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Paul KD, Jiménez AG. Thermal relations in sled dogs before and after exercise. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 341:606-614. [PMID: 38511570 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Regulation of internal body temperature (Tb), or thermoregulation, is an evolutionarily conserved trait that places demand on basal metabolic rate of endothermic animals. Across species, athletes generate increased quantities of heat in comparison to their nonathletic counterparts and, therefore, must mediate physiological unbalance by upregulating the effectiveness of their heat dissipation abilities. Canine athletes are no exception to this phenomenon, however, with literature denoting body temperatures lower than nonathletic canines, it is clear they must possess adaptations to mitigate this demand. With VO2 max measurements of more than 200 mL/kg/min in sled dogs with mild training to 300 mL/kg/min in highly trained animals, sled dogs are a prime example of athleticism in canines. Seeking to determine correlations between Tear and body mass, morphology, and age of canine athletes, core body temperature (Tb) was measured with an instant ear thermometer, using Tear as a correlate before and after a 2-mile run. In addition, we employed thermal imaging analysis to capture body-wide heat dissipation patterns in sled dogs, and focused on thermal variation of mouth (Tmouth), nose (Tnose), and eyes (Teye). Furthermore, we looked at correlations between thermal variability across these four tissues and head morphology of each dog. Tear was consistently the highest temperature across all tissues measured, with a 1.5°C increase between pre- to postexercise (p < 0.001). Thermal imaging revealed significant positive correlations between Tmouth and body mass 15 min postexercise (p = 0.0023) as well as significantly negative correlations between Tnose and body mass at before exercise (p = 0.0468), Teye and nose length after run (p = 0.0076), and Tmouth and nose length after run (p = 0.0110). As body temperature rises during exercise, it becomes increasingly important to regulate blood flow throughout the body to supply working tissues with oxygen. This demand is offset by the role of the snout in evaporative cooling through panting, functioning as a prime location for heat dissipation and therefore maintaining significant relationships with many other vascularized tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailey D Paul
- Department of Biology, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, USA
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2
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Shilovsky GA, Putyatina TS, Markov AV. Evolution of Longevity in Tetrapods: Safety Is More Important than Metabolism Level. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:322-340. [PMID: 38622099 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Various environmental morphological and behavioral factors can determine the longevity of representatives of various taxa. Long-lived species develop systems aimed at increasing organism stability, defense, and, ultimately, lifespan. Long-lived species to a different extent manifest the factors favoring longevity (gerontological success), such as body size, slow metabolism, activity of body's repair and antioxidant defense systems, resistance to toxic substances and tumorigenesis, and presence of neotenic features. In continuation of our studies of mammals, we investigated the characteristics that distinguish long-lived ectotherms (crocodiles and turtles) and compared them with those of other ectotherms (squamates and amphibians) and endotherms (birds and mammals). We also discussed mathematical indicators used to assess the predisposition to longevity in different species, including standard indicators (mortality rate, maximum lifespan, coefficient of variation of lifespan) and their derivatives. Evolutionary patterns of aging are further explained by the protective phenotypes and life history strategies. We assessed the relationship between the lifespan and various studied factors, such as body size and temperature, encephalization, protection of occupied ecological niches, presence of protective structures (for example, shells and osteoderms), and environmental temperature, and the influence of these factors on the variation of the lifespan as a statistical parameter. Our studies did not confirm the hypothesis on the metabolism level and temperature as the most decisive factors of longevity. It was found that animals protected by shells (e.g., turtles with their exceptional longevity) live longer than species that have poison or lack such protective adaptations. The improvement of defense against external threats in long-lived ectotherms is consistent with the characteristics of long-lived endotherms (for example, naked mole-rats that live in underground tunnels, or bats and birds, whose ability to fly is one of the best defense mechanisms).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Shilovsky
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127051, Russia
| | - Tatyana S Putyatina
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Alexander V Markov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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3
