1
|
Akinloye DI, Sojinu OS, Ugbaja RN, Agemo S, Akintubuwa MO, Bolaji TJ. Appraisal of Acalypha wilkesiana Godseffiana mitigating effects against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced oxidative impairment in female wistar rat. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-021-00588-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
2
|
Cao P, Yang A, Li P, Xia X, Han Y, Zhou G, Wang R, Yang F, Li Y, Zhang Y, Cui Y, Ji H, Lu L, He F, Zhou G. Genomic gain of RRS1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma through reducing the RPL11-MDM2-p53 signaling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/35/eabf4304. [PMID: 34433556 PMCID: PMC8386927 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf4304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) are characterized by frequent somatic genomic copy number alterations (CNAs), with most of them biologically unexplored. Here, we performed integrative analyses combining CNAs with the transcriptomic data to reveal the cis- and trans-effects of CNAs in HCC. We identified recurrent genomic gains of chromosome 8q, which exhibit strong trans-effects and are broadly associated with ribosome biogenesis activity. Furthermore, 8q gain-driven overexpression of ribosome biogenesis regulator (RRS1) promotes growth of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, RRS1 attenuates ribosomal stress through retaining RPL11 in the nucleolus, which, in turn, potentiates MDM2-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of p53. Clinically, higher RRS1 expression levels predict poor clinical outcomes for patients with HCC, especially in those with intact p53 Our findings established that the chromosome 8q oncogene RRS1 promotes HCC development through attenuating the RPL11-MDM2-p53 pathway and provided new potential targets for treatment of this malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Aiqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Peiyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guangming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Cui
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning City, China
| | - Hongzan Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing City, China
| | - Lei Lu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Jingdu Hospital, Nanjing City, China
| | - Fuchu He
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China.
| | - Gangqiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing City, China
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, China
- Hebei University, Shijiazhuang City, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
The development of peptide-based drugs, which are usually synthetic analogues of endogenous peptides, is currently one of the most topical directions in drug development. Among them, antitumor peptide-based drugs are of great interest. Anticancer peptides can be classified into three main groups based on their mechanism of action: inhibitory, necrosis-inducing and pro-apoptotic peptides. As an antitumor therapy, peptides are considered to have at least the same efficacy as chemotherapy or surgical treatment, but offer advantages in terms of safety and tolerability, given that chemotherapy is usually characterized by severe adverse effects, and surgery carries additional risks for patients. Short peptides have a number of benefits over other molecules. First, compared with full-length proteins and antibodies, short peptides are less immunogenic, more stable ex-vivo (prolonged storage at room temperature), and have better tumor or organ permeability. Moreover, the production of such short peptide-based drugs is more cost effective. Second, in comparison with small organic molecules, peptides have higher efficacy and specificity. Finally, due to the fact that the main products of peptide metabolism are amino acids, these drugs are usually characterized by lower toxicity. Short peptides have a highly selective mechanism of action, thereby demonstrating low toxicity. Furthermore, with the addition of different stabilizing structural modifications, as well as novel drug delivery systems, the peptide-based drugs are proving to be promising therapeutics for cancer mono- or polytherapy. However, challenges remain including that endogenous and synthetic peptide molecules can be oncogenic. Therefore, it is important to investigate whether peptides contribute to tumor growth. In order to answer such questions, numerous preclinical and clinical studies of peptide-based therapeutics are currently being conducted.
