1
|
Rao C, Chu F, Fang F, Xiang D, Xian B, Liu X, Bao S, Fang T. Toxic effects and comparison of common amino antioxidants (AAOs) in the environment on zebrafish: A comprehensive analysis based on cells, embryos, and adult fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171678. [PMID: 38485016 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquity of amino antioxidants (AAOs) in the environment has attracted increasing attention, given their potential toxicity. This investigation represents a pioneering effort, systematically scrutinizing the toxicological effects of four distinct AAOs across the developmental spectrum of zebrafish, encompassing embryonic, larvae, and adult stages. The results indicate that four types of AAO exhibit varying degrees of cell proliferation toxicity. Although environmentally relevant concentrations of AAOs exhibit a comparatively circumscribed impact on zebrafish embryo development, heightened concentrations (300 μg/L) of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and N-isopropyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (IPPD) distinctly evoke developmental toxicity. Behavioral analysis results indicate that at concentrations of 20 and 300 μg/L, the majority of AAOs significantly reduced the swimming speed and activity of larvae. Moreover, each AAO triggers the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in larvae, instigating diverse levels of oxidative stress. The study delineates parallel toxicological patterns in zebrafish exposed to 300 μg/L of 6PPD and IPPD, thereby establishing a comparable toxicity profile. The comprehensive toxicity effects among the four AAOs is as follows: IPPD >6PPD > N-Phenyl-1-naphthylamine (PANA) > diphenylamine (DPA). These findings not only enrich our comprehension of the potential hazards associated with AAOs but also provide data support for structure-based toxicity prediction models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Rao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Fuhao Chu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Fang Fang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Dongfang Xiang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Bo Xian
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xiaying Liu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Shaopan Bao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Tao Fang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Y, Yan L, Wang L, Zhang H, Chen J, Geng N. A nation-wide study for the occurrence of PPD antioxidants and 6PPD-quinone in road dusts of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171393. [PMID: 38431175 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
N,N'-substituted p-phenylenediamines (PPDs) are widely used antioxidants in rubber tires, which could be released and accumulated in road dusts with rubber tires wear. As ozonation product of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q) exhibited higher toxicity to coho salmon. However, studies on their environmental behaviors are still limited. Road dust is the major medium PPDs exist, which significantly affects the levels of PPDs in other mediums, especially surface water and particulate matter. In this study, road dust samples were collected in 55 major cities of China to explore the distribution characteristics of PPDs and 6PPD-Q. The concentrations of total PPDs (ΣPPDs) and 6PPD-Q in urban trunk road dust samples were in the ranges of 7.90-727 and 3.00-349 ng/g, with median concentrations of 68 and 49 ng/g, respectively. 6PPD and 6PPD-Q are the dominant components in most road dusts. The functional region-dependent pollution characteristics of PPDs and 6PPD-Q give the first finding that urban tunnel road was the highly polluted region, followed by urban trunk roads. Suburban road dusts had a lower pollution level. Moreover, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of PPDs and 6PPD-Q for children was much higher than adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lei Yan
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Longxing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ningbo Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang S, Cheng Z, Cao Y, He F, Zhao L, Baqar M, Zhu H, Zhang T, Sun H. Aromatic amine antioxidants (AAs) and p-phenylenediamines-quinones (PPD-Qs) in e-waste recycling industry park: Occupational exposure and liver X receptors (LXRs) disruption potential. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 186:108609. [PMID: 38579452 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Recently, evidence of aromatic amine antioxidants (AAs) existence in the dust of the electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling area has been exposed. However, there are limited studies investigating occupational exposure and toxicity associated with AAs and their transformation products (p-phenylenediamines-quinones, i.e., PPD-Qs). In this study, 115 dust and 42 hand wipe samples collected from an e-waste recycling industrial park in central China were analyzed for 19 AAs and 6 PPD-Qs. Notably, the median concentration of ∑6PPD-Qs (1,110 ng/g and 1,970 ng/m2) was significantly higher (p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test) than that of ∑6PPDs (147 ng/g and 34.0 ng/m2) in dust and hand wipes. Among the detected analytes, 4-phenylaminodiphenylamine quinone (DPPD-Q) (median: 781 ng/g) and 1,4-Bis(2-naphthylamino) benzene quinone (DNPD-Q) (median: 156 ng/g), were particularly prominent, which were first detected in the e-waste dismantling area. Occupational exposure assessments and nuclear receptor interference ability, conducted through estimated daily intake (EDI) and molecular docking analysis, respectively, indicated significant occupational exposure to PPD-Qs and suggested prioritized Liver X receptors (LXRs) disruption potential of PPDs and PPD-Qs. The study provides the first evidence of considerable levels of AAs and PPD-Qs in the e-waste-related hand wipe samples and underscores the importance of assessing occupational exposure and associated toxicity effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaohan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yuhao Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Feixiang He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingang West Street, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Su H, Li J, Ye L, Su G. Establishment of compound database of emerging antioxidants and high-resolution mass spectrometry screening in lake sediment from Taihu Lake Basin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:28341-28352. [PMID: 38532220 