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Channer B, Matt SM, Nickoloff-Bybel EA, Pappa V, Agarwal Y, Wickman J, Gaskill PJ. Dopamine, Immunity, and Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:62-158. [PMID: 36757901 PMCID: PMC9832385 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in central nervous system (CNS) function, regulating many processes including reward, movement, and cognition. Dopamine also regulates critical functions in peripheral organs, such as blood pressure, renal activity, and intestinal motility. Beyond these functions, a growing body of evidence indicates that dopamine is an important immunoregulatory factor. Most types of immune cells express dopamine receptors and other dopaminergic proteins, and many immune cells take up, produce, store, and/or release dopamine, suggesting that dopaminergic immunomodulation is important for immune function. Targeting these pathways could be a promising avenue for the treatment of inflammation and disease, but despite increasing research in this area, data on the specific effects of dopamine on many immune cells and disease processes remain inconsistent and poorly understood. Therefore, this review integrates the current knowledge of the role of dopamine in immune cell function and inflammatory signaling across systems. We also discuss the current understanding of dopaminergic regulation of immune signaling in the CNS and peripheral tissues, highlighting the role of dopaminergic immunomodulation in diseases such as Parkinson's disease, several neuropsychiatric conditions, neurologic human immunodeficiency virus, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and others. Careful consideration is given to the influence of experimental design on results, and we note a number of areas in need of further research. Overall, this review integrates our knowledge of dopaminergic immunology at the cellular, tissue, and disease level and prompts the development of therapeutics and strategies targeted toward ameliorating disease through dopaminergic regulation of immunity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Canonically, dopamine is recognized as a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of movement, cognition, and reward. However, dopamine also acts as an immune modulator in the central nervous system and periphery. This review comprehensively assesses the current knowledge of dopaminergic immunomodulation and the role of dopamine in disease pathogenesis at the cellular and tissue level. This will provide broad access to this information across fields, identify areas in need of further investigation, and drive the development of dopaminergic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breana Channer
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Stephanie M Matt
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Emily A Nickoloff-Bybel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Vasiliki Pappa
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Yash Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Jason Wickman
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Peter J Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
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Abstract
Mental health disorders, particularly depression and anxiety, affect a significant number of the global population. Several pathophysiological pathways for these disorders have been identified, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, autonomic nervous system, and the immune system. In addition, life events, environmental factors, and lifestyle affect the onset, progression, and recurrence of mental health disorders. These may all overlap with periodontal and/or peri-implant disease. Mental health disorders are associated with more severe periodontal disease and, in some cases, poorer healing outcomes to nonsurgical periodontal therapy. They can result in behavior modification, such as poor oral hygiene practices, tobacco smoking, and alcohol abuse, which are also risk factors for periodontal disease and, therefore, may have a contributory effect. Stress has immunomodulatory effects regulating immune cell numbers and function, as well as proinflammatory cytokine production. Stress markers such as cortisol and catecholamines may modulate periodontal bacterial growth and the expression of virulence factors. Stress and some mental health disorders are accompanied by a low-grade chronic inflammation that may be involved in their relationship with periodontal disease and vice versa. Although the gut microbiome interacting with the central nervous system (gut-brain axis) is thought to play a significant role in mental illness, less is understood about the role of the oral microbiome. The evidence for mental health disorders on implant outcomes is lacking, but may mainly be through behaviourial changes. Through lack of compliance withoral hygiene and maintenance visits, peri-implant health can be affected. Increased smoking and risk of periodontal disease may also affect implant outcomes. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have been linked with higher implant failure. They have an anabolic effect on bone, reducing turnover, which could account for the increased loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Ball
- Centre for Rural Dentistry and Oral HealthCharles Sturt UniversityOrangeNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ivan Darby
- Periodontics, Melbourne Dental SchoolThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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Tanwar S, Thakur V, Parsad D. Dopamine toxicity contributes to melanocyte loss via melanocytorrhagy: an in vitro study. Int J Dermatol 2022; 61:1253-1261. [PMID: 35325470 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) have been proposed as a possible cause of melanocyte loss. Dopamine has been observed to cause apoptosis in melanocytes via reactive oxygen species development, but the effect on melanocyte adhesion and proliferation still remains to be elucidated. Thus, we explored the dose- and time-dependent toxicity of catecholamines and the effect of dopamine on the proliferation and adhesion potential of melanocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary culture of melanocytes was investigated in vitro for toxic effects of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine on metabolic activity via MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. Cells were observed microscopically for any phenotypic changes. Further cell proliferation, cell adhesion, and cell death pathway were explored under dopamine toxicity in dose- and time-dependent manner with RNase/PI method of cell cycle analysis, cell adhesion assay, and Annexin V-FITC/PI assay, respectively. Altered gene expressions were confirmed with a real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Metabolic activity of cells varied with time and different doses of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Dopamine was observed to be more toxic than epinephrine and norepinephrine. Melanocytes were observed to follow different cell death pathways at comparatively lower and higher concentrations of dopamine. Persistent exposure to dopamine resulted in decreased cell proliferation and adhesion potential with apoptotic changes. Gene expression changes also confirmed the weak adhesion and survival potential of cells under the toxic effects of dopamine. CONCLUSION Dopamine can alter melanocytes' adhesion and survival potential, leading to apoptotic cell death or melanocytorrhagic loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Tanwar
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vishal Thakur
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Davinder Parsad
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Liang Y, Li H, Gan Y, Tu H. Shedding Light on the Role of Neurotransmitters in the Microenvironment of Pancreatic Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:688953. [PMID: 34395421 PMCID: PMC8363299 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.688953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly lethal malignancy with a 5-year survival rate of less than 8%. The fate of PC is determined not only by the malignant behavior of the cancer cells, but also by the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME), consisting of various cellular (cancer cells, immune cells, stromal cells, endothelial cells, and neurons) and non-cellular (cytokines, neurotransmitters, and extracellular matrix) components. The pancreatic TME has the unique characteristic of exhibiting increased neural density and altered microenvironmental concentration of neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitters, produced by both neuron and non-neuronal cells, can directly regulate the biological behavior of PC cells via binding to their corresponding receptors on tumor cells and activating the intracellular downstream signals. On the other hand, the neurotransmitters can also communicate with other cellular components such as the immune cells in the TME to promote cancer growth. In this review, we will summarize the pleiotropic effects of neurotransmitters on the initiation and progression of PC, and particularly discuss the emerging mechanisms of how neurotransmitters influence the innate and adaptive immune responses in the TME in an autocrine or paracrine manner. A better understanding of the interplay between neurotransmitters and the immune cells in the TME might facilitate the development of new effective therapies for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Levite M. T Cells Plead for Rejuvenation and Amplification; With the Brain's Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides We Can Make It Happen. Front Immunol 2021; 12:617658. [PMID: 33868232 PMCID: PMC8044969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.617658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are essential for eradicating microorganisms and cancer and for tissue repair, have a pro-cognitive role in the brain, and limit Central Nervous System (CNS) inflammation and damage upon injury and infection. However, in aging, chronic infections, acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, cancer, chronic stress, depression and major injury/trauma, T cells are often scarce, exhausted, senescent, impaired/biased and dysfunctional. People with impaired/dysfunctional T cells are at high risk of infections, cancer, other diseases, and eventually mortality, and become multi-level burden on other people, organizations and societies. It is suggested that “Nerve-Driven Immunity” and “Personalized Adoptive Neuro-Immunotherapy” may overcome this problem. Natural Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides: Glutamate, Dopamine, GnRH-II, CGRP, Neuropeptide Y, Somatostatin and others, bind their well-characterized receptors expressed on the cell surface of naïve/resting T cells and induce multiple direct, beneficial, and therapeutically relevant effects. These Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides can induce/increase: gene expression, cytokine secretion, integrin-mediated adhesion, chemotactic migration, extravasation, proliferation, and killing of cancer. Moreover, we recently found that some of these Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides also induce rapid and profound decrease of PD-1 in human T cells. By inducing these beneficial effects in naïve/resting T cells at different times after binding their receptors (i.e. NOT by single effect/mechanism/pathway), these Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides by themselves can activate, rejuvenate, and improve T cells. “Personalized Adaptive Neuro-Immunotherapy” is a novel method for rejuvenating and improving T cells safely and potently by Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides, consisting of personalized diagnostic and therapeutic protocols. The patient’s scarce and/or dysfunctional T cells are activated ex vivo once by pre-selected Neurotransmitters and/or Neuropeptides, tested, and re-inoculated to the patient’s body. Neuro-Immunotherapy can be actionable and repeated whenever needed, and allows other treatments. This adoptive Neuro-Immunotherapy calls for testing its safety and efficacy in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Levite
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.,Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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Neuroimmune Interactions in the Gut and Their Significance for Intestinal Immunity. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070670. [PMID: 31269754 PMCID: PMC6679154 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) have a complex, multifactorial pathophysiology with an unmet need for effective treatment. This calls for novel strategies to improve disease outcome and quality of life for patients. Increasing evidence suggests that autonomic nerves and neurotransmitters, as well as neuropeptides, modulate the intestinal immune system, and thereby regulate the intestinal inflammatory processes. Although the autonomic nervous system is classically divided in a sympathetic and parasympathetic branch, both play a pivotal role in the crosstalk with the immune system, with the enteric nervous system acting as a potential interface. Pilot clinical trials that employ vagus nerve stimulation to reduce inflammation are met with promising results. In this paper, we review current knowledge on the innervation of the gut, the potential of cholinergic and adrenergic systems to modulate intestinal immunity, and comment on ongoing developments in clinical trials.
