1
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McGrath-Morrow SA, Venezia J, Ndeh R, Michki N, Perez J, Singer BD, Cimbro R, Soloski M, Scott AL. Cellular and molecular dynamics in the lungs of neonatal and juvenile mice in response to E. coli. eLife 2023; 12:e82933. [PMID: 37266566 PMCID: PMC10264069 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia in neonates can cause significant morbidity and mortality when compared to other childhood age groups. To understand the immune mechanisms that underlie these age-related differences, we employed a mouse model of Escherichia coli pneumonia to determine the dynamic cellular and molecular differences in immune responsiveness between neonates (PND 3-5) and juveniles (PND 12-18), at 24, 48, and 72 hr. Cytokine gene expression from whole lung extracts was also quantified at these time points, using quantitative RT-PCR. E. coli challenge resulted in rapid and significant increases in neutrophils, monocytes, and γδT cells, along with significant decreases in dendritic cells and alveolar macrophages in the lungs of both neonates and juveniles. E. coli-challenged juvenile lung had significant increases in interstitial macrophages and recruited monocytes that were not observed in neonatal lungs. Expression of IFNγ-responsive genes was positively correlated with the levels and dynamics of MHCII-expressing innate cells in neonatal and juvenile lungs. Several facets of immune responsiveness in the wild-type neonates were recapitulated in juvenile MHCII-/- juveniles. Employing a pre-clinical model of E. coli pneumonia, we identified significant differences in the early cellular and molecular dynamics in the lungs that likely contribute to the elevated susceptibility of neonates to bacterial pneumonia and could represent targets for intervention to improve respiratory outcomes and survivability of neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A McGrath-Morrow
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Division of Pulmonary Medicine and SleepPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Jarrett Venezia
- W Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Roland Ndeh
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Division of Pulmonary Medicine and SleepPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Nigel Michki
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Division of Pulmonary Medicine and SleepPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Javier Perez
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Division of Pulmonary Medicine and SleepPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Benjamin David Singer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine Northwestern, University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoUnited States
| | - Raffaello Cimbro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Mark Soloski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Alan L Scott
- W Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreUnited States
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2
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Heinemann AS, Stalp JL, Bonifacio JPP, Silva F, Willers M, Heckmann J, Fehlhaber B, Völlger L, Raafat D, Normann N, Klos A, Hansen G, Schmolke M, Viemann D. Silent neonatal influenza A virus infection primes systemic antimicrobial immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1072142. [PMID: 36761727 PMCID: PMC9902881 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1072142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with influenza A viruses (IAV) cause seasonal epidemics and global pandemics. The majority of these infections remain asymptomatic, especially among children below five years of age. Importantly, this is a time, when immunological imprinting takes place. Whether early-life infections with IAV affect the development of antimicrobial immunity is unknown. Using a preclinical mouse model, we demonstrate here that silent neonatal influenza infections have a remote beneficial impact on the later control of systemic juvenile-onset and adult-onset infections with an unrelated pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, due to improved pathogen clearance and clinical resolution. Strategic vaccination with a live attenuated IAV vaccine elicited a similar protection phenotype. Mechanistically, the IAV priming effect primarily targets antimicrobial functions of the developing innate immune system including increased antimicrobial plasma activity and enhanced phagocyte functions and antigen-presenting properties at mucosal sites. Our results suggest a long-term benefit from an exposure to IAV during the neonatal phase, which might be exploited by strategic vaccination against influenza early in life to enforce the host's resistance to later bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sophie Heinemann
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Lennart Stalp
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Filo Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maike Willers
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Heckmann
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beate Fehlhaber
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lena Völlger
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dina Raafat
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nicole Normann
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas Klos
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gesine Hansen
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mirco Schmolke
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Center for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dorothee Viemann
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Translational Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Infection Research, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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3
