1
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Schaub JR, Chen JY, Turner SM. Integrins in biliary injury and fibrosis. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2024; 40:85-91. [PMID: 38190346 DOI: 10.1097/mog.0000000000000995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Current treatment options for cholangiopathies are severely limited and there is thus a critical need to identify and develop therapies. This review discusses the role of integrins in biliary injury and fibrosis and their potential as therapeutic targets. RECENT FINDINGS There are a diverse set of roles that integrins play in biliary injury and fibrosis. Some integrins activate TGF-β signaling or are involved in sensing of the extracellular matrix, making them attractive targets for biliary fibrosis. In recent work, autoantibodies to α v β 6 were identified in patients with PSC, supporting the relevance of this integrin in the disease. In addition, a role for α 2 β 1 in cyst formation was identified in a mouse model of polycystic liver disease. Leukocyte integrins (e.g. α E β 7 and α 4 β 7 ) contribute to lymphocyte trafficking, making them potential targets for biliary inflammation; however, this has not yet translated to the clinic. SUMMARY While all members of the same family of proteins, integrins have diverse roles in the pathogenesis of biliary disease. Targeting one or multiple of these integrins may slow or halt the progression of biliary injury and fibrosis by simultaneously impacting different pathologic cells and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Y Chen
- Department of Medicine
- The Liver Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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2
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Karri K, Waxman DJ. TCDD dysregulation of lncRNA expression, liver zonation and intercellular communication across the liver lobule. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 471:116550. [PMID: 37172768 PMCID: PMC10330769 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The persistent environmental aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist and hepatotoxin TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) induces hepatic lipid accumulation (steatosis), inflammation (steatohepatitis) and fibrosis. Thousands of liver-expressed, nuclear-localized lncRNAs with regulatory potential have been identified; however, their roles in TCDD-induced hepatoxicity and liver disease are unknown. We analyzed single nucleus (sn)RNA-seq data from control and subchronic (4 wk) TCDD-exposed mouse liver to determine liver cell-type specificity, zonation and differential expression profiles for thousands of lncRNAs. TCDD dysregulated >4000 of these lncRNAs in one or more liver cell types, including 684 lncRNAs specifically dysregulated in liver non-parenchymal cells. Trajectory inference analysis revealed major disruption by TCDD of hepatocyte zonation, affecting >800 genes, including 121 lncRNAs, with strong enrichment for lipid metabolism genes. TCDD also dysregulated expression of >200 transcription factors, including 19 Nuclear Receptors, most notably in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. TCDD-induced changes in cell-cell communication patterns included marked decreases in EGF signaling from hepatocytes to non-parenchymal cells and increases in extracellular matrix-receptor interactions central to liver fibrosis. Gene regulatory networks constructed from the snRNA-seq data identified TCDD-exposed liver network-essential lncRNA regulators linked to functions such as fatty acid metabolic process, peroxisome and xenobiotic metabolism. Networks were validated by the striking enrichments that predicted regulatory lncRNAs showed for specific biological pathways. These findings highlight the power of snRNA-seq to discover functional roles for many xenobiotic-responsive lncRNAs in both hepatocytes and liver non-parenchymal cells and to elucidate novel aspects of foreign chemical-induced hepatotoxicity and liver disease, including dysregulation of intercellular communication within the liver lobule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Karri
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David J Waxman
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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3
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Zhang XL, Wang F, Zhou G. Altered Expression of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 in Oral Lichen Planus. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2023; 43:133-139. [PMID: 36939812 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2022.0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T cell-mediated chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease affected by the interaction between keratinocytes and T cells. Recent evidence indicates that vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1) plays a vital role in mediating immune and inflammatory responses. In this study, the expression of VCAM1 in OLP was detected by immunohistochemical staining and its correlations with clinical features were analyzed. The disease severity of OLP was assessed by the reticular, atrophic, and erosive scoring system. We found that VCAM1 was generally localized in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells, and in nucleus, cytoplasm, and extracellular matrix of subepithelial infiltrated cells in superficial layer of lamina propria. Moreover, VCAM1 levels in epithelium and lamina propria of OLP were significantly higher than that in controls, respectively. In addition, VCAM1 level in epithelium was increased compared with that of lamina propria. There were no significant differences for VCAM1 expression between nonerosive and erosive forms of OLP. The expression of VCAM1 in OLP was not associated with the severity of disease, gender, and age. Thus, we speculated that spatial expression differences of VCAM1 in local lesions of OLP may involve the pathogenesis of OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Li Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei- MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei- MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei- MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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4
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Karri K, Waxman DJ. TCDD dysregulation of lncRNA expression, liver zonation and intercellular communication across the liver lobule. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.07.523119. [PMID: 36711947 PMCID: PMC9881922 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.07.523119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The persistent environmental aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist and hepatotoxin TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin) induces hepatic lipid accumulation (steatosis), inflammation (steatohepatitis) and fibrosis. Thousands of liver-expressed, nuclear-localized lncRNAs with regulatory potential have been identified; however, their roles in TCDD-induced hepatoxicity and liver disease are unknown. We analyzed single nucleus (sn)RNA-seq data from control and chronic TCDD-exposed mouse liver to determine liver cell-type specificity, zonation and differential expression profiles for thousands of IncRNAs. TCDD dysregulated >4,000 of these lncRNAs in one or more liver cell types, including 684 lncRNAs specifically dysregulated in liver non-parenchymal cells. Trajectory inference analysis revealed major disruption by TCDD of hepatocyte zonation, affecting >800 genes, including 121 IncRNAs, with strong enrichment for lipid metabolism genes. TCDD also dysregulated expression of >200 transcription factors, including 19 Nuclear Receptors, most notably in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. TCDD-induced changes in cellâ€"cell communication patterns included marked decreases in EGF signaling from hepatocytes to non-parenchymal cells and increases in extracellular matrix-receptor interactions central to liver fibrosis. Gene regulatory networks constructed from the snRNA-seq data identified TCDD-exposed liver network-essential lncRNA regulators linked to functions such as fatty acid metabolic process, peroxisome and xenobiotic metabolic. Networks were validated by the striking enrichments that predicted regulatory IncRNAs showed for specific biological pathways. These findings highlight the power of snRNA-seq to discover functional roles for many xenobiotic-responsive lncRNAs in both hepatocytes and liver non-parenchymal cells and to elucidate novel aspects of foreign chemical-induced hepatotoxicity and liver disease, including dysregulation of intercellular communication within the liver lobule.