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Papa I, Vinuesa CG. Synaptic Interactions in Germinal Centers. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1858. [PMID: 30150988 PMCID: PMC6099157 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) is a complex, highly dynamic microanatomical niche that allows the generation of high-affinity antibody-producing plasma cells and memory B cells. These cells constitute the basis of long-lived highly protective antibody responses. For affinity maturation to occur, B cells undergo multiple rounds of proliferation and mutation of the genes that encode the immunoglobulin V region followed by selection by specialized T cells called follicular helper T (TFH) cells. In order to achieve this result, the GC requires spatially and temporally coordinated interactions between the different cell types, including B and T lymphocytes and follicular dendritic cells. Cognate interactions between TFH and GC B cells resemble cellular connections and synaptic communication within the nervous system, which allow signals to be transduced rapidly and effectively across the synaptic cleft. Such immunological synapses are particularly critical in the GC where the speed of T–B cell interactions is faster and their duration shorter than at other sites. In addition, the antigen-based specificity of cognate interactions in GCs is critical for affinity-based selection in which B cells compete for T cell help so that rapid modulation of the signaling threshold determines the outcome of the interaction. In the context of GCs, which contain large numbers of cells in a highly compacted structure, focused delivery of signals across the interacting cells becomes particularly important. Promiscuous or bystander delivery of positive selection signals could potentially lead to the appearance of long-lived self-reactive B cell clones. Cytokines, cytotoxic granules, and more recently neurotransmitters have been shown to be transferred from TFH to B cells upon cognate interactions. This review describes the current knowledge on immunological synapses occurring during GC responses including the type of granules, their content, and function in TFH-mediated help to B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Papa
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
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Papa I, Saliba D, Ponzoni M, Bustamante S, Canete PF, Gonzalez-Figueroa P, McNamara HA, Valvo S, Grimbaldeston M, Sweet RA, Vohra H, Cockburn IA, Meyer-Hermann M, Dustin ML, Doglioni C, Vinuesa CG. T FH-derived dopamine accelerates productive synapses in germinal centres. Nature 2017; 547:318-323. [PMID: 28700579 PMCID: PMC5540173 DOI: 10.1038/nature23013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Protective high-affinity antibody responses depend on competitive
selection of B cells carrying somatically mutated B-cell receptors by follicular
helper T (TFH) cells in germinal centres. The rapid T-B-cell
interactions that occur during this process are reminiscent of neural synaptic
transmission pathways. Here we show that a proportion of human TFH
cells contained dense-core granules marked by chromogranin B, which are normally
found in neuronal presynaptic terminals storing catecholamines such as dopamine.
TFH cells produce high amounts of dopamine and released it upon
cognate interaction with B cells. Dopamine causes rapid translocation of
intracellular ICOSL (inducible T-cell co-stimulator ligand, also known as
ICOSLG) to the B-cell surface, which enhances accumulation of CD40L and
chromogranin B granules at the human TFH cell synapse and increases
the synapse area. Mathematical modelling suggests that faster dopamine-induced
T-B-cell interactions increase total germinal centre output and accelerate it by
days. Delivery of neurotransmitters across the T-B-cell synapse may be
advantageous in the face of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Papa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - David Saliba
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- Ateneo Vita-Salute, Department of Pathology, IRCCS Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Sonia Bustamante
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Pablo F Canete
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Paula Gonzalez-Figueroa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Hayley A McNamara
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Salvatore Valvo
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Michele Grimbaldeston
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.,OMNI-Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Rebecca A Sweet
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Harpreet Vohra
- Imaging and Cytometry Facility, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Ian A Cockburn
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Claudio Doglioni
- Ateneo Vita-Salute, Department of Pathology, IRCCS Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200085, China
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Levite M, Marino F, Cosentino M. Dopamine, T cells and multiple sclerosis (MS). J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:525-542. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1640-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Immunomodulatory Effects Mediated by Dopamine. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:3160486. [PMID: 27795960 PMCID: PMC5067323 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3160486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA), a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), has modulatory functions at the systemic level. The peripheral and central nervous systems have independent dopaminergic system (DAS) that share mechanisms and molecular machinery. In the past century, experimental evidence has accumulated on the proteins knowledge that is involved in the synthesis, reuptake, and transportation of DA in leukocytes and the differential expression of the D1-like (D1R and D5R) and D2-like receptors (D2R, D3R, and D4R). The expression of these components depends on the state of cellular activation and the concentration and time of exposure to DA. Receptors that are expressed in leukocytes are linked to signaling pathways that are mediated by changes in cAMP concentration, which in turn triggers changes in phenotype and cellular function. According to the leukocyte lineage, the effects of DA are associated with such processes as respiratory burst, cytokine and antibody secretion, chemotaxis, apoptosis, and cytotoxicity. In clinical conditions such as schizophrenia, Parkinson disease, Tourette syndrome, and multiple sclerosis (MS), there are evident alterations during immune responses in leukocytes, in which changes in DA receptor density have been observed. Several groups have proposed that these findings are useful in establishing clinical status and clinical markers.