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Song Z, Griesser M, Schuppli C, van Schaik CP. Does the expensive brain hypothesis apply to amphibians and reptiles? BMC Ecol Evol 2023; 23:77. [PMID: 38114918 PMCID: PMC10729550 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-023-02188-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate brains show extensive variation in relative size. The expensive brain hypothesis argues that one important source of this variation is linked to a species' ability to generate the energy required to sustain the brain, especially during periods of unavoidable food scarcity. Here we ask whether this hypothesis, tested so far in endothermic vertebrates, also applies to ectotherms, where ambient temperature is an additional major aspect of energy balance. Phylogenetic comparative analyses of reptiles and amphibians support the hypothesis. First, relative brain size increases with higher body temperature in those species active during the day that can gain free energy by basking. Second, relative brain size is smaller among nocturnal species, which generally face less favorable energy budgets, especially when maintaining high body temperature. However, we do not find an effect of seasonal variation in ambient temperature or food on brain size, unlike in endotherms. We conclude that the factors affecting energy balance in ectotherms and endotherms are overlapping but not identical. We therefore discuss the idea that when body temperatures are seasonally very low, cognitive benefits may be thwarted and selection on larger brain size may be rare. Indeed, mammalian hibernators may show similarities to ectotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitan Song
- Comparative Socioecology group, Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute for Animal Behavior, 78467, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Michael Griesser
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78467, Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78467, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Collective Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78467, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Caroline Schuppli
- Development and Evolution of Cognition Group, Max Planck Institute for Animal Behavior, 78467, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Carel P van Schaik
- Comparative Socioecology group, Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute for Animal Behavior, 78467, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of language Evolution, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
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4
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Emberts Z. Phasmid species that inhabit colder environments are less likely to have the ability to fly. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10290. [PMID: 37484936 PMCID: PMC10361346 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A vast majority of insects can fly, but some cannot. Flight generally increases how far an individual can travel to access mates, enables the exploitation of additional food resources, and aids in predator avoidance. Despite its functional significance, much remains unknown about the factors that influence the evolution of flight. Here, I use phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate whether average annual temperature or wind speed, two components of the flying environment, is correlated with the evolution of flight using data from 107 species of stick and leaf insects (Insecta: Phasmatodea). I find no association between wind speed and flying ability in this clade. However, I find that colder temperatures are associated with the lack of flying ability. This pattern may be explained by the additional metabolic costs required for insects to fly when it is cold. This finding contradicts previous patterns observed in other insect groups and supports the hypothesis that cold temperatures can influence the evolution of flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Emberts
- Department of Integrative BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahomaUSA
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5
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Lee M, Kim G, Jung Y, Pyun KR, Lee J, Kim BW, Ko SH. Photonic structures in radiative cooling. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:134. [PMID: 37264035 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Radiative cooling is a passive cooling technology without any energy consumption, compared to conventional cooling technologies that require power sources and dump waste heat into the surroundings. For decades, many radiative cooling studies have been introduced but its applications are mostly restricted to nighttime use only. Recently, the emergence of photonic technologies to achieves daytime radiative cooling overcome the performance limitations. For example, broadband and selective emissions in mid-IR and high reflectance in the solar spectral range have already been demonstrated. This review article discusses the fundamentals of thermodynamic heat transfer that motivates radiative cooling. Several photonic structures such as multilayer, periodical, random; derived from nature, and associated design procedures were thoroughly discussed. Photonic integration with new functionality significantly enhances the efficiency of radiative cooling technologies such as colored, transparent, and switchable radiative cooling applications has been developed. The commercial applications such as reducing cooling loads in vehicles, increasing the power generation of solar cells, generating electricity, saving water, and personal thermal regulation are also summarized. Lastly, perspectives on radiative cooling and emerging issues with potential solution strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjae Lee
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
- Electronic Device Research Team, Hyundai Motor Group, 37, Cheoldobangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16082, South Korea
| | - Gwansik Kim
- E-drive Materials Research Team, Hyundai Motor Group, 37, Cheoldobangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16082, South Korea
| | - Yeongju Jung
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Kyung Rok Pyun
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Robotics, and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, South Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Kim
- E-drive Materials Research Team, Hyundai Motor Group, 37, Cheoldobangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16082, South Korea.
- Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
- Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design (SNU-IAMD)/Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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6
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Avram-Shperling A, Kopel E, Twersky I, Gabay O, Ben-David A, Karako-Lampert S, Rosenthal JJC, Levanon EY, Eisenberg E, Ben-Aroya S. Identification of exceptionally potent adenosine deaminases RNA editors from high body temperature organisms. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010661. [PMID: 36877730 PMCID: PMC10019624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The most abundant form of RNA editing in metazoa is the deamination of adenosines into inosines (A-to-I), catalyzed by ADAR enzymes. Inosines are read as guanosines by the translation machinery, and thus A-to-I may lead to protein recoding. The ability of ADARs to recode at the mRNA level makes them attractive therapeutic tools. Several approaches for Site-Directed RNA Editing (SDRE) are currently under development. A major challenge in this field is achieving high on-target editing efficiency, and thus it is of much interest to identify highly potent ADARs. To address this, we used the baker yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an editing-naïve system. We exogenously expressed a range of heterologous ADARs and identified the hummingbird and primarily mallard-duck ADARs, which evolved at 40-42°C, as two exceptionally potent editors. ADARs bind to double-stranded RNA structures (dsRNAs), which in turn are temperature sensitive. Our results indicate that species evolved to live with higher core body temperatures have developed ADAR enzymes that target weaker dsRNA structures and would therefore be more effective than other ADARs. Further studies may use this approach to isolate additional ADARs with an editing profile of choice to meet specific requirements, thus broadening the applicability of SDRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Avram-Shperling
- The Nano Center, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Eli Kopel
- The Nano Center, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Itamar Twersky
- The Nano Center, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Orshay Gabay
- The Nano Center, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Amit Ben-David
- The Nano Center, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Joshua J. C. Rosenthal
- The Eugene Bell Center, The Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erez Y. Levanon
- The Nano Center, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Eli Eisenberg
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail: (EE); (SB-A)
| | - Shay Ben-Aroya
- The Nano Center, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- * E-mail: (EE); (SB-A)
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7
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Zhang L, Li N, Dayananda B, Wang L, Chen H, Cao Y. Genome-Wide Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of TRP Gene Family Members in Saurian. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243593. [PMID: 36552513 PMCID: PMC9774356 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential plays a critical role in the sensory nervous systems of vertebrates in response to various mechanisms and stimuli, such as environmental temperature. We studied the physiological adaptive evolution of the TRP gene in the saurian family and performed a comprehensive analysis to identify the evolution of the thermo-TRPs channels. All 251 putative TRPs were divided into 6 subfamilies, except TRPN, from the 8 saurian genomes. Multiple characteristics of these genes were analyzed. The results showed that the most conserved proteins of TRP box 1 were located in motif 1, and those of TRP box 2 were located in motif 10. The TRPA and TRPV in saurian tend to be one cluster, as a sister cluster with TRPC, and the TRPM is the root of group I. The TRPM, TRPV, and TRPP were clustered into two clades, and TRPP were organized into TRP PKD1-like and PKD2-like. Segmental duplications mainly occurred in the TRPM subfamily, and tandem duplications only occurred in the TRPV subfamily. There were 15 sites to be under positive selection for TRPA1 and TRPV2 genes. In summary, gene structure, chromosomal location, gene duplication, synteny analysis, and selective pressure at the molecular level provided some new evidence for genetic adaptation to the environment. This result provides a basis for identifying and classifying TRP genes and contributes to further elucidating their potential function in thermal sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- School of Health and Nursing, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (H.C.); (Y.C.)
| | - Ning Li
- College of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China
| | - Buddhi Dayananda
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lihu Wang
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Huimin Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (H.C.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yunpeng Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (H.C.); (Y.C.)
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8
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Emberts Z, Wiens JJ. Why are animals conspicuously colored? Evolution of sexual versus warning signals in land vertebrates. Evolution 2022; 76:2879-2892. [PMID: 36221224 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Conspicuous colors (e.g., red, yellow, blue) have evolved numerous times across animals. But the function of this coloration can differ radically among species. Many species use this coloration as a sexual signal to conspecifics, whereas others use it as a warning signal to predators. Why do different species evolve conspicuous coloration in association with one function as opposed to the other? We address this question in terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods) using phylogenetic approaches, and test whether day-night activities of species help determine these patterns. Using phylogenetic logistic regression, we found that conspicuous, sexually dimorphic coloration is significantly associated with diurnal lineages (e.g., many birds and lizards). By contrast, the evolution of warning signals was significantly associated with large-scale clades that were ancestrally nocturnal (e.g., snakes, amphibians), regardless of the current diel activity of species. Overall, we show that the evolution of conspicuous coloration as warning signals or sexual signals is influenced by the ecology of species, both recently and in the ancient past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Emberts
