Hepatic Mitochondrial SAB Deletion or Knockdown Alleviates Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome, Steatohepatitis, and Hepatic Fibrosis

LncRNAs, RNA Therapeutics, and Emerging Technologies in Liver Pathobiology

The field of ribonucleic acid (RNA) biology has revealed an array of noncoding RNA species, particularly long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which play crucial roles in liver disease pathogenesis. This review explores the diverse functions of lncRNAs in liver pathology, including metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, alcohol-related liver disease, and cholangiopathies such as primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma. We highlight key lncRNAs that regulate lipid metabolism, inflammation, fibrosis, and oncogenesis in the liver, demonstrating their diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Emerging RNA-based therapies, such as mRNA therapy, RNA interference, and antisense oligonucleotides, offer approaches to modulate lncRNA activity and address liver disease at a molecular level. Advances in sequencing technologies and bioinformatics pipelines are simultaneously enabling the identification and functional characterization of novel lncRNAs, driving innovation in personalized medicine. In conclusion, this review highlights the potential of lncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in liver disease and emphasizes the need for further research into their regulatory mechanisms and clinical applications.

Single-cell transcriptomic profiling of heart reveals ANGPTL4 linking fibroblasts and angiogenesis in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

INTRODUCTION

Despite the high morbidity and mortality, the effective therapies for heart failure with preserved fraction (HFpEF) are limited as the poor understand of its pathophysiological basis.

OBJECTIVE

This study was aimed to characterize the cellular heterogeneity and potential mechanisms of HFpEF at single-cell resolution.

METHODS

An HFpEF mouse model was induced by a high-fat diet with N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. Cells from the hearts were subjected to single-cell sequencing. The key protein expression was measured with Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining.

RESULTS

In HFpEF hearts, myocardial fibroblasts exhibited higher levels of fibrosis. Furthermore, an increased number of fibroblasts differentiated into high-metabolism and high-fibrosis phenotypes. The expression levels of genes encoding certain pro-angiogenic secreted proteins were decreased in the HFpEF group, as confirmed by bulk RNA sequencing. Additionally, the proportion of the endothelial cell (EC) lineages in the HFpEF group was significantly downregulated, with low angiogenesis and high apoptosis phenotypes observed in these EC lineages. Interestingly, the fibroblasts in the HFpEF heart might cross-link with the EC lineages via over-secretion of ANGPTL4, thus displaying an anti-angiogenic function. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining then revealed the downregulation of vascular density and upregulation of ANGPTL4 expression in HFpEF hearts. Finally, we predicted ANGPTL4as a potential druggable target using DrugnomeAI.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this study comprehensively characterized the angiogenesis impairment in HFpEF hearts at single-cell resolution and proposed that ANGPTL4 secretion by fibroblasts may be a potential mechanism underlying this angiogenic abnormality.

Gingival Soft Tissue Integrative Zirconia Abutments with High Fracture Toughness and Low-Temperature Degradation Resistance

Low fracture toughness, low-temperature degradation (LTD) susceptibility, and inadequate soft tissue integration greatly limit the application of zirconia ceramic abutment. Integrating the "surface" of hard all-ceramic materials into the gingival soft tissue and simultaneously promoting the "inner" LTD resistance and fracture toughness is challenging. Composite ceramics are effective in improving the comprehensive properties of materials. In this study, we aim to develop a zirconia composite abutment with high "inner" structure stability and "surface" bioactivities simultaneously and to explore the mechanism of performance improvement. Therefore, elongated SrAl12O19 and equiaxed Al2O3 were introduced into the zirconia matrix by using the Pechini method. Reinforcements of different shapes can promote the density, reduce the grain size, and increase the phase stability of composite ceramics, which improves the fracture toughness and LTD susceptibility. In addition, the released strontium ions (Sr2+), without sacrificing the mechanical properties of the material, could activate the biological capacity of the zirconia surface by activating the M2 polarization of macrophages through the Sr2+/calcium-sensing receptor/SH3 domain-binding protein 5 axis, thereby promoting the collagen matrix synthesis of fibroblasts and the angiogenesis of vascular endothelial cells. This successful case proposes a novel strategy for the development of advanced high-strength and bioactive all-ceramic materials by introducing reinforcements containing biofunctional elements into the ceramic matrix. The approach paves the way for the widespread application of such all-ceramic materials in soft-tissue-related areas.