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Luo W, Hu J, Xu W, Dong J. Distinct spatial and temporal roles for Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells in asthma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:974066. [PMID: 36032162 PMCID: PMC9411752 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.974066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune response in the asthmatic respiratory tract is mainly driven by CD4+ T helper (Th) cells, represented by Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, especially Th2 cells. Asthma is a heterogeneous and progressive disease, reflected by distinct phenotypes orchestrated by τh2 or non-Th2 (Th1 and Th17) immune responses at different stages of the disease course. Heterogeneous cytokine expression within the same Th effector state in response to changing conditions in vivo and interlineage relationship among CD4+ T cells shape the complex immune networks of the inflammatory airway, making it difficult to find one panacea for all asthmatics. Here, we review the role of three T helper subsets in the pathogenesis of asthma from different stages, highlighting timing is everything in the immune system. We also discuss the dynamic topography of Th subsets and pathogenetic memory Th cells in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihang Luo
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jindong Hu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifang Xu
- Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Futian), Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Jingcheng Dong, ; Weifang Xu,
| | - Jingcheng Dong
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jingcheng Dong, ; Weifang Xu,
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4
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La muqueuse pulmonaire en période périnatale : un monde à comprendre pour lutter contre la sensibilité du jeune à la bronchiolite. Rev Mal Respir 2022; 39:104-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Alexander-Miller MA. Challenges for the Newborn Following Influenza Virus Infection and Prospects for an Effective Vaccine. Front Immunol 2020; 11:568651. [PMID: 33042150 PMCID: PMC7524958 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.568651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Newborns are at significantly increased risk of severe disease following infection with influenza virus. This is the collective result of their naïve status, altered immune responsiveness, and the lack of a vaccine that is effective in these individuals. Numerous studies have revealed impairments in both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system of newborns. The consequence of these alterations is a quantitative and qualitative decrease in both antibody and T cell responses. This review summarizes the hurdles newborns experience in mounting an effective response that can clear influenza virus and limit disease following infection. In addition, the challenges, as well as the opportunities, for developing vaccines that can elicit protective responses in these at risk individuals are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Alexander-Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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6
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Challenges for the Newborn Immune Response to Respiratory Virus Infection and Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040558. [PMID: 32987691 PMCID: PMC7712002 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial months of life reflect an extremely challenging time for newborns as a naïve immune system is bombarded with a large array of pathogens, commensals, and other foreign entities. In many instances, the immune response of young infants is dampened or altered, resulting in increased susceptibility and disease following infection. This is the result of both qualitative and quantitative changes in the response of multiple cell types across the immune system. Here we provide a review of the challenges associated with the newborn response to respiratory viral pathogens as well as the hurdles and advances for vaccine-mediated protection.
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7
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Laubreton D, Drajac C, Eléouët JF, Rameix-Welti MA, Lo-Man R, Riffault S, Descamps D. Regulatory B Lymphocytes Colonize the Respiratory Tract of Neonatal Mice and Modulate Immune Responses of Alveolar Macrophages to RSV Infection in IL-10-Dependant Manner. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080822. [PMID: 32751234 PMCID: PMC7472339 DOI: 10.3390/v12080822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the prevalent pathogen of lower respiratory tract infections in children. The presence of neonatal regulatory B lymphocytes (nBreg) has been associated with a poor control of RSV infection in human newborns and with bronchiolitis severity. So far, little is known about how nBreg may contribute to neonatal immunopathology to RSV. We tracked nBreg in neonatal BALB/c mice and we investigated their impact on lung innate immunity, especially their crosstalk with alveolar macrophages (AMs) upon RSV infection. We showed that the colonization by nBreg during the first week of life is a hallmark of neonatal lung whereas this population is almost absent in adult lung. This particular period of age when nBreg are abundant corresponds to the same period when RSV replication in lungs fails to generate a type-I interferons (IFN-I) response and is not contained. When neonatal AMs are exposed to RSV in vitro, they produce IFN-I that in turn enhances IL-10 production by nBreg. IL-10 reciprocally can decrease IFN-I secretion by AMs. Thus, our work identified nBreg as an important component of neonatal lungs and pointed out new immunoregulatory interactions with AMs in the context of RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphné Laubreton
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Carole Drajac
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Marie-Anne Rameix-Welti
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Infection et Inflammation, U1173, 78180 Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France;
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, AP-HP, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Richard Lo-Man
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit Immunity and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Sabine Riffault
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (D.D.); Tel.: +(33)-01-34-65-26-20 (S.R.); +(33)-01-34-65-26-10 (D.D.)
| | - Delphyne Descamps
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (D.D.); Tel.: +(33)-01-34-65-26-20 (S.R.); +(33)-01-34-65-26-10 (D.D.)