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Melnikov M, Belousova O, Murugin V, Pashenkov М, Boyко A. The role of dopamine in modulation of Th-17 immune response in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 292:97-101. [PMID: 26943966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuromediators may modulate neuroinflammation, particularly in multiple sclerosis (MS). We investigated the effects of dopamine (DA) on the pro-inflammatory Th17-branch of immunity in 43 patients with relapsing-remitting MS and 20 healthy subjects. Serum DA was lower in MS relapse, whereas percentages of blood CD4(+)CD26(+)CD161(+)CD196(+) Th17-cells and production of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and interferon-gamma by anti-CD3/anti-CD28-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were higher in MS relapse than in remission or healthy subjects. DA suppressed IL-17 production by PBMC from MS patients and healthy subjects. The suppressive effect of DA was abolished in the presence of an antagonist of D2-like receptors (sulpiride). These data suggest an anti-inflammatory role for DA in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Melnikov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Olga Belousova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Murugin
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Мikhail Pashenkov
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Boyко
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Levite M. Dopamine and T cells: dopamine receptors and potent effects on T cells, dopamine production in T cells, and abnormalities in the dopaminergic system in T cells in autoimmune, neurological and psychiatric diseases. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2016; 216:42-89. [PMID: 25728499 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine, a principal neurotransmitter, deserves upgrading to 'NeuroImmunotransmitter' thanks to its multiple, direct and powerful effects on most/all immune cells. Dopamine by itself is a potent activator of resting effector T cells (Teffs), via two independent ways: direct Teffs activation, and indirect Teffs activation by suppression of regulatory T cells (Tregs). The review covers the following findings: (i) T cells express functional dopamine receptors (DRs) D1R-D5R, but their level and function are dynamic and context-sensitive, (ii) DR membranal protein levels do not necessarily correlate with DR mRNA levels, (iii) different T cell types/subtypes have different DR levels and composition and different responses to dopamine, (iv) autoimmune and pro-inflammatory T cells and T cell leukaemia/lymphoma also express functional DRs, (v) dopamine (~10(-8) M) activates resting/naive Teffs (CD8(+) >>>CD4(+) ), (vi) dopamine affects Th1/Th2/Th17 differentiation, (vii) dopamine inhibits already activated Teffs (i.e. T cells that have been already activated by either antigen, mitogen, anti-CD3 antibodies cytokines or other molecules), (viii) dopamine inhibits activated Tregs in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Thus, dopamine 'suppresses the suppressors' and releases the inhibition they exert on Teffs, (ix) dopamine affects intracellular signalling molecules and cascades in T cells (e.g. ERK, Lck, Fyn, NF-κB, KLF2), (x) T cells produce dopamine (Tregs>>>Teffs), can release dopamine, mainly after activation (by antigen, mitogen, anti-CD3 antibodies, PKC activators or other), uptake extracellular dopamine, and most probably need dopamine, (xi) dopamine is important for antigen-specific interactions between T cells and dendritic cells, (xii) in few autoimmune diseases (e.g. multiple sclerosis/SLE/rheumatoid arthritis), and neurological/psychiatric diseases (e.g. Parkinson disease, Alzheimer's disease, Schizophrenia and Tourette), patient's T cells seem to have abnormal DRs expression and/or responses to dopamine or production of dopamine, (xiii) drugs that affect the dopaminergic system have potent effects on T cells (e.g. dopamine=Intropin, L-dopa, bromocriptine, haloperidol, quinpirole, reserpine, pergolide, ecopipam, pimozide, amantadine, tetrabenazine, nomifensine, butaclamol). Dopamine-induced activation of resting Teffs and suppression of Tregs seem beneficial for health and may also be used for immunotherapy of cancer and infectious diseases. Independently, suppression of DRs in autoimmune and pro-inflammatory T cells, and also in cancerous T cells, may be advantageous. The review is relevant to Immunologists, Neurologists, Neuroimmunologists, Hematologists, Psychiatrists, Psychologists and Pharmacologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Levite
- School of Pharmacy; Faculty of Medicine; The Hebrew University; Jerusalem Israel
- Institute of Gene Therapy; Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital; Jerusalem Israel
- School of Behavioral Sciences; Academic College of Tel-Aviv-Yaffo; Tel Aviv Israel
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13
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Park KS, Lee MG. Effects of unaccustomed downhill running on muscle damage, oxidative stress, and leukocyte apoptosis. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2015; 19:55-63. [PMID: 26244123 PMCID: PMC4523806 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2015.15050702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of unaccustomed downhill running on muscle damage, oxidative stress, and leukocyte apoptosis. [Methods] Thirteen moderately trained male subjects performed three 40 min treadmill runs at ~70% VO2max on separate days: a level run (L) followed by two downhill runs (DH1 and DH2). Blood samples were taken at rest (PRE) and immediately (POST), 2 h, 24 h, and 48 h after each run. Data were analyzed using 2-way repeated measures ANOVA with post hoc Tukey tests. [Results] Creatine kinase (CK) activity and oxidative stress level were significantly elevated at 24 h and 48 h following DH1 (P < 0.05). The level of oxidative stress at the POST measurement following DH1 and DH2 was greater than PRE. The rate of leukocyte apoptosis was significantly increased at the POST measurement following all three runs, and remained elevated for up to 48 h following DH1 (P < 0.01). [Conclusion] CK activity and oxidative stress were elevated following an acute bout of moderate intensity downhill running, resulting in a greater apoptotic response at 24 h and 48 h post-exercise in comparison with level grade running or a second downhill run. These elevations were blunted following DH2. Although the link between exercise-induced muscle damage and leukocyte apoptosis is currently unknown, the differential response to DH1 vs. L and DH2 indicates that it may be mediated by the elevation of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Shin Park
- Kinesiology program Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX, USA
| | - Man-Gyoon Lee
- Graduate School of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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14
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Bellinger DL, Lorton D. Autonomic regulation of cellular immune function. Auton Neurosci 2014; 182:15-41. [PMID: 24685093 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system and the immune system (IS) are two integrative systems that work together to detect threats and provide host defense, and to maintain/restore homeostasis. Cross-talk between the nervous system and the IS is vital for health and well-being. One of the major neural pathways responsible for regulating host defense against injury and foreign antigens and pathogens is the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Stimulation of adrenergic receptors (ARs) on immune cells regulates immune cell development, survival, proliferative capacity, circulation, trafficking for immune surveillance and recruitment, and directs the cell surface expression of molecules and cytokine production important for cell-to-cell interactions necessary for a coordinated immune response. Finally, AR stimulation of effector immune cells regulates the activational state of immune cells and modulates their functional capacity. This review focuses on our current understanding of the role of the SNS in regulating host defense and immune homeostasis. SNS regulation of IS functioning is a critical link to the development and exacerbation of chronic immune-mediated diseases. However, there are many mechanisms that need to be further unraveled in order to develop sound treatment strategies that act on neural-immune interaction to resolve or prevent chronic inflammatory diseases, and to improve health and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise L Bellinger
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
| | - Dianne Lorton
- College of Arts and Sciences, Kent State University and the Kent Summa Initiative for Clinical and Translational Research, Summa Health System, Akron, OH 44304, USA
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15
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Laukova M, Vargovic P, Vlcek M, Lejavova K, Hudecova S, Krizanova O, Kvetnansky R. Catecholamine production is differently regulated in splenic T- and B-cells following stress exposure. Immunobiology 2013; 218:780-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.08.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Liu X, Yu Y, Gu H, Zhou T, Wang L, Mei B, Shi G. Simultaneous determination of monoamines in rat brain with Pt/MWCNTs@Pdop hybrid nanocomposite using capillary electrophoresis- amperometric detection. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:935-43. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process; East China Normal University; Shanghai; P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process; East China Normal University; Shanghai; P. R. China
| | - Hui Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process; East China Normal University; Shanghai; P. R. China
| | - Tianshu Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science; East China Normal University; Shanghai; P. R. China
| | - Lili Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics; East China Normal University; Shanghai; P. R. China
| | - Bing Mei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics; East China Normal University; Shanghai; P. R. China
| | - Guoyue Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process; East China Normal University; Shanghai; P. R. China
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17
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Liquid chromatographic methods for the quantification of catecholamines and their metabolites in several biological samples—A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 768:12-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis (ICE) is a powerful tool used to detect and quantify target proteins of interest in complex biological fluids. The target analyte is captured and bound to antibodies immobilized onto the wall of a capillary, labeled in situ with a fluorescent dye, eluted and detected online using laser-induced fluorescence following electrophoretic separation. Here, we illustrate how to construct an immunoaffinity capillary and utilize it to run ICE in order to capture and quantify target cytokines and chemokines from a clinical sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mendonca
