immune system. In addition, a significant percentage of cancer patients do not benefit from our current immunotherapy arsenal due to either primary or secondary immunotherapy resistance. Importantly, select subsets of dendritic cells (DCs) have been shown to be indispensable for generating responses to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. These observations are consistent with the critical role of DCs in antigen cross-presentation and the generation of effective anti-tumor immunity. Therefore, the evolution of efficient tumor-extrinsic mechanisms to modulate DCs is expected to be a potent strategy to escape immunosurveillance and various immunotherapy strategies. Despite this critical role, little is known regarding the methods by which cancers subvert DC function. Herein, we focus on those select mechanisms utilized by developing cancers to co-opt and tolerize local DC populations. We discuss the reported mechanisms utilized by cancers to induce DC tolerization in the tumor microenvironment, describing various parallels between the evolution of these mechanisms and the process of mesenchymal transformation involved in tumorigenesis and metastasis, and we highlight strategies to reverse these mechanisms in order to enhance the efficacy of the currently available checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C. DeVito
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michael P. Plebanek
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Bala Theivanthiran
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Brent A. Hanks
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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Liang D, Shao H, Born WK, O'Brien RL, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Connection between γδ T-cell- and Adenosine- Mediated Immune Regulation in the Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. Crit Rev Immunol 2019; 38:233-243. [PMID: 30004859 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2018026150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory effects of γδ T-cells on immune responses have been studied for years. We have investigated the regulatory effect of γδ T-cells on Th1 and Th17 autoimmune responses, and have studied molecular and cellular mechanisms by which γδ T-cells enhance or inhibit immune responses, exploiting a well-characterized murine model of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Our results show that (1) aberrant γδ T-cell activation is an important pathogenic event in EAU; (2) γδ T-cells have a unique regulatory effect on Th17 autoimmune responses, which is shaped by the activation status of γδ T-cells; and (3) γδ-mediated immunoregulation is closely linked with the extracellular adenosine metabolism. Reciprocal interactions between γδ T-cells and extracellular adenosine partially determine the development of EAU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Willi K Born
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Rebecca L O'Brien
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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Ohta A. Oxygen-dependent regulation of immune checkpoint mechanisms. Int Immunol 2019; 30:335-343. [PMID: 29846615 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy of cancer has finally materialized following the success of immune checkpoint blockade. Since down-regulation of immune checkpoint mechanisms is beneficial in cancer treatment, it is important to ask why tumors are infamously filled with the immunosuppressive mechanisms. Indeed, immune checkpoints are physiological negative feedback mechanisms of immune activities, and the induction of such mechanisms is important in preventing excessive destruction of inflamed normal tissues. A condition commonly found in tumors and inflamed tissues is tissue hypoxia. Oxygen deprivation under hypoxic conditions by itself is immunosuppressive because proper oxygen supply could support bioenergetic demands of immune cells for optimal immune responses. However, importantly, hypoxia has been found to up-regulate a variety of immune checkpoints and to be able to drive a shift toward a more immunosuppressive environment. Moreover, extracellular adenosine, which accumulates due to tissue hypoxia, also contributes to the up-regulation of other immune checkpoints. Taken together, tissue oxygen is a key regulator of the immune response by directly affecting the energy status of immune effectors and by regulating the intensity of immunoregulatory activity in the environment. The regulators of various immune checkpoint mechanisms may represent the next focus to modulate the intensity of immune responses and to improve cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Ohta
- Department of Immunology, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Kobe, Japan
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Vigano S, Alatzoglou D, Irving M, Ménétrier-Caux C, Caux C, Romero P, Coukos G. Targeting Adenosine in Cancer Immunotherapy to Enhance T-Cell Function. Front Immunol 2019; 10:925. [PMID: 31244820 PMCID: PMC6562565 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells play a critical role in cancer control, but a range of potent immunosuppressive mechanisms can be upregulated in the tumor microenvironment (TME) to abrogate their activity. While various immunotherapies (IMTs) aiming at re-invigorating the T-cell-mediated anti-tumor response, such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), and the adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of natural or gene-engineered ex vivo expanded tumor-specific T cells, have led to unprecedented clinical responses, only a small proportion of cancer patients benefit from these treatments. Important research efforts are thus underway to identify biomarkers of response, as well as to develop personalized combinatorial approaches that can target other inhibitory mechanisms at play in the TME. In recent years, adenosinergic signaling has emerged as a powerful immuno-metabolic checkpoint in tumors. Like several other barriers in the TME, such as the PD-1/PDL-1 axis, CTLA-4, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1), adenosine plays important physiologic roles, but has been co-opted by tumors to promote their growth and impair immunity. Several agents counteracting the adenosine axis have been developed, and pre-clinical studies have demonstrated important anti-tumor activity, alone and in combination with other IMTs including ICB and ACT. Here we review the regulation of adenosine levels and mechanisms by which it promotes tumor growth and broadly suppresses protective immunity, with extra focus on the attenuation of T cell function. Finally, we present an overview of promising pre-clinical and clinical approaches being explored for blocking the adenosine axis for enhanced control of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Vigano
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios Alatzoglou
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melita Irving
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christine Ménétrier-Caux
- Department of Immunology Virology and Inflammation, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Léon Bérard Cancer Center, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Caux
- Department of Immunology Virology and Inflammation, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Léon Bérard Cancer Center, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Pedro Romero
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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