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5
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Voskens C, Stoica D, Rosenberg M, Vitali F, Zundler S, Ganslmayer M, Knott H, Wiesinger M, Wunder J, Kummer M, Siegmund B, Schnoy E, Rath T, Hartmann A, Hackstein H, Schuler-Thurner B, Berking C, Schuler G, Atreya R, Neurath MF. Autologous regulatory T-cell transfer in refractory ulcerative colitis with concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut 2023; 72:49-53. [PMID: 35428657 PMCID: PMC9763232 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, debilitating immune-mediated disease driven by disturbed mucosal homeostasis, with an excess of intestinal effector T cells and an insufficient expansion of mucosal regulatory T cells (Tregs). We here report on the successful adoptive transfer of autologous, ex vivo expanded Tregs in a patient with refractory UC and associated primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), for which effective therapy is currently not available. DESIGN The patient received a single infusion of 1×106 autologous, ex vivo expanded, polyclonal Tregs per kilogram of body weight, and the clinical, biochemical, endoscopic and histological responses were assessed 4 and 12 weeks after adoptive Treg transfer. RESULTS The patient showed clinical, biochemical, endoscopic and histological signs of response until week 12 after adoptive Treg transfer, which was associated with an enrichment of intestinal CD3+/FoxP3+ and CD3+/IL-10+ T cells and increased mucosal transforming growth factor beta and amphiregulin levels. Moreover, there was marked improvement of PSC with reduction of liver enzymes. This pronounced effect lasted for 4 weeks before values started to increase again. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that adoptive Treg therapy might be effective in refractory UC and might open new avenues for clinical trials in PSC. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04691232.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Voskens
- Department of Dermatology, Erlangen University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Diane Stoica
- Department of Dermatology, Erlangen University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marita Rosenberg
- Department of Dermatology, Erlangen University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Francesco Vitali
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany,Department of Medicine 1, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Pneumology, Erlangen University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zundler
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany,Department of Medicine 1, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Pneumology, Erlangen University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marion Ganslmayer
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany,Department of Medicine 1, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Pneumology, Erlangen University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heike Knott
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany,Department of Medicine 1, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Pneumology, Erlangen University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manuel Wiesinger
- Department of Dermatology, Erlangen University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jutta Wunder
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany,Department of Medicine 1, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Pneumology, Erlangen University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mirko Kummer
- Department of Dermatology, Erlangen University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Schnoy
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Timo Rath
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany,Department of Medicine 1, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Pneumology, Erlangen University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, Erlangen University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Holger Hackstein
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Erlangen University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Beatrice Schuler-Thurner
- Department of Dermatology, Erlangen University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carola Berking
- Department of Dermatology, Erlangen University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerold Schuler
- Department of Dermatology, Erlangen University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raja Atreya
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany,Department of Medicine 1, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Pneumology, Erlangen University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany .,Department of Medicine 1, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Pneumology, Erlangen University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
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6
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Björkström NK. Immunobiology of the biliary tract system. J Hepatol 2022; 77:1657-1669. [PMID: 36116989 PMCID: PMC7615184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The biliary tract is a complex tubular organ system spanning from the liver to the duodenum. It is the site of numerous acute and chronic disorders, many of unknown origin, that are often associated with cancer development and for which there are limited treatment options. Cholangiocytes with proinflammatory capacities line the lumen and specialised types of immune cells reside in close proximity. Recent technological breakthroughs now permit spatiotemporal assessments of immune cells within distinct niches and have increased our understanding of immune cell tissue residency. In this review, a comprehensive overview of emerging knowledge on the immunobiology of the biliary tract system is provided, with a particular emphasis on the role of distinct immune cells in biliary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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7
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Andrade A, Poth T, Brobeil A, Merle U, Chamulitrat W. iPLA2β-Null Mice Show HCC Protection by an Induction of Cell-Cycle Arrest after Diethylnitrosamine Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213760. [PMID: 36430237 PMCID: PMC9697657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Group VIA phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β) play diverse biological functions in epithelial cells and macrophages. Global deletion in iPLA2β-null (KO) mice leads to protection against hepatic steatosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, in part, due to the replenishment of the loss of hepatocellular phospholipids. As the loss of phospholipids also occurs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we hypothesized that global deletion in KO mice may lead to protection against HCC. Here, HCC induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) was chosen because DEN causes direct injury to the hepatocytes. Male wild-type (WT) and KO mice at 3-5 weeks of age (12-13 mice/group) were subjected to a single intraperitoneal treatment with 10 mg/kg DEN, and mice were killed 12 months later. Analyses of histology, plasma cytokines, and gene expression were performed. Due to the low-dose DEN used, we observed a liver nodule in 3 of 13 WT and 2 of 12 KO mice. Only one DEN-treated WT mouse was confirmed to have HCC. DEN-treated KO mice did not show any HCC but showed suppressed hepatic expression of cell-cycle cyclinD2 and BCL2 as well as inflammatory markers IL-1β, IL-10, and VCAM-1. Notably, DEN-treated KO mice showed increased hepatic necrosis and elevated levels of plasma lactate dehydrogenase suggesting an exacerbation of liver injury. Thus, global iPLA2β deficiency in DEN-treated mice rendered HCC protection by an induction of cell-cycle arrest. Our results suggest the role of iPLA2β inhibition in HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Andrade
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology and Infectious Disease), University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Poth
- Center for Model System and Comparative Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Brobeil
- Tissuebank of the NCT, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uta Merle
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology and Infectious Disease), University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walee Chamulitrat
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology and Infectious Disease), University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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8
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Osborn J, Mourya R, Thanekar U, Su W, Fei L, Shivakumar P, Bezerra JA. Serum Proteomics Uncovers Biomarkers of Clinical Portal Hypertension in Children With Biliary Atresia. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:995-1004. [PMID: 34962102 PMCID: PMC9035582 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with biliary atresia (BA) often develop portal hypertension (PHT) and its complications, which are associated with high morbidity and mortality. The goal of this study was to identify serum biomarkers of PHT by using large-scale proteomics. We applied the slow off-rate modified aptamer scan (SOMAscan) to measure 1,305 proteins in serum samples of children with BA with and without clinical evidence of PHT in validation and discovery cohorts enrolled in the Biliary Atresia Study of Infants and Children. Serum proteomics data was analyzed using logistic regression to identify protein(s) with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) ≥ 0.90. Immunostaining was used to characterize the cellular localization of the new biomarker proteins in liver tissues. We identified nine proteins in the discovery cohort (n = 40 subjects) and five proteins in the validation cohort (n = 80 subjects) that individually or in combination predicted clinical PHT with AUROCs ≥ 0.90. Merging the two cohorts, we found that semaphorin 6B (SEMA6B) alone and three other protein combinations (SEMA6B+secreted frizzle protein 3 [SFRP3], SEMA6B+COMM domain containing 7 [COMMD7], and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 [VCAM1]+BMX nonreceptor tyrosine kinase [BMX]) had AUROCs ≥ 0.90 in both cohorts, with high positive- and negative-predictive values. Immunostaining of the new protein biomarkers showed increased expression in hepatic endothelial cells, cholangiocytes, and immune cells within portal triads in BA livers with clinical PHT compared to healthy livers. Conclusion: Large-scale proteomics identified SEMA6B, SFRP3, COMMD7, BMX, and VCAM1 as biomarkers highly associated with clinical PHT in BA. The expression of the biomarkers in hepatic epithelial, endothelial, and immune cells support their potential role in the pathophysiology of PHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Osborn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Reena Mourya
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Unmesha Thanekar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Weizhe Su
- Division of Biostatistics and EpidemiologyCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Lin Fei
- Division of Biostatistics and EpidemiologyCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOHUSA.,Department of PediatricsUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Pranavkumar Shivakumar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOHUSA.,Department of PediatricsUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Jorge A Bezerra
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOHUSA.,Department of PediatricsUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOHUSA
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9
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Jiang L, Yang A, Li X, Liu K, Tan J. Down-regulation of VCAM-1 in bone mesenchymal stem cells reduces inflammatory responses and apoptosis to improve cardiac function in rat with myocardial infarction. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108180. [PMID: 34607225 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) has been well known to exert therapeutic potential for patients with myocardial infarction (MI). VCAM-1 can promote the migration of lymphocytes to the inflammatory zone. In the present study, we tried to explore whether VCAM-1 silenced-BMSCs have better therapeutic effects on MI. METHODS BMSCs were isolated and cultured followed by treatment of a lentivirus silencing VCAM-1 and NF-κB activator (PMA). Besides, MI rat models were also established and injected with treated BMSCs to detect the effect of VCAM-1 silenced-BMSCs in MI, as evidenced by detection of cardiac function, survival of rats within 72 h, infarct size and myocardial cell apoptosis. Moreover, the expression of NF-κB-regulated gene products was also determined. RESULTS The implantation of sh-VCAM-1 BMSCs into MI rats resulted in more reductions in myocardial infarct size as well as myocardial cell apoptosis, improved cardiac function, the number of survived rats within 72 h, and survival time within 72 h compared with the individual treatments of either BMSCs or control. In addition, transplanted BMSCs down-regulated the expression of NF-κB-p65, MMP-9, TNF-α, and Bax, and up-regulated VEGF and Bcl-2 in myocardial tissue, which could be further enhanced by sh-VCAM-1 and rescued by PMA. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that silencing VCAM-1 in BMSCs could inhibit inflammation and apoptosis, thus improving cardiac function in MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Aidi Yang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China; Operation Room, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Jin Tan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China.