- Micro Analytical Immunochemistry Unit, Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science Shared Resource, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Jafari M, Ahangari G, Saberi M, Samangoui S, Torabi R, Zouali M. Distorted expression of dopamine receptor genes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunobiology 2012; 218:979-83. [PMID: 23266246 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Several observations suggest that alterations in the neurotransmitter dopamine and/or its receptors could be associated with the pathophysiology of lupus. We therefore assessed expression of the five dopamine receptor genes in a cohort of patients. We found that all receptors are expressed in lupus peripheral blood cells. We also discovered that dopamine receptor 2 gene (DR2) was underexpressed, and that DR4 was overexpressed in lupus patients, as compared to controls. Cell sorting of peripheral T- and B-lymphocytes disclosed that the altered DR2 and DR4 expressions were borne by T-cells. These distorted expressions of DR2 and DR4 could influence immune functions in lupus through several mechanisms. Since DR2 can be effective in regulating the activation and differentiation of naive CD4⁺ cells by promoting polarization toward regulatory T-cells, the underexpression of DR2 we have observed may account, at least in part, for the reduction of regulatory T-cell function and/or numbers in lupus. In addition to providing novel insight into disease pathogenesis, our findings may have therapeutic implications. Because DR4 can be effective in triggering T-cell quiescence, its overexpression on lupus T cells suggests that inducing quiescence using DR4-specific agonists may represent a useful strategy in the treatment of lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohieddin Jafari
- HSPH Proteomics Resource, Department of Genetics and Complex Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Leposavić G, Pilipović I, Perišić M. Cellular and nerve fibre catecholaminergic thymic network: steroid hormone dependent activity. Physiol Res 2011; 60:S71-82. [PMID: 21777027 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus plays a critical role in establishing and maintaining the peripheral T-cell pool. It does so by providing a microenvironment within which T-cell precursors differentiate and undergo selection processes to create a functional population of major histocompatibility complex-restricted, self-tolerant T cells. These cells are central to adaptive immunity. Thymic T-cell development is influenced by locally produced soluble factors and cell-to-cell interactions, as well as by sympathetic noradrenergic and endocrine system signalling. Thymic lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells have been shown not only to express beta- and alpha(1)- adrenoceptors (ARs), but also to synthesize catecholamines (CAs). Thus, it is suggested that CAs influence T-cell development via both neurocrine/endocrine and autocrine/paracrine action, and that they serve as immunotransmitters between thymocytes and nerves. CAs acting at multiple sites along the thymocyte developmental route affect T-cell generation not only numerically, but also qualitatively. Thymic CA level and synthesis, as well as AR expression exhibit sex steroid-mediated sexual dimorphism. Moreover, the influence of CAs on T-cell development exhibits glucocorticoid-dependent plasticity. This review summarizes recent findings in this field and our current understanding of complex and multifaceted neuroendocrine-immune communications at thymic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Leposavić
- Immunology Research Centre Branislav Janković, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera Torlak, Belgrade, Serbia.
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21
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Miyake S. Mind over cytokines: Crosstalk and regulation between the neuroendocrine and immune systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1759-1961.2011.00023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Vasu TS, Cavallazzi R, Hirani A, Kaplan G, Leiby B, Marik PE. Norepinephrine or Dopamine for Septic Shock. J Intensive Care Med 2011; 27:172-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0885066610396312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Received July 30, 2010, and in revised form September 14, 2010. Accepted for publication September 20, 2010. Background: There is debate as to the vasopressor agent of choice in patients with septic shock. According to current guidelines either dopamine or norepinephrine may be considered as the first-line agent for the management of refractory hypotension of septic shock. Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate randomized clinical trials which compared norepinephrine versus dopamine in critically ill patients with septic shock or in a population of critically ill patients with shock predominantly secondary to sepsis. Data Sources: MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials and citation review of relevant primary and review articles. Study Selection: Randomized clinical trials that compared norepinephrine with dopamine in critically ill adults with sepsis and reported the 28-day or in-hospital mortality. Data Extraction: We abstracted data on study design, study setting, patient population, 28-day mortality or in-hospital mortality, rate of arrhythmias, hospital length of stay, and ICU length of stay. Data Synthesis: Six studies met our inclusion criteria. These studies included a total of 2043 participants, with 995 in the norepinephrine and 1048 in the dopamine groups. There were 479 (48%) deaths in the norepinephrine group and 555 (53%) deaths in the dopamine group. There was statistically significant superiority of norepinephrine over dopamine for the outcome of in-hospital or 28-day mortality: pooled RR: 0.91 (95% CI 0.83 to 0.99; P = .028). We also found a statistically significant decrease in the rate of cardiac arrhythmias in the norepinephine group as compared to the dopamine group: pooled RR: 0.43 (95% CI 0.26 to 0.69; P ≤ .001). A subgroup analysis that pooled studies in which all the randomized patients had septic shock demonstrated that norepinephrine improved in-hospital or 28-day mortality; however, the results were no longer statistically significant. Conclusions: The analysis of the pooled studies that included a critically ill population with shock predominantly secondary to sepsis showed superiority of norepinephrine over dopamine for in-hospital or 28-day mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajender S. Vasu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rodrigo Cavallazzi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amyn Hirani
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gary Kaplan
- Scott Memorial Library, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin Leiby
- Division of Biostatistics, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul E. Marik
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
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23
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Park KS, Sedlock DA, Navalta JW, Lee MG, Kim SH. Leukocyte apoptosis and pro-/anti-apoptotic proteins following downhill running. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111:2349-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1907-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Nakano K, Yamaoka K, Hanami K, Saito K, Sasaguri Y, Yanagihara N, Tanaka S, Katsuki I, Matsushita S, Tanaka Y. Dopamine induces IL-6-dependent IL-17 production via D1-like receptor on CD4 naive T cells and D1-like receptor antagonist SCH-23390 inhibits cartilage destruction in a human rheumatoid arthritis/SCID mouse chimera model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3745-52. [PMID: 21307293 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A major neurotransmitter dopamine transmits signals via five different seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors termed D1-D5. Several studies have shown that dopamine not only mediates interactions into the nervous system, but can contribute to the modulation of immunity via receptors expressed on immune cells. We have previously shown an autocrine/paracrine release of dopamine by dendritic cells (DCs) during Ag presentation to naive CD4(+) T cells and found efficacious results of a D1-like receptor antagonist SCH-23390 in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model of multiple sclerosis and in the NOD mouse model of type I diabetes, with inhibition of Th17 response. This study aimed to assess the role of dopaminergic signaling in Th17-mediated immune responses and in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In human naive CD4(+) T cells, dopamine increased IL-6-dependent IL-17 production via D1-like receptors, in response to anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 mAb. Furthermore, dopamine was localized with DCs in the synovial tissue of RA patients and significantly increased in RA synovial fluid. In the RA synovial/SCID mouse chimera model, although a selective D2-like receptor antagonist haloperidol significantly induced accumulation of IL-6(+) and IL-17(+) T cells with exacerbated cartilage destruction, SCH-23390 strongly suppressed these responses. Taken together, these findings indicate that dopamine released by DCs induces IL-6-Th17 axis and causes aggravation of synovial inflammation of RA, which is the first time, to our knowledge, that actual evidence has shown the pathological relevance of dopaminergic signaling with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Nakano
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
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25
