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Ko HJ, Chiou SJ, Tsai CY, Loh JK, Lin XY, Tran TH, Hou CC, Cheng TS, Lai JM, Chang PMH, Wang FS, Su CL, Huang CYF, Hong YR. BMX, a specific HDAC8 inhibitor, with TMZ for advanced CRC therapy: a novel synergic effect to elicit p53-, β-catenin- and MGMT-dependent apoptotic cell death. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:200. [PMID: 36575468 PMCID: PMC9793577 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-01007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advances in treatment, patients with refractory colorectal cancer (CRC) still have poor long-term survival, so there is a need for more effective therapeutic options. METHODS To evaluate the HDAC8 inhibition efficacy as a CRC treatment, we examined the effects of various HDAC8 inhibitors (HDAC8i), including BMX (NBM-T-L-BMX-OS01) in combination with temozolomide (TMZ) or other standard CRC drugs on p53 mutated HT29 cells, as well as wild-type p53 HCT116 and RKO cells. RESULTS We showed that HDAC8i with TMZ cotreatment resulted in HT29 arrest in the S and G2/M phase, whereas HCT116 and RKO arrest in the G0/G1 phase was accompanied by high sub-G1. Subsequently, this combination approach upregulated p53-mediated MGMT inhibition, leading to apoptosis. Furthermore, we observed the cotreatment also enabled triggering of cell senescence and decreased expression of stem cell biomarkers. Mechanistically, we found down-expression levels of β-catenin, cyclin D1 and c-Myc via GSK3β/β-catenin signaling. Intriguingly, autophagy also contributes to cell death under the opposite status of β-catenin/p62 axis, suggesting that there exists a negative feedback regulation between Wnt/β-catenin and autophagy. Consistently, the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) indicated both apoptotic and autophagy biomarkers in HT29 and RKO were upregulated after treating with BMX. CONCLUSIONS BMX may act as a HDAC8 eraser and in combination with reframed-TMZ generates a remarkable synergic effect, providing a novel therapeutic target for various CRCs. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Jiun Ko
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institutes of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| | - Shean-Jaw Chiou
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Tsai
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Post Baccalaureate Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan ,grid.412027.20000 0004 0620 9374Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| | - Joon-Khim Loh
- grid.412027.20000 0004 0620 9374Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| | - Xin-Yi Lin
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institutes of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| | - Thu-Ha Tran
- grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 112 Taiwan ,grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11211 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chung Hou
- New Drug Research & Development Center, NatureWise Biotech & Medicals Corporation, Taipei, 112 Taiwan
| | - Tai-Shan Cheng
- grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11211 Taiwan
| | - Jin-Mei Lai
- grid.256105.50000 0004 1937 1063Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 24205 Taiwan
| | - Peter Mu-Hsin Chang
- grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11211 Taiwan ,grid.278247.c0000 0004 0604 5314Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217 Taiwan ,grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11211 Taiwan
| | - Feng-Sheng Wang
- grid.412047.40000 0004 0532 3650Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, 62102 Taiwan
| | - Chun-Li Su
- grid.412090.e0000 0001 2158 7670Graduate Program of Nutrition Science, School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 11677 Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying F. Huang
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan ,grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 112 Taiwan ,grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11211 Taiwan ,grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11211 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ren Hong
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institutes of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan ,grid.412036.20000 0004 0531 9758Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804 Taiwan ,grid.412027.20000 0004 0620 9374Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
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Daniels HG, Knicely BG, Miller AK, Thompson A, Plattner R, Goellner EM. Inhibition of ABL1 by tyrosine kinase inhibitors leads to a downregulation of MLH1 by Hsp70-mediated lysosomal protein degradation. Front Genet 2022; 13:940073. [PMID: 36338985 PMCID: PMC9631443 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.940073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway and its regulation are critical for genomic stability. Mismatch repair (MMR) follows replication and repairs misincorporated bases and small insertions or deletions that are not recognized and removed by the proofreading polymerase. Cells deficient in MMR exhibit an increased overall mutation rate and increased expansion and contraction of short repeat sequences in the genome termed microsatellite instability (MSI). MSI is often a clinical measure of genome stability in tumors and is used to determine the course of treatment. MMR is also critical for inducing apoptosis after alkylation damage from environmental agents or DNA-damaging chemotherapy. MLH1 is essential for MMR, and loss or mutation of MLH1 leads to defective MMR, increased mutation frequency, and MSI. In this study, we report that tyrosine kinase inhibitors, imatinib and nilotinib, lead to decreased MLH1 protein expression but not decreased MLH1 mRNA levels. Of the seven cellular targets of Imatinib and nilotinib, we show that silencing of ABL1 also reduces MLH1 protein expression. Treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors or silencing of ABL1 results in decreased apoptosis after treatment with alkylating agents, suggesting the level of MLH1 reduction is sufficient to disrupt MMR function. We also report MLH1 is tyrosine phosphorylated by ABL1. We demonstrate that MLH1 downregulation by ABL1 knockdown or inhibition requires chaperone protein Hsp70 and that MLH1 degradation can be abolished with the lysosomal inhibitor bafilomycin. Taken together, we propose that ABL1 prevents MLH1 from being targeted for degradation by the chaperone Hsp70 and that in the absence of ABL1 activity at least a portion of MLH1 is degraded through the lysosome. This study represents an advance in understanding MMR pathway regulation and has important clinical implications as MMR status is used in the clinic to inform patient treatment, including the use of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G. Daniels
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Breanna G. Knicely
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Anna Kristin Miller
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Ana Thompson
- Berea College, Berea, KY, United States,University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Rina Plattner
- University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY, United States,University of Kentucky, College of Medicine Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Eva M. Goellner
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Lexington, KY, United States,University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY, United States,*Correspondence: Eva M. Goellner,
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Shi YY, Meng XT, Xu YN, Tian XJ. Role of FOXO protein's abnormal activation through PI3K/AKT pathway in platinum resistance of ovarian cancer. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2021; 47:1946-1957. [PMID: 33827148 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM Platinum-based chemotherapy is the standard treatment for ovarian cancer. However, tumor cells' resistance to platinum drugs often occurs. This paper provides a review of Forkhead box O (FOXO) protein's role in platinum resistance of ovarian cancer which hopefully may provide some further guidance for the treatment of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. METHODS We reviewed a 128 published papers from authoritative and professional journals on FOXO and platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, and adopts qualitative analyses and interpretation based on the literature. RESULTS Ovarian cancer often has abnormal activation of cellular pathways, the most important of which is the PI3K/AKT pathway. FOXOs act as crucial downstream factor of the PI3K/Akt pathway and are negatively regulated by it. DNA damage response and apoptosis including the relationship between FOXOs and ATM-Chk2-p53 are essential for platinum resistance of ovarian cancer. Through gene expression analysis in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer cell model, it was found that FoxO-1 is decreased in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, so studying the role of FOXO in the pathway on platinum-induced apoptosis may further guide the treatment of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. CONCLUSIONS There are many drug resistance mechanisms in ovarian cancer, wherein the decrease in cancer cells apoptosis is one of the important causes. Constituted by a series of transcription factors evolving conservatively and mainly working in inhibiting cancer, FOXO proteins play various roles in cells' antitumor response. More and more evidence suggests that we need to re-understand the role that FOXOs have played in cancer development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yue Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and gynecology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiang-Tian Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ya-Nan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and gynecology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiu-Juan Tian