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10
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Bozward AG, Ronca V, Osei-Bordom D, Oo YH. Gut-Liver Immune Traffic: Deciphering Immune-Pathogenesis to Underpin Translational Therapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:711217. [PMID: 34512631 PMCID: PMC8425300 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.711217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tight relationship between the gut and liver on embryological, anatomical and physiological levels inspired the concept of a gut-liver axis as a central element in the pathogenesis of gut-liver axis diseases. This axis refers to the reciprocal regulation between these two organs causing an integrated system of immune homeostasis or tolerance breakdown guided by the microbiota, the diet, genetic background, and environmental factors. Continuous exposure of gut microbiome, various hormones, drugs and toxins, or metabolites from the diet through the portal vein adapt the liver to maintain its tolerogenic state. This is orchestrated by the combined effort of immune cells network: behaving as a sinusoidal and biliary firewall, along with a regulatory network of immune cells including, regulatory T cells and tolerogenic dendritic cells (DC). In addition, downregulation of costimulatory molecules on hepatic sinusoids, hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells as well as regulating the bile acids chain also play a part in hepatic immune homeostasis. Recent evidence also demonstrated the link between changes in the gut microbiome and liver resident immune cells in the progression of cirrhosis and the tight correlation among primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and also checkpoint induced liver and gut injury. In this review, we will summarize the most recent evidence of the bidirectional relationship among the gut and the liver and how it contributes to liver disease, focusing mainly on PSC and checkpoint induced hepatitis and colitis. We will also focus on completed therapeutic options and on potential targets for future treatment linking with immunology and describe the future direction of this research, taking advantage of modern technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber G. Bozward
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Liver Transplant and Hepatobiliary Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospital of Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Rare Diseases, European Reference Network - Rare Liver Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Advanced Cellular Therapy Facility, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Ronca
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Liver Transplant and Hepatobiliary Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospital of Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Rare Diseases, European Reference Network - Rare Liver Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Osei-Bordom
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospital of Birmingham National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ye Htun Oo
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Liver Transplant and Hepatobiliary Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospital of Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Rare Diseases, European Reference Network - Rare Liver Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Advanced Cellular Therapy Facility, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospital of Birmingham National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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11
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Healy K, Pavesi A, Parrot T, Sobkowiak MJ, Reinsbach SE, Davanian H, Tan AT, Aleman S, Sandberg JK, Bertoletti A, Sällberg Chen M. Human MAIT cells endowed with HBV specificity are cytotoxic and migrate towards HBV-HCC while retaining antimicrobial functions. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100318. [PMID: 34377970 PMCID: PMC8327138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Virus-specific T cell dysfunction is a common feature of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC). Conventional T (ConT) cells can be redirected towards viral antigens in HBV-HCC when they express an HBV-specific receptor; however, their efficacy can be impaired by liver-specific physical and metabolic features. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are the most abundant innate-like T cells in the liver and can elicit potent intrahepatic effector functions. Here, we engineered ConT and MAIT cells to kill HBV expressing hepatoma cells and compared their functional properties. METHODS Donor-matched ConT and MAIT cells were engineered to express an HBV-specific T cell receptor (TCR). Cytotoxicity and hepatocyte homing potential were investigated using flow cytometry, real-time killing assays, and confocal microscopy in 2D and 3D HBV-HCC cell models. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related molecule (MR1)-dependent and MR1-independent activation was evaluated in an Escherichia coli THP-1 cell model and by IL-12/IL-18 stimulation, respectively. RESULTS HBV TCR-MAIT cells demonstrated polyfunctional properties (CD107a, interferon [IFN] γ, tumour necrosis factor [TNF], and IL-17A) with strong HBV target sensitivity and liver-homing chemokine receptor expression when compared with HBV TCR-ConT cells. TCR-mediated lysis of hepatoma cells was comparable between the cell types and augmented in the presence of inflammation. Coculturing with HBV+ target cells in a 3D microdevice mimicking aspects of the liver microenvironment demonstrated that TCR-MAIT cells migrate readily towards hepatoma targets. Expression of an ectopic TCR did not affect the ability of the MAIT cells to be activated via MR1-presented bacterial antigens or IL-12/IL-18 stimulation. CONCLUSIONS HBV TCR-MAIT cells demonstrate anti-HBV functions without losing their endogenous antimicrobial mechanisms or hepatotropic features. Our results support future exploitations of MAIT cells for liver-directed immunotherapies. LAY SUMMARY Chronic HBV infection is a leading cause of liver cancer. T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells are patients' immune cells that have been modified to recognise virus-infected and/or cancer cells. Herein, we evaluated whether mucosal-associated invariant T cells, a large population of unconventional T cells in the liver, could recognise and kill HBV infected hepatocytes when engineered with an HBV-specific TCR. We show that their effector functions may exceed those of conventional T cells currently used in the clinic, including antimicrobial properties and chemokine receptor profiles better suited for targeting liver tumours.
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Key Words
- 5-OP-RU, 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-d-ribitylaminouracil
- APC, allophycocyanin
- Adoptive cell transfer
- CAR, chimeric antigen receptor
- CCR, CC chemokine receptor
- CXCL, chemokine (CXC) ligand
- CXCR, CXC chemokine receptor
- ConT, conventional T
- DCI, dead cell index
- FMO, fluorescence minus one
- FSC, forward scatter
- HBV
- HCC
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- IFN, interferon
- IR, irrelevant peptide
- MAIT cells
- MAIT, mucosal-associated invariant T
- MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- MR1, MHC class I-related molecule
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- PE, phycoerythrin
- PMA, phorbol myristate acetate
- RT, room temperature
- SSC, side scatter
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TCR-T cells
- TNF, tumour necrosis function
- UMAP, Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection
- VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
- VLA-4, very late antigen-4
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Healy
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Pavesi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A∗STAR, Singapore
| | - Tiphaine Parrot
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Susanne E. Reinsbach
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Haleh Davanian
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anthony T. Tan
- Programme of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Soo Aleman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan K. Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Programme of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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12
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Boldeanu MV, Siloşi I, Bărbulescu AL, Sandu RE, Geormăneanu C, Pădureanu V, Popescu-Drigă MV, Poenariu IS, Siloşi CA, Ungureanu AM, Dijmărescu AL, Boldeanu L. Host immune response in chronic hepatitis C infection: involvement of cytokines and inflammasomes. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY 2021; 61:33-43. [PMID: 32747893 PMCID: PMC7728117 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.61.1.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease is a major health issue worldwide and chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is associated with an increased risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There is evidence that the hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is correlated with immune senescence by way of immune activation and chronic inflammation, which lead to increased metabolic and cardiovascular risk, as well as progressive liver damage. Both the innate and adaptive immunity are firmly tied to the prognosis of an infection with HCV and its response to antiviral therapy. HCV is therefore associated with increased pro-inflammatory status, heightened production of cytokines, prolonged systemic inflammation, as well as increased morbidity and mortality, mainly due to the progression of hepatic fibrosis and HCC, but also secondary to cardiovascular diseases. Viral hepatic pathology is increasingly considered a disease that is no longer merely limited to the liver, but one with multiple metabolic consequences. Numerous in vitro studies, using experimental models of acute or chronic inflammation of the liver, has brought new information on immunopathological mechanisms resulting from viral infections and have highlighted the importance of involving complex structures, inflammasomes complex, in these mechanisms, in addition to the involvement of numerous proinflammatory cytokines. Beyond obtaining a sustained viral response and halting the aforementioned hepatic fibrosis, the current therapeutic “treat-to-target” strategies are presently focused on immune-mediated and metabolic disorders, to improve the quality of life and long-term prognosis of CHC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihail Virgil Boldeanu
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania; ,
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13
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Wang L, He Y, Ning W. Role of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 in osteoclast formation and periodontitis development by downregulating microRNA-101-regulated VCAM-1. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 15:534-545. [PMID: 33686766 DOI: 10.1002/term.3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) represents a potential target for periodontitis treatment; however, its role in the development of periodontitis remains unclear. The current study aimed to elucidate the role of EZH2 in osteoclasts (OCs) growth as well as the mechanism underpinning the related process. The potential interaction among EZH2, microRNA-101 (miR-101), and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) was evaluated using chromatin immunoprecipitation and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. The expressions of EZH2 and miR-101 in OCs were examined by Western blot analysis and reverse transcription squantitative polymerase chain reaction. Loss- and gain-function assays were then performed to determine the role of EZH2/miR-101/VCAM-1 in periodontitis and OCs proliferation, followed by OC growth and proliferation detected using tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine staining. Enzyme-linked immunoassay was conducted to determine the expression of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). A periodontitis rat model was established to investigate the effect of EZH2 and VCAM-1 in vivo. EZH2 was overexpressed, while miR-101 was downregulated in the OCs of periodontitis. Silencing of EZH2, VCAM-1 repression, or miR-101 elevation suppressed the growth and proliferation of OC while acting to encumber the release of IL-1β and TNF-α. EZH2 negatively targeted miR-101, while miR-101 negatively targeted VCAM-1. Moreover, silencing of EZH2 or VCAM-1 was observed to attenuate periodontitis which was evidenced by an increase in BMD, BV/TV, and BS/BV as well as reduction in TRAP and cathepsin K in vivo. Taken together, the key findings of the current study demonstrate that EZH2 knockdown inhibited OC formation by elevating the expression of miR-101 via suppression of VCAM-1, ultimately attenuating periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Periodontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, School of Stomatology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanyan He
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanchen Ning
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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14
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Stein S, Henze L, Poch T, Carambia A, Krech T, Preti M, Schuran FA, Reich M, Keitel V, Fiorotto R, Strazzabosco M, Fischer L, Li J, Müller LM, Wagner J, Gagliani N, Herkel J, Schwinge D, Schramm C. IL-17A/F enable cholangiocytes to restrict T cell-driven experimental cholangitis by upregulating PD-L1 expression. J Hepatol 2021; 74:919-930. [PMID: 33197512 PMCID: PMC8778963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS IL-17A-producing T cells are present in autoimmune cholestatic liver diseases; however, little is known about the contribution of IL-17 to periductal immune responses. Herein, we investigated the role of IL-17 produced by antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in a mouse model of cholangitis and in vitro in human cholangiocyte organoids. METHODS K14-OVAp mice express a major histocompatibility complex I-restricted ovalbumin (OVA) peptide sequence (SIINFEKL) on cholangiocytes. Cholangitis was induced by the adoptive transfer of transgenic OVA-specific ovalbumin transgene (OT)-1 CD8+ T cells that either had OT-1wt or lacked IL-17A/F (OT-1IL17ko). The response of mouse and human cholangiocytes/organoids to IL-17A was assessed in vitro. RESULTS Transfer of OVA-specific OT-1IL17ko cells significantly aggravated periductal inflammation in K14-OVAp recipient mice compared with transfer of OT-1wt T cells. OT-1IL17ko T cells were highly activated in the liver and displayed increased cytotoxicity and proliferation. IL-17A/F produced by transferred OT-1wt CD8+ T cells induced upregulation of the inhibitory molecule programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) on cholangiocytes, restricting cholangitis by limiting cytotoxicity and proliferation of transferred cells. In contrast, OT-1IL17ko T cells failed to induce PD-L1 on cholangiocytes, resulting in uncontrolled expansion of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and aggravated cholangitis. Blockade of PD-L1 after transfer of OT-1wt T cells with anti-PD-L1 antibody also resulted in aggravated cholangitis. Using human cholangiocyte organoids, we were able to confirm that IL-17A induces PD-L1 expression in cholangiocytes. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that by upregulating PD-L1 on cholangiocytes, IL-17 has an important role in restricting cholangitis and protecting against CD8+ T cell-mediated inflammatory bile duct injury. Caution should be exercised when targeting IL-17 for the treatment of cholangitis. LAY SUMMARY IL-17 is assumed to be a driver of inflammation in several autoimmune diseases, such as psoriasis. IL-17 is also present in inflammatory diseases of the bile duct, but its role in these conditions is not clear, as the effects of IL-17 depend on the context of its expression. Herein, we investigated the role of IL-17 in an experimental autoimmune cholangitis mouse model, and we identified an important protective effect of IL-17 on cholangiocytes, enabling them to downregulate bile duct inflammation via checkpoint inhibitor PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Stein