Collapse
|
4
|
Dhanasekaran R, Nault JC, Roberts LR, Zucman-Rossi J. Genomic Medicine and Implications for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Prevention and Therapy. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:492-509. [PMID: 30404026 PMCID: PMC6340723 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is poorly understood, but recent advances in genomics have increased our understanding of the mechanisms by which hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, alcohol, fatty liver disease, and other environmental factors, such as aflatoxin, cause liver cancer. Genetic analyses of liver tissues from patients have provided important information about tumor initiation and progression. Findings from these studies can potentially be used to individualize the management of HCC. In addition to sorafenib, other multi-kinase inhibitors have been approved recently for treatment of HCC, and the preliminary success of immunotherapy has raised hopes. Continued progress in genomic medicine could improve classification of HCCs based on their molecular features and lead to new treatments for patients with liver cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Charles Nault
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte De Recherche 1162, Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Paris, France; Liver Unit, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bondy, France; Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris 13, Communauté d'Universités et Etablissements Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Lewis R Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jessica Zucman-Rossi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte De Recherche 1162, Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Paris, France; Hôpital Europeen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang H, Zhang X, Cai XY, Wen DY, Ye ZH, Liang L, Zhang L, Wang HL, Chen G, Feng ZB. From big data to diagnosis and prognosis: gene expression signatures in liver hepatocellular carcinoma. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3089. [PMID: 28316892 PMCID: PMC5354077 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Liver hepatocellular carcinoma accounts for the overwhelming majority of primary liver cancers and its belated diagnosis and poor prognosis call for novel biomarkers to be discovered, which, in the era of big data, innovative bioinformatics and computational techniques can prove to be highly helpful in. Methods Big data aggregated from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Natural Language Processing were integrated to generate differentially expressed genes. Relevant signaling pathways of differentially expressed genes went through Gene Ontology enrichment analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Panther pathway enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction network. The pathway ranked high in the enrichment analysis was further investigated, and selected genes with top priority were evaluated and assessed in terms of their diagnostic and prognostic values. Results A list of 389 genes was generated by overlapping genes from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Natural Language Processing. Three pathways demonstrated top priorities, and the one with specific associations with cancers, ‘pathways in cancer,’ was analyzed with its four highlighted genes, namely, BIRC5, E2F1, CCNE1, and CDKN2A, which were validated using Oncomine. The detection pool composed of the four genes presented satisfactory diagnostic power with an outstanding integrated AUC of 0.990 (95% CI [0.982–0.998], P < 0.001, sensitivity: 96.0%, specificity: 96.5%). BIRC5 (P = 0.021) and CCNE1 (P = 0.027) were associated with poor prognosis, while CDKN2A (P = 0.066) and E2F1 (P = 0.088) demonstrated no statistically significant differences. Discussion The study illustrates liver hepatocellular carcinoma gene signatures, related pathways and networks from the perspective of big data, featuring the cancer-specific pathway with priority, ‘pathways in cancer.’ The detection pool of the four highlighted genes, namely BIRC5, E2F1, CCNE1 and CDKN2A, should be further investigated given its high evidence level of diagnosis, whereas the prognostic powers of BIRC5 and CCNE1 are equally attractive and worthy of attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- Department of Ultrasonography, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Cai
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University (West Branch), Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Dong-Yue Wen
- Department of Ultrasonography, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Ye
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Liang Liang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University (West Branch), Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Han-Lin Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhen-Bo Feng
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Acun T, Demir K, Oztas E, Arango D, Yakicier MC. PTPRD is homozygously deleted and epigenetically downregulated in human hepatocellular carcinomas. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 19:220-9. [PMID: 25831062 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2015.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PTPRD (protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, D) is a tumor suppressor gene, frequently inactivated through deletions or epigenetic mechanisms in several cancers with importance for global health. In this study, we provide new and functionally integrated evidence on genetic and epigenetic alterations of PTPRD gene in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). Importantly, HCC is the sixth most common malignancy and the third most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. We used a high throughput single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray assay (Affymetrix, 10K2.0 Assay) covering the whole genome to screen an extensive panel of HCC cell lines (N=14 in total) to detect DNA copy number changes. PTPRD expression was determined in human HCCs by Q-RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Promoter hypermethylation was assessed by combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA). DNA methyl transferase inhibitor 5-azacytidine (5-AzaC) and/or histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostain A (TSA) were used to restore the expression. We identified homozygous deletions in Mahlavu and SNU475 cells, in the 5'UTR and coding regions, respectively. PTPRD mRNA expression was downregulated in 78.5% of cell lines and 82.6% of primary HCCs. PTPRD protein expression was also found to be lost or reduced in HCC tumor tissues. We found promoter hypermethylation in 22.2% of the paired HCC samples and restored PTPRD expression by 5-AzaC and/or TSA treatments. In conclusion, PTPRD is homozygously deleted and epigenetically downregulated in HCCs. We hypothesize PTPRD as a tumor suppressor candidate and potential cancer biomarker in human HCCs. This hypothesis is consistent with compelling evidences in other organ systems, as discussed in this article. Further functional assays in larger samples may ascertain the contribution of PTPRD to hepatocarcinogenesis in greater detail, not to forget its broader importance for diagnostic medicine and the emerging field of personalized medicine in oncology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tolga Acun