- Department of Obstetrics and gynecology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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Bakhtiari E, Monfared AS, Niaki HA, Borzoueisileh S, Niksirat F, Fattahi S, Monfared MK, Gorji KE. The expression of MLH1 and MSH2 genes among inhabitants of high background radiation area of Ramsar, Iran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2019; 208-209:106012. [PMID: 31323602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.106012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies evidenced the critical role of the mismatch repair system in DNA damage recognition, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and DNA repair. MLH1 and MSH2 genes belong to repairing complexes of mismatch repair system. The side effects of ionizing radiation on the human health were proved, but researches on the inhabitants of high background radiation areas, with extra-ordinary radiation exposure, showed that the prevalence of cancer or radiation-related diseases is not significantly higher than normal background areas. The city of Ramsar, in northern Iran, has the highest level of natural background radiation in the world and in this study, we aimed to evaluate the expression of MLH1 and MSH2 genes among the inhabitants of high background radiation areas of Ramsar compared to normal background radiation areas. In the present study, 60 blood sample from high and normal background inhabitants were collected and we MLH1, and MSH2 genes expressions in residents of high background radiation area compared with normal background radiation area were evaluated by Quantitative Real-Time PCR. Our results showed a significant upregulation of MLH1 in residents of high background radiation area. Also, there is a significant association between MLH1 and MSH2 gene expression in both sexes. Also, the increased expression of MLH1 in HBRA is notable. There is an increased expression of MLH1 in age above 50 and a decreased expression of MSH2 in ages under 50 years (P < 0.0001). These findings are suggesting the triggering of Mismatch Repair system in response to high-level of natural background radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Bakhtiari
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R.Iran
| | - Ali Shabestani Monfared
- Cancer Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R.Iran
| | - Hale Akhavan Niaki
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R Iran
| | - Sajad Borzoueisileh
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R.Iran
| | - Fatemeh Niksirat
- Department of Medical Physics Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R Iran
| | - Sadegh Fattahi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R.Iran; North Research Centre of Pasteur Institute, Amol, I.R.Iran
| | - Mohadese Kosari Monfared
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R.Iran
| | - Kourosh Ebrahimnejad Gorji
- Department of Medical Physics Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R Iran.
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Zare Dehnavi M, Ostad SN, Abedi A. The influence of the nonleaving group on the anticancer activity of tetrachlorido platinum(IV) complexes with pyridine/bipyridine derivatives. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Melvin RL, Thompson WG, Godwin RC, Gmeiner WH, Salsbury FR. MutS α's Multi-Domain Allosteric Response to Three DNA Damage Types Revealed by Machine Learning. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2017; 5:10. [PMID: 31938712 PMCID: PMC6959842 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2017.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
MutSα is a key component in the mismatch repair (MMR) pathway. This protein is responsible for initiating the signaling pathways for DNA repair or cell death. Herein we investigate this heterodimer's post-recognition, post-binding response to three types of DNA damage involving cytotoxic, anti-cancer agents-carboplatin, cisplatin, and FdU. Through a combination of supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques along with more traditional structural and kinetic analysis applied to all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) calculations, we predict that MutSα has a distinct response to each of the three damage types. Via a binary classification tree (a supervised machine learning technique), we identify key hydrogen bond motifs unique to each type of damage and suggest residues for experimental mutation studies. Through a combination of a recently developed clustering (unsupervised learning) algorithm, RMSF calculations, PCA, and correlated motions we predict that each type of damage causes MutSα to explore a specific region of conformation space. Detailed analysis suggests a short range effect for carboplatin-primarily altering the structures and kinetics of residues within 10 angstroms of the damaged DNA-and distinct longer-range effects for cisplatin and FdU. In our simulations, we also observe that a key phenylalanine residue-known to stack with a mismatched or unmatched bases in MMR-stacks with the base complementary to the damaged base in 88.61% of MD frames containing carboplatinated DNA. Similarly, this Phe71 stacks with the base complementary to damage in 91.73% of frames with cisplatinated DNA. This residue, however, stacks with the damaged base itself in 62.18% of trajectory frames with FdU-substituted DNA and has no stacking interaction at all in 30.72% of these frames. Each drug investigated here induces a unique perturbation in the MutSα complex, indicating the possibility of a distinct signaling event and specific repair or death pathway (or set of pathways) for a given type of damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L. Melvin
- Salsbury Group, Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - William G. Thompson
- Salsbury Group, Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ryan C. Godwin
- Salsbury Group, Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - William H. Gmeiner
- Gmeiner Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Freddie R. Salsbury
- Salsbury Group, Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Bellone S, Bignotti E, Lonardi S, Ferrari F, Centritto F, Masserdotti A, Pettinella F, Black J, Menderes G, Altwerger G, Hui P, Lopez S, de Haydu C, Bonazzoli E, Predolini F, Zammataro L, Cocco E, Ferrari F, Ravaggi A, Romani C, Facchetti F, Sartori E, Odicino FE, Silasi DA, Litkouhi B, Ratner E, Azodi M, Schwartz PE, Santin AD. Polymerase ε (POLE) ultra-mutation in uterine tumors correlates with T lymphocyte infiltration and increased resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy in vitro. Gynecol Oncol 2017; 144:146-152. [PMID: 27894751 PMCID: PMC5183545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Up to 12% of all endometrial-carcinomas (EC) harbor DNA-polymerase-ε-(POLE) mutations. It is currently unknown whether the favorable prognosis of POLE-mutated EC is derived from their low metastatic capability, extraordinary number of somatic mutations thus imparting immunogenicity, or a high sensitivity to chemotherapy. METHODS Polymerase-chain-reaction-amplification and Sanger-sequencing were used to test for POLE exonuclease-domain-mutations (exons 9-14) 131 EC. Infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes (TIL) and PD-1-expression in POLE-mutated vs POLE wild-type EC was studied by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and the correlations between survival and molecular features were investigated. Finally, primary POLE-mutated and POLE-wild-type EC cell lines were established and compared in-vitro for their sensitivity to chemotherapy. RESULTS Eleven POLE-mutated EC (8.5%) were identified. POLE-mutated tumors were associated with improved progression-free-survival (P<0.05) and displayed increased numbers of CD4+ (44.5 vs 21.8; P=0.001) and CD8+ (32.8 vs 13.5; P<0.001) TILs when compared to wild-type POLE EC. PD-1 receptor was overexpressed in TILs from POLE-mutated vs wild-type-tumors (81% vs 28%; P<0.001). Primary POLE tumor cell lines were significantly more resistant to platinum-chemotherapy in-vitro when compared to POLE-wild-type tumors (P<0.004). CONCLUSIONS POLE ultra-mutated EC are heavily infiltrated with CD4+/CD8+ TIL, overexpress PD-1 immune-check-point (i.e., features consistent with chronic antigen-exposure), and have a better prognosis when compared to other molecular subtypes of EC patients. POLE-mutated tumor-cell lines are resistant to platinum-chemotherapy in-vitro suggesting that the better prognosis of POLE-patients is not secondary to a higher sensitivity to chemotherapy but likely linked to enhanced immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Bellone
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
| | - Eliana Bignotti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Lonardi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Pathology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferrari
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
| | - Floriana Centritto
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
| | - Alice Masserdotti
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
| | - Francesca Pettinella
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
| | - Jonathan Black
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
| | - Gulden Menderes
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
| | - Gary Altwerger
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
| | - Pei Hui
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
| | - Salvatore Lopez
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Christopher de Haydu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
| | - Elena Bonazzoli
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
| | - Federica Predolini
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
| | - Luca Zammataro
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
| | - Emiliano Cocco
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
| | - Federico Ferrari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonella Ravaggi
- "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Romani
- "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Fabio Facchetti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Pathology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Sartori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Franco E Odicino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Dan-Arin Silasi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
| | - Babak Litkouhi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
| | - Elena Ratner
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
| | - Masoud Azodi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
| | - Peter E Schwartz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
| | - Alessandro D Santin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA.