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8
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Saglani S, Gregory LG, Manghera AK, Branchett WJ, Uwadiae F, Entwistle LJ, Oliver RA, Vasiliou JE, Sherburn R, Lui S, Puttur F, Vöhringer D, Walker SA, Buckley J, Grychtol R, Fainardi V, Denney L, Byrne A, von Mutius E, Bush A, Lloyd CM. Inception of early-life allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness is reliant on IL-13 +CD4 + T cells. Sci Immunol 2019; 3:3/27/eaan4128. [PMID: 30194239 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aan4128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is a critical feature of wheezing and asthma in children, but the initiating immune mechanisms remain unconfirmed. We demonstrate that both recombinant interleukin-33 (rIL-33) and allergen [house dust mite (HDM) or Alternaria alternata] exposure from day 3 of life resulted in significantly increased pulmonary IL-13+CD4+ T cells, which were indispensable for the development of AHR. In contrast, adult mice had a predominance of pulmonary LinnegCD45+CD90+IL-13+ type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) after administration of rIL-33. HDM exposure of neonatal IL-33 knockout (KO) mice still resulted in AHR. However, neonatal CD4creIL-13 KO mice (lacking IL-13+CD4+ T cells) exposed to allergen from day 3 of life were protected from AHR despite persistent pulmonary eosinophilia, elevated IL-33 levels, and IL-13+ ILCs. Moreover, neonatal mice were protected from AHR when inhaled Acinetobacter lwoffii (an environmental bacterial isolate found in cattle farms, which is known to protect from childhood asthma) was administered concurrent with HDM. A. lwoffii blocked the expansion of pulmonary IL-13+CD4+ T cells, whereas IL-13+ ILCs and IL-33 remained elevated. Administration of A. lwoffii mirrored the findings from the CD4creIL-13 KO mice, providing a translational approach for disease protection in early life. These data demonstrate that IL-13+CD4+ T cells, rather than IL-13+ ILCs or IL-33, are critical for inception of allergic AHR in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Saglani
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK. .,Respiratory Paediatrics, Royal Brompton Hospital and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lisa G Gregory
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Avneet K Manghera
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - William J Branchett
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Faith Uwadiae
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lewis J Entwistle
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R A Oliver
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jessica E Vasiliou
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rebekah Sherburn
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen Lui
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - F Puttur
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David Vöhringer
- Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Wasserturmstrasse 3-5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simone A Walker
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James Buckley
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ruth Grychtol
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Valentina Fainardi
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Laura Denney
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Adam Byrne
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Erika von Mutius
- Dr Von Hauner Childrens Hospital of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute for Asthma and Allergy Prevention, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrew Bush
- Respiratory Paediatrics, Royal Brompton Hospital and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Clare M Lloyd
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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9
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Han M, Rajput C, Hershenson MB. Rhinovirus Attributes that Contribute to Asthma Development. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2019; 39:345-359. [PMID: 31284925 PMCID: PMC6624084 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Early-life wheezing-associated infections with human rhinovirus (HRV) are strongly associated with the inception of asthma. The immune system of immature mice and humans is skewed toward a type 2 cytokine response. Thus, HRV-infected 6-day-old mice but not adult mice develop augmented type 2 cytokine expression, eosinophilic inflammation, mucous metaplasia, and airway hyperresponsiveness. This asthma phenotype depends on interleukin (IL)-13-producing type 2 innate lymphoid cells, the expansion of which in turn depends on release of the innate cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin from the airway epithelium. In humans, certain genetic variants may predispose to HRV-induced childhood asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Han
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Medical Sciences Research Building II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Charu Rajput
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Medical Sciences Research Building II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marc B Hershenson
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Medical Sciences Research Building II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Medical Sciences Research Building II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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10
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Restori KH, Srinivasa BT, Ward BJ, Fixman ED. Neonatal Immunity, Respiratory Virus Infections, and the Development of Asthma. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1249. [PMID: 29915592 PMCID: PMC5994399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants are exposed to a wide range of potential pathogens in the first months of life. Although maternal antibodies acquired transplacentally protect full-term neonates from many systemic pathogens, infections at mucosal surfaces still occur with great frequency, causing significant morbidity and mortality. At least part of this elevated risk is attributable to the neonatal immune system that tends to favor T regulatory and Th2 type responses when microbes are first encountered. Early-life infection with respiratory viruses is of particular interest because such exposures can disrupt normal lung development and increase the risk of chronic respiratory conditions, such as asthma. The immunologic mechanisms that underlie neonatal host-virus interactions that contribute to the subsequent development of asthma have not yet been fully defined. The goals of this review are (1) to outline the differences between the neonatal and adult immune systems and (2) to present murine and human data that support the hypothesis that early-life interactions between the immune system and respiratory viruses can create a lung environment conducive to the development of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H Restori
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bharat T Srinivasa
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Brian J Ward
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth D Fixman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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11