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721.,Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
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9
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Gutiérrez‐Pesquera LM, Tejedo M, Camacho A, Enriquez‐Urzelai U, Katzenberger M, Choda M, Pintanel P, Nicieza AG. Phenology and plasticity can prevent adaptive clines in thermal tolerance across temperate mountains: The importance of the elevation-time axis. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9349. [PMID: 36225839 PMCID: PMC9534760 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical thermal limits (CTmax and CTmin) decrease with elevation, with greater change in CTmin, and the risk to suffer heat and cold stress increasing at the gradient ends. A central prediction is that populations will adapt to the prevailing climatic conditions. Yet, reliable support for such expectation is scant because of the complexity of integrating phenotypic, molecular divergence and organism exposure. We examined intraspecific variation of CTmax and CTmin, neutral variation for 11 microsatellite loci, and micro- and macro-temperatures in larvae from 11 populations of the Galician common frog (Rana parvipalmata) across an elevational gradient, to assess (1) the existence of local adaptation through a PST-FST comparison, (2) the acclimation scope in both thermal limits, and (3) the vulnerability to suffer acute heat and cold thermal stress, measured at both macro- and microclimatic scales. Our study revealed significant microgeographic variation in CTmax and CTmin, and unexpected elevation gradients in pond temperatures. However, variation in CTmax and CTmin could not be attributed to selection because critical thermal limits were not correlated to elevation or temperatures. Differences in breeding phenology among populations resulted in exposure to higher and more variable temperatures at mid and high elevations. Accordingly, mid- and high-elevation populations had higher CTmax and CTmin plasticities than lowland populations, but not more extreme CTmax and CTmin. Thus, our results support the prediction that plasticity and phenological shifts may hinder local adaptation, promoting thermal niche conservatism. This may simply be a consequence of a coupled variation of reproductive timing with elevation (the "elevation-time axis" for temperature variation). Mid and high mountain populations of R. parvipalmata are more vulnerable to heat and cool impacts than lowland populations during the aquatic phase. All of this contradicts some of the existing predictions on adaptive thermal clines and vulnerability to climate change in elevational gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Tejedo
- Department of Evolutionary EcologyEstación Biológica de Doñana, CSICSevillaSpain
| | - Agustín Camacho
- Department of Evolutionary EcologyEstación Biológica de Doñana, CSICSevillaSpain
| | | | - Marco Katzenberger
- Department of Evolutionary EcologyEstación Biológica de Doñana, CSICSevillaSpain,Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of GeneticsUniversidade Federal de PernambucoRecifePrince Edward IslandBrazil
| | - Magdalena Choda
- Department of Organisms and Systems BiologyUniversity of OviedoOviedoSpain
| | - Pol Pintanel
- Department of Evolutionary EcologyEstación Biológica de Doñana, CSICSevillaSpain,Laboratorio de Ecofisiología and Museo de Zoología (QCAZ), Escuela de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica del EcuadorQuitoEcuador
| | - Alfredo G. Nicieza
- Department of Organisms and Systems BiologyUniversity of OviedoOviedoSpain,Biodiversity Research Institute (IMIB)University of Oviedo‐Principality of Asturias‐CSICMieresSpain
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10
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Wearing OH, Scott GR. Evolved reductions in body temperature and the metabolic costs of thermoregulation in deer mice native to high altitude. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221553. [PMID: 36168757 PMCID: PMC9515628 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of endothermy was instrumental to the diversification of birds and mammals, but the energetic demands of maintaining high body temperature could offset the advantages of endothermy in some environments. We hypothesized that reductions in body temperature help high-altitude natives overcome the metabolic challenges of cold and hypoxia in their native environment. Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) from high-altitude and low-altitude populations were bred in captivity to the second generation and were acclimated as adults to warm normoxia or cold hypoxia. Subcutaneous temperature (Tsub, used as a proxy for body temperature) and cardiovascular function were then measured throughout the diel cycle using biotelemetry. Cold hypoxia increased metabolic demands, as reflected by increased food consumption and heart rate (associated with reduced vagal tone). These increased metabolic demands were offset by plastic reductions in Tsub (approx. 2°C) in response to cold hypoxia, and highlanders had lower Tsub (approx. 1°C) than lowlanders in both environmental treatments. Empirical and theoretical evidence suggested that these reductions could together reduce metabolic demands by approximately 10-30%. Therefore, plastic and evolved reductions in body temperature can help mammals overcome the metabolic challenges at high altitude and may be a valuable energy-saving strategy in some non-hibernating endotherms in extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver H. Wearing
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Life Sciences Building, 1280 Main Street W, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Graham R. Scott
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Life Sciences Building, 1280 Main Street W, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1