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Lemieszek MK, Ribeiro M, Marques G, Nunes FM, Pożarowski P, Rzeski W. New insights into the molecular mechanism of Boletus edulis ribonucleic acid fraction (BE3) concerning antiproliferative activity on human colon cancer cells. Food Funct 2017; 8:1830-1839. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01626j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ah-Koon L, Lesage D, Lemadre E, Souissi I, Fagard R, Varin-Blank N, Fabre EE, Schischmanoff O. Cellular response to alkylating agent MNNG is impaired in STAT1-deficients cells. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1956-65. [PMID: 27464833 PMCID: PMC5020624 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The SN 1 alkylating agents activate the mismatch repair system leading to delayed G2 /M cell cycle arrest and DNA repair with subsequent survival or cell death. STAT1, an anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic transcription factor is known to potentiate p53 and to affect DNA-damage cellular response. We studied whether STAT1 may modulate cell fate following activation of the mismatch repair system upon exposure to the alkylating agent N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Using STAT1-proficient or -deficient cell lines, we found that STAT1 is required for: (i) reduction in the extent of DNA lesions, (ii) rapid phosphorylation of T68-CHK2 and of S15-p53, (iii) progression through the G2 /M checkpoint and (iv) long-term survival following treatment with MNNG. Presence of STAT1 is critical for the formation of a p53-DNA complex comprising: STAT1, c-Abl and MLH1 following exposure to MNNG. Importantly, presence of STAT1 allows recruitment of c-Abl to p53-DNA complex and links c-Abl tyrosine kinase activity to MNNG-toxicity. Thus, our data highlight the important modulatory role of STAT1 in the signalling pathway activated by the mismatch repair system. This ability of STAT1 to favour resistance to MNNG indicates the targeting of STAT1 pathway as a therapeutic option for enhancing the efficacy of SN1 alkylating agent-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Ah-Koon
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France.,Université Paris 13, UFR SMBH, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France
| | - Denis Lesage
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France.,Université Paris 13, UFR SMBH, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France
| | - Elodie Lemadre
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France.,Université Paris 13, UFR SMBH, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France
| | - Inès Souissi
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France.,Université Paris 13, UFR SMBH, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France
| | - Remi Fagard
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France.,Université Paris 13, UFR SMBH, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France.,AP-HP, GHU-PSSD, Hôpital Avicenne, Service de Biochimie, Bobigny, France
| | - Nadine Varin-Blank
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France. .,Université Paris 13, UFR SMBH, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France.
| | - Emmanuelle E Fabre
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France.,Université Paris 13, UFR SMBH, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France.,AP-HP, GHU-PSSD, Hôpital Avicenne, Service de Biochimie, Bobigny, France
| | - Olivier Schischmanoff
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France. .,Université Paris 13, UFR SMBH, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France. .,AP-HP, GHU-PSSD, Hôpital Avicenne, Service de Biochimie, Bobigny, France.
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11
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Li Z, Pearlman AH, Hsieh P. DNA mismatch repair and the DNA damage response. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 38:94-101. [PMID: 26704428 PMCID: PMC4740233 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the role of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) in the DNA damage response (DDR) that triggers cell cycle arrest and, in some cases, apoptosis. Although the focus is on findings from mammalian cells, much has been learned from studies in other organisms including bacteria and yeast [1,2]. MMR promotes a DDR mediated by a key signaling kinase, ATM and Rad3-related (ATR), in response to various types of DNA damage including some encountered in widely used chemotherapy regimes. An introduction to the DDR mediated by ATR reveals its immense complexity and highlights the many biological and mechanistic questions that remain. Recent findings and future directions are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongdao Li
- Genetics & Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 5 Rm. 324, 5 Memorial Dr. MSC 0538, Bethesda, MD 20892-0538, USA
| | - Alexander H Pearlman
- Genetics & Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 5 Rm. 324, 5 Memorial Dr. MSC 0538, Bethesda, MD 20892-0538, USA
| | - Peggy Hsieh
- Genetics & Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 5 Rm. 324, 5 Memorial Dr. MSC 0538, Bethesda, MD 20892-0538, USA.
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12
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Liu IH, Ford JM, Kunz PL. DNA-repair defects in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and potential clinical applications. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 44:1-9. [PMID: 26924193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of DNA repair in pathogenesis and response to treatment is not well understood in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs). However, the existing literature reveals important preliminary trends and targets in the genetic landscape of pNETs. Notably, pNETs have been shown to harbor defects in the direct reversal MGMT gene and the DNA mismatch repair genes, suggesting that these genes may be strong candidates for further prospective studies. METHODS PubMed searches were conducted for original studies assessing the DNA repair genes MGMT and MMR in pNETs, as well as for PTEN and MEN1, which are not directly DNA repair genes but are involved in DNA repair pathways. Searches were specific to pNETs, yielding five original studies on MGMT and four on MMR. Six original papers studied PTEN in pNETs. Five studied MEN1 in pNETs, and two others implicated MEN1 in DNA repair processes. RESULTS The five studies on MGMT in pNET tumor samples found MGMT loss of between 24% and 51% of tumor samples by IHC staining and between 0% and 40% by promoter hypermethylation, revealing discrepancies in methods assessing MGMT expression as well as potential weaknesses in the correlation between MGMT IHC expression and promoter hypermethylation rates. Four studies on MMR in pNET tumor samples indicated similar ambiguities, as promoter hypermethylation of the MLH1 MMR gene ranged from 0% to 31% of pNETs, while IHC staining revealed loss of MMR genes in between 0% and 36% of pNETs sampled. Studies also indicated that PTEN and MEN1 are commonly mutated or underexpressed genes in pNETs, although frequency of mutation or loss of expression was again variable among different studies. CONCLUSION Further studies are essential in determining a more thorough repertoire of DNA repair defects in pNETs and the clinical significance of these defects. This literature review synthesises the existing knowledge of relevant DNA repair pathways and studies of the specific genes that carry out these repair mechanisms in pNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James M Ford
- Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Pamela L Kunz
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5826, United States.