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Abstract
The growth and maturity of the peripheral immune system and subsequent development of pulmonary immunity in early life is dictated by host, environmental and microbial factors. Dysregulation during the critical window of immune development in the postnatal years results in disease which impacts on lifelong lung health. Asthma is a common disease in childhood and is often preceded by wheezing illnesses during the preschool years. However, the mechanisms underlying development of wheeze and how and why only some children progress to asthma is unknown. Human studies to date have generally focused on peripheral immune development, with little assessment of local tissue pathology in young children. Moreover, mechanisms underlying the interactions between inflammation and tissue repair at mucosal surfaces in early life remain unknown. Disappointingly, mechanistic studies in mice have predominantly used adult models. This review will consider the aspects of the neonatal immune system which might contribute to the development of early life wheezing disorders and asthma, and discuss the external environmental factors which may influence this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare M Lloyd
- Inflammation, Repair & Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Sejal Saglani
- Inflammation, Repair & Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.,Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, Royal Brompton Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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12
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Lambert L, Culley FJ. Innate Immunity to Respiratory Infection in Early Life. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1570. [PMID: 29184555 PMCID: PMC5694434 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life is a period of particular susceptibility to respiratory infections and symptoms are frequently more severe in infants than in adults. The neonatal immune system is generally held to be deficient in most compartments; responses to innate stimuli are weak, antigen-presenting cells have poor immunostimulatory activity and adaptive lymphocyte responses are limited, leading to poor immune memory and ineffective vaccine responses. For mucosal surfaces such as the lung, which is continuously exposed to airborne antigen and to potential pathogenic invasion, the ability to discriminate between harmless and potentially dangerous antigens is essential, to prevent inflammation that could lead to loss of gaseous exchange and damage to the developing lung tissue. We have only recently begun to define the differences in respiratory immunity in early life and its environmental and developmental influences. The innate immune system may be of relatively greater importance than the adaptive immune system in the neonatal and infant period than later in life, as it does not require specific antigenic experience. A better understanding of what constitutes protective innate immunity in the respiratory tract in this age group and the factors that influence its development should allow us to predict why certain infants are vulnerable to severe respiratory infections, design treatments to accelerate the development of protective immunity, and design age specific adjuvants to better boost immunity to infection in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lambert
- Faculty of Medicine, Respiratory Infections Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona J Culley
- Faculty of Medicine, Respiratory Infections Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Pulmonary Susceptibility of Neonates to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: A Problem of Innate Immunity? J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:8734504. [PMID: 29250560 PMCID: PMC5700507 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8734504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common and highly contagious viral agent responsible for acute lower respiratory infection in infants. This pathology characterized by mucus hypersecretion and a disturbed T cell immune response is one of the major causes of infant hospitalization for severe bronchiolitis. Although different risk factors are associated with acute RSV bronchiolitis, the immunological factors contributing to the susceptibility of RSV infection in infants are not clearly elucidated. Epidemiological studies have established that the age at initial infection plays a central role in the severity of the disease. Thus, neonatal susceptibility is intrinsically linked to the immunological characteristics of the young pulmonary mucosa. Early life is a critical period for the lung development with the first expositions to external environmental stimuli and microbiota colonization. Furthermore, neonates display a lung immune system that profoundly differs to those from adults, with the predominance of type 2 immune cells. In this review, we discuss the latest information about the lung immune environment in the early period of life at a steady state and upon RSV infection and how we can modulate neonatal susceptibility to RSV infection.
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14
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Gray J, Oehrle K, Worthen G, Alenghat T, Whitsett J, Deshmukh H. Intestinal commensal bacteria mediate lung mucosal immunity and promote resistance of newborn mice to infection. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:eaaf9412. [PMID: 28179507 PMCID: PMC5880204 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf9412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immature mucosal defenses contribute to increased susceptibility of newborn infants to pathogens. Sparse knowledge of age-dependent changes in mucosal immunity has hampered improvements in neonatal morbidity because of infections. We report that exposure of neonatal mice to commensal bacteria immediately after birth is required for a robust host defense against bacterial pneumonia, the leading cause of death in newborn infants. This crucial window was characterized by an abrupt influx of interleukin-22 (IL-22)-producing group 3 innate lymphoid cells (IL-22+ILC3) into the lungs of newborn mice. This influx was dependent on sensing of commensal bacteria by intestinal mucosal dendritic cells. Disruption of postnatal commensal colonization or selective depletion of dendritic cells interrupted the migratory program of lung IL-22+ILC3 and made the newborn mice more susceptible to pneumonia, which was reversed by transfer of commensal bacteria after birth. Thus, the resistance of newborn mice to pneumonia relied on commensal bacteria-directed ILC3 influx into the lungs, which mediated IL-22-dependent host resistance to pneumonia during this developmental window. These data establish that postnatal colonization by intestinal commensal bacteria is pivotal in the development of the lung defenses of newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerilyn Gray
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Katherine Oehrle
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - George Worthen
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Theresa Alenghat
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Jeffrey Whitsett
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Hitesh Deshmukh
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA.