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32855-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Antioxidants are ubiquitous in various environmental samples, leading to increasing concern regarding their potential risk to environments or humans. However, there is dearth of information regarding the environmental fate of antioxidants and unknown/unexpected antioxidants in the environment. Here, we established a compound database (CDB) containing 320 current-used antioxidants by collecting the chemicals from EPA's functional use database and published documents. Physical-chemical characteristics of these antioxidants were estimated, and 19 ones were considered as persistent and bioaccumulative (P&B) substances. This CDB was further coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) technique, which was employed for suspect screening of antioxidants in extracts of sediments (n = 88) collected from Taihu Lake basin. We screened 119 HRMS features that can match 135 chemical formulas in the CDB, and 20 out of them exhibited the detection frequencies ≥ 90%. The total concentrations of suspect antioxidants in sediments ranged from 6.41 to 830 ng/g dw. Statistical analysis demonstrated that concentrations of suspect antioxidants in Taihu Lake were statistically significantly lower than those in Shihu and Jiulihu Lake, but greater than those from other small lakes. Collectively, this study provided a CDB that could be helpful for further monitoring studies of antioxidant in the environments, and also provided the first evidence regarding the ubiquity of antioxidants in aquatic environment of Taihu Lake basin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Low Metamorphic Coal Clean Utilization, Yulin Engineering Research Center of Coal Chemical Wastewater, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University, Yulin, 719000, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Langjie Ye
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang X, Peng Z, Hou S, Sun Q, Yuan H, Yin D, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Tang J, Zhang S, Cai Z. Ubiquitous occurrence of p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) antioxidants and PPD-quinones in fresh atmospheric snow and their amplification effects on associated aqueous contamination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133409. [PMID: 38211520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) antioxidants are heavily used for protection of commercial rubber products (e.g., vehicle tire), resulting in their widespread contamination in ecosystem. PPD-quinones (PPDQs), the toxic quinone derivatives of PPDs, are also discovered as novel environmental pollutants. However, the contamination characteristics of PPDs/PPDQs in fresh atmospheric snow (without deposition on the Earth surface) have seldom been studied. This work first reports the broad distributions of PPDs and PPDQs in fresh atmospheric snow collected from seven Chinese urban areas. Individual median values of detected concentrations were in the ranges of 0.4 to 260 pg g-1 (PPDs) and 0.7 to 104 pg g-1 (PPDQs). The concentration deviation by long-term deposition on the ground was eliminated. In most sampling regions, wearing of vehicle rubber tires was possibly responsible for spatial-dependent PPDs' pollution level variations, and high concentrations of PPDs promoted PPDQs' formation in snow from atmosphere. Yet, excessive O3 may further oxidize and reduce PPDQs in atmospheric fresh snow from Zhengzhou, which is different from previous research. Furthermore, snowfall was noticed might amplify concentrations of three PPDs and PPDQs in an inland lake, which possibly worsen corresponding pollution in water system. Current study elucidates the potential impacts of snow-bound PPDs/PPDQs on ecosystems should not be underestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Zifang Peng
- Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Shijiao Hou
- Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Qiannan Sun
- Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Hang Yuan
- Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Dan Yin
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Wenfen Zhang
- Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yanhao Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
| | - Jianwei Tang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Prosser RS, Salole J, Hang S. Toxicity of 6PPD-quinone to four freshwater invertebrate species. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122512. [PMID: 37673323 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p- phenylenediamine (6PPD) is used to protect the rubber in tires from oxidation, which extends the life of the tire. When oxidized, 6PPD is transformed into 6PPD-quinone (6PPDQ). 6PPDQ, along with other tire ingredients, can enter aquatic ecosystems through the transport of tire wear particles in runoff during a precipitation event. The mass mortality of coho salmon following precipitation events in urban areas lead to the discovery that 6PPDQ is the likely cause due to coho salmon's relatively high sensitivity to 6PPDQ. The assessment of 6PPDQ toxicity to other aquatic species has expanded, but it has focused on fish. This study investigated the toxicity of 6PPDQ to four freshwater invertebrate species, larval burrowing mayfly (Hexagenia spp.), juvenile cladoceran (Daphnia magna), file ramshorn snail embryo (Planorbella pilsbryi), and adult washboard mussel (Megalonaias nervosa). For all four species, the highest concentration of 6PPDQ tested did not result in significant mortality. This translated into the determination of the highest concentration that did not cause significant mortality (NOEC) for Hexagenia spp., D. magna, P. pilsbryi, and M. nervosa of 232.0, 42.0, 11.7, and 17.9 μg/L, respectively. The data from this study indicate that freshwater invertebrates are not as sensitive to 6PPDQ as some salmonid species (e.g., coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch). This study also analyzed 6PPDQ in road runoff from around the city of Guelph in Ontario, Canada. 6PPQ was detected in all samples but the concentration was two orders of magnitude lower than the NOECs for the four tested species of freshwater invertebrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Prosser
- University of Guelph, School of Environmental Sciences, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| | - J Salole
- University of Guelph, School of Environmental Sciences, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Hang