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13
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Paydar M, Kamalidehghan B, Wong YL, Wong WF, Looi CY, Mustafa MR. Evaluation of cytotoxic and chemotherapeutic properties of boldine in breast cancer using in vitro and in vivo models. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 8:719-33. [PMID: 24944509 PMCID: PMC4057328 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s58178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
To date, plants have been the major source of anticancer drugs. Boldine is a natural alkaloid commonly found in the leaves and bark of Peumus boldus. In this study, we found that boldine potently inhibited the viability of the human invasive breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 (48-hour IC50 46.5±3.1 μg/mL) and MDA-MB-468 (48-hour IC50 50.8±2.7 μg/mL). Boldine had a cytotoxic effect and induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells as indicated by a higher amount of lactate dehydrogenase released, membrane permeability, and DNA fragmentation. In addition, we demonstrated that boldine induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. The anticancer mechanism is associated with disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c in MDA-MB-231. Boldine selectively induced activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3/7, but not caspase-8. We also found that boldine could inhibit nuclear factor kappa B activation, a key molecule in tumor progression and metastasis. In addition, protein array and Western blotting analysis showed that treatment with boldine resulted in downregulation of Bcl-2 and heat shock protein 70 and upregulation of Bax in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. An acute toxicity study in rats revealed that boldine at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight was well tolerated. Moreover, intraperitoneal injection of boldine (50 or 100 mg/kg) significantly reduced tumor size in an animal model of breast cancer. Our results suggest that boldine is a potentially useful agent for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi Li Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rais Mustafa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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14
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Yudkin D, Hayward BE, Aladjem MI, Kumari D, Usdin K. Chromosome fragility and the abnormal replication of the FMR1 locus in fragile X syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:2940-2952. [PMID: 24419320 PMCID: PMC9109252 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is a learning disability seen in individuals who have >200 CGG•CCG repeats in the 5' untranslated region of the X-linked FMR1 gene. Such alleles are associated with a fragile site, FRAXA, a gap or constriction in the chromosome that is coincident with the repeat and is induced by folate stress or thymidylate synthase inhibitors like fluorodeoxyuridine (FdU). The molecular basis of the chromosome fragility is unknown. Previous work has suggested that the stable intrastrand structures formed by the repeat may be responsible, perhaps via their ability to block DNA synthesis. We have examined the replication dynamics of normal and FXS cells with and without FdU. We show here that an intrinsic problem with DNA replication exists in the FMR1 gene of individuals with FXS even in the absence of FdU. Our data suggest a model for chromosome fragility in FXS in which the repeat impairs replication from an origin of replication (ORI) immediately adjacent to the repeat. The fact that the replication problem occurs even in the absence of FdU suggests that this phenomenon may have in vivo consequences, including perhaps accounting for the loss of the X chromosome containing the fragile site that causes Turner syndrome (45, X0) in female carriers of such alleles. Our data on FRAXA may also be germane for the other FdU-inducible fragile sites in humans, that we show here share many common features with FRAXA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Yudkin
- Section on Gene Structure and Disease, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology,
National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and
- Department of Genomic Diversity and Evolution, Institute of Molecular and
Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090,
Russia
| | - Bruce E. Hayward
- Section on Gene Structure and Disease, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology,
National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and
| | - Mirit I. Aladjem
- DNA Replication Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer
Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
and
| | - Daman Kumari
- Section on Gene Structure and Disease, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology,
National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and
| | - Karen Usdin
- Section on Gene Structure and Disease, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology,
National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and
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15
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Kothandapani A, Sawant A, Dangeti VSMN, Sobol RW, Patrick SM. Epistatic role of base excision repair and mismatch repair pathways in mediating cisplatin cytotoxicity. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:7332-43. [PMID: 23761438 PMCID: PMC3753620 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Base excision repair (BER) and mismatch repair (MMR) pathways play an important role in modulating cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (cisplatin) cytotoxicity. In this article, we identified a novel mechanistic role of both BER and MMR pathways in mediating cellular responses to cisplatin treatment. Cells defective in BER or MMR display a cisplatin-resistant phenotype. Targeting both BER and MMR pathways resulted in no additional resistance to cisplatin, suggesting that BER and MMR play epistatic roles in mediating cisplatin cytotoxicity. Using a DNA Polymerase β (Polβ) variant deficient in polymerase activity (D256A), we demonstrate that MMR acts downstream of BER and is dependent on the polymerase activity of Polβ in mediating cisplatin cytotoxicity. MSH2 preferentially binds a cisplatin interstrand cross-link (ICL) DNA substrate containing a mismatch compared with a cisplatin ICL substrate without a mismatch, suggesting a novel mutagenic role of Polβ in activating MMR in response to cisplatin. Collectively, these results provide the first mechanistic model for BER and MMR functioning within the same pathway to mediate cisplatin sensitivity via non-productive ICL processing. In this model, MMR participation in non-productive cisplatin ICL processing is downstream of BER processing and dependent on Polβ misincorporation at cisplatin ICL sites, which results in persistent cisplatin ICLs and sensitivity to cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbarasi Kothandapani
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo - Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA, Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA and Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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16
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Donigan KA, Sun KW, Nemec AA, Murphy DL, Cong X, Northrup V, Zelterman D, Sweasy JB. Human POLB gene is mutated in high percentage of colorectal tumors. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:23830-9. [PMID: 22577134 PMCID: PMC3390656 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.324947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous small scale sequencing studies have indicated that DNA polymerase β (pol β) variants are present on average in 30% of human tumors of varying tissue origin. Many of these variants have been shown to have aberrant enzyme function in vitro and to induce cellular transformation and/or genomic instability in vivo, suggesting that their presence is associated with tumorigenesis or its progression. In this study, the human POLB gene was sequenced in a collection of 134 human colorectal tumors and was found to contain coding region mutations in 40% of the samples. The variants map to many different sites of the pol β protein and are not clustered. Many variants are nonsynonymous amino acid substitutions predicted to affect enzyme function. A subset of these variants was found to have reduced enzyme activity in vitro and failed to fully rescue pol β-deficient cells from methylmethane sulfonate-induced cytotoxicity. Tumors harboring variants with reduced enzyme activity may have compromised base excision repair function, as evidenced by our methylmethane sulfonate sensitivity studies. Such compromised base excision repair may drive tumorigenesis by leading to an increase in mutagenesis or genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ka-wai Sun
- From the Departments of Therapeutic Radiology and Genetics and
| | | | - Drew L. Murphy
- From the Departments of Therapeutic Radiology and Genetics and
| | - Xiangyu Cong
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Veronika Northrup
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Daniel Zelterman
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Joann B. Sweasy
- From the Departments of Therapeutic Radiology and Genetics and
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17
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Checkpoint signaling, base excision repair, and PARP promote survival of colon cancer cells treated with 5-fluorodeoxyuridine but not 5-fluorouracil. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28862. [PMID: 22194930 PMCID: PMC3240632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The fluoropyrimidines 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and FdUrd (5-fluorodeoxyuridine; floxuridine) are the backbone of chemotherapy regimens for colon cancer and other tumors. Despite their widespread use, it remains unclear how these agents kill tumor cells. Here, we have analyzed the checkpoint and DNA repair pathways that affect colon tumor responses to 5-FU and FdUrd. These studies demonstrate that both FdUrd and 5-FU activate the ATR and ATM checkpoint signaling pathways, indicating that they cause genotoxic damage. Notably, however, depletion of ATM or ATR does not sensitize colon cancer cells to 5-FU, whereas these checkpoint pathways promote the survival of cells treated with FdUrd, suggesting that FdUrd exerts cytotoxicity by disrupting DNA replication and/or inducing DNA damage, whereas 5-FU does not. We also found that disabling the base excision (BER) repair pathway by depleting XRCC1 or APE1 sensitized colon cancer cells to FdUrd but not 5-FU. Consistent with a role for the BER pathway, we show that small molecule poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1/2 (PARP) inhibitors, AZD2281 and ABT-888, remarkably sensitized both mismatch repair (MMR)-proficient and -deficient colon cancer cell lines to FdUrd but not to 5-FU. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that the roles of genotoxin-induced checkpoint signaling and DNA repair differ significantly for these agents and also suggest a novel approach to colon cancer therapy in which FdUrd is combined with a small molecule PARP inhibitor.