The Association Between Serum Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase and Gastrointestinal Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) has been shown to have associations with several diseases including cancers. Previous studies have investigated the effect of GGT levels on the gastrointestinal (GI) cancer incidence. We aim to systematically investigate these studies to provide better insights into the interrelationship between GGT and GI cancers.

METHODS

Online databases were searched to find relevant studies investigating different GGT levels' effects on the incidence of GI cancers including colorectal, esophageal, liver, pancreas, gastric, and biliary duct cancers. Random-effect meta-analysis was conducted to pool the hazard ratios (HRs) of GGT quartiles (Qs) effect on cancer incidence.

RESULTS

A total of 26 studies were included in the final review, 12 of which underwent meta-analysis that investigated 11 million patients. Based on the meta-analysis, Q4 patients had a 69% higher hazard of GI cancer incidence (HR 1.69, 95% CI 1.41-2.02, p-value < 0.001). The hazard ratio significance was also similar for Q3 (HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.15-1.30, p-value < 0.001) and Q2 (HR 1.10, 95% CI 1.05-1.16, p-value =0.002) of GGT. Colorectal and liver cancers showed a higher hazard ratio among Q2, Q3, and Q4 of GGT compared to Q1. In pancreas and bile duct cancers, only Q4 of GGT had significantly higher HR. Q3 and Q4 of GGT levels had statistically significant associations with gastric cancer incidence.

CONCLUSION

Higher GGT levels correlate with higher rates of GI cancer incidence, especially in colorectal and hepatic cancers. Future studies should investigate this biomarker's potential role in risk assessment for digestive cancers.

A weekly 4-methylpyrazole treatment attenuates the development of non-obese metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in male mice: Role of JNK

BACKGROUND

4-methylpyrazole (4MP, fomepizole) is a competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) preventing the metabolism of ethylene glycol and methanol, respectively, into their toxic metabolites. 4MP seems also to possess a potential in the treatment of intoxication from other substance, for example, acetaminophen, and to modulate JNK-dependent signalling. Here, we determined if a treatment with 4MP once weekly affects the development of diet-induced non-obese metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in C57BL/6 mice.

METHODS

Male C57BL/6 mice (6-8 weeks old, n = 7-8/group) were pair-fed either a liquid control diet (C) or a liquid sucrose-, fat- and cholesterol-rich diet (SFC) for 8 weeks while being concomitantly treated with 4MP (50 mg/kg bw i.p.) or vehicle once a week. Liver damage, inflammatory markers and glucose tolerance were assessed. Moreover, in endotoxin-challenged J774A.1 cells pretreated with 4MP, pro-inflammatory markers were assessed.

RESULTS

The concomitant treatment of SFC-fed mice with 4MP attenuated the increase in JNK phosphorylation and pro-inflammatory markers like IFNγ, IL-6 and 3-nitrotyrosine protein adducts in liver tissue found in vehicle-treated SFC-fed mice, while not affecting impairments of glucose tolerance or the increase in portal endotoxin levels. Moreover, a pretreatment of endotoxin-stimulated J774A.1 cells with 4MP significantly attenuated the increases in JNK phosphorylation and pro-inflammatory mediators like IL-6 and Mcp1.

CONCLUSIONS

Taken together, our results suggest that a treatment with 4MP once weekly attenuates the activation of JNK and dampens the development of non-obese MASLD in mice.

Downregulation of rhodopsin is an effective therapeutic strategy in ameliorating peripherin-2-associated inherited retinal disorders

Given the absence of approved treatments for pathogenic variants in Peripherin-2 (PRPH2), it is imperative to identify a universally effective therapeutic target for PRPH2 pathogenic variants. To test the hypothesis that formation of the elongated discs in presence of PRPH2 pathogenic variants is due to the presence of the full complement of rhodopsin in absence of the required amounts of functional PRPH2. Here we demonstrate the therapeutic potential of reducing rhodopsin levels in ameliorating disease phenotype in knockin models for p.Lys154del (c.458-460del) and p.Tyr141Cys (c.422 A > G) in PRPH2. Reducing rhodopsin levels improves physiological function, mitigates the severity of disc abnormalities, and decreases retinal gliosis. Additionally, intravitreal injections of a rhodopsin-specific antisense oligonucleotide successfully enhance the physiological function of photoreceptors and improves the ultrastructure of discs in mutant mice. Presented findings shows that reducing rhodopsin levels is an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of inherited retinal degeneration associated with PRPH2 pathogenic variants.