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bülent Ecevit University , Zonguldak, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
The Complex Relationship between Liver Cancer and the Cell Cycle: A Story of Multiple Regulations. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:79-111. [PMID: 24419005 PMCID: PMC3980619 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver acts as a hub for metabolic reactions to keep a homeostatic balance during development and growth. The process of liver cancer development, although poorly understood, is related to different etiologic factors like toxins, alcohol, or viral infection. At the molecular level, liver cancer is characterized by a disruption of cell cycle regulation through many molecular mechanisms. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms underlying the lack of regulation of the cell cycle during liver cancer, focusing mainly on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We also provide a brief summary of novel therapies connected to cell cycle regulation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Song X, Wang J, Zheng T, Song R, Liang Y, Bhatta N, Yin D, Pan S, Liu J, Jiang H, Liu L. LBH589 Inhibits proliferation and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma via inhibition of gankyrin/STAT3/Akt pathway. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:114. [PMID: 24093956 PMCID: PMC3853770 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gankyrin has shown to be overexpressed in human liver cancers and plays a complex role in hepatocarcinogenesis. Panobinostat (LBH589), a new hydroxamic acid-derived histone deacetylase inhibitor has shown promising anticancer effects recently. Here, we investigated the potential of LBH589 as a form of treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Gankyrin plasmid was transfected into HCC cells, and the cells were selected for more than 4 weeks by incubation with G418 for overexpression clones. The therapeutic effects of LBH589 were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, invasive potential, and epithelial-mesenchy-mal transition (EMT) were examined. Results LBH589 significantly inhibited HCC growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Western blotting analysis indicated that LBH589 could decrease the expression of gankyrin and subsequently reduced serine-phosphorylated Akt and tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT3 expression although the total Akt and STAT3 were unaffected. LBH589 inhibited metastasis in vitro via down-regulation of N-cadherin, vimentin, TWIST1, VEGF and up-regulation of E-cadherin. LBH589 also induced apoptosis and G1 phase arrest in HCC cell lines. Ectopic expression of gankyrin attenuated the effects of LBH589, which indicates that gankyrin might play an important role in LBH589 mediated anticancer effects. Lastly, in vivo study indicated that LBH589 inhibited tumor growth and metastasis, without discernable adverse effects comparing to control group, with abrogating gankyrin/STAT3/Akt pathway. Conclusions Our results suggested that LBH589 could inhibit HCC growth and metastasis through down-regulating gankyrin/STAT3/Akt pathway. LBH589 may present itself as a novel therapeutic strategy for HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Song
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, 150001 Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Demokan S, Chuang A, Suoğlu Y, Ulusan M, Yalnız Z, Califano JA, Dalay N. Promoter methylation and loss of p16(INK4a) gene expression in head and neck cancer. Head Neck 2011; 34:1470-5. [PMID: 22106032 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silencing of tumor suppressor genes plays a vital role in head and neck carcinogenesis. In this study we aimed to evaluate aberrant p16(INK4a) gene promoter methylation in patients with head and neck cancer. METHODS Methylation of the gene was investigated by bisulfite modification/methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and gene expression levels were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in tumors and matched normal tissue samples from Turkish patients with head and neck cancer. RESULTS The promoter region of the p16(INK4a) gene was methylated in 67.5% and 28.6% of the primary tumors and the corresponding normal tissue, respectively. This difference was highly significant. In concordance, p16(INK4a) gene expression was downregulated in 67.5% of the tumor samples. Methylation and the absence of expression in the tumors were observed in 48% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that methylation of the p16(INK4a) gene is a frequent event in primary head and neck cancer and that it plays a major role in the silencing of p16(INK4a) gene expression during tumor development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Semra Demokan
- Department of Basic Oncology, Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Possible Down Regulation of the p16 Gene Promoter in Individuals with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2011. [DOI: 10.5812/kowsar.1735143x.588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
|
11
|
Zang JJ, Xie F, Xu JF, Qin YY, Shen RX, Yang JM, He J. P16 gene hypermethylation and hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:3043-8. [PMID: 21799651 PMCID: PMC3132256 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i25.3043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To quantitatively investigate the effect of p16 hypermethylation on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and hepatocirrhosis using a meta-analysis of available case-control studies.
METHODS: Previous studies have primarily evaluated the incidence of p16 hypermethylation in HCC and corresponding control groups, and compared the incidence of p16 hypermethylation in tumor tissues, pericancer liver tissues, normal liver tissues and non-tumor liver tissues with that in other diseases. Data regarding publication information, study characteristics, and incidence of p16 hypermethylation in both groups were collected from these studies and summarized.