- University of Guelph, School of Environmental Sciences, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jin R, Li Y, Saito Y, Wang Z, Oanh Ta TK, Nguyen VL, Yang J, Liu M, Wu Y. Amino accelerators and antioxidants in sediments from the Dong Nai River System, Vietnam: Distribution and influential factors. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 227:115712. [PMID: 36933640 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Amino accelerators and antioxidants (AAL/Os) have become a suite of contaminants of emerging concern recently due to the accumulating evidence for their environmental occurrence and associated toxic potential. Nevertheless, data on sedimentary deposition of AAL/Os has remained scarce, particularly for regions beyond the North America. In the present study, we elucidated spatial distribution of fifteen AAL/Os and five AAO transformation products (AAOTPs) in seventy-seven sediments from the Dong Nai River System (DNRS), Vietnam. Total concentrations of AAL/Os (∑AAL/Os) ranged from 0.377 to 51.4 ng/g (median: 5.01 ng/g). 1,3-Diphenylguanidine and 4,4'-bis(1,1-dimethylbenzyl) diphenylamine were the two most prevalent congeners, both with detection frequencies >80%. Additionally, AAOTPs were quantifiable in 79% of the DNRS sediments with a median ∑AAOTPs at 2.19 ng/g, dominated by N, N'-diphenylbenzidine and 2-nitrodiphenylamine. Higher sediment-associated levels of AAL/Os and AAOTPs were spotted in downstream and the primary tributary of the DNRS compared to the upstream, implying their cumulative sedimentation towards the estuarine region. The distribution patterns of AAL/Os and AAOTPs across individual transects also demonstrated the influence of human activities (e.g., urbanization and agriculture), hydrodynamics, and decontamination by mangrove reserves. Meanwhile, characteristics of sediments, i.e., total organic carbon (TOC) content and grain sizes, exhibited significant correlations with the burdens of these compounds, indicating their preferential partitioning into the fine and TOC-rich matter. This research sheds light on environmental behavior of AAL/Os and AAOTPs beneath Asian aquatic system, and highlights the need for further evaluation of their impacts on the wildlife and public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruihe Jin
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Yoshiki Saito
- Estuary Research Center, Shimane University, Nishikawatsu-cho 1060, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan; Geological Survey of Japan, AIST. Central 7, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8567, Japan
| | - Zhanghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Thi Kim Oanh Ta
- HCMC Institute of Resources Geography, Tay Nguyen Institute of Scientific Research, VAST, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Van Lap Nguyen
- HCMC Institute of Resources Geography, Tay Nguyen Institute of Scientific Research, VAST, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Key Laboratory of Spatial-temporal Big Data Analysis and Application of Natural Resources in Megacities, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Key Laboratory of Spatial-temporal Big Data Analysis and Application of Natural Resources in Megacities, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Key Laboratory of Spatial-temporal Big Data Analysis and Application of Natural Resources in Megacities, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jin R, Venier M, Chen Q, Yang J, Liu M, Wu Y. Amino antioxidants: A review of their environmental behavior, human exposure, and aquatic toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 317:137913. [PMID: 36682640 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Amino antioxidants (AAOs), a suite of emerging organic contaminants, have been widely used in numerous industrial and commercial products to inhibit oxidation and corrosion. Recently, their environmental ubiquity, health risks, bioaccumulative and toxic potential have led to mounting public concern. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the production and usage, environmental occurrence, bioavailability, human exposure, and aquatic toxicity of representative AAOs, and provides suggestions for future research directions. Previous studies have revealed widespread distribution of many AAOs in various environmental matrixes, including air, water, sediment, dust, and biota. In addition to parent compounds, their degradation products, such as 2-anilino-5-(1,3-dimethylbutylamino)-1,4-benzoquinone (6PPD-Q) and 4-nitrodiphenylamine (4-NO2-DPA), have also been detected at high levels in multiple compartments. Dust ingestion and air inhalation are the two most well-investigated routes for human exposure to AAOs and their transformation products, while studies on other pathways (e.g., skin contact and dietary intake) still remain extremely limited. Moreover, AAO burdens in human tissue have been poorly documented. Toxicological data have shown that a few AAOs may cause teratogenic, developmental, reproductive, endocrinic, neuronic, and genetic toxicity to aquatic organisms, and the toxic capacities of degradation products differ from their precursors. Future studies should focus on elucidating AAO exposure for humans and associated health risks. Additionally, more attention should be given to AAO transformation products (particularly those quinoid derivatives possessing substantial affinity with DNA) and to the effects of complex mixtures of these chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruihe Jin
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Marta Venier
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Qiqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Key Laboratory of Spatial-temporal Big Data Analysis and Application of Natural Resources in Megacities, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Key Laboratory of Spatial-temporal Big Data Analysis and Application of Natural Resources in Megacities, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Key Laboratory of Spatial-temporal Big Data Analysis and Application of Natural Resources in Megacities, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zeng L, Li Y, Sun Y, Liu LY, Shen M, Du B. Widespread Occurrence and Transport of p-Phenylenediamines and Their Quinones in Sediments across Urban Rivers, Estuaries, Coasts, and Deep-Sea Regions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:2393-2403. [PMID: 36720114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