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18
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Ishimoto S, Wada K, Tanaka N, Yamanishi T, Ishihama K, Aikawa T, Okura M, Nakajima A, Kogo M, Kamisaki Y. Role of endothelin receptor signalling in squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2011; 40:1011-9. [PMID: 22075705 PMCID: PMC3584554 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2011.1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin plays important roles in various physiological functions including vascular constriction. Recent studies reported that the endothelin receptors ETA and ETB are highly expressed in lung and skin tumor tissues. In contrast, there are few reports on endothelin signalling in the proliferation of head and neck cancer. We found that both ETA and ETB endothelin receptors were overexpressed in tumor cells of tongue cancer samples by immunohistochemistry. ETA and ETB were expressed in cultured lingual and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCCs) cell lines. When both cultured cell lines were treated with an ETA selective antagonist (BQ123) or an ETB selective antagonist (BQ788), inhibition of cell growth was observed. Similar results were observed when SCCs were treated with specific siRNA for the suppression of ETA or ETB. Furthermore, inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway by the treatments with ET receptor antagonists and siRNA was also observed. These results indicate that endothelin signalling may, in part, play important roles in cell growth in SCCs through the MAP kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Ishimoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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19
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Kusayama M, Wada K, Nagata M, Ishimoto S, Takahashi H, Yoneda M, Nakajima A, Okura M, Kogo M, Kamisaki Y. Critical role of aquaporin 3 on growth of human esophageal and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:1128-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.01927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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20
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Shahi A, Lee JH, Kang Y, Lee SH, Hyun JW, Chang IY, Jun JY, You HJ. Mismatch-repair protein MSH6 is associated with Ku70 and regulates DNA double-strand break repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 39:2130-43. [PMID: 21075794 PMCID: PMC3064773 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
MSH6, a key component of the MSH2–MSH6 complex, plays a fundamental role in the repair of mismatched DNA bases. Herein, we report that MSH6 is a novel Ku70-interacting protein identified by yeast two-hybrid screening. Ku70 and Ku86 are two key regulatory subunits of the DNA-dependent protein kinase, which plays an essential role in repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) through the non-homologous end-joining (NEHJ) pathway. We found that association of Ku70 with MSH6 is enhanced in response to treatment with the radiomimetic drug neocarzinostatin (NCS) or ionizing radiation (IR), a potent inducer of DSBs. Furthermore, MSH6 exhibited diffuse nuclear staining in the majority of untreated cells and forms discrete nuclear foci after NCS or IR treatment. MSH6 colocalizes with γ-H2AX at sites of DNA damage after NCS or IR treatment. Cells depleted of MSH6 accumulate high levels of persistent DSBs, as detected by formation of γ-H2AX foci and by the comet assay. Moreover, MSH6-deficient cells were also shown to exhibit impaired NHEJ, which could be rescued by MSH6 overexpression. MSH6-deficient cells were hypersensitive to NCS- or IR-induced cell death, as revealed by a clonogenic cell-survival assay. These results suggest a potential role for MSH6 in DSB repair through upregulation of NHEJ by association with Ku70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Shahi
- DNA Repair Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of Medicine, 375 Seosuk-dong, Gwangju, 501-759, South Korea
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21
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Ahmad S. Platinum-DNA interactions and subsequent cellular processes controlling sensitivity to anticancer platinum complexes. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7:543-66. [PMID: 20232326 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200800340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Platinum-based compounds are widely used as chemotherapeutics for the treatment of a variety of cancers. The anticancer activity of cisplatin and other platinum drugs is believed to arise from their interaction with DNA. Several cellular pathways are activated in response to this interaction, which include recognition by high-mobility group and repair proteins, translesion synthesis by polymerases, and induction of apoptosis. The apoptotic process is regulated by activation of caspases, p53 gene, and several proapoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins. Such cellular processing eventually leads to an inhibition of the replication or transcription machinery of the cell. Deactivation of platinum drugs by thiols, increased nucleotide excision repair of Pt-DNA adducts, decreased mismatch repair, and defective apoptosis result in resistance to platinum therapy. The differences in cytotoxicity of various platinum complexes are attributed to the differential recognition of their adducts by cellular proteins. Cisplatin and oxaliplatin both produce mainly 1,2-GG intrastrand cross-links as major adducts, but oxaliplatin is found to be more active particularly against cisplatin-resistant tumor cells. Mismatch repair and replicative bypass appear to be the processes most likely involved in differentiating the molecular responses to these two agents. This review describes the formation of Pt-DNA adducts, their interaction with cellular components, and biological effects of this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan.