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15
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Bacteria isolated from lung modulate asthma susceptibility in mice. ISME JOURNAL 2017; 11:1061-1074. [PMID: 28045458 PMCID: PMC5437918 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2016.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic, non-curable, multifactorial disease with increasing incidence in industrial countries. This study evaluates the direct contribution of lung microbial components in allergic asthma in mice. Germ-Free and Specific-Pathogen-Free mice display similar susceptibilities to House Dust Mice-induced allergic asthma, indicating that the absence of bacteria confers no protection or increased risk to aeroallergens. In early life, allergic asthma changes the pattern of lung microbiota, and lung bacteria reciprocally modulate aeroallergen responsiveness. Primo-colonizing cultivable strains were screened for their immunoregulatory properties following their isolation from neonatal lungs. Intranasal inoculation of lung bacteria influenced the outcome of allergic asthma development: the strain CNCM I 4970 exacerbated some asthma features whereas the pro-Th1 strain CNCM I 4969 had protective effects. Thus, we confirm that appropriate bacterial lung stimuli during early life are critical for susceptibility to allergic asthma in young adults.
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16
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Abstract
Although largely deprived from exogenous stimuli in utero, the mucosal barriers of the neonate after birth are bombarded by environmental, nutritional, and microbial exposures. The microbiome is established concurrently with the developing immune system. The nature and timing of discrete interactions between these two factors underpins the long-term immune characteristics of these organs, and can set an individual on a trajectory towards or away from disease. Microbial exposures in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts are some of the key determinants of the overall immune tone at these mucosal barriers and represent a leading target for future intervention strategies. In this review, we discuss immune maturation in the gut and lung and how microbes have a central role in this process.
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17
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Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of upper respiratory tract infection in children and adults. However, infection with this virus sometimes leads to severe lower respiratory disease and is the major cause of infant hospitalisations in the developed world. Several risk factors such as baby prematurity and congenital heart disease are known to predispose towards severe disease but previously healthy, full-term infants can also develop bronchiolitis and viral pneumonia during RSV infection. The causes of severe disease are not fully understood but may include dysregulation of the immune response to the virus, resulting in excessive recruitment and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells that can cause damage. This review highlights recent discoveries on the balancing act of immune-mediated virus clearance versus immunopathology during RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Johansson
- Respiratory Infections Section, St Mary's campus, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
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18
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Perinatal Activation of the Interleukin-33 Pathway Promotes Type 2 Immunity in the Developing Lung. Immunity 2016; 45:1285-1298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Srinivasa BT, Restori KH, Shan J, Cyr L, Xing L, Lee S, Ward BJ, Fixman ED. STAT6 inhibitory peptide given during RSV infection of neonatal mice reduces exacerbated airway responses upon adult reinfection. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 101:519-529. [PMID: 27566834 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0215-062rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-related hospitalization during infancy is strongly associated with the subsequent development of asthma. Early life RSV infection results in a Th2-biased immune response, which is also typical of asthma. Murine models of neonatal RSV infection have been developed to examine the possible contribution of RSV-driven Th2 responses to the development of airway hyper-responsiveness later in childhood. We have investigated the ability of a cell-penetrating STAT6 inhibitory peptide (STAT6-IP), when delivered selectively during neonatal RSV infection, to modify pathogenesis induced upon secondary RSV reinfection of adults 6 wk later. Neonatal STAT6-IP treatment inhibited the development of airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) and significantly reduced lung eosinophilia and collagen deposition in adult mice following RSV reinfection. STAT6-IP-treated, RSV-infected neonates had reduced levels of both IL-4 and alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) in the lungs. Our findings suggest that targeting STAT6 activity at the time of early-life RSV infection may effectively reduce the risk of subsequent asthma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat T Srinivasa
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Katherine H Restori
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Jichuan Shan
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis Cyr
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Li Xing
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Soojin Lee
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brian J Ward
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Elizabeth D Fixman
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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20