p-Phenylenediamines (PPDs) are widely used as antioxidants in tire rubber, and their derived quinone transformation products (PPD-Qs) may pose a threat to marine ecosystems. A compelling example is N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD)-derived quinone, called 6PPD-Q, as the causal toxicant for stormwater-linked acute mortality toward coho salmon. However, the knowledge of the co-occurrences of PPDs and PPD-Qs and their transport from freshwater to oceanic waterbodies on a large geographical scale remains unknown. Herein, we performed the first large-scale survey of these chemicals in sediments across urban rivers, estuaries, coasts, and deep-sea regions. Our results demonstrated that seven PPDs and four PPD-Qs are ubiquitously present in riverine, estuarine, and coastal sediments, and most of them also occur in deep-sea sediments. The most dominant chemicals of concern were identified as 6PPD and 6PPD-Q. Total sedimentary concentrations of PPDs and PPD-Qs presented a clear spatial trend with decreasing levels from urban rivers (medians: 39.7 and 15.2 ng/g) to estuaries (14.0 and 5.85 ng/g) and then toward coasts (9.47 and 2.97 ng/g) and deep-sea regions (5.24 and 3.96 ng/g). Interestingly, spatial variation in the ratios of 6PPD to 6PPD-Q (R6PPD/6PPD-Q) also presented a clear decreasing trend. Our field measurements implied that riverine outflows of PPDs and PPD-Qs may be an important route to transport these tire rubber-derived chemicals to coastal and open oceans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yi Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Mingjie Shen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Bibai Du
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang W, Cao G, Zhang J, Wu P, Chen Y, Chen Z, Qi Z, Li R, Dong C, Cai Z. Beyond Substituted p-Phenylenediamine Antioxidants: Prevalence of Their Quinone Derivatives in PM 2.5. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10629-10637. [PMID: 35834306 PMCID: PMC9393868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Substituted para-phenylenediamine (PPD) antioxidants have been extensively used to retard oxidative degradation of tire rubber and were found to pervade multiple environmental compartments. However, there is a paucity of research on the environmental occurrences of their transformation products. In this study, we revealed the co-occurrence of six PPD-derived quinones (PPD-Qs) along with eight PPDs in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from two Chinese megacities, in which N,N'-bis(1,4-dimethylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine quinone (77PD-Q) was identified and quantified for the first time. Prevalent occurrences of these emerging PPD-Qs were found in Taiyuan (5.59-8480 pg/m3) and Guangzhou (3.61-4490 pg/m3). Significantly higher levels of PPDs/PPD-Qs were observed at a roadside site, implying the possible contribution of vehicle emissions. Correlation analysis implied potential consistencies in the fate of these PPD-Qs and suggested that most of them were originated from the transformation of their parent PPDs. For different subpopulation groups under different exposure scenarios, the estimated daily intakes of PPD-Qs (0.16-1.25 ng kgbw-1 day-1) were comparable to those of their parent PPDs (0.19-1.41 ng kgbw-1 day-1), suggesting an important but overlooked exposure caused by novel PPD-Qs. Given the prolonged exposure of these antioxidants and their quinone derivatives to traffic-relevant occupations, further investigations on their toxicological and epidemiological effects are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department
of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Guodong Cao
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department
of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department
of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department
of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department
of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Zhifeng Chen
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zenghua Qi
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruijin Li
- Institute
of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute
of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department
of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- .
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang Y, Xu C, Zhang W, Qi Z, Song Y, Zhu L, Dong C, Chen J, Cai Z. p-Phenylenediamine Antioxidants in PM 2.5: The Underestimated Urban Air Pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6914-6921. [PMID: 34551519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The wide use and continuous abrasion of rubber-related products appears to be leading to an incredible release of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) antioxidants in the environment. However, no related research has been conducted on the pollution characteristics and potential health risks of PM2.5-bound PPDs. We report for the first time the ubiquitous distributions of six emerging PPDs and a quinone derivative, N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPDQ), in PM2.5 from urban areas of China. Atmospheric contamination levels of PM2.5-bound PPDs were found to be mostly in pg m-3 amounts between 2018 and 2019. Urban vehicle rubber tire abrasion was found to probably contribute to the PPDs in PM2.5 and accounted for their significant spatiotemporal-dependent concentration variations. Furthermore, 6PPDQ, an emerging oxidation product of 6PPD in the environment, was first quantified (pg m-3) with a total detection rate of 81% in the urban PM2.5, demonstrating its broad existence. On the basis of the determined ambient concentrations, the annual intakes of PPDs and 6PPDQ for adults were not low, indicating their possible human health risks induced by long-term exposure. This study confirms the widespread occurrence of PPDs and 6PPDQ in PM2.5, showing that the pollution of such compounds in urban air should not be underestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Caihong Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Fudan Tyndall Centre, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfen Zhang
- Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Key Laboratory of Molecular Sensing and Harmful Substances Detection Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zenghua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Fudan Tyndall Centre, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519000, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chibwe L, Parrott JL, Shires K, Khan H, Clarence S, Lavalle C, Sullivan C, O'Brien AM, De Silva AO, Muir DC, Rochman CM. A Deep Dive into the Complex Chemical Mixture and Toxicity of Tire Wear Particle Leachate in Fathead Minnow. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1144-1153. [PMID: 34125977 PMCID: PMC9291566 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The ecological impact of tire wear particles in aquatic ecosystems is a growing environmental concern. We combined toxicity testing, using fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) embryos, with nontarget high-resolution liquid chromatography Orbitrap mass spectrometry to characterize the toxicity and chemical mixture of organic chemicals associated with tire particle leachates. We assessed: 1) exposure to tire particle leachates after leaching for 1-, 3-, and 10-d; and 2) the effect of the presence and absence of small tire particulates in the leachates. We observed a decrease in embryonic heart rates, hatching success, and lengths, as well as an increase in the number of embryos with severe deformities and diminished eye and body pigmentation, after exposure to the leachates. Overall, there was a pattern whereby we observed more toxicity in the 10-d leachates, and greater toxicity in unfiltered leachates. Redundancy analysis showed that several benzothiazoles and aryl-amines were correlated with the toxic effects observed in the embryos. These included benzothiazole, 2-aminobenzothiazole, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, N,N'-diphenylguanidine, and N,N'-diphenylurea. However, many other chemicals characterized as unknowns are likely to also play a key role in the adverse effects observed. Our study provides insight into the types of chemicals likely to be important toxicological drivers in tire leachates, and improves our understanding of the ecotoxicological impacts of tire wear particles. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1144-1153. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah Chibwe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Toronto, TorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Joanne L. Parrott
- Aquatic Contaminants Research DivisionEnvironment & Climate Change Canada, BurlingtonOntarioCanada
| | - Kallie Shires
- Aquatic Contaminants Research DivisionEnvironment & Climate Change Canada, BurlingtonOntarioCanada
| | - Hufsa Khan
- Aquatic Contaminants Research DivisionEnvironment & Climate Change Canada, BurlingtonOntarioCanada
| | - Stacey Clarence
- Aquatic Contaminants Research DivisionEnvironment & Climate Change Canada, BurlingtonOntarioCanada
| | - Christine Lavalle
- Aquatic Contaminants Research DivisionEnvironment & Climate Change Canada, BurlingtonOntarioCanada
| | - Cheryl Sullivan
- Aquatic Contaminants Research DivisionEnvironment & Climate Change Canada, BurlingtonOntarioCanada
| | - Anna M. O'Brien
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Toronto, TorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Amila O. De Silva
- Aquatic Contaminants Research DivisionEnvironment & Climate Change Canada, BurlingtonOntarioCanada
| | - Derek C.G. Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research DivisionEnvironment & Climate Change Canada, BurlingtonOntarioCanada
| | - Chelsea M. Rochman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Toronto, TorontoOntarioCanada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cao G, Wang W, Zhang J, Wu P, Zhao X, Yang Z, Hu D, Cai Z. New Evidence of Rubber-Derived Quinones in Water, Air, and Soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4142-4150. [PMID: 35316033 PMCID: PMC8988306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
p-Phenylenediamines (PPDs) have been extensively used in the rubber industry and found to be pervasive in various environmental compartments for decades, while their transformation products and associated ecological and human health risks remain largely unknown. Herein, we developed and implemented a mass spectrometry-based platform combined with self-synthesized standards for the investigation of rubber-derived quinones formed from PPD antioxidants. Our results demonstrated that five quinones are ubiquitously present in urban runoff, roadside soils, and air particles. All of the identified sources are closely related to mankind's activities. Among the identified quinones, N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone has been recently found to be highly toxic, causing acute mortality of coho salmon in the Pacific Northwest. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was then applied for quantification of the five quinones and their corresponding PPD antioxidants. The results revealed interesting distinct distribution and concentration patterns of PPD-derived quinones in different environmental matrices. Daily intake rates of these quinones in a compact city of Hong Kong were estimated to be varied from 1.08 ng/(kg·day) for adults to 7.30 ng/(kg·day) for children, which were higher than the exposure levels of their parent compounds. Considering the prevalence of the use of rubber products, the outcome of this study strongly suggests for additional toxicological studies to investigate potential ecological and human health risks of the newly discovered quinones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xingchen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Zhu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Di Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
First Report on the Bioremediation of Textile Industrial Effluents by Piptoporus Betulinus IEBL-3 by Using Response Surface Methodology. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The current study was performed to optimize three different industrial textile effluent biodegradation potentials of a brown rot fungus, Piptoporus betulinus IEBL-3, to reduce environmental pollution. The Response Surface Methodology under the Box Bhenken Design was used for the optimization steps. Three ligninolytic enzymes named lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and laccase were also studied during the biodegradation process. The biodegradation rate of the 3 industrial effluents varied between 67 and 76% at the initially optimized conditions. There was a 10%, 7% and 9% increase in the biodegradation of Mujahid textile (MT), Five Star textile (FST) and Sitara textile (ST) effluent, respectively, after the addition of various additional carbon and nitrogen sources in different ratios. The biological treatment decreases the Biological Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand values of the effluents well below the WHO-recommended values for the industrial effluents. The HPLC monitoring of the effluent’s biodegradation showed the appearance of new peaks, some of which may correspond to secondary amines. Study of ligninolytic enzymes during the biodegradation process confirmed their role in the biodegradation process, with lignin peroxidase having highest activity among the others. These findings suggest that P. betulinus is a potential fungus for the biodegradation of the dyes and effluents and can be a suitable candidate for this process.