ZBP1-mediated apoptosis and inflammation exacerbate steatotic liver ischemia/reperfusion injury

Steatotic donor livers are becoming more and more common in liver transplantation. However, the current use of steatotic grafts is less acceptable than normal grafts due to their higher susceptibility to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. To investigate the mechanism underlying the susceptibility of steatotic liver to I/R injury, we detected cell death markers and inflammation in clinical donor livers and animal models. We found that caspase-8-mediated hepatic apoptosis is activated in steatotic liver I/R injury. However, ablation of caspase-8 only slightly mitigated steatotic liver I/R injury without affecting inflammation. We further demonstrated that RIPK1 kinase induces both caspase-8-mediated apoptosis and cell death-independent inflammation. Inhibition of RIPK1 kinase significantly protects against steatotic liver I/R injury by alleviating both hepatic apoptosis and inflammation. Additionally, we found that RIPK1 activation is induced by Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1) but not the canonical TNF-α pathway during steatotic liver I/R injury. Deletion of ZBP1 substantially decreases the steatotic liver I/R injury. Mechanistically, ZBP1 is amplified by palmitic acid-activated JNK pathway in steatotic livers. Upon I/R injury, excessive reactive oxygen species trigger ZBP1 activation by inducing its aggregation independent of the Z-nucleic acids sensing action in steatotic livers, leading to the kinase activation of RIPK1 and the subsequent aggravation of liver injury. Thus, ZBP1-mediated RIPK1-driven apoptosis and inflammation exacerbate steatotic liver I/R injury, which could be targeted to protect steatotic donor livers during transplantation.

Sesamin alleviates lipid accumulation induced by oleic acid via PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in HepG2 cells

Sesamin, a special compound present in sesame and sesame oil, has been reported a role in regulating lipid metabolism, while the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Autophagy has been reported associated with lipid metabolism and regarded as a key modulator in liver steatosis. The present work aimed to investigate whether sesamin could exert its protective effects against lipid accumulation via modulating autophagy in HepG2 cells stimulated with oleic acid (OA). Cell viability was evaluated using the CCK-8 method, and triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol (LDL-C), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), along with aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were assessed by oil red O staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and biochemical kits to investigate the lipid-lowering effects of sesamin. Differentially expressed genes were screened by RNA sequencing and validated using real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot. Autophagy and mitophagy related molecules were analyzed employing TEM, Western blot, and immunofluorescence. The data shows that in HepG2 cells stimulated by OA, sesamin reduces levels of TG, TC, LDL-C, ALT, and AST while elevating HDL-C, alleviates the lipid accumulation and improves fatty acid metabolism through modulating the levels of fat metabolism related genes including PCSK9, FABP1, CD36, and SOX4. Sesamin restores the suppressed autophagy in HepG2 cells caused by OA, which could be blocked by autophagy inhibitors. This indicates that sesamin improves fatty acid metabolism by enhancing autophagy levels, thereby mitigating the intracellular lipid accumulation. Furthermore, sesamin significantly enhances the mitophagy and improves mitochondrial homeostasis via activating the PINK/Parkin pathway. These data suggest that sesamin alleviates the excessive lipid accumulation in HepG2 caused by OA by restoring the impaired mitophagy via the PINK1/Parkin pathway, probably playing a preventive or therapeutic role in hepatic steatosis.

Underlying Mechanisms behind the Brain-Gut-Liver Axis and Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD): An Update

Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) includes several metabolic dysfunctions caused by dysregulation in the brain-gut-liver axis and, consequently, increases cardiovascular risks and fatty liver dysfunction. In MAFLD, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and metabolic syndrome are frequently present; these conditions are related to liver lipogenesis and systemic inflammation. This study aimed to review the connection between the brain-gut-liver axis and MAFLD. The inflammatory process, cellular alterations in hepatocytes and stellate cells, hypercaloric diet, and sedentarism aggravate the prognosis of patients with MAFLD. Thus, to understand the modulation of the physiopathology of MAFLD, it is necessary to include the organokines involved in this process (adipokines, myokines, osteokines, and hepatokines) and their clinical relevance to project future perspectives of this condition and bring to light new possibilities in therapeutic approaches. Adipokines are responsible for the activation of distinct cellular signaling in different tissues, such as insulin and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which is important for balancing substances to avoid MAFLD and its progression. Myokines improve the quantity and quality of adipose tissues, contributing to avoiding the development of MAFLD. Finally, hepatokines are decisive in improving or not improving the progression of this disease through the regulation of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory organokines.