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Holbrook BC, Kim JR, Blevins LK, Jorgensen MJ, Kock ND, D'Agostino RB, Aycock ST, Hadimani MB, King SB, Parks GD, Alexander-Miller MA. A Novel R848-Conjugated Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccine Is Efficacious and Safe in a Neonate Nonhuman Primate Model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:555-64. [PMID: 27279374 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus infection of neonates poses a major health concern, often resulting in severe disease and hospitalization. At present, vaccines for this at-risk population are lacking. Thus, development of an effective vaccine is an urgent need. In this study, we have used an innovative nonhuman primate neonate challenge model to test the efficacy of a novel TLR 7/8 agonist R848-conjugated influenza virus vaccine. The use of the intact virus represents a step forward in conjugate vaccine design because it provides multiple antigenic targets allowing for elicitation of a broad immune response. Our results show that this vaccine induces high-level virus-specific Ab- and cell-mediated responses in neonates that result in increased virus clearance and reduced lung pathology postchallenge compared with the nonadjuvanted virus vaccine. Surprisingly, the addition of a second TLR agonist (flagellin) did not enhance vaccine protection, suggesting that combinations of TLR that provide increased efficacy must be determined empirically. These data support further exploration of this new conjugate influenza vaccine approach as a platform for use in the at-risk neonate population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth C Holbrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Jong R Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Lance K Blevins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Matthew J Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, Section of Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Nancy D Kock
- Department of Pathology, Section of Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Ralph B D'Agostino
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - S Tyler Aycock
- Animal Resources Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157; and
| | | | - S Bruce King
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109
| | - Griffith D Parks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
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21
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Remot A, Descamps D, Jouneau L, Laubreton D, Dubuquoy C, Bouet S, Lecardonnel J, Rebours E, Petit-Camurdan A, Riffault S. Flt3 ligand improves the innate response to respiratory syncytial virus and limits lung disease upon RSV reexposure in neonate mice. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:874-84. [PMID: 26681580 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe bronchiolitis in infants worldwide. The immunological factors responsible for RSV susceptibility in infants are poorly understood. Here, we used the BALB/c mouse model of neonatal RSV infection to study the mechanisms leading to severe disease upon reexposure to the virus when adults. Two major deficiencies in neonatal lung innate responses were found: a poor DCs mobilization, and a weak engagement of the IFNI pathway. The administration of Flt3 ligand (Flt3-L), a growth factor that stimulates the proliferation of hematopoietic cells, to neonates before RSV-infection, resulted in increased lung DC number, and reconditioned the IFNI pathway upon RSV neonatal infection. Besides, neonates treated with Flt3-L were protected against exacerbated airway disease upon adult reexposure to RSV. This was associated with a reorientation of RSV-specific responses toward Th1-mediated immunity. Thus, the poor lung DCs and IFNI responses to RSV in neonates may be partly responsible for the deleterious long-term consequences revealed upon adult reexposure to RSV, which could be prevented by Flt3-L treatment. These results open new perspectives for developing neonatal immuno-modulating strategies to reduce the burden of bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Remot
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Luc Jouneau
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Daphné Laubreton
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Stephan Bouet
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jérôme Lecardonnel
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Emmanuelle Rebours
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Sabine Riffault
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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22
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Oliphant S, Lines JL, Hollifield ML, Garvy BA. Regulatory T Cells Are Critical for Clearing Influenza A Virus in Neonatal Mice. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:580-9. [PMID: 26501792 PMCID: PMC4677544 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that neonatal mice infected with influenza A virus (IAV) develop interstitial pneumonia characterized by reduced lung cytokine and chemokine responses. The failure of T cells to infiltrate the airways of neonates correlated with delayed clearance of sublethal IAV infections compared to adults. We hypothesized that negative regulators in the neonatal lungs such as cytokines or T regulatory (Treg) cells are responsible for these differences. Neonates either deficient in interleukin-10 (IL-10) or with T cells unresponsive to transforming growth factor-β signaling due to absence of SMAD family member 4 (Smad4) had similar IAV clearance kinetics to wild-type pups and no difference in T-cell responses. In contrast, functional depletion of Treg cells with anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody resulted in increased proportions of activated CD4(+) T cells in the lungs, but failure to clear IAV. Similarly, scurfy pups (mutation in forkhead box P3 [Foxp3] rendering them deficient in Treg cells) had increased proportions of activated T cells in the lungs compared to littermate controls. Scurfy pups also had increased proportions of IL-13-producing CD4(+) T cells. Interestingly, like anti-CD25-treated pups, scurfy pups had significantly elevated viral loads compared to controls. Based on these data, we conclude that Tregs are critical for clearance of IAV in neonatal mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Oliphant
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- VA Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - J. Louise Lines
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- VA Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Melissa L. Hollifield
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- VA Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Beth A. Garvy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- VA Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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23
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Gollwitzer ES, Marsland BJ. Impact of Early-Life Exposures on Immune Maturation and Susceptibility to Disease. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:684-696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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24