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Leposavić G, Pilipović I, Perišić M. Age-associated remodeling of neural and nonneural thymic catecholaminergic network affects thymopoietic productivity. Neuroimmunomodulation 2011; 18:290-308. [PMID: 21952681 DOI: 10.1159/000329499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing is associated with a progressive decline in thymic cytoarchitecture followed by a less efficient T cell development and decreased emigration of naïve T cells to the periphery. These thymic changes are linked to increased morbidity and mortality from infectious, malignant and autoimmune diseases in old age. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to understand the thymic homeostatic processes across the life span, as well as to identify factors and elucidate mechanisms driving or contributing to the thymic involution. Catecholamines (CAs) derived from sympathetic nerves and produced locally by thymic cells represent an important component of the thymic microenvironment. In young rats, they provide a subtle tonic suppressive influence on T cell development acting via β(2)- and α(1)-adrenoceptors (ARs) expressed on thymic nonlymphoid cells and thymocytes. In the face of thymic involution, a progressive increase in the thymic noradrenaline level, reflecting a rise in the density of noradrenergic nerve fibers and CA-synthesizing cells, occurs. In addition, the density of β(2)- and α(1)-AR-expressing thymic nonlymphoid cells and the α(1)-AR thymocyte surface density also exhibit a pronounced increase with age. The data obtained from studies investigating effects of AR blockade on T cell development indicated that age-related changes in CA-mediated thymic communications, certainly those involving α(1)-ARs, may contribute to diminished thymopoietic efficiency in the elderly. Having in mind thymic plasticity in the course of ageing, and broadening possibilities for pharmacological modulation of CA signaling, we here present and discuss the progress in research related to a role of CAs in thymic homeostasis and age-related decay in the thymic naïve T cell output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Leposavić
- Immunology Research Centre 'Branislav Janković', Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera 'Torlak', Belgrade, Serbia. Gordana.Leposavic @ pharmacy.bg.ac.rs
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26
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Basu B, Sarkar C, Chakroborty D, Ganguly S, Shome S, Dasgupta PS, Basu S. D1 and D2 dopamine receptor-mediated inhibition of activated normal T cell proliferation is lost in jurkat T leukemic cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:27026-27032. [PMID: 20592018 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.144022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter, which plays an important role in the regulation of T cell functions. In activated T cells from normal volunteers, stimulation of D(1) and D(2) dopamine receptors inhibit cell proliferation and cytokine secretion. However, there is no report yet regarding the regulatory role of D(1) and D(2) dopamine receptors in abnormally proliferating T cells. The present study investigates the expression and effect of activation of these dopamine receptors in Jurkat cells, a leukemic T cell line showing uncontrolled proliferation. Like normal human T cells, in Jurkat cells, D(1) and D(2) dopamine receptors are also expressed; however, unlike activated normal T cells, stimulation of these dopamine receptors in Jurkat cells fails to inhibit their T cell receptor-induced proliferation. This alteration is due to failure of D(1) dopamine receptor-mediated activation of cyclic AMP signaling and a missense mutation at the third cytoplasmic loop of D(2) dopamine receptors affecting inhibition of phosphorylation of ZAP-70, an important downstream protein transducing signal from the T cell receptor. These results help to understand the biology of abnormal proliferation of T cells in pathophysiological conditions where dopamine plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswarup Basu
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata 700026, India
| | - Chandrani Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | | | - Subhalakshmi Ganguly
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata 700026, India
| | - Saurav Shome
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata 700026, India
| | - Partha Sarathi Dasgupta
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata 700026, India.
| | - Sujit Basu
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.
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Agarwal A, Wang M, Olofsson J, Orwar O, Weber SG. Control of the release of freely diffusing molecules in single-cell electroporation. Anal Chem 2009; 81:8001-8. [PMID: 19731948 PMCID: PMC2938737 DOI: 10.1021/ac9010292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell electroporation using an electrolyte-filled capillary is an emerging technique for transient pore formation in adherent cells. Because adherent cells do not have a simple and consistent shape and because the electric field emanating from the tip of the capillary is inhomogeneous, the Schwan equation based on spherical cells in homogeneous electrical fields does not apply. We sought to determine experimental and cell parameters that influence the outcome of a single-cell electroporation experiment. A549 cells were exposed to the thiol-reactive dye Thioglo-1, leading to green fluorescence from intracellular thiol adducts. Electroporation causes a decrease with time of the intracellular fluorescence intensity of Thioglo-1-loaded cells from diffusive loss of thiol adducts. The transient curves thus obtained are well-described by a simple model originally developed by Puc et al. We find that the final fluorescence following electroporation is related to the capillary tip-to-cell distance and cell size (specifically, 2(A/pi)(1/2) where A is the area of the cell's image in pixels. This quantity is the diameter if the image is a circle). In separate experiments, the relationship obtained can be used to control the final fluorescence following electroporation by adjusting the tip-to-cell distance based on cell size. The relationship was applied successfully to A549 as well as DU 145 and PC-3 cells. Finally, F-tests show that the variability in the final fluorescence (following electroporation) is decreased when the tip-to-cell distance is controlled according to the derived relationship in comparison to experiments in which the tip-cell distance is a constant irrespective of cell size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Stephen G. Weber
- Corresponding author. Phone: +1(412)624-8520. Fax: +1(412)624-1668.
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Wang S, Luo Z, Wang W, Chen X, Hu Z. Simultaneous Determination of Dopamine, Epinephrine and 5-Hydroxytryptamine in Toad Venom and Common Yam Rhizome by MEKC. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Flierl MA, Rittirsch D, Nadeau BA, Sarma JV, Day DE, Lentsch AB, Huber-Lang MS, Ward PA. Upregulation of phagocyte-derived catecholamines augments the acute inflammatory response. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4414. [PMID: 19212441 PMCID: PMC2636885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Following our recent report that phagocytic cells (neutrophils, PMNs, and macrophages) are newly discovered sources of catecholamines, we now show that both epinephrine and norepinephrine directly activate NFkappaB in macrophages, causing enhanced release of proinflammatory cytokines (TNFalpha, IL-1beta, IL-6). Both adrenal-intact (AD+) and adrenalectomized (ADX) rodents were used, because ADX animals had greatly enhanced catecholamine release from phagocytes, facilitating our efforts to understand the role of catecholamines released from phagocytes. Phagocytes isolated from adrenalectomized rats displayed enhanced expression of tyrosine-hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, two key enzymes for catecholamine production and exhibited higher baseline secretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine. The effects of upregulation of phagocyte-derived catecholamines were investigated in two models of acute lung injury (ALI). Increased levels of phagocyte-derived catecholamines were associated with intensification of the acute inflammatory response, as assessed by increased plasma leak of albumin, enhanced myeloperoxidase content in lungs, augmented levels of proinflammatory mediators in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, and elevated expression of pulmonary ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. In adrenalectomized rats, development of ALI was enhanced and related to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors engagement but not to involvement of mineralocorticoid or glucocorticoid receptors. Collectively, these data demonstrate that catecholamines are potent inflammatory activators of macrophages, upregulating NFkappaB and further downstream cytokine production of these cells. In adrenalectomized animals, which have been used to further assess the role of catecholamines, there appears to be a compensatory increase in catecholamine generating enzymes and catecholamines in macrophages, resulting in amplification of the acute inflammatory response via engagement of alpha(2)-adrenoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Flierl
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Daniel Rittirsch
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Brian A. Nadeau
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - J. Vidya Sarma
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Danielle E. Day
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Alex B. Lentsch
- The Laboratory of Trauma, Sepsis & Inflammation Research, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Markus S. Huber-Lang
- Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Ulm Medical School, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter A. Ward
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zaffaroni M, Marino F, Bombelli R, Rasini E, Monti M, Ferrari M, Ghezzi A, Comi G, Lecchini S, Cosentino M. Therapy with interferon-beta modulates endogenous catecholamines in lymphocytes of patients with multiple sclerosis. Exp Neurol 2008; 214:315-21. [PMID: 18824168 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the endogenous dopaminergic/adrenergic system of lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients during treatment with interferon (IFN)-beta. METHODS Patients with relapsing-remitting MS undergoing IFN-beta treatment were prospectively studied during the first year of treatment. Circulating lymphocytes were obtained at baseline and after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months of treatment and assayed for catecholamine (CA) production and mRNA expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of CA), beta(2)-adrenoceptors (AR) and D2, D3 and D5 dopaminergic receptors (DR). RESULTS In cells from patients treated with IFN-beta for 12 months the production of CA hugely increased and was less sensitive to IFN-gamma-induced inhibition. Expression of mRNA for TH, beta(2)-AR and DRD5 was already enhanced after 1 month and further increased up to 6-12 months of treatment. On the contrary, DRD2 mRNA progressively decreased and DRD3 mRNA did not significantly change over the whole study period. CONCLUSIONS In MS patients IFN-beta treatment enhances the ability of lymphocytes to produce CA, and induces extensive modifications of both beta(2)-AR and DR-operated pathways. The clinical relevance of these effects deserves consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Zaffaroni
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Hospital S. Antonio Abate, Gallarate, VA, Italy