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lara Henze
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Poch
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonella Carambia
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Krech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Max Preti
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fenja Amrei Schuran
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Reich
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Romina Fiorotto
- Liver Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Liver Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lutz Fischer
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luisa Marie Müller
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Wagner
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Herkel
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Schwinge
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Schramm
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Martin Zeitz Center for Rare Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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15
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Ceccherini E, Cecchettini A, Morales MA, Rocchiccioli S. The Potentiality of Herbal Remedies in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: From In Vitro to Clinical Studies. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:813. [PMID: 32587513 PMCID: PMC7298067 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a complex pathological condition, characterized by chronic inflammation and fibrosis of the biliary epithelium. Without proper clinical management, progressive bile ducts and liver damage lead to cirrhosis and, ultimately, to liver failure. The known limited role of current drugs for treating this cholangiopathy has driven researchers to assess alternative therapeutic options. Some herbal remedies and their phytochemicals have shown anti-fibrotic properties in different experimental models of hepatic diseases and, occasionally, in clinical trials in primary sclerosing cholangitis patients; however their mechanism of action is not completely understood. This review briefly examines relevant studies focusing on the potential anti-fibrotic properties of Silybum marianum, Curcuma longa, Salvia miltiorrhiza, and quercetin. Each natural product is individually reviewed and the possible mechanisms of action discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ceccherini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonella Cecchettini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Rocchiccioli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
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16
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Yang X, Lu D, Zhuo J, Lin Z, Yang M, Xu X. The Gut-liver Axis in Immune Remodeling: New insight into Liver Diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:2357-2366. [PMID: 32760203 PMCID: PMC7378637 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.46405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota consists of a dynamic multispecies community of bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protozoans, playing a fundamental role in the induction, training, and function of the host immune system. The liver is anatomically and physiologically linked to the gut microbiota via enterohepatic circulation, specifically receiving intestine-derived blood through the portal vein. The gut microbiota is crucial for maintaining immune homeostasis of the gut-liver axis. A shift in gut microbiota composition can result in activation of the mucosal immune response causing homeostasis imbalance. This imbalance results in translocation of bacteria and migration of immune cells to the liver, which is related to inflammation-mediated liver injury and tumor progression. In this review, we outline the role of the gut microbiota in modulating host immunity and summarize novel findings and recent advances in immune-based therapeutics associated with the gut-liver axis. Moving forward, a deep understanding of the microbiome-immune-liver axis will provide insight into the basic mechanisms of gut microbiota dysbiosis affecting liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Di Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jianyong Zhuo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Zuyuan Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Modan Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
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17
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Novo E, Bocca C, Foglia B, Protopapa F, Maggiora M, Parola M, Cannito S. Liver fibrogenesis: un update on established and emerging basic concepts. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 689:108445. [PMID: 32524998 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrogenesis is defined as a dynamic and highly integrated process occurring during chronic injury to liver parenchyma that can result in excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components (i.e., liver fibrosis). Liver fibrogenesis, together with chronic inflammatory response, is then primarily involved in the progression of chronic liver diseases (CLD) irrespective of the specific etiology. In the present review we will first offer a synthetic and updated overview of major basic concepts in relation to the role of myofibroblasts (MFs), macrophages and other hepatic cell populations involved in CLD to then offer an overview of established and emerging issues and mechanisms that have been proposed to favor and/or promote CLD progression. A special focus will be dedicated to selected issues that include emerging features in the field of cholangiopathies, the emerging role of genetic and epigenetic factors as well as of hypoxia, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and related mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Novo
- University of Torino, Dept. Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudia Bocca
- University of Torino, Dept. Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Beatrice Foglia
- University of Torino, Dept. Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Protopapa
- University of Torino, Dept. Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Marina Maggiora
- University of Torino, Dept. Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Maurizio Parola
- University of Torino, Dept. Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Stefania Cannito
- University of Torino, Dept. Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
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18
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The Many Roles of Cell Adhesion Molecules in Hepatic Fibrosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121503. [PMID: 31771248 PMCID: PMC6952767 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrogenesis is a progressive scarring event resulting from disrupted regular wound healing due to repeated tissue injury and can end in organ failure, like in liver cirrhosis. The protagonists in this process, either liver-resident cells or patrolling leukocytes attracted to the site of tissue damage, interact with each other by soluble factors but also by direct cell–cell contact mediated by cell adhesion molecules. Since cell adhesion molecules also support binding to the extracellular matrix, they represent excellent biosensors, which allow cells to modulate their behavior based on changes in the surrounding microenvironment. In this review, we focus on selectins, cadherins, integrins and members of the immunoglobulin superfamily of adhesion molecules as well as some non-classical cell adhesion molecules in the context of hepatic fibrosis. We describe their liver-specific contributions to leukocyte recruitment, cell differentiation and survival, matrix remodeling or angiogenesis and touch on their suitability as targets in antifibrotic therapies.
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19
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Shetty S, Boyer JL. Bile acid metabolism and T cell responses in cholangiopathy: Not one-way traffic. J Hepatol 2019; 71:657-659. [PMID: 31447221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shishir Shetty
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| | - James L Boyer
- Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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20
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Glaser F, John C, Engel B, Höh B, Weidemann S, Dieckhoff J, Stein S, Becker N, Casar C, Schuran FA, Wieschendorf B, Preti M, Jessen F, Franke A, Carambia A, Lohse AW, Ittrich H, Herkel J, Heeren J, Schramm C, Schwinge D. Liver infiltrating T cells regulate bile acid metabolism in experimental cholangitis. J Hepatol 2019; 71:783-792. [PMID: 31207266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS T cells are central mediators of liver inflammation and represent potential treatment targets in cholestatic liver disease. Whereas emerging evidence shows that bile acids (BAs) affect T cell function, the role of T cells for the regulation of BA metabolism is unknown. In order to understand this interplay, we investigated the influence of T cells on BA metabolism in a novel mouse model of cholangitis. METHODS Mdr2-/- mice were crossed with transgenic K14-OVAp mice, which express an MHC class I restricted ovalbumin peptide on biliary epithelial cells (Mdr2-/-xK14-OVAp). T cell-mediated cholangitis was induced by the adoptive transfer of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. BA levels were quantified using a targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based approach. RESULTS T cell-induced cholangitis resulted in reduced levels of unconjugated BAs in the liver and significantly increased serum and hepatic levels of conjugated BAs. Genes responsible for BA synthesis and uptake were downregulated and expression of the bile salt export pump was increased. The transferred antigen-specific CD8+ T cells alone were able to induce these changes, as demonstrated using Mdr2-/-xK14-OVAp recipient mice on the Rag1-/- background. Mechanistically, we showed by depletion experiments that alterations in BA metabolism were partly mediated by the proinflammatory cytokines TNF and IFN-γ in an FXR-dependent manner, a process that in vitro required cell contact between T cells and hepatocytes. CONCLUSION Whereas it is known that BA metabolism is dysregulated in sepsis and related conditions, we have shown that T cells are able to control the synthesis and metabolism of BAs, a process which depends on TNF and IFN-γ. Understanding the effect of lymphocytes on BA metabolism will help in the design of combined treatment strategies for cholestatic liver diseases. LAY SUMMARY Dysregulation of bile acid metabolism and T cells can contribute to the development of cholangiopathies. Before targeting T cells for the treatment of cholangiopathies, it should be determined whether they exert protective effects on bile acid metabolism. Herein, we demonstrate that T cell-induced cholangitis resulted in decreased levels of harmful unconjugated bile acids. T cells were able to directly control synthesis and metabolism of bile acids, a process which was dependent on the proinflammatory cytokines TNF and IFN-γ. Understanding the effect of lymphocytes on bile acid metabolism will help in the design of combined treatment strategies for cholestatic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Glaser
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Clara John
- Department of Biochemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Engel
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Höh
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sören Weidemann
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Dieckhoff
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Stein
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Becker
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Casar
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fenja Amrei Schuran
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Wieschendorf
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Max Preti
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friederike Jessen
- Department of Biochemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Antonella Carambia
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Harald Ittrich
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Herkel
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schramm
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Martin Zeitz Centre for Rare Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Dorothee Schwinge
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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21
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de Krijger M, Wildenberg ME, de Jonge WJ, Ponsioen CY. Return to sender: Lymphocyte trafficking mechanisms as contributors to primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol 2019; 71:603-615. [PMID: 31108158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is an inflammatory disease of the biliary tree, characterised by stricturing bile duct disease and progression to liver fibrosis. The pathophysiology of PSC is still unknown. The concurrence with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in about 70% of cases has led to the hypothesis that gut-homing lymphocytes aberrantly traffic to the liver, contributing to disease pathogenesis in patients with both PSC and IBD (PSC-IBD). The discovery of mutual trafficking pathways of lymphocytes to target tissues, and expression of gut-specific adhesion molecules and chemokines in the liver has pointed in this direction. There is now increasing interest in using drugs that intervene with these trafficking pathways (e.g. vedolizumab, etrolizumab) for the treatment of PSC-IBD. In this review we discuss what is currently known about the immunological interactions between the gut and the liver in concomitant PSC and IBD, as well as potential therapeutic options for intervening in these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon de Krijger
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manon E Wildenberg
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cyriel Y Ponsioen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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22
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Abstract
Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts, are highly specialized cells residing in a complex anatomic niche where they participate in bile production and homeostasis. Cholangiocytes are damaged in a variety of human diseases termed cholangiopathies, often causing advanced liver failure. The regulation of cholangiocyte transport properties is increasingly understood, as is their anatomical and functional heterogeneity along the biliary tract. Furthermore, cholangiocytes are pivotal in liver regeneration, especially when hepatocyte regeneration is compromised. The role of cholangiocytes in innate and adaptive immune responses, a critical subject relevant to immune-mediated cholangiopathies, is also emerging. Finally, reactive ductular cells are present in many cholestatic and other liver diseases. In chronic disease states, this repair response contributes to liver inflammation, fibrosis and carcinogenesis and is a subject of intense investigation. This Review highlights advances in cholangiocyte research, especially their role in development and liver regeneration, their functional and biochemical heterogeneity, their activation and involvement in inflammation and fibrosis and their engagement with the immune system. We aim to focus further attention on cholangiocyte pathobiology and the search for new disease-modifying therapies targeting the cholangiopathies.