Collapse
|
15
|
Milani D, Parrott JL, Grapentine LC. Assessing natural recovery from contaminants in a river using sediment chemistry and toxicity from different depth ranges. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 284:117143. [PMID: 33887657 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether natural recovery was occurring in a depositional area of the St. Marys River (Ontario, Canada) known as East Bellevue Marine Park (EBMP), sediment was collected from two depth ranges, 0-5 cm and 0-10 cm, and subjected to a series of laboratory toxicity tests and chemical analysis. Toxicological responses (survival, growth, reproduction, development) of four benthic invertebrates and the fathead minnow were compared at test vs. reference sites using univariate and multivariate (ordination) techniques. Temporal trends in sediment chemistry and invertebrate toxicity were examined with time series data from 2008 through to 2018. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; ≤ 37 mg/kg) and petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs; ≤ 6266 mg/kg) were elevated in EBMP compared to reference sites (PAHs, ≤ 1.6 mg/kg; PHCs ≤ 180 mg/kg). Comparatively, the 0-5 cm sediment layer had lower concentrations of all contaminants than the 0-10 cm layer at three of four test sites. Over time, contaminant concentrations have mostly remained stable or have decreased. There were no significant differences in survival, growth, or development of the larval fish in EBMP compared to the upstream reference sites, and no differences between sampling depths. However, most EBMP sediments were toxic to invertebrates, driven by reduced reproduction by the worm Tubifex and reduced survival by the amphipod Hyalella. Among habitat variables, a combination of different classes of compounds based on ordination scores (PHCs, oil and grease, metals) was most strongly correlated to toxicological response. There was little to no difference in toxicity between sampling depths based on integrated endpoint response; however, individual endpoints showed mostly greater toxicity from exposure to the 0-10 cm layer. Over time, toxicity has mostly remained stable or showed improvement. These results provided some positive indications that gradual natural recovery is occurring in EBMP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Milani
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Joanne L Parrott
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Lee C Grapentine
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Colson TLL, de Solla SR, Balakrishnan VK, Toito J, Langlois VS. N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine (PNA) Accumulates in Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina) Liver Activating the Detoxification Pathway. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 105:813-818. [PMID: 33211131 PMCID: PMC7716939 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-03043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Substituted phenylamine antioxidants (SPAs) are used in Canadian industrial processes. SPAs, specifically N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine (PNA), have received very little attention despite their current use in Canada and their expected aquatic and environmental releases. There is a research gap regarding the effects of PNA in wildlife; therefore, Chelydra serpentina (common snapping turtle) was studied due to its importance as an environmental indicator species. A chronic experiment was performed using PNA spiked food (0 to 3446 ng/g) to determine its toxicity to juvenile C. serpentina. A significant increase in cyp1a mRNA level was observed in the liver of turtles exposed to 3446 ng/g PNA, suggesting that phase I detoxification is activated in the exposed animals. Additionally, a significant decrease in cyp2b transcript level was observed at the two lowest PNA doses, likely indicating another metabolic alteration for PNA. This study helped determine the molecular effects associated with a PNA exposure in reptiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tash-Lynn L Colson
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Shane R de Solla
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Vimal K Balakrishnan
- Aquatic Contaminants and Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - John Toito
- Aquatic Contaminants and Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Valerie S Langlois
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), 490 de la Couronne, Quebec, QC, G1K 9A9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Matten KJ, Parrott JL, Bartlett AJ, Gillis PL, Milani D, Toito J, Balakrishnan VK, Prosser RS. Toxicity of dinonylnaphthalene sulfonates to Pimephales promelas and epibenthic invertebrates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 741:140260. [PMID: 32886965 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acids (NSAs) are high production volume chemicals that are used primarily as additives in a wide range of industrial products (i.e., coatings, sealants, fuels, metal-extractants, paints, rubber materials). This study examined the effect of three NSA congeners on freshwater organisms: barium dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate (BaDNS), calcium dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate (CaDNS), and dinonylnaphthalene disulfonic acid (DNDS). Chronic effects were characterized by exposing fertilized fathead minnow eggs to sediment-associated NSAs and measuring various developmental and growth endpoints for 21 d. No effects in hatch success and larval growth were observed when fathead minnow eggs were exposed to CaDNS and DNDS concentrations up to 246 and 798 μg/g dry weight, respectively, in spiked sediment (~2% organic carbon). However, when NSAs were associated with substrate containing no organic carbon (sand), EC50s for fathead minnow hatch success, larval growth, biomass production, and overall survival were 58.3, 18.8, 15.5, and 13.8 μg/L, respectively, for CaDNS. Acute effect characterization was also conducted in water-only exposures for the three NSA congeners using the freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca, the pulmonate snail Planorbella pilsbryi, and larval freshwater mussels Lampsilis cardium and Lampsilis siliquoidea. The sulfonate salts (BaDNS and CaDNS) were significantly more acutely toxic to all tested invertebrates in the water-only exposures, with LC50s ranging from 0.47 to 12.1 μg/L, compared to DNDS (LC50s ≥ 98.2 μg/L). This is the first study to provide empirical data on the aquatic toxicity of three NSA congeners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Matten
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J L Parrott
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - A J Bartlett
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - P L Gillis
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - D Milani
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - J Toito
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - V K Balakrishnan
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - R S Prosser