Mitochondrial P-JNK target, SAB (SH3BP5), in regulation of cell death

Cell death occurs in various circumstances, such as homeostasis, stress response, and defense, via specific pathways and mechanisms that are regulated by specific activator-induced signal transductions. Among them, Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) participate in various aspects, and the recent discovery of JNKs and mitochondrial protein SAB interaction in signal regulation of cell death completes our understanding of the mechanism of sustained activation of JNK (P-JNK), which leads to triggering of the machinery of cell death. This understanding will lead the investigators to discover the modulators facilitating or preventing cell death for therapeutic application in acute or chronic diseases and cancer. We discuss here the mechanism and modulators of the JNK-SAB-ROS activation loop, which is the core component of mitochondria-dependent cell death, specifically apoptosis and mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, and which may also contribute to cell death mechanisms of ferroptosis and pyroptosis. The discussion here is based on the results and evidence discovered from liver disease models, but the JNK-SAB-ROS activation loop to sustain JNK activation is universally applicable to various disease models where mitochondria and reactive oxygen species contribute to the mechanism of disease.

Phosphorylation: new star of pathogenesis and treatment in steatotic liver disease

Steatotic liver disease poses a serious threat to human health and has emerged as one of the most significant burdens of chronic liver disease worldwide. Currently, the research mechanism is not clear, and there is no specific targeted drug for direct treatment. Phosphorylation is widely regarded as the most common type of protein modification, closely linked to steatotic liver disease in previous studies. However, there is no systematic review to clarify the relationship and investigate from the perspective of phosphorylation. Phosphorylation has been found to mainly regulate molecule stability, affect localization, transform molecular function, and cooperate with other protein modifications. Among them, adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), serine/threonine kinase (AKT), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB) are considered the core mechanisms in steatotic liver disease. As to treatment, lifestyle changes, prescription drugs, and herbal ingredients can alleviate symptoms by influencing phosphorylation. It demonstrates the significant role of phosphorylation as a mechanism occurrence and a therapeutic target in steatotic liver disease, which could be a new star for future exploration.

Prepared Radix Polygoni Multiflori and emodin alleviate lipid droplet accumulation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through MAPK signaling pathway inhibition

As one of the most common liver diseases, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects almost one-quarter of the world's population. Although the prevalence of NAFLD is continuously rising, effective medical treatments are still inadequate. Radix Polygoni Multiflori (RPM) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. As a processed product of RPM, prepared Radix Polygoni Multiflori (PRPM) has been reported to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study investigated whether PRPM treatment could significantly improve NAFLD. We used recent literature, the Herb database and the SwissADME database to isolate the active compounds of PRPM. The OMIM, DisGeNET and GeneCards databases were used to isolate NAFLD-related target genes, and GO functional enrichment and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were conducted. Moreover, PRPM treatment in NAFLD model mice was evaluated. The results indicate that the target genes are mainly enriched in the AMPK and de novo lipogenesis signaling pathways and that PRPM treatment improves NAFLD disease in model mice. Here, we found the potential benefits of PRPM against NAFLD and demonstrated in vivo and in vitro that PRPM and its ingredient emodin downregulate phosphorylated P38/P38, phosphorylated ERK1/2 and genes related to de novo adipogenesis signaling pathways and reduce lipid droplet accumulation. In conclusion, our findings revealed a novel therapeutic role for PRPM in the treatment of NAFLD and metabolic inflammation.

Contributing roles of mitochondrial dysfunction and hepatocyte apoptosis in liver diseases through oxidative stress, post-translational modifications, inflammation, and intestinal barrier dysfunction

This review provides an update on recent findings from basic, translational, and clinical studies on the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis of hepatocytes in multiple liver diseases, including but not limited to alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and drug-induced liver injury (DILI). While the ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450-2E1 (CYP2E1) is mainly responsible for oxidizing binge alcohol via the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system, it is also responsible for metabolizing many xenobiotics, including pollutants, chemicals, drugs, and specific diets abundant in n-6 fatty acids, into toxic metabolites in many organs, including the liver, causing pathological insults through organelles such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticula. Oxidative imbalances (oxidative stress) in mitochondria promote the covalent modifications of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids through enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. Excessive changes stimulate various post-translational modifications (PTMs) of mitochondrial proteins, transcription factors, and histones. Increased PTMs of mitochondrial proteins inactivate many enzymes involved in the reduction of oxidative species, fatty acid metabolism, and mitophagy pathways, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, energy depletion, and apoptosis. Unique from other organelles, mitochondria control many signaling cascades involved in bioenergetics (fat metabolism), inflammation, and apoptosis/necrosis of hepatocytes. When mitochondrial homeostasis is shifted, these pathways become altered or shut down, likely contributing to the death of hepatocytes with activation of inflammation and hepatic stellate cells, causing liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. This review will encapsulate how mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to hepatocyte apoptosis in several types of liver diseases in order to provide recommendations for targeted therapeutics.