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22
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Resnick KE, Frankel WL, Morrison CD, Fowler JM, Copeland LJ, Stephens J, Kim KH, Cohn DE. Mismatch repair status and outcomes after adjuvant therapy in patients with surgically staged endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 117:234-8. [PMID: 20153885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether DNA mismatch repair (MMR) modifies the response to chemotherapy or radiotherapy in patients with endometrial cancer. METHODS Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the DNA MMR proteins MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 was performed on a tissue microarray of specimens of primary endometrial cancer. MMR deficiency was defined as lack of expression of one or more proteins. Expression of all proteins classified a tumor as having an intact MMR system. Recurrence rates were calculated for women treated with platinum-based chemotherapy or pelvic external beam radiation. Comparisons were made using the log-rank test. Multiple comparisons were controlled for by utilizing the Bonferroni correction method. RESULTS Four hundred seventy-seven cases of endometrial cancer were evaluated on a tissue microarray (TMA). One hundred fifty-eight patients (41%) received chemotherapy. Sixty-six patients (17%) received pelvic teletherapy. Overall and progression-free survival were not different between patients whose tumors had intact MMR and those with defective MMR when stratified by adjuvant treatment with radiation or chemotherapy. Subgroup analyses stratified by histology (non-endometrioid versus endometrioid) and stage did show significant survival differences. There was a significant increase in overall (p=0.003) and progression-free (p=0.004) survival in those with MMR-deficient, non-endometrioid tumors treated with teletherapy compared to those with an intact MMR system. Improved progression-free survival was noted in patients with intact MMR with stage III/IV disease treated with adjuvant chemotherapy (p=0.031). CONCLUSIONS Subgroups of patients with non-endometrioid endometrial cancer and defective MMR may have improved survival after adjuvant radiotherapy. Patients with advanced stage endometrial cancer and defects in mismatch repair may receive less benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly E Resnick
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Larsen NB, Heiberg Engel PJ, Rasmussen M, Rasmussen LJ. Differential expression of hMLH1 in sporadic human colorectal cancer tumors and distant metastases. APMIS 2009; 117:839-48. [PMID: 19845535 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2009.02543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Somatic defects in the mismatch repair system constitute an important pathway in colorectal carcinogenesis. We have examined the expression of mismatch repair proteins in sporadic stage IV colorectal tumors and their derived metastases. Sporadic tumors were further examined for differences in expression between the tumor transition zone and the invasive front. Expression of hMSH2, hMLH1, and hPMS2 was screened immunohistochemically in 92 stage IV tumors and derived liver metastases. In cases with loss of mismatch repair protein expression, lymph node metastases were also examined. Clinicopathological parameters and Ki-67 staining indexes were evaluated and compared. Four tumors displayed a complete loss of hMLH1/hPMS2 expression at the transition zone; however, three of these expressed both proteins at the invasive front and in liver and lymph node metastases. A further four were predominantly hMLH1/hPMS2 negative at the transition zone, but with distinct subclones of hMLH1/hPMS2-expressing cells at the transition zone. All of these tumors expressed hMLH1/hPMS2 at the invasive front and in liver metastases, with three also expressing hMLH/hPMS2 in lymph node metastases. No significant difference in the proliferative index was observed for the hMLH1/hPMS2-compromised group. In stage IV tumors re-expression of hMLH1/hPMS2 occurred, leading to different patterns of expression within the primary tumor and between tumor and metastases. This may have functional importance for the chemosensitivity of metastases compared to the primary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Balle Larsen
- Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
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Martin L, Marples B, Coffey M, Lawler M, Hollywood D, Marignol L. Recognition of O6MeG lesions by MGMT and mismatch repair proficiency may be a prerequisite for low-dose radiation hypersensitivity. Radiat Res 2009; 172:405-13. [PMID: 19772461 DOI: 10.1667/rr1717.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) is the phenomenon whereby cells exposed to radiation doses of less than approximately 0.5 Gy exhibit increased cell killing relative to that predicted from back-extrapolating high-dose survival data using a linear-quadratic model. While the exact mechanism remains to be elucidated, the involvement of several molecular repair pathways has been documented. These processes in turn are also associated with the response of cells to O6-methylguanine (O6MeG) lesions. We propose a model in which the level of low-dose cell killing is determined by the efficiency of both pre-replicative repair by the DNA repair enzyme O6-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) and post-replicative repair by the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system. We therefore hypothesized that the response of cells to low doses of radiation is dependent on the expression status of MGMT and MMR proteins. MMR (MSH2, MSH6, MLH1, PMS1, PMS2) and MGMT protein expression signatures were determined in a panel of normal (PWR1E, RWPE1) and malignant (22RV1, DU145, PC3) prostate cell lines and correlated with clonogenic survival and cell cycle analysis. PC3 and RWPE1 cells (HRS positive) were associated with MGMT and MMR proficiency, whereas HRS negative cell lines lacked expression of at least one (MGMT or MMR) protein. MGMT inactivation had no significant effect on cell survival. These results indicate a possible role for MMR-dependent processing of damage produced by low doses of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Martin
- Division of Radiation Therapy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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25
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Guggenheim ER, Xu D, Zhang CX, Chang PV, Lippard SJ. Photoaffinity isolation and identification of proteins in cancer cell extracts that bind to platinum-modified DNA. Chembiochem 2009; 10:141-57. [PMID: 19053130 PMCID: PMC2710532 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The activity of the anticancer drug cisplatin is a consequence of its ability to bind DNA. Platinum adducts bend and unwind the DNA duplex, creating recognition sites for nuclear proteins. Following DNA damage recognition, the lesions will either be repaired, facilitating cell viability, or if repair is unsuccessful and the Pt adduct interrupts vital cellular functions, apoptosis will follow. With the use of the benzophenone-modified cisplatin analogue Pt-BP6, 25 bp DNA duplexes containing either a 1,2-d(G*pG*) intrastrand or a 1,3-d(G*pTpG*) intrastrand crosslink were synthesized, where the asterisks designate platinated nucleobases. Proteins having affinity for these platinated DNAs were photocrosslinked and identified in cervical, testicular, pancreatic and bone cancer-cell nuclear extracts. Proteins identified in this manner include the DNA repair factors RPA1, Ku70, Ku80, Msh2, DNA ligase III, PARP-1, and DNA-PKcs, as well as HMG-domain proteins HMGB1, HMGB2, HMGB3, and UBF1. The latter strongly associate with the 1,2-d(G*pG*) adduct and weakly or not at all with the 1,3-d(G*pTpG*) adduct. The nucleotide excision repair protein RPA1 was photocrosslinked only by the probe containing a 1,3-d(G*pTpG*) intrastrand crosslink. The affinity of PARP-1 for platinum-modified DNA was established using this type of probe for the first time. To ensure that the proteins were not photocrosslinked because of an affinity for DNA ends, a 90-base dumbbell probe modified with Pt-BP6 was investigated. Photocrosslinking experiments with this longer probe revealed the same proteins, as well as some additional proteins involved in chromatin remodeling, transcription, or repair. These findings reveal a more complete list of proteins involved in the early steps of the mechanism of action of the cisplatin and its close analogue carboplatin than previously was available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan R. Guggenheim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Telephone: 617-253-1892 , Fax: 617-258-8150
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Telephone: 617-253-1892 , Fax: 617-258-8150
| | - Christiana X. Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Telephone: 617-253-1892 , Fax: 617-258-8150
| | - Pamela V. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Telephone: 617-253-1892 , Fax: 617-258-8150
| | - Stephen J. Lippard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Telephone: 617-253-1892 , Fax: 617-258-8150
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26
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Nagata M, Wada K, Nakajima A, Nakajima N, Kusayama M, Masuda T, Iida S, Okura M, Kogo M, Kamisaki Y. Role of Myeloid Cell Leukemia-1 in Cell Growth of Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 110:344-53. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08339fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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27