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wu Y, Venier M, Hites RA. Broad Exposure of the North American Environment to Phenolic and Amino Antioxidants and to Ultraviolet Filters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9345-9355. [PMID: 32672444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study provides a comprehensive investigation of three suites of commonly used synthetic additives: phenolic and amino antioxidants and ultraviolet filters. The concentrations of 47 such compounds and their transformation products were measured in 20 atmospheric particle samples collected in Chicago, in 21 Canadian e-waste dust samples, in 32 Canadian and United States' residential dust samples, and in 10 sediment samples collected from the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. Despite their large production volumes in the United States, environmental data on antioxidants and UV filters in North America is limited. These compounds were detected in all the samples, indicating their ubiquitous distribution in the North American environment. The most prevalent compounds were 2,6-di-t-butyl-p-benzoquinone, diphenylamine, 4,4'-di-t-octyl diphenylamine, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone. The e-waste dust contained significantly greater total concentrations of these compounds than the Canadian residential dust, while intermediate levels were detected in the United States residential dust. The sediment samples showed relatively high levels of N,N'-diphenylbenzidine, the source of which is unclear, and some benzotriazole UV filters. Daily intake rates by dust ingestion for these compounds ranged from 1-10 ng/(kg·day) for adults to 10-100 ng/(kg·day) for toddlers. Due to the wide distribution of these compounds in both the ambient and built environments, future research on their potential toxic effects on people and ecosystems is important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana 47405 United States
| | - Marta Venier
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana 47405 United States
| | - Ronald A Hites
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana 47405 United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chronic toxicity of oil sands tailings pond sediments to early life stages of fathead minnow ( Pimephales promelas). Heliyon 2019; 5:e02509. [PMID: 31687598 PMCID: PMC6819858 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) embryo-larval stages were exposed to two oil sands tailings pond sediments which had previously been shown to decrease the survival of embryo-larval larval stages of walleye (Sander vitreus) and northern pike (Esox lucius). Fathead minnow are standard test species and we wanted to compare their sensitivity to the other two species. Fathead minnow larvae were exposed for 20 days (5 days in the egg stage and 15 days in the larval stage) with daily renewal of sediments and waters. Sediments contained polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkylated PAHs (APAHs). Results from an earlier study showed that Sediment 1 contained 173 μg/g total PAHs + APAHs (97 % alkylated), and sediment 2 contained 401 μg/g total PAHs + APAHs (95 % alkylated). Fathead minnow larvae exposed to oil sands tailings pond sediments had decreased survival, decreased weight, and increased deformities. Fathead minnow survival was unaffected at the embryo stage and at hatch. Most deaths occurred at the larval stages 1–8 days after hatching, showing the importance of exposing the fish for at least a week after hatch. Toxicity was seen at 0.2 g/L of sediment, which was equivalent to the addition of 35 and 80 μg total PAHs + APAHs to 1 L of overlying water for sediment 1 and 2, respectively. When compared to embryo-larval northern pike and walleye results from previous studies, all three species of fish responded more strongly to sediment 2 compared to sediment 1. For effects on lethality, fathead minnow were equally sensitive to pike, but walleye were 5–28 times more sensitive to the lethal effects of the sediments compared to both fathead minnow and pike. The study (and comparisons to our previous studies) shows the difference in sensitivity between a model laboratory species (fathead minnow) and some species of wild fish that are highly relevant to the oil sands area of Alberta.
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu R, Li Y, Lin Y, Ruan T, Jiang G. Emerging aromatic secondary amine contaminants and related derivatives in various dust matrices in China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 170:657-663. [PMID: 30579166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic secondary amines (Ar-SAs), constituted of several analogues with varied substitutions in molecular structure, are among the most frequently used anthropogenic antioxidants. Despite the reported toxicity effects, little information is available on their environmental contamination, except for few particular congeners such as diphenylamine. In this study, the occurrence of two kinds of Ar-SAs, substituted diphenylamines (S-DPAs) and novel substituted p-phenylenediamines (S-PPDs), was investigated in dust samples collected from outdoor rubber playgrounds and residential houses. Seven S-DPAs (GM: 102 ng/g) and two S-PPDs (GM: 20.9 ng/g) were detected in indoor dust. Significantly higher concentrations of S-DPAs (GM: 422 ng/g) and S-PPDs (GM: 31.6 ng/g) were observed in playground dust (p < 0.05). Different dominant Ar-SA congeners were found for indoor dust (low molecular weight Ar-SAs) and playground dust (high molecular weight Ar-SAs), indicating varied sources of Ar-SAs for different dust matrices. Apart from these parent chemicals, three diphenylamine derivatives, including N-nitrosodiphenylamine, 2-nitrodiphenylamine, and 4-nitrodiphenylamine, were also confirmed in indoor dust (GM: 35.7 ng/g) and playground dust (GM: 7.88 ng/g). A preliminary estimated daily intake calculation via dust ingestion indicated no immediate health risk to Chinese population. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of a wide range of Ar-SAs and related derivates in dust matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runzeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wagner S, Hüffer T, Klöckner P, Wehrhahn M, Hofmann T, Reemtsma T. Tire wear particles in the aquatic environment - A review on generation, analysis, occurrence, fate and effects. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 139:83-100. [PMID: 29631188 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tire wear particles (TWP), generated from tire material during use on roads have gained increasing attention as part of organic particulate contaminants, such as microplastic, in aquatic environments. The available information on properties and generation of TWP, analytical techniques to determine TWP, emissions, occurrence and behavior and ecotoxicological effects of TWP are reviewed with a focus on surface water as a potential receptor. TWP emissions are traffic related and contribute 5-30% to non-exhaust emissions from traffic. The mass of TWP generated is estimated at 1,327,000 t/a for the European Union, 1,120,000 t/a for the United States and 133,000 t/a for Germany. For Germany, this is equivalent to four times the amount of pesticides used. The mass of TWP ultimately entering the aquatic environment strongly depends on the extent of collection and treatment of road runoff, which is highly variable. For the German highways it is estimated that up to 11,000 t/a of TWP reach surface waters. Data on TWP concentrations in the environment, including surface waters are fragmentary, which is also due to the lack of suitable analytical methods for their determination. Information on TWP properties such as density and size distribution are missing; this hampers assessing the fate of TWP in the aquatic environment. Effects in the aquatic environment may stem from TWP itself or from compounds released from TWP. It is concluded that reliable knowledge on transport mechanism to surface waters, concentrations in surface waters and sediments, effects of aging, environmental half-lives of TWP as well as effects on aquatic organisms are missing. These aspects need to be addressed to allow for the assessment of risk of TWP in an aquatic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Wagner