Phocaeicola vulgatus alleviates diet-induced metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease progression by downregulating histone acetylation level via 3-HPAA

Diet-induced metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a prevalent metabolic disorder with limited effective interventions available. A novel approach to address this issue is through gut microbiota-based therapy. In our study, we utilized multi-omics analysis to identify Phocaeicola vulgatus (P. vulgatus) as a potential probiotic for the treatment of MASLD. Our findings from murine models clearly illustrate that the supplementation of P. vulgatus mitigates the development of MASLD. This beneficial effect is partly attributed to the metabolite 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (3-HPAA) produced by P. vulgatus, which reduces the acetylation levels of H3K27 and downregulates the transcription of Squalene Epoxidase (SQLE), a rate-limiting enzyme in steroid biosynthesis that promotes lipid accumulation in liver cells. This study underscores the significant role of P. vulgatus in the development of MASLD and the critical importance of its metabolite 3-HPAA in regulating lipid homeostasis. These findings offer a promising avenue for early intervention therapy in the context of MASLD.

Cellular stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis

The burden of chronic liver disease is rising substantially worldwide. Fibrosis, characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, is the common pathway leading to cirrhosis, and limited treatment options are available. There is increasing evidence suggesting the role of cellular stress responses contributing to fibrogenesis. This Review provides an overview of studies that analyse the role of cellular stress in different cell types involved in fibrogenesis, including hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and macrophages.

Single-cell transcriptomics reveals intestinal cell heterogeneity and identifies Ep300 as a potential therapeutic target in mice with acute liver failure

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a severe life-threatening disease associated with the disorder of the gut-liver axis. However, the cellular characteristics of ALF in the gut and related therapeutic targets remain unexplored. Here, we utilized the D-GALN/LPS (D/L)-induced ALF model to characterize 33,216 single-cell transcriptomes and define a mouse ALF intestinal cellular atlas. We found that unique, previously uncharacterized intestinal immune cells, including T cells, B cells, macrophages, and neutrophils, are responsive to ALF, and we identified the transcriptional profiles of these subsets during ALF. We also delineated the heterogeneity of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and found that ALF-induced cell cycle arrest in intestinal stem cells and activated specific enterocyte and goblet cell clusters. Notably, the most significantly altered IECs, including enterocytes, intestinal stem cells and goblet cells, had similar activation patterns closely associated with inflammation from intestinal immune activation. Furthermore, our results unveiled a common Ep300-dependent transcriptional program that coordinates IEC activation during ALF, which was confirmed to be universal in different ALF models. Pharmacological inhibition of Ep300 with an inhibitor (SGC-CBP30) inhibited this cell-specific program, confirming that Ep300 is an effective target for alleviating ALF. Mechanistically, Ep300 inhibition restrained inflammation and oxidative stress in the dysregulated cluster of IECs through the P38-JNK pathway and corrected intestinal ecology by regulating intestinal microbial composition and metabolism, thereby protecting IECs and attenuating ALF. These findings confirm that Ep300 is a novel therapeutic target in ALF and pave the way for future pathophysiological studies on ALF.

Lysosomal-associated protein transmembrane 5 ameliorates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by promoting the degradation of CDC42 in mice

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has received great attention due to its high incidence. Here, we show that lysosomal-associated protein transmembrane 5 (LAPTM5) is associated with NASH progression through extensive bioinformatical analysis. The protein level of LAPTM5 bears a negative correlation with NAS score. Moreover, LAPTM5 degradation is mediated through its ubiquitination modification by the E3 ubquitin ligase NEDD4L. Discovered by experiments conducted on male mice, hepatocyte-specific depletion of Laptm5 exacerbates mouse NASH symptoms. In contrast, Laptm5 overexpression in hepatocytes exerts diametrically opposite effects. Mechanistically, LAPTM5 interacts with CDC42 and promotes its degradation through a lysosome-dependent manner under the stimulation of palmitic acid, thus inhibiting activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Finally, adenovirus-mediated hepatic Laptm5 overexpression ameliorates aforementioned symptoms in NASH models.