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Flierl MA, Rittirsch D, Huber-Lang M, Sarma JV, Ward PA. Catecholamines-crafty weapons in the inflammatory arsenal of immune/inflammatory cells or opening pandora's box? Mol Med 2008; 14:195-204. [PMID: 18079995 DOI: 10.2119/2007-00105.flierl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that catecholamines (CAs), which regulate immune and inflammatory responses, derive from the adrenal medulla and from presynaptic neurons. Recent studies reveal that T cells also can synthesize and release catecholamines which then can regulate T cell function. We have shown recently that macrophages and neutrophils, when stimulated, can generate and release catecholamines de novo which, then, in an autocrine/paracrine manner, regulate mediator release from these phagocytes via engagement of adrenergic receptors. Moreover, regulation of catecholamine-generating enzymes as well as degrading enzymes clearly alter the inflammatory response of phagocytes, such as the release of proinflammatory mediators. Accordingly, it appears that phagocytic cells and lymphocytes may represent a major, newly recognized source of catecholamines that regulate inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Flierl
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0602, USA
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Tseng WL, Chen SM, Hsu CY, Hsieh MM. On-line concentration and separation of indolamines, catecholamines, and metanephrines in capillary electrophoresis using high concentration of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride). Anal Chim Acta 2008; 613:108-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Jiang JL, Peng YP, Qiu YH, Wang JJ. Effect of endogenous catecholamines on apoptosis of Con A-activated lymphocytes of rats. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 192:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Contributions of capillary electrophoresis to neuroscience. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1184:144-58. [PMID: 18054026 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a small-volume separation approach amenable to the analysis of complex samples for their small molecule, peptide and protein content. A number of the features of CE make it a method of choice for addressing questions related to neurochemistry. The figures of merit inherent to CE that make it well suited for studying cell-to-cell and intracellular signaling include small sample volumes, high separation efficiency, the ability for online analyte concentration, and compatibility with sensitive and high-information content detection methods. A variety of instrumental aspects are detailed, including detection methods and sampling techniques that are particularly useful for the analysis of signaling molecules. Studies that have used these techniques to increase our understanding of neurobiology are emphasized throughout. One notable application is single neuron chemical analysis, a research area that has been greatly advanced by CE.
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Ostrowski SG, Kurczy ME, Roddy TP, Winograd N, Ewing AG. Secondary ion MS imaging to relatively quantify cholesterol in the membranes of individual cells from differentially treated populations. Anal Chem 2007; 79:3554-60. [PMID: 17428032 PMCID: PMC1905852 DOI: 10.1021/ac061825f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) is a well-established bioanalytical method for directly imaging the chemical distribution across single cells. Here we report a protocol for the use of SIMS imaging to comparatively quantify the relative difference in cholesterol level between the plasma membranes of two cells. It should be possible to apply this procedure to the study of other selected lipids. This development enables direct comparison of the chemical effects of different drug treatments and incubation conditions in the plasma membrane at the single-cell level. Relative, quantitative TOF-SIMS imaging has been used here to compare macrophage cells treated to contain elevated levels of cholesterol with respect to control cells. In situ fluorescence microscopy with two different membrane dyes was used to discriminate morphologically similar but differentially treated cells prior to SIMS analysis. SIMS images of fluorescently identified cells reveal that the two populations of cells have distinct outer leaflet membrane compositions with the membranes of the cholesterol-treated macrophages containing more than twice the amount of cholesterol of control macrophages. Relative quantification with SIMS to compare the chemical composition of single cells can provide valuable information about normal biological functions, causative agents of diseases, and possible therapies for diseases.
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Wahle M, Hanefeld G, Brunn S, Straub RH, Wagner U, Krause A, Häntzschel H, Baerwald CGO. Failure of catecholamines to shift T-cell cytokine responses toward a Th2 profile in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 8:R138. [PMID: 16889669 PMCID: PMC1779439 DOI: 10.1186/ar2028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To further understand the role of neuro-immunological interactions in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we studied the influence of sympathetic neurotransmitters on cytokine production of T cells in patients with RA. T cells were isolated from peripheral blood of RA patients or healthy donors (HDs), and stimulated via CD3 and CD28. Co-incubation was carried out with epinephrine or norepinephrine in concentrations ranging from 10(-5) M to 10(-11) M. Interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-10 were determined in the culture supernatant with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, IFN-gamma and IL-10 were evaluated with intracellular cytokine staining. Furthermore, basal and agonist-induced cAMP levels and catecholamine-induced apoptosis of T cells were measured. Catecholamines inhibited the synthesis of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-10 at a concentration of 10(-5) M. In addition, IFN-gamma release was suppressed by 10(-7) M epinephrine. Lower catecholamine concentrations exerted no significant effect. A reduced IL-4 production upon co-incubation with 10(-5) M epinephrine was observed in RA patients only. The inhibitory effect of catecholamines on IFN-gamma production was lower in RA patients as compared with HDs. In RA patients, a catecholamine-induced shift toward a Th2 (type 2) polarised cytokine profile was abrogated. Evaluation of intracellular cytokines revealed that CD8-positive T cells were accountable for the impaired catecholaminergic control of IFN-gamma production. The highly significant negative correlation between age and catecholamine effects in HDs was not found in RA patients. Basal and stimulated cAMP levels in T-cell subsets and catecholamine-induced apoptosis did not differ between RA patients and HDs. RA patients demonstrate an impaired inhibitory effect of catecholamines on IFN-gamma production together with a failure to induce a shift of T-cell cytokine responses toward a Th2-like profile. Such an unfavorable situation is a perpetuating factor for inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wahle
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 22, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gesine Hanefeld
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 22, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Brunn
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 22, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rainer H Straub
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrino-Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ulf Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 22, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Krause
- Immanuel Hospital, Rheumatology Clinic, Königstrasse 63, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holm Häntzschel
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 22, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph GO Baerwald
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 22, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- L. M. Shaner
- a Pfizer Central Research , Groton, CT, 06249, U.S.A
| | - P. R. Brown
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Rhode Island , Kingston, RI, 02881, U.S.A
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Abstract
Severe sepsis and septic shock are common causes of morbidity and mortality. Interventions directed at specific endpoints, when initiated early in the "golden hours" of patient arrival at the hospital, seem to be promising. Early hemodynamic optimization, administration of appropriate antimicrobial therapy, and effective source control of infection are the cornerstones of successful management. In patients with vasopressor-dependent septic shock, provision of physiologic doses of replacement steroids may result in improved survival. Administration of drotrecogin alfa (activated), (activated protein C) has been shown to improve survival in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock who have a high risk of mortality. In this article we review the multi-modality approach to early diagnosis and intervention in the therapy of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Raghavan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Magro F, Cunha E, Araujo F, Meireles E, Pereira P, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Veloso FT, Medeiros R, Soares-da-Silva P. Dopamine D2 receptor polymorphisms in inflammatory bowel disease and the refractory response to treatment. Dig Dis Sci 2006; 51:2039-44. [PMID: 16977509 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Accepted: 11/27/2005] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine and its receptors may be involved in inflammatory reaction. The availability of this molecule depends on its receptors. The DRD2 gene, which codifies for the D2 dopamine receptor, has several polymorphisms. In this study, the DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism, which confers a decreased receptor density, was evaluated in 313 individuals including 220 inflammatory bowel disease patients (143 patients with Crohn's disease and 77 with ulcerative colitis) and in 93 healthy blood donors. The analysis was carried out by PCR-RFLP techniques. The frequencies of A (1) A (1) and A (2) A (2) genotypes were similar among Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis patients, and health controls. Also, the genotype frequency was similar in different groups of disease localization, behavior, and age of disease onset. However, the Crohn's disease patients carriers of A (2) A (2) genotype showed a lower risk for development refractory Crohn's disease (37 out 65) than A (1) A (1) and A (1) A (2) carriers (28 out of 65) [(OR=0.4, 95% CI 0.21-0.87; p=0.02)]. Our results support an involvement of the dopamine receptor in inflammatory bowel disease and suggest a new potential target for therapy in refractory Crohn's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Magro
- Gastroenterology Department, Porto, Portugal.