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23
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Ma H, He K, Zhu J, Li X, Ye X. The anti-hyperglycemia effects of Rhizoma Coptidis alkaloids: A systematic review of modern pharmacological studies of the traditional herbal medicine. Fitoterapia 2019; 134:210-220. [PMID: 30836124 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is a common endocrine system disease, which seriously affects people's health with a increasing morbidity in recent years. Rhizoma Coptidis (RC), one of the most commonly used traditional Chinese medicines, has been applied to treat diabetes in clinic for thousands of years. Since scientists demonstrated that alkaloids from RC owned the amazing anti-hyperglycemia activities 30 years ago, these compounds have been widely used for the treatment of diabetes and hyperglycemia with unconspicuous toxicities and side effects. With the help of molecular biology, immunology and other techniques, the mechanisms about anti-hyperglycemia effect of RC alkaloids have been extensively discussed. Numerous studies showed that RC alkaloids balanced the glucose homeostasis not only by widely recognizing insulin resistance pathways, but also by promoting insulin secretion, regulating intestinal hormones, ameliorating gut microbiota structures and many other ways. In this review, we combine the latest advances and systematically summarize the mechanisms of RC alkaloids in treating hyperglycemia and diabetic nephropathy to provide a deeper understanding of these natural alkaloids. In addition, the important role of gut microbiota associated with the glucose metabolism is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Ma
- Chongqing Productivity Promotion Center for the Modernization of Chinese Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kai He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan University of Medicine, Hunan 418000, China
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xuegang Li
- Chongqing Productivity Promotion Center for the Modernization of Chinese Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Xiaoli Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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24
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Wawman RE, Bartlett H, Oo YH. Regulatory T Cell Metabolism in the Hepatic Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1889. [PMID: 29358934 PMCID: PMC5766647 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic-derived naturally occurring regulatory T cells (tTreg) are crucial for maintaining peripheral immune homeostasis. They play a crucial role in preventing autoimmunity and maintaining organ transplant without requiring immunosuppression. Cellular metabolism has recently emerged as an important regulator of adaptive immune cell balance between Treg and effector T cells. While the metabolic requirements of conventional T cells are increasingly understood, the role of Treg cellular metabolism is less clear. The continuous exposure of metabolites and nutrients to the human liver via the portal blood flow influences the lineage fitness, function, proliferation, migration, and survival of Treg cells. As cellular metabolism has an impact on its function, it is crucial to understand the metabolic pathways wiring in regulatory T cells. Currently, there are ongoing early phase clinical trials with polyclonal and antigen-specific good manufacturing practice (GMP) Treg therapy to treat autoimmune diseases and organ transplantation. Thus, enhancing immunometabolic pathways of Treg by translational approach with existing or new drugs would utilize Treg cells to their full potential for effective cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Ellen Wawman
- Centre for Liver Research, National Institute of Health Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Bartlett
- Centre for Liver Research, National Institute of Health Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ye Htun Oo
- Centre for Liver Research, National Institute of Health Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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25
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Wadkin JCR, Patten DA, Kamarajah SK, Shepherd EL, Novitskaya V, Berditchevski F, Adams DH, Weston CJ, Shetty S. CD151 supports VCAM-1-mediated lymphocyte adhesion to liver endothelium and is upregulated in chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G138-G149. [PMID: 28473332 PMCID: PMC5582880 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00411.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
CD151, a member of the tetraspanin family of receptors, is a lateral organizer and modulator of activity of several families of transmembrane proteins. It has been implicated in the development and progression of several cancers, but its role in chronic inflammatory disease is less well understood. Here we show that CD151 is upregulated by distinct microenvironmental signals in a range of chronic inflammatory liver diseases and in primary liver cancer, in which it supports lymphocyte recruitment. CD151 was highly expressed in endothelial cells of the hepatic sinusoids and neovessels developing in fibrotic septa and tumor margins. Primary cultures of human hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSECs) expressed CD151 at the cell membrane and in intracellular vesicles. CD151 was upregulated by VEGF and HepG2 conditioned media but not by proinflammatory cytokines. Confocal microscopy confirmed that CD151 colocalized with the endothelial adhesion molecule/immunoglobulin superfamily member, VCAM-1. Functional flow-based adhesion assays with primary human lymphocytes and HSECs demonstrated a 40% reduction of lymphocyte adhesion with CD151 blockade. Inhibition of lymphocyte adhesion was similar between VCAM-1 blockade and a combination of CD151/VCAM-1 blockade, suggesting a collaborative role between the two receptors. These studies demonstrate that CD151 is upregulated within the liver during chronic inflammation, where it supports lymphocyte recruitment via liver endothelium. We propose that CD151 regulates the activity of VCAM-1 during lymphocyte recruitment to the human liver and could be a novel anti-inflammatory target in chronic liver disease and hepatocellular cancer prevention.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Chronic hepatitis is characterized by lymphocyte accumulation in liver tissue, which drives fibrosis and carcinogenesis. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the tetraspanin CD151 supports lymphocyte adhesion to liver endothelium. We show that CD151 is upregulated in chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is regulated on endothelium by tissue remodeling and procarcinogenic factors. These regulatory and functional studies identify CD151 as a potential therapeutic target to treat liver fibrosis and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. R. Wadkin
- 1Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, National Institute for Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom;
| | - Daniel A. Patten
- 1Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, National Institute for Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom;
| | - Sivesh K. Kamarajah
- 1Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, National Institute for Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom;
| | - Emma L. Shepherd
- 1Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, National Institute for Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom;
| | - Vera Novitskaya
- 2CRUK Institute for Cancer Studies, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Fedor Berditchevski
- 2CRUK Institute for Cancer Studies, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - David H. Adams
- 1Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, National Institute for Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; ,3Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J. Weston
- 1Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, National Institute for Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom;
| | - Shishir Shetty
- Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, National Institute for Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; .,Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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26
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Ruiz-Campillo MT, Molina Hernandez V, Escamilla A, Stevenson M, Perez J, Martinez-Moreno A, Donnelly S, Dalton JP, Cwiklinski K. Immune signatures of pathogenesis in the peritoneal compartment during early infection of sheep with Fasciola hepatica. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2782. [PMID: 28584245 PMCID: PMC5459796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune signatures of sheep acutely-infected with Fasciola hepatica, an important pathogen of livestock and humans were analysed within the peritoneal compartment to investigate early infection. Within the peritoneum, F. hepatica antibodies coincided with an intense innate and adaptive cellular immune response, with infiltrating leukocytes and a marked eosinophilia (49%). However, while cytokine qPCR analysis revealed IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-23 and TGFβ were elevated, these were not statistically different at 18 days post-infection compared to uninfected animals indicating that the immune response is muted and not yet skewed to a Th2 type response that is associated with chronic disease. Proteomic analysis of the peritoneal fluid identified infection-related proteins, including several structural proteins derived from the liver extracellular matrix, connective tissue and epithelium, and proteins related to the immune system. Periostin and vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1), molecules that mediate leukocyte infiltration and are associated with inflammatory disorders involving marked eosinophilia (e.g. asthma), were particularly elevated in the peritoneum. Immuno-histochemical studies indicated that the source of periostin and VCAM-1 was the inflamed sheep liver tissue. This study has revealed previously unknown aspects of the immunology and pathogenesis associated with acute fascioliasis in the peritoneum and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veronica Molina Hernandez
- School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Michael Stevenson
- School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Jose Perez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Sheila Donnelly
- The i3 Institute & School of Life Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - John P Dalton
- School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Krystyna Cwiklinski
- School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
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27
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Koo HJ, Lee S, Chang KJ, Sohn E, Sohn EH, Kang SC, Pyo S. Hepatic anti-inflammatory effect of hexane extracts of Dioscorea batatas Decne: Possible suppression of toll-like receptor 4-mediated signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 92:157-167. [PMID: 28538192 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatic anti-inflammatory potential of hexane extracts of Dioscorea batatas Decne edible part (EDH-1e) and bark (EDH-2b) were investigated in Western-type diet-fed apolipoprotein E null [ApoE (-/-)] mice and HepG2 cells. EDH-1e and EDH-2b suppressed the increased levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and reduced infiltration of monocytes into liver tissue. The protein levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were also downregulated by EDH-1e and EDH-2b treatment as were the levels of activator protein 1 (AP-1), c-fos, and c-jun in the livers from Western-type diet-fed ApoE (-/-) mice and in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated HepG2 cells. Taken together, EDH-1e and EDH-2b attenuated hepatic inflammation and fibrosis via suppression of the TLR4-AP1-mediated signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Koo
- Department of Medicinal and Industrial Crops, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - SungRyul Lee
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Jin Chang
- Department of Medicinal and Industrial Crops, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsoo Sohn
- Department of Scientometric Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hwa Sohn
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resources, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25913, Republic of Korea.