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Liu A, Yoshioka KI, Salerno V, Hsieh P. The mismatch repair-mediated cell cycle checkpoint response to fluorodeoxyuridine. J Cell Biochem 2008; 105:245-54. [PMID: 18543256 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The loss of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is responsible for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and a subset of sporadic tumors. Acquired resistance or tolerance to some anti-cancer drugs occurs when MMR function is impaired. 5-Fluorouracil (FU), an anti-cancer drug used in the treatment of advanced colorectal and other cancers, and its metabolites are incorporated into RNA and DNA and inhibit thymidylate synthase resulting in depletion of dTTP and incorporation in DNA of uracil. Although the MMR deficiency has been implicated in tolerance to FU, the mechanism of cell killing remains unclear. Here, we examine the cellular response to fluorodeoxyuridine (FdU) and the role of the MMR system. After brief exposure of cells to low doses of FdU, MMR mediates DNA damage signaling during S-phase and triggers arrest in G2/M in the first cell cycle in a manner requiring MutSalpha, MutLalpha, and DNA replication. Cell cycle arrest is mediated by ATR kinase and results in phosphorylation of Chk1 and SMC1. MutSalpha binds FdU:G mispairs in vitro consistent with its being a DNA damage sensor. Prolonged treatment with FdU results in an irreversible arrest in G2 that is independent of MMR status and leads to the accumulation of DNA lesions that are targeted by the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Thus, MMR can act as a direct sensor of FdU-mediated DNA lesions eliciting cell cycle arrest via the ATR/Chk1 pathway. However, at higher levels of damage, other damage surveillance pathways such as BER also play important roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angen Liu
- Genetics & Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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28
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Hsieh P, Yamane K. DNA mismatch repair: molecular mechanism, cancer, and ageing. Mech Ageing Dev 2008; 129:391-407. [PMID: 18406444 PMCID: PMC2574955 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2008.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins are ubiquitous players in a diverse array of important cellular functions. In its role in post-replication repair, MMR safeguards the genome correcting base mispairs arising as a result of replication errors. Loss of MMR results in greatly increased rates of spontaneous mutation in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. Mutations in MMR genes cause hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, and loss of MMR is associated with a significant fraction of sporadic cancers. Given its prominence in mutation avoidance and its ability to target a range of DNA lesions, MMR has been under investigation in studies of ageing mechanisms. This review summarizes what is known about the molecular details of the MMR pathway and the role of MMR proteins in cancer susceptibility and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Hsieh
- Genetics & Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Li LS, Morales JC, Hwang A, Wagner MW, Boothman DA. DNA mismatch repair-dependent activation of c-Abl/p73alpha/GADD45alpha-mediated apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:21394-403. [PMID: 18480060 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709954200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells with functional DNA mismatch repair (MMR) stimulate G(2) cell cycle checkpoint arrest and apoptosis in response to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). MMR-deficient cells fail to detect MNNG-induced DNA damage, resulting in the survival of "mutator" cells. The retrograde (nucleus-to-cytoplasm) signaling that initiates MMR-dependent G(2) arrest and cell death remains undefined. Since MMR-dependent phosphorylation and stabilization of p53 were noted, we investigated its role(s) in G(2) arrest and apoptosis. Loss of p53 function by E6 expression, dominant-negative p53, or stable p53 knockdown failed to prevent MMR-dependent G(2) arrest, apoptosis, or lethality. MMR-dependent c-Abl-mediated p73alpha and GADD45alpha protein up-regulation after MNNG exposure prompted us to examine c-Abl/p73alpha/GADD45alpha signaling in cell death responses. STI571 (Gleevec, a c-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor) and stable c-Abl, p73alpha, and GADD45alpha knockdown prevented MMR-dependent apoptosis. Interestingly, stable p73alpha knockdown blocked MMR-dependent apoptosis, but not G(2) arrest, thereby uncoupling G(2) arrest from lethality. Thus, MMR-dependent intrinsic apoptosis is p53-independent, but stimulated by hMLH1/c-Abl/p73alpha/GADD45alpha retrograde signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Shan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Stress Responses, Department of Oncology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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30
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McLornan DP, McMullin MF, Johnston P, Longley DB. Molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in acute myeloid leukaemia. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007; 3:363-77. [PMID: 17539744 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.3.3.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukaemia is a major obstacle to a successful outcome for many patients. Often, there is resistance against a broad range of drugs due to multiple, simultaneously active processes. These mechanisms include effects on drug influx and efflux, drug activation/inactivation, DNA repair mechanisms, altered response of end targets, an altered haematopoietic microenvironment and dysfunctional apoptotic pathways. This article reviews the factors that determine leukaemic cell chemosensitivity and discusses the potential for rationally guided therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal P McLornan
- Medical Research Council Clinical Research Fellow, Queen's University Belfast, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi R Iyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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32
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Wang Q, Ponomareva ON, Lasarev M, Turker MS. High frequency induction of mitotic recombination by ionizing radiation in Mlh1 null mouse cells. Mutat Res 2006; 594:189-98. [PMID: 16343558 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitotic recombination in somatic cells involves crossover events between homologous autosomal chromosomes. This process can convert a cell with a heterozygous deficiency to one with a homozygous deficiency if a mutant allele is present on one of the two homologous autosomes. Thus mitotic recombination often represents the second mutational step in tumor suppressor gene inactivation. In this study we examined the frequency and spectrum of ionizing radiation (IR)-induced autosomal mutations affecting Aprt expression in a mouse kidney cell line null for the Mlh1 mismatch repair (MMR) gene. The mutant frequency results demonstrated high frequency induction of mutations by IR exposure and the spectral analysis revealed that most of this response was due to the induction of mitotic recombinational events. High frequency induction of mitotic recombination was not observed in a DNA repair-proficient cell line or in a cell line with an MMR-independent mutator phenotype. These results demonstrate that IR exposure can initiate a process leading to mitotic recombinational events and that MMR function suppresses these events from occurring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Center for Research on Occupational and Environmental Toxicology, L606, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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33
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Kontogeorgos G, Horvath E, Kovacs K, Coire C, Lloyd RV, Scheithauer BW, Smyth HS. Morphologic changes of prolactin-producing pituitary adenomas after short treatment with dopamine agonists. Acta Neuropathol 2006; 111:46-52. [PMID: 16328513 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-005-1111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Revised: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of patients with prolactin (PRL)-producing pituitary adenomas with dopamine agonists has proved successful for most cases. Dopamine agonists inhibit PRL secretion, suppress cell proliferation, and may induce apoptosis to adenoma cells. Dopamine agonists induce striking morphologic changes in the majority of treated PRL-producing adenomas. To date, these morphologic effects have been primarily described only after long-term treatment. To the best of our knowledge, no similar studies have investigated apoptotic alterations induced after short-term therapy. The purpose of this report is to describe the morphologic changes seen in PRL-producing adenomas after short-term dopamine agonist treatment. We present two cases of PRL-producing macroadenomas, both from male patients who received treatment with dopamine agonists, the first for 5 and the second for 8 days. In contrast to long-term treatment, no striking reduction of PRL immunoreactivity was noted. Slight stromal fibrosis was noted in case 1, which contained several cells all in late phase of apoptosis. In addition to typical apoptotic cells, numerous "dark" cells representing another common form of cell death were also noted. These novel findings represent characteristic features of short-term dopamine agonist treatment, which are not seen in long-term treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kontogeorgos
- Department of Pathology, G. Gennimatas Athens General Hospital, KOFKA Bldg., 1st Floor, 154 Messogion Avenue, 115 27, Athens, Greece.