Lian-Qu formula treats metabolic syndrome via reducing fat synthesis, insulin resistance and inflammation

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a pathological condition characterized by obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension and hyperlipidemia that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The traditional Chinese medicine Lian-Qu formula (LQF) is modified from Xiaoxianxiong decoction, which has been used for coronary heart disease or metabolic disease in clinical for a long time. However, the pharmacological mechanism of LQF on MetS is unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Here, we explored the actions of LQF on MetS via network pharmacology and validated the mechanism in the MetS mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The chemical components of LQF were searched in the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and the natural product activity & species source database. The related targets of MetS disease were gathered from genes cluster with literature profiles database. The protein-protein interaction network was constructed to obtain the key target genes. The Gene Ontology analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment of the key targets were performed to predict the potential mechanisms of LQF action on MetS. And then, the high-fat diet-induced MetS mice were used to validate its therapeutic effect and molecular targets. Insulin tolerance test and oral glucose tolerance test were used to assess insulin sensitivity. Body weight and visceral fat index were measured to assess obesity. Liver metabolism was detected by H&E section, oil red O staining and untargeted lipid metabolomics experiments. Finally, the key targets of LQF action on MetS were verified by PCR and ELISA kits.

RESULTS

A total of 466 components in LQF were obtained, among which 71 were active. These components correspond to 74 targets associated with MetS. The predicted targets of LQF worked on MetS were AKT1, INSR, PPARs, FASN, LDLR, TNF, CRP, IL-6, IL-1β and so on. Furthermore, these targets were related to pathways in cellular response to lipid, inflammatory response, glucose transmembrane transport and insulin resistance. Finally, the animal experiments validated that LQF inhibited lipids accumulation by inhibiting the gene expression of FASN and increasing ADPN, and it relieved insulin resistance by increasing GLUT-4 expression. Moreover, LQF alleviated inflammation by reducing IL-6 and CRP levels.

CONCLUSION

LQF exerted anti-MetS effects through improving insulin sensitivity, ameliorating hyperlipidemia and obesity, reducing liver injury, and inhibiting inflammatory response.

Hepatocyte-derived MASP1-enriched small extracellular vesicles activate HSCs to promote liver fibrosis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Liver fibrosis is a chronic disease characterized by different etiological agents; dysregulated interactions between hepatocytes and HSCs contribute to this disease. β-arrestin 1 (ARRB1) plays an important role in liver fibrosis; however, the effect of ARRB1 on the crosstalk between hepatocytes and HSCs in liver fibrosis is unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate how ARRB1 modulates hepatocyte and HSC activation during liver fibrosis.

APPROACH AND RESULTS

Normal and fibrotic human liver and serum samples were obtained. CCl 4 -induced liver fibrosis and methionine-choline deficiency-induced NASH models were constructed. Primary hepatocytes and HSCs were isolated, and human hepatic LO2 and stellate LX2 cells were used. Small extracellular vesicles (EVs) were purified, and key proteins were identified. ARRB1 was up-regulated in hepatocytes and associated with autophagic blockage in liver fibrosis. ARRB1 increased the release of hepatocyte-derived small EVs by inhibiting multivesicular body lysosomal degradation and activating Rab27A, thereby activating HSCs. Proteomic analyses showed that mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1 (MASP1) was enriched in hepatocyte-derived small EVs and activated HSCs via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) signaling. ARRB1 up-regulated MASP1 expression in hepatocytes. MASP1 promoted liver fibrosis in mice. Clinically, MASP1 expression was increased in the serum and liver tissue of patients with liver fibrosis.

CONCLUSIONS

ARRB1 up-regulates the release of hepatocyte-derived MASP1-enriched small EVs by regulating the autophagic-lysosomal/multivesicular body pathway and Rab27A. Hepatocyte-derived MASP1 activates HSCs to promote liver fibrogenesis through p38 MAPK/ATF2 signaling. Thus, MASP1 is a pivotal therapeutic target in liver fibrosis.

Emerging novel targets for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease treatment: Evidence from recent basic studies

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a leading chronic disease worldwide, affects approximately a quarter of the global population. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an advanced form of NAFLD and is more likely to progress to liver fibrosis than simple steatosis. NASH is also identified as the most rapidly growing cause of hepatocellular carcinoma. Although in the past decade, several phase II/III clinical trials have shown promising results in the use of novel drugs targeting lipid synthase, farnesoid X receptor signaling, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling, hepatocellular injury, and inflammatory signaling, proven pharmaceutical agents to treat NASH are still lacking. Thus, continuous exploration of the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of NAFLD and the identification of novel therapeutic targets remain urgent tasks in the field. In the current review, we summarize studies reported in recent years that not only provide new insights into the mechanisms of NAFLD development but also explore the possibility of treating NAFLD by targeting newly identified signaling pathways. We also discuss evidence focusing on the intrahepatic targets involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD as well as extrahepatic targets affecting liver metabolism and function.