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Damjanovic D, Khera A, Afkhami S, Lai R, Zganiacz A, Jeyanathan M, Xing Z. Age at Mycobacterium bovis BCG Priming Has Limited Impact on Anti-Tuberculosis Immunity Boosted by Respiratory Mucosal AdHu5Ag85A Immunization in a Murine Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131175. [PMID: 26098423 PMCID: PMC4476612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global pandemic despite the use of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, partly because BCG fails to effectively control adult pulmonary TB. The introduction of novel boost vaccines such as the human Adenovirus 5-vectored AdHu5Ag85A could improve and prolong the protective immunity of BCG immunization. Age at which BCG immunization is implemented varies greatly worldwide, and research is ongoing to discover the optimal stage during childhood to administer the vaccine, as well as when to boost the immune response with potential novel vaccines. Using a murine model of subcutaneous BCG immunization followed by intranasal AdHu5Ag85A boosting, we investigated the impact of age at BCG immunization on protective efficacy of BCG prime and AdHu5Ag85A boost immunization-mediated protection. Our results showed that age at parenteral BCG priming has limited impact on the efficacy of BCG prime-AdHu5Ag85A respiratory mucosal boost immunization-enhanced protection. However, when BCG immunization was delayed until the maturity of the immune system, longer sustained memory T cells were generated and resulted in enhanced boosting effect on T cells of AdHu5Ag85A respiratory mucosal immunization. Our findings hold implications for the design of new TB immunization protocols for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Damjanovic
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amandeep Khera
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sam Afkhami
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rocky Lai
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Zganiacz
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mangalakumari Jeyanathan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Alexander-Miller MA. Vaccines against respiratory viral pathogens for use in neonates: opportunities and challenges. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 193:5363-9. [PMID: 25411431 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The first six months of life reflect a time of high susceptibility to severe disease following respiratory virus infection. Although this could be improved significantly by immunization, current vaccines are not approved for use in these very young individuals. This is the result of the combined effects of poor immune responsiveness and safety concerns regarding the use of live attenuated vaccines or potent adjuvants in this population. Vaccines to effectively combat respiratory viral infection ideally would result in robust CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses, as well as high-affinity Ab. Inclusion of TLR agonists or single-cycle viruses is an attractive approach for provision of signals that can act as potent stimulators of dendritic cell maturation, as well as direct activators of T and/or B cells. In this article, I discuss the challenges associated with generation of a robust immune response in neonates and the potential for adjuvants to overcome these obstacles.
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26
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Ivanyi J. Local Immune Responses in Tuberculosis. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Neonates have little immunological memory and a developing immune system, which increases their vulnerability to infectious agents. Recent advances in the understanding of neonatal immunity indicate that both innate and adaptive responses are dependent on precursor frequency of lymphocytes, antigenic dose and mode of exposure. Studies in neonatal mouse models and human umbilical cord blood cells demonstrate the capability of neonatal immune cells to produce immune responses similar to adults in some aspects but not others. This review focuses mainly on the developmental and functional mechanisms of the human neonatal immune system. In particular, the mechanism of innate and adaptive immunity and the role of neutrophils, antigen presenting cells, differences in subclasses of T lymphocytes (Th1, Th2, Tregs) and B cells are discussed. In addition, we have included the recent developments in the neonatal mouse immune system. Understanding neonatal immunity is essential to development of therapeutic vaccines to combat newly emerging infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Basha
- Center for Infectious Disease and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, 1425 Portland Avenue, Rochester, NY 14621, USA
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28
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Talarico LB, Bugna J, Wimmenauer V, Espinoza MA, Quipildor MO, Hijano DR, Beccaria M, Wurster V, Cavagnaro LE, Martinez D, Fattore G, Batalle JP, Acosta PL, Reynoso N, Melendi GA, Rey FA, Libster R, Polack FP. T helper type 2 bias and type 17 suppression in primary dengue virus infection in infants and young children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013; 107:411-9. [PMID: 23764739 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trt044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune response to dengue virus (DENV) primary infection in infants and young children is not well characterized. In Northern Argentina, >90% of the population was DENV-naïve before the 2009 outbreak, allowing evaluation of age-dependent primary responses to infection. METHODS We conducted a comparative study of the immune response to DENV in 27 infected infants, young children and their mothers. Lymphocyte T helper (Th) 1, Th2, Th17 and inflammatory responses were assayed in blood during the 2009 DENV-1 epidemic. RESULTS The immune response to DENV-1 was significantly biased to Th2 in infected infants and young children, compared to infants with other febrile illnesses (for IL-4 p < 0.001) and to their infected mothers (for IL-4 p < 0.01). In addition, IL-17 suppression was observed in the memory response to DENV-1 in infected infants (p < 0.01 vs placebo). CONCLUSION Age-related differences in the primary response to DENV, characterized by an immature Th2 polarization and Th17 suppression in infants, should be studied further in order to expand our understanding of the mechanism of dengue pathogenesis.