| | - Se Chan Kang
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea.
| | - Suhkneung Pyo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Gidwaney NG, Pawa S, Das KM. Pathogenesis and clinical spectrum of primary sclerosing cholangitis. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:2459-2469. [PMID: 28465630 PMCID: PMC5394509 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i14.2459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a disease of the biliary tract, which has been documented in the literature since 1867. This disease has a strong predilection for affecting men and can be seen in individuals as young as 2 years of age. PSC has a strong associated with inflammatory bowel disease, more commonly with ulcerative colitis, and is also part of the clinical spectrum of IgG4-related diseases. Small-duct PSC, a variant of PSC, also has an association with inflammatory bowel disease. The exact pathogenesis of PSC is not well understood at present, however, is likely a combination of a genetic predisposition with alteration of the molecular structure of the gut. Abnormal serum liver chemistry and presence of certain autoimmune markers are usually the first indicators leading to a diagnosis of PCS, however, these may often be normal in early stages of this disease. The diagnosis is made by cholangiography, which is now considered the gold standard. PSC is a known pre-malignant condition. Such patients have an increased risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder neoplasia, and colon cancer. Many new treatment modalities have emerged in the recent past, including anti-tumor necrosis factor- α and anti-integrins; however, liver transplantation is the only known cure for PSC. Despite past and present research, PSC remains an enigmatic biliary disease with few viable treatment options.
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29
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Schwinge D, von Haxthausen F, Quaas A, Carambia A, Otto B, Glaser F, Höh B, Thiele N, Schoknecht T, Huber S, Steffens N, Lohse AW, Herkel J, Schramm C. Dysfunction of hepatic regulatory T cells in experimental sclerosing cholangitis is related to IL-12 signaling. J Hepatol 2017; 66:798-805. [PMID: 27965154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Reduced numbers of regulatory T cells (Treg) have been reported in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC); therefore, Treg expansion might serve as a therapeutic approach. Here, we explored whether treatment with IL-2/IL-2 monoclonal antibody complex (IL-2/IL-2Ab complex) could provide in vivo Treg expansion and treatment of experimental sclerosing cholangitis. METHODS Treg were expanded by repeated injection of IL-2/IL-2Ab complex in mouse models of cholangitis (Mdr2-/-, DDC) or colitis (dextran sulfate sodium [DSS]) as control. In vitro suppressive capacity and gene expression were analyzed in isolated hepatic and splenic Treg. RESULTS In vivo expansion resulted in a 5-fold increase in hepatic Treg, which localized within the inflamed portal tracts. However, although Treg expansion was associated with reduced pro-inflammatory IL-17 and increased anti-inflammatory IL-10 production by hepatic lymphocytes, the severity of cholangitis was not reduced. In contrast, DSS-induced colitis could be improved by Treg expansion, suggesting a selectively reduced functionality of intrahepatic Treg. Indeed, hepatic Treg manifested reduced Foxp3 expression and reduced suppressive capacity compared to splenic Treg. Hepatic Treg dysfunction could be linked to increased IL-12 signaling due to an upregulation of the IL-12 receptor. Accordingly, IL-12 receptor beta 2 knockout mice (IL-12rb2-/-) were able to maintain hepatic Treg functionality. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic Treg expanded in vivo failed to improve the course of cholangitis, which was related to the effects of hepatic IL-12 on Treg. Therefore, neutralization of IL-12 should be considered as part of treatment strategies targeting Treg in sclerosing cholangitis. LAY SUMMARY Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is associated with a paucity of regulatory T cells (Treg) that have a particular ability to control immune responses; therefore, in vivo expansion of Treg might serve as a treatment of cholangitis. However, in a mouse model of PSC, we show that Treg enrichment in the liver was not sufficient to provide effective control of cholangitis, as the suppressive functionality of hepatic Treg was significantly limited by IL-12 signals. Thus, neutralization of IL-12 should be considered as part of treatment strategies to improve the efficacy of Treg-based treatments for liver diseases. Data accession number: GSE 87898.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Schwinge
- Department of Medicine I., University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Alexander Quaas
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Antonella Carambia
- Department of Medicine I., University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Otto
- Department of Medicine I., University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Glaser
- Department of Medicine I., University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Höh
- Department of Medicine I., University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nina Thiele
- Department of Medicine I., University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Schoknecht
- Department of Medicine I., University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- Department of Medicine I., University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Steffens
- Department of Medicine I., University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- Department of Medicine I., University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Herkel
- Department of Medicine I., University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schramm
- Department of Medicine I., University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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30
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Schoknecht T, Schwinge D, Stein S, Weiler-Normann C, Sebode M, Mucha S, Otto B, Ellinghaus E, Stahl F, Franke A, Lohse AW, Herkel J, Schramm C. CD4+ T cells from patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis exhibit reduced apoptosis and down-regulation of proapoptotic Bim in peripheral blood. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 101:589-597. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5a1015-469r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The pathogenesis of the progressive liver disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), remains largely elusive. The strong genetic association with HLA loci suggests that T cell–dependent, adaptive immune reactions could contribute to disease pathogenesis. Recent studies have indicated that PSC is also associated with polymorphisms in the locus encoding for proapoptotic Bim (BCL2L11). Bim is crucial for the maintenance of immunologic tolerance through induction of apoptosis in activated T cells. Of interest with regard to PSC is the finding that BCL2L11-deficient mice develop periductular infiltrates. We, therefore, investigated, whether defective apoptosis of T cells might contribute to the phenotype of PSC. Thus, we induced apoptosis of T cells from patients with PSC and controls by repeated T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation or cytokine withdrawal. We found that CD4+ T cells, but not CD8+ T cells, from patients with PSC exhibited significantly reduced apoptosis in response to both, TCR restimulation or cytokine withdrawal. This increased apoptosis resistance was associated with significantly reduced up-regulation of proapoptotic Bim in T cells from patients with PSC. However, T cell apoptosis did not seem to be influenced by the previously described BCL2L11 polymorphisms. Reduced CD4+ T cell apoptosis in patients with PSC was not due to reduced cell activation, as indicated by a similar surface expression of the activation markers CD69, CD25, and CD28 in T cells from patients and controls. Thus, decreased apoptosis of activated CD4+ T cells may be part of the immune dysregulation observed in patients with PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Schoknecht
- I. Department of Medicine University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Dorothee Schwinge
- I. Department of Medicine University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Stephanie Stein
- I. Department of Medicine University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | | | - Marcial Sebode
- I. Department of Medicine University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Sören Mucha
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel , Kiel , Germany
| | - Benjamin Otto
- I. Department of Medicine University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Eva Ellinghaus
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel , Kiel , Germany
| | - Felix Stahl
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Central Laboratories, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel , Kiel , Germany
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- I. Department of Medicine University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Johannes Herkel
- I. Department of Medicine University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Christoph Schramm
- I. Department of Medicine University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
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31
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Wiggins BG, Stamataki Z, Lalor PF. Using Ex Vivo Liver Organ Cultures to Measure Lymphocyte Trafficking. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1591:177-194. [PMID: 28349483 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6931-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocyte recruitment to different organs, and even alternate anatomical regions within the same organ, is differentially regulated. Key combinations of adhesion molecules and chemokines govern compartmentalization, and these can change depending upon the nature and duration of tissue injury. We are interested in understanding lymphocyte recruitment to the liver during human disease, and thus need models of the liver inflammatory milieu that are as representative as possible. Here we describe the use of precision cut liver slices as models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Wiggins
- Centre for Liver Research, Immunity and Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Zania Stamataki
- Centre for Liver Research, Immunity and Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Patricia F Lalor