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11
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Slavenko A, Dror L, Camaiti M, Farquhar JE, Shea GM, Chapple DG, Meiri S. Evolution of diel activity patterns in skinks (Squamata: Scincidae), the world's second-largest family of terrestrial vertebrates. Evolution 2022; 76:1195-1208. [PMID: 35355258 PMCID: PMC9322454 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Many animals have strict diel activity patterns, with unique adaptations for either diurnal or nocturnal activity. Diel activity is phylogenetically conserved, yet evolutionary shifts in diel activity occur and lead to important changes in an organism's morphology, physiology, and behavior. We use phylogenetic comparative methods to examine the evolutionary history of diel activity in skinks, one of the largest families of terrestrial vertebrates. We examine how diel patterns are associated with microhabitat, ambient temperatures, and morphology. We found support for a nondiurnal ancestral skink. Strict diurnality in crown group skinks only evolved during the Paleogene. Nocturnal habits are associated with fossorial activity, limb reduction and loss, and warm temperatures. Our results shed light on the evolution of diel activity patterns in a large radiation of terrestrial ectotherms and reveal how both intrinsic biotic and extrinsic abiotic factors can shape the evolution of animal activity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Slavenko
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldSouth YorkshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Liat Dror
- School of ZoologyTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Marco Camaiti
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jules E. Farquhar
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Glenn M. Shea
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science B01University of SydneyNew South WalesAustralia,Australian Museum Research InstituteThe Australian MuseumSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - David G. Chapple
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Shai Meiri
- School of ZoologyTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael,The Steinhardt Museum of Natural HistoryTel AvivIsrael
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12
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Siddiqui R, Maciver SK, Khan NA. Gut microbiome-immune system interaction in reptiles. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:2558-2571. [PMID: 34984778 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reptiles are ectothermic amniotes in a world dominated by endotherms. Reptiles originated more than 300 million years ago and they often dwell in polluted environments which may expose them to pathogenic micro-organisms, radiation and/or heavy metals. Reptiles also possess greater longevity and may live much longer than similar-sized land mammals, for example, turtles, tortoises, crocodiles and tuatara are long-lived reptiles living up to 100 years or more. Many recent studies have emphasized the pivotal role of the gut microbiome on its host; thus, we postulated that reptilian gut microbiome and/or its metabolites and the interplay with their robust immune system may contribute to their longevity and overall hardiness. Herein, we discuss the composition of the reptilian gut microbiome, immune system-gut microbiome cross-talk, antimicrobial peptides, reptilian resistance to infectious diseases and cancer, ageing, as well the current knowledge of the genome and epigenome of these remarkable species. Preliminary studies have demonstrated that microbial gut flora of reptiles such as crocodiles, tortoises, water monitor lizard and python exhibit remarkable anticancer and antibacterial properties, as well as comprise novel gut bacterial metabolites and antimicrobial peptides. The underlying mechanisms between the gut microbiome and the immune system may hold clues to developing new therapies overall for health, and possible extrapolation to exploit the ancient defence systems of reptiles for Homo sapiens benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sutherland K Maciver
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Muñoz MM. The Bogert effect, a factor in evolution. Evolution 2021; 76:49-66. [PMID: 34676550 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Behavior is one of the major architects of evolution: by behaviorally modifying how they interact with their environments, organisms can influence natural selection, amplifying it in some cases and dampening it in others. In one of the earliest issues of Evolution, Charles Bogert proposed that regulatory behaviors (namely thermoregulation) shield organisms from selection and limit physiological evolution. Here, I trace the history surrounding the origin of this concept (now known as the "Bogert effect" or "behavioral inertia"), and its implications for physiological and evolutionary research throughout the 20th century. A key follow-up study in the early 21st century galvanized renewed interest in Bogert's classic ideas, and established a focus on slowdowns in the rate of evolution in response to regulatory behaviors. I illustrate recent progress on the Bogert effect in evolutionary research, and discuss the ecological variables that predict whether and how strongly the phenomenon unfolds. Based on these discoveries, I provide hypotheses for the Bogert effect across several scales: patterns of trait evolution within and among groups of species, spatial effects on the phenomenon, and its importance for speciation. I also discuss the inherent link between behavioral inertia and behavioral drive through an empirical case study linking the phenomena. Modern comparative approaches can help put the macroevolutionary implications of behavioral buffering to the test: I describe progress to date, and areas ripe for future investigation. Despite many advances, bridging microevolutionary processes with macroevolutionary patterns remains a persistent gap in our understanding of the Bogert effect, leaving wide open many avenues for deeper exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M Muñoz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511
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