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29
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Derscheid RJ, Ackermann MR. The Innate Immune System of the Perinatal Lung and Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Vet Pathol 2013; 50:827-41. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985813480216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The response of the preterm and newborn lung to airborne pathogens, particles, and other insults is initially dependent on innate immune responses since adaptive responses may not fully mature and require weeks for sufficient responses to antigenic stimuli. Foreign material and microbial agents trigger soluble, cell surface, and cytoplasmic receptors that activate signaling cascades that invoke release of surfactant proteins, defensins, interferons, lactoferrin, oxidative products, and other innate immune substances that have antimicrobial activity, which can also influence adaptive responses. For viral infections such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the pulmonary innate immune responses has an essential role in defense as there are no fully effective vaccines or therapies for RSV infections of humans and reinfections are common. Understanding the innate immune response by the preterm and newborn lung may lead to preventive strategies and more effective therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. J. Derscheid
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - M. R. Ackermann
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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30
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Lung dendritic cell developmental programming, environmental stimuli, and asthma in early periods of life. J Allergy (Cairo) 2012; 2012:176468. [PMID: 23209481 PMCID: PMC3503332 DOI: 10.1155/2012/176468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are important cells of our innate immune system. Their role is critical in inducing adaptive immunity, tolerance, or allergic response in peripheral organs—lung and skin. The lung DCs are not developed prenatally before birth. The DCs develop after birth presumably during the first year of life; exposures to any foreign antigen or infectious organisms during this period can significantly affect DC developmental programming and generation of distinct DC phenotypes and functions. These changes can have both short-term and long-term health effects which may be very relevant in childhood asthma and predisposition for a persistent response in adulthood. An understanding of DC development at molecular and cellular levels can help in protecting neonates and infants against problematic environmental exposures and developmental immunotoxicity. This knowledge can eventually help in designing novel pharmacological modulators to skew the DC characteristics and immune responses to benefit the host across a lifetime.
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31
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Preexposure to CpG protects against the delayed effects of neonatal respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Virol 2012; 86:10456-61. [PMID: 22811525 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01082-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe respiratory viral infection in early life is associated with recurrent wheeze and asthma in later childhood. Neonatal immune responses tend to be skewed toward T helper 2 (Th2) responses, which may contribute to the development of a pathogenic recall response to respiratory infection. Since neonatal Th2 skewing can be modified by stimulation with Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, we investigated the effect of exposure to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (TLR9 ligands) prior to neonatal respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in mice. CpG preexposure was protective against enhanced disease during secondary adult RSV challenge, with a reduction in viral load and an increase in Th1 responses. A similar Th1 switch and reduction in disease were observed if CpG was administered in the interval between neonatal infection and challenge. In neonates, CpG pretreatment led to a transient increase in expression of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) and CD80 on CD11c-positive cells and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production by NK cells after RSV infection, suggesting that the protective effects may be mediated by antigen-presenting cells (APC) and NK cells. We conclude that the adverse effects of early-life respiratory viral infection on later lung health might be mitigated by conditions that promote TLR activation in the infant lung.
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32
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Remot A, Roux X, Dubuquoy C, Fix J, Bouet S, Moudjou M, Eléouët JF, Riffault S, Petit-Camurdan A. Nucleoprotein nanostructures combined with adjuvants adapted to the neonatal immune context: a candidate mucosal RSV vaccine. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37722. [PMID: 22655066 PMCID: PMC3359995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of severe bronchiolitis in infants worldwide. The most severe RSV diseases occur between 2 and 6 months-of-age, so pediatric vaccination will have to be started within the first weeks after birth, when the immune system is prone to Th2 responses that may turn deleterious upon exposure to the virus. So far, the high risk to prime for immunopathological responses in infants has hampered the development of vaccine. In the present study we investigated the safety and efficacy of ring-nanostructures formed by the recombinant nucleoprotein N of hRSV (NSRS) as a mucosal vaccine candidate against RSV in BALB/c neonates, which are highly sensitive to immunopathological Th2 imprinting. Methodology and Principal Findings A single intranasal administration of NSRS with detoxified E.coli enterotoxin LT(R192G) to 5–7 day old neonates provided a significant reduction of the viral load after an RSV challenge at five weeks of age. However, neonatal vaccination also generated an enhanced lung infiltration by neutrophils and eosinophils following the RSV challenge. Analysis of antibody subclasses and cytokines produced after an RSV challenge or a boost administration of the vaccine suggested that neonatal vaccination induced a Th2 biased local immune memory. This Th2 bias and the eosinophilic reaction could be prevented by adding CpG to the vaccine formulation, which, however did not prevent pulmonary inflammation and neutrophil infiltration upon viral challenge. Conclusions/Significance In conclusion, protective vaccination against RSV can be achieved in neonates but requires an appropriate combination of adjuvants to prevent harmful Th2 imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Remot
- Molecular Virology and Immunology (UR892), French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Xavier Roux
- Molecular Virology and Immunology (UR892), French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Catherine Dubuquoy
- Molecular Virology and Immunology (UR892), French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jenna Fix
- Molecular Virology and Immunology (UR892), French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Stephan Bouet
- Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology (UMR1313), French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mohammed Moudjou
- Molecular Virology and Immunology (UR892), French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- Molecular Virology and Immunology (UR892), French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sabine Riffault
- Molecular Virology and Immunology (UR892), French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Agnès Petit-Camurdan
- Molecular Virology and Immunology (UR892), French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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