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hüffer
- University of Vienna, Department of Environmental Geosciences and Environmental Science Research Network, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Klöckner
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maren Wehrhahn
- University of Vienna, Department of Environmental Geosciences and Environmental Science Research Network, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thilo Hofmann
- University of Vienna, Department of Environmental Geosciences and Environmental Science Research Network, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Prosser RS, Gillis PL, Milani D, Holman EAM, Ikert H, Schissler D, Toito J, Palabrica V, Parrott JL, Bartlett AJ, Balakrishnan VK. Bioaccumulation of sediment-associated substituted phenylamine antioxidants in Tubifex tubifex and Lampsilis siliquoidea. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 27:578-589. [PMID: 29644543 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1931-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Substituted phenylamine antioxidants (SPAs) are additives in a variety of commercial polymers (e.g., lubricants, plastics, etc.). Based on their physicochemical properties, if SPAs were to enter an aquatic system, they would likely partition into sediment and have the capacity to bioaccumulate in biota. This study investigated the potential of four sediment-associated SPAs, diphenylamine (DPA), N-phenyl-1-naphthalene (PNA), N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (DPPDA), and 4,4'-methylene-bis[N-sec-butylaniline] (MBA) to accumulate in the tissues of freshwater mussels (Lampsilis siliquoidea) and oligochaete worms (Tubifex tubifex). Mussels and worms were exposed to sediment spiked with individual SPAs for 28 d. The concentration of SPAs was measured in the gill, gonad, and remaining viscera of the mussels and entire body of the worms. The majority of biota-sediment accumulation factors (28-d BSAFs) for the different tissues of mussels were < 1. The highest concentrations of SPAs were consistently observed in the gill tissue of mussels relative to the gonad and viscera. The 28-d BSAFs for DPPDA and MBA for worms were < 1, and for DPA and PNA, they ranged from 0.38-2.13 and 1.54-33.24, respectively. The higher 28-d BSAFs observed for worms compared to mussels were likely because worms are endobenthic and feed on sediment-associated organic matter. PNA and DPPDA have similar octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow) but greater 28-d BSAFs were observed for PNA compared to DPPDA for both species. This observation provides evidence that biota may be able to metabolize and/or excrete SPAs with similar physicochemical properties at considerably different rates. The 28-d BSAFs observed for sediment-associated SPAs are lower than those typically required for a chemical to be classified as bioaccumulative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Prosser
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, ON, Canada.
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - P L Gillis
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - D Milani
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - E A M Holman
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - H Ikert
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - D Schissler
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - J Toito
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - V Palabrica
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - J L Parrott
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - A J Bartlett
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - V K Balakrishnan
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Milani D, Bartlett AJ, de Solla SR, Parrott JL, Intini KD, Legault D, Unsworth J, Balakrishnan VK. Comparative toxicity of azo dyes to two infaunal organisms (Hexagenia spp. and Tubifex tubifex) in spiked-sediment exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:6937-6950. [PMID: 29273984 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0993-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Azo dyes are synthetic compounds used as industrial colorants, and some are predicted to be inherently toxic, bioaccumulative, and/or persistent based upon their chemical composition. This study addresses data gaps in current research which include the need to evaluate the toxicity of hydrophobic azo dyes to benthic invertebrates. The toxicity of a solvent dye, Sudan Red G (SRG), and two disperse dyes, Disperse Yellow 7 (DY7) and Disperse Orange 13 (DO13), to Hexagenia spp. and Tubifex tubifex was assessed in spiked-sediment exposures. The dye compounds appeared to degrade readily in the equilibrium and exposure periods, suggesting a limited persistence of the parent compounds in the environment under test conditions. Although azo dye degradation products could not be reliably quantified, one was detected in DY7 sediment samples that elicited toxic effects to Hexagenia and Tubifex, providing evidence that DY7 degrades. Hexagenia survival and growth endpoints responded with similar sensitivity to the dyes, but DY7 was the most toxic, with a 21-day IC25 (concentration associated with 25% inhibition) for growth of 9.6 μg/g. Comparatively, Tubifex reproduction was the most sensitive endpoint for all dyes with 28-day IC25s for young production ranging from 1.3 to 11.8 μg/g. At sublethal concentrations, toxic effects to Tubifex differed between dyes: the solvent dye exerted an effect primarily on gametogenesis (cocoon production), while disperse dyes, most notably DY7, caused effects on embryogenesis (development of worm inside the cocoon). This study indicates that there could be potential hazard to oligochaetes based on the observed effect concentrations, but given the lack of environmental measurements, the risk of these compounds is unknown. Further research is required to determine if degradation products were formed in all dye samples and whether toxicity was caused by the parent molecules, which have limited persistence under test conditions, or by their degradation products. To avoid underestimating toxicity, this study stresses the need to use an infaunal deposit feeder such as the oligochaete Tubifex in sediment toxicity assessments where highly hydrophobic compounds are present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Milani
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Adrienne J Bartlett
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Shane R de Solla
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Joanne L Parrott
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Kyna D Intini
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - David Legault
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Jennifer Unsworth
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Vimal K Balakrishnan
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|