- Centre for Liver Research, Immunity and Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Tang LQ, Ni WJ, Cai M, Ding HH, Liu S, Zhang ST. Renoprotective effects of berberine and its potential effect on the expression of β-arrestins and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in streptozocin-diabetic nephropathy rats. J Diabetes 2016; 8:693-700. [PMID: 26531813 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Berberine has been shown to exert protective effects against diabetic nephropathy (DN), but the mechanisms involved have not been fully characterized. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of berberine on the expression of β-arrestins, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in DN rat kidneys and investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS To create the DN model, rats fed a high-fat and high-glucose diet were injected with a single dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg, i.p.). Then, DN rats were either treated or not with berberine (50, 100, 200 mg/kg per day, i.g., 8 weeks). Periodic acid-Schiff staining was used to evaluate renal histopathological changes. Renal tissue levels of β-arrestin 1 and β-arrestin 2 were determined by Western blot analysis, whereas immunohistochemistry was used to determine renal ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels. RESULTS Berberine (100, 200 mg/kg) ameliorated the histopathological changes in the diabetic kidney. Western blot analysis revealed significant increases in ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels in the kidneys of DN rats, which were reversed by treatment with 100 and 200 mg/kg berberine. In addition, berberine treatment (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) increased diabetic-induced decreases in β-arrestin 1 and β-arrestin 2. CONCLUSIONS Berberine exhibited renoprotective effects in DN rats. The underlying molecular mechanisms may be associated with changes in the levels and regulation of β-arrestin expression, as well as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels in the rat kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qin Tang
- Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Wei-Jian Ni
- Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Ming Cai
- Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Hai-Hua Ding
- Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Shan-Tang Zhang
- Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China
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Chen Y, Jeffery HC, Hunter S, Bhogal R, Birtwistle J, Braitch MK, Roberts S, Ming M, Hannah J, Thomas C, Adali G, Hübscher SG, Syn W, Afford S, Lalor PF, Adams DH, Oo YH. Human intrahepatic regulatory T cells are functional, require IL-2 from effector cells for survival, and are susceptible to Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis. Hepatology 2016; 64:138-50. [PMID: 26928938 PMCID: PMC4950043 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Regulatory T cells (Treg ) suppress T effector cell proliferation and maintain immune homeostasis. Autoimmune liver diseases persist despite high frequencies of Treg in the liver, suggesting that the local hepatic microenvironment might affect Treg stability, survival, and function. We hypothesized that interactions between Treg and endothelial cells during recruitment and then with epithelial cells within the liver affect Treg stability, survival, and function. To model this, we explored the function of Treg after migration through human hepatic sinusoidal-endothelium (postendothelial migrated Treg [PEM Treg ]) and the effect of subsequent interactions with cholangiocytes and local proinflammatory cytokines on survival and stability of Treg . Our findings suggest that the intrahepatic microenvironment is highly enriched with proinflammatory cytokines but deficient in the Treg survival cytokine interleukin (IL)-2. Migration through endothelium into a model mimicking the inflamed liver microenvironment did not affect Treg stability; however, functional capacity was reduced. Furthermore, the addition of exogenous IL-2 enhanced PEM Treg phosphorylated STAT5 signaling compared with PEMCD8. CD4 and CD8 T cells are the main source of IL-2 in the inflamed liver. Liver-infiltrating Treg reside close to bile ducts and coculture with cholangiocytes or their supernatants induced preferential apoptosis of Treg compared with CD8 effector cells. Treg from diseased livers expressed high levels of CD95, and their apoptosis was inhibited by IL-2 or blockade of CD95. CONCLUSION Recruitment through endothelium does not impair Treg stability, but a proinflammatory microenvironment deficient in IL-2 leads to impaired function and increased susceptibility of Treg to epithelial cell-induced Fas-mediated apoptosis. These results provide a mechanism to explain Treg dysfunction in inflamed tissues and suggest that IL-2 supplementation, particularly if used in conjunction with Treg therapy, could restore immune homeostasis in inflammatory and autoimmune liver disease. (Hepatology 2016;64:138-150).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung‐Yi Chen
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research UnitUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom,Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of Birmingham, BirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Hannah C. Jeffery
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research UnitUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom,Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of Birmingham, BirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Stuart Hunter
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research UnitUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Ricky Bhogal
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research UnitUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Jane Birtwistle
- Clinical Immunology DepartmentUniversity Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Manjit Kaur Braitch
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research UnitUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Sheree Roberts
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research UnitUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Mikaela Ming
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research UnitUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Jack Hannah
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research UnitUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Clare Thomas
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research UnitUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Gupse Adali
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research UnitUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Stefan G. Hübscher
- Department of Cellular PathologyQueen Elizabeth Hospital BirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Wing‐Kin Syn
- The Institute of HepatologyLondonUnited Kingdom,Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyThe Medical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Simon Afford
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research UnitUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom,Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of Birmingham, BirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Patricia F. Lalor
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research UnitUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom,Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of Birmingham, BirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - David H. Adams
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research UnitUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom,Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of Birmingham, BirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Ye H. Oo
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research UnitUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom,Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of Birmingham, BirminghamUnited Kingdom
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Okada T, Kimura A, Kanki K, Nakatani S, Nagahara Y, Hiraga M, Watanabe Y. Liver Resident Macrophages (Kupffer Cells) Share Several Functional Antigens in Common with Endothelial Cells. Scand J Immunol 2016; 83:139-50. [PMID: 26678711 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The identification and specific functions of Kupffer cells (KCs), a liver resident macrophage subpopulation, are still unclear. We compared KCs with peritoneal macrophages using cDNA microarray analysis and found that these cells share some antigens with endothelial cells. KCs highly express VCAM-1 and VEGF receptors (VEGF-Rs) at transcriptional and protein levels. VCAM-1 mediates the functional binding of KCs with lymphocytes and induces KC activation. Among the VEGF receptors, VEGF-R2 and VEGF-R3 were expressed on the KCs, while VEGF-R1 was expressed on other tissue macrophage subsets. VEGF120, a ligand of both VEGF-R1 and VEGF-R2, transduced strong survival and chemotactic signals through the KCs, when compared to PIGF, a VEGF-R1 ligand, indicating that VEGF-R2 plays significant roles in regulating KC activities. Expression of the VEGF-Rs was regulated by TLR4 signalling. These results suggest that the function of KCs is partly regulated by the common antigens shared with endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Okada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Kimura
- Denka Seiken Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan
| | - K Kanki
- Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Yonago, Japan
| | - S Nakatani
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Y Nagahara
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, Saitama, Japan
| | - M Hiraga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
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Biliary epithelium and liver B cells exposed to bacteria activate intrahepatic MAIT cells through MR1. J Hepatol 2016; 64:1118-1127. [PMID: 26743076 PMCID: PMC4822535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells characterised by the invariant TCR-chain, Vα7.2-Jα33, and are restricted by MR1, which presents bacterial vitamin B metabolites. They are important for antibacterial immunity at mucosal sites; however, detailed characteristics of liver-infiltrating MAIT (LI-MAIT) and their role in biliary immune surveillance remain unexplored. METHODS The phenotype and intrahepatic localisation of human LI-MAIT cells was examined in diseased and normal livers. MAIT cell activation in response to E. coli-exposed macrophages, biliary epithelial cells (BEC) and liver B cells was assessed with/without anti-MR1. RESULTS Intrahepatic MAIT cells predominantly localised to bile ducts in the portal tracts. Consistent with this distribution, they expressed biliary tropic chemokine receptors CCR6, CXCR6, and integrin αEβ7. LI-MAIT cells were also present in the hepatic sinusoids and possessed tissue-homing chemokine receptor CXCR3 and integrins LFA-1 and VLA-4, suggesting their recruitment via hepatic sinusoids. LI-MAIT cells were enriched in the parenchyma of acute liver failure livers compared to chronic diseased livers. LI-MAIT cells had an activated, effector memory phenotype, expressed α4β7 and receptors for IL-12, IL-18, and IL-23. Importantly, in response to E. coli-exposed macrophages, liver B cells and BEC, MAIT cells upregulated IFN-γ and CD40 Ligand and degranulated in an MR1-dependent, cytokine-independent manner. In addition, diseased liver MAIT cells expressed T-bet and RORγt and the cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide the first evidence of an immune surveillance effector response for MAIT cells towards BEC in human liver; thus they could be manipulated for treatment of biliary disease in the future.