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Mignini F, Traini E, Tomassoni D, Amenta F. Dopamine plasma membrane transporter (DAT) in rat thymus and spleen: an immunochemical and immunohistochemical study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 26:183-9. [PMID: 16553646 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-8673.2006.00370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the dopamine plasma membrane transporter (DAT) was investigated in rat thymus and spleen by immunochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. Antibodies raised against a peptide mapping near the amino terminus of DAT were bound to a single band of approximately 76 kDa in thymus and spleen membranes as well as in striatal and kidney membranes which were used as dopaminergic reference tissues. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that both thymus and spleen expressed DAT mRNA. Immunohistochemistry revealed in rat thymus a DAT immune reaction in the wall of arteries located in septa of connective tissue as well as in the medulla, with a reticular localization and an apparent negative reaction of thymocytes. In the spleen, DAT immunoreactivity was located primarily in the red-white pulp marginal zone, within small cells, likely corresponding to lymphocytes and in the wall of white pulp arteries. The presence of a dopamine transporter suggests that dopamine released in the lymphoid microenvironment may contribute to neuroimmune modulation. It cannot be excluded a different activity of dopamine in primary and secondary immune organs, such as maturation and selection of lymphocytes and activation of immune responses in the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mignini
- Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Sanitá Pubblica, Universitá di Camerino, Via Scalzino 3, 62032 Camerino, Italy
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41
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Cosentino M, Fietta AM, Ferrari M, Rasini E, Bombelli R, Carcano E, Saporiti F, Meloni F, Marino F, Lecchini S. Human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells selectively express tyrosine hydroxylase and contain endogenous catecholamines subserving an autocrine/paracrine inhibitory functional loop. Blood 2006; 109:632-42. [PMID: 16985181 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-01-028423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+CD25+ regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) are specialized T cells playing a key role in the control of immune homeostasis. Here, we show that human Tregs constitutively express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, EC 1.14.16.2), the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines, and contain substantial amounts of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, which are released upon treatment with reserpine. Catecholamine release results in reduced production of interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-beta by Tregs, and in down-regulation of Treg-dependent inhibition of effector T-lymphocyte (Teff) proliferation, which occurs without affecting the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha or interferon-gamma. Tregs and Teffs express on the cell membrane both D1-like and D2-like dopaminergic receptors to a similar extent (12%-29% of the cells). Catecholamine-dependent down-regulation of Tregs is, however, selectively reversed by pharmacological blockade of dopaminergic D1-like receptors, which in Tregs only (and not in Teffs) are also expressed at the level of mRNA and are functionally coupled to intracellular production of cAMP. These findings indicate that in human Tregs endogenous catecholamines subserve an autocrine/paracrine loop involving dopaminergic pathways and resulting in down-regulation of Treg function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cosentino
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Section of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Research in Neuroscience, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n. 9, 21100 Varese VA, Italy.
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Meredith EJ, Holder MJ, Rosén A, Lee AD, Dyer MJS, Barnes NM, Gordon J. Dopamine targets cycling B cells independent of receptors/transporter for oxidative attack: Implications for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:13485-90. [PMID: 16938864 PMCID: PMC1569189 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0605993103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human B lymphocytes and derived lines from a spectrum of B cell malignancy were studied for expression of dopaminergic pathway components and for their cytostatic response to the catecholamine and related, potentially therapeutic compounds. Proliferating normal lymphocytes and dividing malignant clones rapidly arrested on exposure to dopamine in the low (</=10 muM) micromolar range. The antiparkinsonian drugs l-DOPA and apomorphine (particularly) were similarly antiproliferative. With the exception of D4, dopamine receptors D1-D5 were variably expressed among normal and neoplastic B cell populations, as was the dopamine transporter. Transcripts for D1 and D2 were frequently found, whereas D3 and D5 revealed restricted expression; dopamine transporter was detected in most cases. Nevertheless, pharmacological analysis disclosed that dopamine targeted cycling B cells independent of these structures. Rather, oxidative stress constituted the primary mechanism: the catecholamine's actions being mimicked by hydrogen peroxide and reversed by exogenous catalase, and evidence for the intracellular redox protein thioredoxin contributing protection. Among proliferating clones, growth arrest was accompanied by cell death in populations deplete in antiapoptotic Bcl-2: resting lymphocytes escaping low micromolar dopamine toxicity. Dysregulated bcl-2 expression, although preventing oxidative-induced caspase-dependent apoptosis, by itself conferred only minor protection against dopamine cytostasis. The selective impact of dopamine on lymphocytes that are in active cycle indicates an axis for therapeutic intervention not only in B cell neoplasia but also in lymphoproliferative disturbances generally. Rational tailoring of drug delivery systems already in development for Parkinson's disease could provide ideal vehicles for carrying the oxidative hit directly to the target populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Meredith
- *Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle J. Holder
- *Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Anders Rosén
- Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, University of Linköping, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Adrian Drake Lee
- Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) Department, University Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. S. Dyer
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom; and
| | - Nicholas M. Barnes
- Division of Neuroscience, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - John Gordon
- *Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Lang K, Entschladen F, Weidt C, Zaenker KS. Tumor immune escape mechanisms: impact of the neuroendocrine system. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:749-60. [PMID: 16435128 PMCID: PMC11030197 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Accepted: 01/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells act upon, and react to both their proximate and more distant environment, the mechanisms by which this is achieved being both autocrine and paracrine in nature. This interaction, however, takes place not only between adjacent malignant cells, but also non-malignant cells such as those of the immune system, the latter also partaking in the modeling of the tumor environment. Although tumor cells descend from normal tissue cells and thus bear in classical immunological terms 'self signals', it is evident that the immune system is able to recognize tumor cells as a harassment for the body and in consequence tries to eliminate these cells. On the counterpart, tumor cells acquire various characteristics which allow them to evade this immunological surveillance, and have been collectively coined with the term "tumor escape mechanisms". This review will describe and summarize current understanding of tumor escape strategies, and also more closely elaborate on the modulatory role of the neuroendocrine system in the immune system-tumor cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str. 10, 58448 Witten, Germany.