Antisense oligonucleotide is a promising intervention for liver diseases

As the body's critical metabolic organ, the liver plays an essential role in maintaining proper body homeostasis. However, as people's living standards have improved and the number of unhealthy lifestyles has increased, the liver has become overburdened. These have made liver disease one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Under the influence of adverse factors, liver disease progresses from simple steatosis to hepatitis, to liver fibrosis, and finally to cirrhosis and cancer, followed by increased mortality. Until now, there has been a lack of accepted effective treatments for liver disease. Based on current research, antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), as an alternative intervention for liver diseases, is expected to be an effective treatment due to its high efficiency, low toxicity, low dosage, strong specificity, and additional positive characteristics. In this review, we will first introduce the design, modification, delivery, and the mechanisms of ASO, and then summarize the application of ASO in liver disease treatment, including in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hepatitis, liver fibrosis, and liver cancer. Finally, we discuss challenges and perspectives on the transfer of ASO drugs into clinical use. This review provides a current and comprehensive understanding of the integrative and systematic functions of ASO for its use in liver disease.

Activation of primary hepatic stellate cells and liver fibrosis induced by targeting TGF-β1/Smad signaling in schistosomiasis in mice

BACKGROUND

In mice, liver fibrosis is the most serious pathologic change during Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) infection. Schistosomiasis is mainly characterized by schistosome egg-induced granulomatous fibrosis. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are mainly responsible for the net accumulation of collagens and fibrosis formation in the liver. Activated HSCs regulated by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad signaling have emerged as the critical regulatory pathway in hepatitis virus or carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. However, the detailed mechanism of HSC activation in schistosome-induced liver fibrosis is poorly understood.

METHODS

Schistosoma japonicum-induced murine models and a control group were generated by abdominal infection with 15 (± 1) cercariae. The purity of cultured primary HSCs was evaluated by immunocytochemistry. The histopathological changes in the livers of infected mice were estimated by hematoxylin-eosin and Masson staining. Dynamic expression of pro-fibrotic molecules and microRNAs was detected by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Mainly members involved in the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway were examined via RT-qPCR and Western blot.

RESULTS

The egg-induced granulomatous inflammation formed at 4 weeks post-infection (wpi) and developed progressively. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen I, collagen III, TGF-β1, Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4 showed a significant increase in mitochondrial RNA (mRNA) and protein expression compared with the control group at 7 and 9 weeks post-infection (wpi), while an opposite effect on Smad7 was observed. In addition, the mRNA expression of microRNA-21 (miRNA-21) was significantly increased at 7 wpi, and the mRNA expression of miRNA-454 was decreased starting from 4 wpi.

CONCLUSION

Our present findings revealed that HSCs regulated by the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway play an important role in liver fibrosis in S. japonicum-infected mice, which may provide proof of concept for liver fibrosis in schistosomiasis.

Modulation of hepatic amyloid precursor protein and lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 by chronic alcohol intake: Potential link between liver steatosis and amyloid-β

Heavy alcohol consumption is a known risk factor for various forms of dementia and the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In this work, we investigated how intragastric alcohol feeding may alter the liver-to-brain axis to induce and/or promote AD pathology. Four weeks of intragastric alcohol feeding to mice, which causes significant fatty liver (steatosis) and liver injury, caused no changes in AD pathology markers in the brain [amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin], except for a decrease in microglial cell number in the cortex of the brain. Interestingly, the decline in microglial numbers correlated with serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, suggesting a potential link between liver injury and microglial loss in the brain. Intragastric alcohol feeding significantly affected two hepatic proteins important in amyloid-beta (Aβ) processing by the liver: 1) alcohol feeding downregulated lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1, ∼46%), the major receptor in the liver that removes Aβ from blood and peripheral organs, and 2) alcohol significantly upregulated APP (∼2-fold), a potentially important source of Aβ in the periphery and brain. The decrease in hepatic LRP1 and increase in hepatic APP likely switches the liver from being a remover or low producer of Aβ to an important source of Aβ in the periphery, which can impact the brain. The downregulation of LRP1 and upregulation of APP in the liver was observed in the first week of intragastric alcohol feeding, and also occurred in other alcohol feeding models (NIAAA binge alcohol model and intragastric alcohol feeding to rats). Modulation of hepatic LRP1 and APP does not seem alcohol-specific, as ob/ob mice with significant steatosis also had declines in LRP1 and increases in APP expression in the liver. These findings suggest that liver steatosis rather than alcohol-induced liver injury is likely responsible for regulation of hepatic LRP1 and APP. Both obesity and alcohol intake have been linked to AD and our data suggests that liver steatosis associated with these two conditions modulates hepatic LRP1 and APP to disrupt Aβ processing by the liver to promote AD.