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Aldámiz-Echevarría T, Berenguer J, Miralles P, Jiménez-Sousa MA, Carrero A, Pineda-Tenor D, Díez C, Tejerina F, Pérez-Latorre L, Bellón JM, Resino S. Soluble Adhesion Molecules in Patients Coinfected with HIV and HCV: A Predictor of Outcome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148537. [PMID: 26849641 PMCID: PMC4744026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher serum levels of adhesion molecules (sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1) are associated with advanced liver fibrosis in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus. We assessed the relationship between serum levels of adhesion molecules and liver-related events (LRE) or death, in coinfected patients. METHODS We studied clinical characteristics and outcomes of 182 coinfected patients with a baseline liver biopsy (58 with advanced fibrosis) and simultaneous plasma samples who were followed for median of 9 years. We used receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves to calculate optimized cutoff values (OCV) of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1, defined as the values with the highest combination of sensitivity and specificity for LRE. We used multivariate regression analysis to test the association between OCVs of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 and outcomes. The variables for adjustment were age, HIV transmission category, liver fibrosis, baseline CD4+ T-cell counts, antiretroviral therapy, and sustained virologic response (SVR). RESULTS During the study period 51 patients had SVR, 19 had LRE, and 16 died. The OCVs for LRE were 5.68 Log pg/mL for sICAM-1 and 6.25 Log pg/mL for sVCAM-1, respectively. The adjusted subhazard ratio (aSHR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of death or LRE, whichever occurred first, for sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 > OCV were 3.98 ([1.14; 13.89], P = 0.030) and 2.81 ([1.10; 7.19], respectively (P = 0.030). CONCLUSIONS Serum levels of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 can serve as markers of outcome in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. Therapies targeting necroinflammatory damage and fibrogenesis may have a role in the management chronic hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Aldámiz-Echevarría
- Infectious Diseases and HIV Unit, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Berenguer
- Infectious Diseases and HIV Unit, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Pilar Miralles
- Infectious Diseases and HIV Unit, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María A. Jiménez-Sousa
- National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Carrero
- Infectious Diseases and HIV Unit, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Pineda-Tenor
- National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Díez
- Infectious Diseases and HIV Unit, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Tejerina
- Infectious Diseases and HIV Unit, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Leire Pérez-Latorre
- Infectious Diseases and HIV Unit, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Bellón
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Resino
- National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Dysregulation of the key genetic, immunologic, and microbiome compounds of the gut-liver axis is the basis for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). This creates opportunities to accelerate therapies that have been traditionally developed for IBD to be used in PSC to the benefit of both diseases. Shared genetic susceptibility loci has yielded important clues into the pathogenesis of PSC-IBD. Understanding of the critical links between PSC and IBD are essential in designing clinical care pathways for these complex patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertus Eksteen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Health Research and Innovation Centre (HRIC), Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, 4AC66 - 3280 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
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The coexistence of Sjögren's syndrome and primary biliary cirrhosis: a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 48:301-15. [PMID: 25682089 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-015-8471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases share numerous features and often coexist in the same patient. Autoimmune cholangitis/primary biliary cirrhosis and Sjogren syndrome represent paradigmatic examples of the common grounds of different autoimmunity phenotypes based on similarities in clinical manifestations and immunopathogenesis. In fact, primary biliary cirrhosis and Sjogren's syndrome have both been coined as an autoimmune epithelitis in which apoptosis may be in both cases the key element to explain the organ-specific immune-mediated injury against the biliary and exocrine gland epithelia, respectively. Further, growing evidence supports in both diseases the view that B cells, T cytotoxic cells, and T helper cells are involved in chronic inflammation, likely via the altered expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The presence of estrogen receptors on the biliary and exocrine gland epithelia has been advocated as a key to the female predominance encountered in primary biliary cirrhosis and Sjogren's syndrome. Sadly, despite available data, therapeutic approaches remain largely unsatisfactory and recent studies with mechanistic approaches (as in the case of B cell depletion with rituximab) have been of partial benefit only. Future studies should focus on new molecular tools (single-cell transcriptomics, microRNA, epigenetics) to provide unique insights into common mechanisms.
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Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Hepatic Diseases: Therapeutic Possibilities of N-Acetylcysteine. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:30269-308. [PMID: 26694382 PMCID: PMC4691167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is highly prevalent in the world. Oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation are the most important pathogenetic events in liver diseases, regardless the different etiology and natural course. N-acetyl-l-cysteine (the active form) (NAC) is being studied in diseases characterized by increased OS or decreased glutathione (GSH) level. NAC acts mainly on the supply of cysteine for GSH synthesis. The objective of this review is to examine experimental and clinical studies that evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles of NAC in attenuating markers of inflammation and OS in hepatic damage. The results related to the supplementation of NAC in any form of administration and type of study are satisfactory in 85.5% (n = 59) of the cases evaluated (n = 69, 100%). Within this percentage, the dosage of NAC utilized in studies in vivo varied from 0.204 up to 2 g/kg/day. A standard experimental design of protection and treatment as well as the choice of the route of administration, with a broader evaluation of OS and inflammation markers in the serum or other biological matrixes, in animal models, are necessary. Clinical studies are urgently required, to have a clear view, so that, the professionals can be sure about the effectiveness and safety of NAC prescription.
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Yan C, Wang YH, Yu Q, Cheng XD, Zhang BB, Li B, Zhang B, Tang RX, Zheng KY. Clonorchis sinensis excretory/secretory products promote the secretion of TNF-alpha in the mouse intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells via Toll-like receptor 4. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:559. [PMID: 26497121 PMCID: PMC4620022 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1171-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), as one of the most important pathogen pattern recognitions (PPRs) plays a central role in elicitation of innate immunity and mediation of adaptive responses against foreign antigens. However, little is known of the roles of TLR4 in the immune responses of biliary epithelial cells (BECs) induced by Clonorchis sinensis, a parasite of significance in human health. Methods In the present study, the primary mouse intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells (MIBECs) were pre-treated with TLR4 inhibitor peptide or control peptide and then stimulated by excretory/secretory products (ESP) of C. sinensis, respectively. The expressions of TLR4 and relative cytokines were determined using western blot and a bead-based analytic detection system, respectively. Results The results showed that ESP of C. sinensis significantly increased the expression of TLR4 which promoted the expression of MyD88 and NF-κB in BECs; the levels of TNF-α but not IL-6 from MIBECs stimulated by ESP alone were also considerably increased, compared with the group of the medium stimulated. However, the concentration of TNF-α was significantly decreased when MIBECs were pre-treated with TLR4 inhibitor. In addition, ESP could depress the level of IL-6 in MIBECs which was elevated by LPS. Conclusions Our data for the first time demonstrate that ESP of C. sinensis can potently induce secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines via TLR4 in MIBECs, which suggests that TLR4 plays an important role in host defenses against C. sinensis and the pathogenesis of clonorchiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Dan Cheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bei-Bei Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ren-Xian Tang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kui-Yang Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Research related to primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) has since 1980 been a major activity at the Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet. The purpose of this publication is to describe the development of this research, the impact of this research on the clinical handling of the patients, and finally to describe what we believe are the most urgent, remaining problems to be solved. During the early years, our research dealt primarily with clinical aspects of the disease. The concomitant inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) seen in most patients with PSC was a major interest and we also started looking into genetic associations of PSC. Prognosis, malignancy development and treatment with special emphasis on transplantation have later been dealt with. These activities has had impact on several aspects of PSC management; when and how to diagnose PSC and variant forms of PSC, how to handle IBD in PSC and how to deal with the increased rate of malignancy? The problems remaining to be solved are many. What is the role of the gut and the gut microbiota in the development of PSC? Do the PSC patients have an underlying disturbance in the bile homeostasis? And how does the characteristic type of fibrosis in PSC develop? The genetic studies have supported a role for the adaptive immune system in the disease development, but how should this be dealt with? Importantly, the development of malignancy in PSC is still not understood, and we lack appropriate medical treatment for our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Schrumpf
- Norwegian PSC research center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
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Hao C, Zhou Y, He Y, Fan C, Sun L, Wei X, Wang L, Peng M, Wang P, Lian J, Jia Z. Imbalance of regulatory T cells and T helper type 17 cells in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Immunology 2015; 143:531-8. [PMID: 24903732 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pegylated interferon and ribavirin combination therapy is known to be effective in suppressing viral replication in 50-60% of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients. However, HCV-infected patients often exhibit varied responses to therapy. Therefore, the identification of immunological markers associated with the clinical outcomes of antiviral treatment is critical for improvement of therapeutic options. In this study, we aimed to investigate the ratio of CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells to interleukin-17A (IL-17A) -producing T helper type 17 (Th17) cells, and its association with clinical outcomes in response to anti-HCV treatment. In all, 114 patients with HCV infection received pegylated interferon-α2a and ribavirin therapy for 48 weeks, and the frequency of Treg cells and Th17 cells as well as the levels of secreted cytokines were longitudinally analysed by flow cytometry and ELISA. Treg cell proportions and IL-10 production were significantly elevated in HCV-infected patients, especially for HCV genotype 1b. However, the frequency of Th17 cells as well as the secretion of IL-17, IL-22 and IL-23 did not reveal notable difference between HCV infections and healthy individuals. Inhibition of HCV replication was accompanied by a reduction in Treg cells, but little influence on Th17 cells, which led to a significant decrease in Treg : Th17 ratios. Skewed Treg : Th17 ratios existed in chronic hepatitis C. HCV RNA load is closely associated with Treg : Th17 ratios during pegylated interferon-α2a and ribavirin treatment in HCV-infected patients. The imbalance of Treg cells to Th17 cells might play an important role in persistent HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqiu Hao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, China
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