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44
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Zhou S, Lin J, Du W, Zhang Z, Luo Q, Liu BF, Dai Y. Monitoring of proteinase activation in cell apoptosis by capillary electrophoresis with bioengineered fluorescent probe. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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45
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Watanabe Y, Nakayama T, Nagakubo D, Hieshima K, Jin Z, Katou F, Hashimoto K, Yoshie O. Dopamine selectively induces migration and homing of naive CD8+ T cells via dopamine receptor D3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:848-56. [PMID: 16393968 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.2.848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The nervous systems affect immune functions by releasing neurohormones and neurotransmitters. A neurotransmitter dopamine signals via five different seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors termed D1 to D5. The secondary lymphoid tissues are highly innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers that store dopamine at high contents. Lymphocytes also produce dopamine. In this study, we examined expression and function of dopamine receptors in lymphocytes. We found that D3 was the predominant subtype of dopamine receptors in the secondary lymphoid tissues and selectively expressed by naive CD8+ T cells of both humans and mice. Dopamine induced calcium flux and chemotaxis in mouse L1.2 cells stably expressing human D3. These responses were almost completely inhibited by pertussis toxin, indicating that D3 was coupled with the Galphai class of G proteins. Consistently, dopamine selectively induced chemotactic responses in naive CD8+ T cells of both humans and mice in a manner sensitive to pertussis toxin and D3 antagonists. Dopamine was highly synergistic with CCL19, CCL21, and CXCL12 in induction of chemotaxis in naive CD8+ T cells. Dopamine selectively induced adhesion of naive CD8+ T cells to fibronectin and ICAM-1 through activation of integrins. Intraperitoneal injection of mice with dopamine selectively attracted naive CD8+ T cells into the peritoneal cavity. Treatment of mice with a D3 antagonist U-99194A selectively reduced homing of naive CD8+ T cells into lymph nodes. Collectively, naive CD8+ T cells selectively express D3 in both humans and mice, and dopamine plays a significant role in migration and homing of naive CD8+ T cells via D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Watanabe
- Department of Microbiology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
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46
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Shahabi S, Hassan ZM, Jazani NH. Any beneficial effects of mycobacteria on multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalitis may include stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Med Hypotheses 2006; 67:164-8. [PMID: 16520005 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2005] [Revised: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The inhibitory effects of mycobacterial infection and mycobacterium components on multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE; an animal model for MS) have been known for years. However, this effect seems like a paradox that both mycobacterial infection and MS induce type I immune responses. Some mechanisms have been proposed or even proven for this effect in different studies, but among them there is no hint of a possible role for the nervous system (NS). Regarding the close relations between sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and MS disease course, it can be hypothesized that SNS may have a role in the effects of mycobacterium on MS. HYPOTHESIS SNS can be stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL1-beta, production of which are induced by mycobacterial infection or mycobacterium components. Although these cytokines can inhibit SNS in the site of inflammation caused by mycobacterium, they increase sympathetic tone in other places. The beneficial role of SNS in inhibiting or attenuating the course of MS and EAE has been suggested. Inhibitory effects of stimulated SNS on MS may occur via different ways such as inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inducing the synthesis of anti-inflammatory cytokines, in other words, shifting the immune responses from type 1 toward type 2, as well as, induction of suppressor/regulator T lymphocytes, induction of heat shock proteins in brain and increasing the expression of Fas and Fas-ligand. Therefore, it seems that stimulation of SNS by mycobacterial infection or mycobacterium components is a key step in the mechanism of beneficial effects of mycobacterium on MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Shahabi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, Urmia Medical Sciences University, Road of Nazloo, Urmia, Iran.
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47
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Skibola CF, Bracci PM, Paynter RA, Forrest MS, Agana L, Woodage T, Guegler K, Smith MT, Holly EA. Polymorphisms and haplotypes in the cytochrome P450 17A1, prolactin, and catechol-O-methyltransferase genes and non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:2391-401. [PMID: 16214922 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of prolactin and of prolactin and estrogen receptors in lymphocytes, bone marrow, and lymphoma cell lines suggests that hormonal modulation may influence lymphoma risk. Prolactin and estrogen promote the proliferation and survival of B cells, factors that may increase non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk, and effects of estrogen may be modified by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), an enzyme that alters estrogenic activity. Cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1), a key enzyme in estrogen biosynthesis, has been associated with increased cancer risk and may affect lymphoma susceptibility. We studied the polymorphisms prolactin (PRL) -1149G>T, CYP17A1 -34T>C, and COMT 108/158Val>Met, and predicted haplotypes among a subset of participants (n = 308 cases, n = 684 controls) in a San Francisco Bay Area population-based non-Hodgkin lymphoma study (n = 1,593 cases, n = 2,515 controls) conducted from 1988 to 1995. Oral contraceptive and other hormone use also was analyzed. Odds ratios (OR) for non-Hodgkin lymphoma and follicular lymphoma were reduced for carriers of the PRL -1149TT genotype [OR, 0.64; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.41-1.0; OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.26-1.0, respectively]. Diffuse large-cell lymphoma risk was increased for those with CYP17A1 polymorphisms including CYP17A1 -34CC (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.5). ORs for all non-Hodgkin lymphoma and follicular lymphoma among women were decreased for COMT IVS1 701A>G [rs737865; variant allele: OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.34-0.82; OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.23-0.78, respectively]. Compared with never users of oral contraceptives, a 35% reduced risk was observed among oral contraceptive users in the total population. Reduced ORs for all non-Hodgkin lymphoma were observed with use of exogenous estrogens among genotyped women although 95% CIs included unity. These results suggest that PRL, CYP17A1, and COMT may be relevant genetic loci for non-Hodgkin lymphoma and indicate a possible role for prolactin and estrogen in lymphoma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine F Skibola
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, 140 Earl Warren Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA.
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48
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Meredith EJ, Chamba A, Holder MJ, Barnes NM, Gordon J. Close encounters of the monoamine kind: immune cells betray their nervous disposition. Immunology 2005; 115:289-95. [PMID: 15946246 PMCID: PMC1782168 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we review the evidence for immune cells expressing multiple components of the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems that are more commonly associated with the central nervous system (CNS). We discuss where and how peripheral encounters with these biogenic monoamines occur and posit reasons as to why the immune system would wish to deploy these pathways. A full taxonomy of serotonergic and dopaminergic constituents and their workings in component cells of the immune system should facilitate the formulation of novel therapeutic approaches in diseases characterized by immune dysfunction and potentially provide a range of surrogate peripheral markers for registering and monitoring disturbances within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Meredith
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Vincent DriveBirmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Chamba
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Vincent DriveBirmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle J Holder
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Vincent DriveBirmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas M Barnes
- Division of Neuroscience, The Medical School, University of Vincent DriveBirmingham, United Kingdom
| | - John Gordon
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Vincent DriveBirmingham, United Kingdom
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Chen FG, Wang C, Zhi DY, Xia GM. Analysis of amino acids in individual wheat embryonic protoplast. Amino Acids 2005; 29:235-9. [PMID: 16044195 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-005-0222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids analysis in single wheat embryonic protoplast was performed using capillary electrophoresis equipped with laser-induced fluorescence (CE-LIF), combination with tissue culture technique. Reagent fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) was introduced into living protoplasts by electroporation for intracellular derivatization. A special osmotic buffer (0.6 mol/L mannitol, 5 mmol/L CaCl2) was used to keep the osmotic balance of embryonic protoplasts during the protoplasts derivatization. After completion of the derivatization reaction in the protoplasts, a single protoplast was drawn into the capillary tip by electroosmotic flow. Then a 0.1 M NaOH lysing solution was injected by diffusion. The derivatized amino acids were separated by capillary electrophoresis and detected by laser-induced fluorescence detection after the protoplast was lysed Nine amino acids were quantitatively and qualitatively determined and compared in lysate and single protoplast of wheat embryonic cells respectively, with mean concentrations of amino acids ranging from 2.68 x 10(-5) mol/L to 18.18 x 10(-5) mol/L in single protoplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- F-G Chen
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
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