Mechanism and Therapeutic Targets of c-Jun-N-Terminal Kinases Activation in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) is the most common chronic liver disease. Activation of mitogen-activated kinases (MAPK) cascade, which leads to c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation occurs in the liver in response to the nutritional and metabolic stress. The aberrant activation of MAPKs, especially c-Jun-N-terminal kinases (JNKs), leads to unwanted genetic and epi-genetic modifications in addition to the metabolic stress adaptation in hepatocytes. A mechanism of sustained P-JNK activation was identified in acute and chronic liver diseases, suggesting an important role of aberrant JNK activation in NASH. Therefore, modulation of JNK activation, rather than targeting JNK protein levels, is a plausible therapeutic application for the treatment of chronic liver disease.

Autoimmune hepatitis with history of HCV treatment triggered by COVID-19 vaccination: case report and literature review

Although vaccines have been effective against the worldwide pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19), some case reports have described autoimmune hepatitis triggered by COVID-19 vaccination. Meanwhile, hepatitis C virus (HCV) is known to be related to autoimmune diseases. Here, we report a case of autoimmune hepatitis with history of HCV treatment triggered by COVID-19 vaccination. An 82-year-old woman was referred to our hospital for severe liver injury. She had received a COVID-19 vaccination 7 days prior. She had a history of HCV treatment with direct-acting antivirals 7 years previously. In her blood data, despite HCV antibody positivity, she was negative for HCV RNA by real-time RT-PCR. Anti-nuclear antibody was positive and IgG was elevated. Interface hepatitis and plasma cell infiltration were confirmed pathologically. She was diagnosed as autoimmune hepatitis and her liver injury quickly improved after initiation of steroid administration. This is a first case report of autoimmune hepatitis with history of HCV treatment triggered by COVID-19 vaccination.

Single-Cell Sequencing Revealed Pivotal Genes Related to Prognosis of Myocardial Infarction Patients

Objectives

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a common cardiovascular disease. Histopathology is a main molecular characteristic of MI, but often, differences between various cell subsets have been neglected. Under this premise, MI-related molecular biomarkers were screened using single-cell sequencing.

Methods

This work examined immune cell abundance in normal and MI samples from GSE109048 and determined differences in the activated mast cells and activated CD4 memory T cells, resting mast cells. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) demonstrated that activated CD4 memory T cells were the most closely related to the turquoise module, and 10 hub genes were screened. Single-cell sequencing data (scRNA-seq) of MI were examined. We used t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) for cell clustering.

Results

We obtained 8 cell subpopulations, each of which had different marker genes. 7 out of the 10 hub genes were detected by single-cell sequencing analysis. The expression quantity and proportion of the 7 genes were different in 8 cell clusters.

Conclusion

In general, our study revealed the immune characteristics and determined 7 prognostic markers for MI at the single-cell level, providing a new understanding of the molecular characteristics and mechanism of MI.

Detailed Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Drug-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis: An Update

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are some of the biggest public health challenges due to their spread and increasing incidence around the world. NAFLD is characterized by intrahepatic lipid deposition, accompanied by dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance, leading to more serious complications. Among the various causes, drug administration for the treatment of numerous kinds of diseases, such as antiarrhythmic and antihypertensive drugs, promotes the onset and progression of steatosis, causing drug-induced hepatic steatosis (DIHS). Here, we reviewed in detail the major classes of drugs that cause DIHS and the specific molecular mechanisms involved in these processes. Eight classes of drugs, among the most used for the treatment of common pathologies, were considered. The most diffused mechanism whereby drugs can induce NAFLD/NASH is interfering with mitochondrial activity, inhibiting fatty acid oxidation, but other pathways involved in lipid homeostasis are also affected. PubMed research was performed to obtain significant papers published up to November 2021. The key words included the class of drugs, or the specific compound, combined with steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, fatty liver and hepatic lipid deposition. Additional information was found in the citations listed in other papers, when they were not displayed in the original search.