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Bey EA, Wuerzberger-Davis SM, Pink JJ, Yang CR, Araki S, Reinicke KE, Bentle MS, Dong Y, Cataldo E, Criswell TL, Wagner MW, Li L, Gao J, Boothman DA. Mornings with art, lessons learned: Feedback regulation, restriction threshold biology, and redundancy govern molecular stress responses. J Cell Physiol 2006; 209:604-10. [PMID: 17001694 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Work from the laboratory of Dr. Arthur B. Pardee has highlighted basic principles that govern cellular and molecular biological processes in living cells. Among the most important governing principles in cellular and molecular responses are: (i) threshold "restriction" responses, wherein a level of response is reached and a "point of no return" is achieved; (ii) feedback regulation; and (iii) redundancy. Lessons learned from the molecular biology of cellular stress responses in mammalian cancer versus normal cells after ionizing radiation (IR) or chemotherapeutic agent exposures reveal similar instances of these guiding principles in mammalian cells. Among these are the: (i) induction of cell death responses by beta-lapachone (beta-lap), a naphthoquinone anti-tumor agent that kills cancer cells via an NQO1 (i.e., X-ray-inducible protein-3, xip3)-dependent mechanism; (ii) induction of secretory clusterin (sCLU) in response to TGF-beta1 exposure, and the ability of induced sCLU protein to down-regulate TGF-beta1 signaling; and (iii) induction of DNA mismatch repair-dependent G(2) cell cycle checkpoint responses after exposure to alkylating agents. We have learned these lessons and now adopted strategies to exploit them for improved therapy. These examples will be discussed and compared to the pioneering findings of researchers in the Pardee laboratory over the years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Bey
- Laboratory of Molecular Stress Responses, Department of Pharmacology and Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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35
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Mohd AB, Palama B, Nelson SE, Tomer G, Nguyen M, Huo X, Buermeyer AB. Truncation of the C-terminus of human MLH1 blocks intracellular stabilization of PMS2 and disrupts DNA mismatch repair. DNA Repair (Amst) 2005; 5:347-61. [PMID: 16338176 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Revised: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The human DNA mismatch repair (MMR) protein MLH1 has essential roles in the correction of replication errors and the activation of cell cycle checkpoints and cytotoxic responses to DNA damage that contribute to suppression of cancer risk. MLH1 functions as a heterodimer with the PMS2 protein, and steady state levels of PMS2 are very low in MLH1-deficient cells. Unique to MLH1 among MutL-homolog proteins, and conserved in identified eukaryotic MLH1 proteins, is the so-called C-terminal homology domain (CTH). The function of these C-terminal 20-30 amino acids is not known. We investigated the effect of a C-terminal truncation of human MLH1 (MLH1-L749X) on mammalian MMR by testing its activity in MLH1-deficient cells. We found the CTH to be essential for suppression of spontaneous mutation, activation of a cytotoxic response to 6-thioguanine, and maintenance of normal steady state levels of PMS2. Co-expression in doubly mutant Mlh1-/-; Pms2-/- fibroblasts showed that MLH1-L749X was unable to stabilize PMS2. Over-expression of MLH1-L749X did not reduce stabilization of PMS2 mediated by wild-type MLH1, indicating that truncation of the CTH reduces the ability to compete with wild-type MLH1 for interaction with PMS2. Lack of PMS2 stabilization also was observed with a previously reported pathogenic truncation (MLH1-Y750X), but not with two different point mutations in the CTH. Biochemical assays demonstrated that truncation of the CTH reduced the stability of heterodimers, although MLH1-L749X retained significant capacity for interaction with PMS2. Thus, the CTH of human MLH1 is necessary for error correction, checkpoint signaling, and for promoting interaction with, and the stability of, PMS2. Analysis of the CTH role in stabilizing PMS2 was facilitated by a novel intracellular assay for MLH1-PMS2 interaction. This assay should prove useful for identifying additional amino acids in MLH1 and PMS2 necessary for interaction in cells, and for determining the functional consequences of MLH1 mutations identified in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azizah B Mohd
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1007 Agricultural and Life Sciences Bldg., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Brabec V, Kasparkova J. Modifications of DNA by platinum complexes. Relation to resistance of tumors to platinum antitumor drugs. Drug Resist Updat 2005; 8:131-46. [PMID: 15894512 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2005.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Revised: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The importance of platinum drugs in cancer chemotherapy is underscored by the clinical success of cisplatin [cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)] and its analogues and by clinical trials of other, less toxic platinum complexes that are active against resistant tumors. The antitumor effect of platinum complexes is believed to result from their ability to form various types of adducts with DNA. Nevertheless, drug resistance can occur by several ways: increased drug efflux, drug inactivation, alterations in drug target, processing of drug-induced damage, and evasion of apoptosis. This review focuses on mechanisms of resistance and sensitivity of tumors to conventional cisplatin associated with DNA modifications. We also discuss molecular mechanisms underlying resistance and sensitivity of tumors to the new platinum compounds synthesized with the goal to overcome resistance of tumors to established platinum drugs. Importantly, a number of new platinum compounds were designed to test the hypothesis that there is a correlation between the extent of resistance of tumors to these agents and their ability to induce a certain kind of damage or conformational change in DNA. Hence, information on DNA-binding modes, as well as recognition and repair of DNA damage is discussed, since this information may be exploited for improved structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Brabec
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
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37
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Wuerzberger-Davis SM, Chang PY, Berchtold C, Miyamoto S. Enhanced G2-M arrest by nuclear factor-{kappa}B-dependent p21waf1/cip1 induction. Mol Cancer Res 2005; 3:345-53. [PMID: 15972853 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-05-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) regulates cell survival pathways, but the molecular mechanisms involved are not completely understood. Here, we developed a NF-kappaB reporter cell system derived from CEM T leukemic cells to monitor the consequences of NF-kappaB activation following DNA damage insults. Cells that activated NF-kappaB in response to ionizing radiation or etoposide arrested in the G2-M phase for a prolonged time, which was followed by increased cell cycle reentry and survival. In contrast, those that failed to activate NF-kappaB underwent transient G2-M arrest and extensive cell death. Importantly, p21waf1/cip1 was induced in S-G2-M phases in a NF-kappaB-dependent manner, and RNA interference of this cell cycle regulator reduced the observed NF-kappaB-dependent phenotypes. Thus, cell cycle-coupled induction of p21waf1/cip1 by NF-kappaB represents a resistance mechanism in certain cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly M Wuerzberger-Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin, 301 Service Memorial Institute, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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38
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Gologan A, Sepulveda AR. Microsatellite Instability and DNA Mismatch Repair Deficiency Testing in Hereditary and Sporadic Gastrointestinal Cancers. Clin Lab Med 2005; 25:179-96. [PMID: 15749237 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reference cancers associated with DNA mismatch repair (MMR)deficiency are the adenocarcinomas of patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, also known as Lynch syndrome. Sporadic gastrointestinal (GI) carcinomas, most commonly colorectal and gastric carcinomas, may also be associated with deficiencies of DNA mismatch repair. Deficiency in cellular MMR leads to wide-spread mutagenesis and neoplastic development and progression. An important diagnostic feature of MMR-deficient tumors is the high rate of mutations that accumulate in repetitive nucleotide regions, and these mutations are known as microsatellite instability(MSI). A standard panel of markers to test for MSI in tumors has been recommended and efficiently separates tumors into those with high, low, or no microsatellite instability (MSI-H, MSI-L, or MSS). Tumors characterized by MSI-H characteristically show loss of one of the main DNA MMR proteins, mLH1 or MSH2, and rarely MSH6 and PMS2, detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The combination of MSI testing and IHC for MMR proteins in tumors tissues is used to identify underlying DNA MMR deficiency andis clinically relevant screen patients who might have hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer for DNA repair gene germline testing. Increasing evidence demonstrates that tumors with a positive MSI status have lower lymph node metastases burden, and these patients have an overall improved survival, suggesting that the MSI and MMR status may contribute to decision making regarding treatment approaches. Updated guidelines for MSI and IHC for DNAMMR testing, and the biological and potential clinical implications of MMR deficiency and microsatellite instability in GI polyps and cancers are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Gologan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, PUH-A610, 100 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA
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