RESULTS: Fifteen studies, including 744 cases of HCC and 645 non-tumor cases, were identified for meta-analysis. Statistically significant odds ratios (ORs) of p16 hypermethylation were obtained from tumor tissues and non-tumorous liver tissues of HCC patients (OR 7.04, 95% CI: 3.87%-12.78%, P < 0.0001), tumor tissues of HCC patients and healthy liver tissues of patients with other diseases (OR 12.17, 95% CI: 6.64%-22.31%, P < 0.0001), tumor tissues of HCC patients and liver tissues of patients with non-tumorous liver diseases (OR 6.82, 95% CI: 4.31%-10.79%, P < 0.0001), and cirrhotic liver tissues and non-cirrhotic liver tissues (OR 4.96, 95% CI: 1.45%-16.96%, P = 0.01). The pooled analysis showed significantly increased ORs of p16 hypermethylation (OR 6.98, 95% CI: 4.64%-10.49%, P < 0.001) from HCC tissues and cirrhotic tissues.
CONCLUSION: P16 hypermethylation induces the inactivation of p16 gene, plays an important role in hepatocarcinogenesis, and is associated with an increased risk of HCC and liver cirrhosis.
Collapse
|
12
|
Csepregi A, Ebert MPA, Röcken C, Schneider-Stock R, Hoffmann J, Schulz HU, Roessner A, Malfertheiner P. Promoter methylation of CDKN2A and lack of p16 expression characterize patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:317. [PMID: 20569442 PMCID: PMC2927998 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The product of CDKN2A, p16 is an essential regulator of the cell cycle controlling the entry into the S-phase. Herein, we evaluated CDKN2A promoter methylation and p16 protein expression for the differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from other liver tumors. METHODS Tumor and corresponding non-tumor liver tissue samples were obtained from 85 patients with liver tumors. CDKN2A promoter methylation was studied using MethyLight technique and methylation-specific PCR (MSP). In the MethyLight analysis, samples with > or = 4% of PMR (percentage of methylated reference) were regarded as hypermethylated. p16 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in tissue sections (n = 148) obtained from 81 patients using an immunoreactivity score (IRS) ranging from 0 (no expression) to 6 (strong expression). RESULTS Hypermethylation of the CDKN2A promoter was found in 23 HCCs (69.7%; mean PMR = 42.34 +/- 27.8%), six (20.7%; mean PMR = 31.85 +/- 18%) liver metastases and in the extralesional tissue of only one patient. Using MSP, 32% of the non-tumor (n = 85), 70% of the HCCs, 40% of the CCCs and 24% of the liver metastases were hypermethylated. Correspondingly, nuclear p16 expression was found immunohistochemically in five (10.9%, mean IRS = 0.5) HCCs, 23 (92%; mean IRS = 4.9) metastases and only occasionally in hepatocytes of non-lesional liver tissues (mean IRS = 1.2). The difference of CDKN2A-methylation and p16 protein expression between HCCs and liver metastases was statistically significant (p < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION Promoter methylation of CDKN2A gene and lack of p16 expression characterize patients with HCC.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/analysis
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/genetics
- DNA Methylation
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Liver Neoplasms/chemistry
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/secondary
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antal Csepregi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Hufeland Klinikum GmbH Bad Langensalza, 99947 Bad Langensalza, Germany
| | - Matthias PA Ebert
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Röcken
- Institute of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Christian-Albrecht University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Regine Schneider-Stock
- Institute of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Juliane Hoffmann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Schulz
- Department of Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Albert Roessner
- Institute of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Malfertheiner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Matsuda Y. Molecular mechanism underlying the functional loss of cyclindependent kinase inhibitors p16 and p27 in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:1734-40. [PMID: 18350604 PMCID: PMC2695913 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common human cancers, and its incidence is still increasing in many countries. The prognosis of HCC patients remains poor, and identification of useful molecular prognostic markers is required. Many recent studies have shown that functional alterations of cell-cycle regulators can be observed in HCC. Among the various types of cell-cycle regulators, p16 and p27 are frequently inactivated in HCC and are considered to be potent tumor suppressors. p16, a G1-specific cell-cycle inhibitor that prevents the association of cyclindependent kinase (CDK) 4 and CDK6 with cyclin D1, is frequently inactivated in HCC via CpG methylation of its promoter region. p16 may be involved in the early steps of hepatocarcinogenesis, since p16 gene methylation has been detected in subsets of pre-neoplastic liver cirrhosis patients. p27, a negative regulator of the G1-S phase transition through inhibition of the kinase activities of Cdk2/cyclin A and Cdk2/cyclin E complexes, is now considered to be an adverse prognostic factor in HCC. In some cases of HCC with increased cell proliferation, p27 is overexpressed but inactivated by sequestration into cyclin D1-CDK4-containing complexes. Since loss of p16 is closely related to functional inactivation of p27 in HCC, investigating both p16 and p27 may be useful for precise prognostic predictions in individuals with HCC.
Collapse
|
14
|
Han T, Wang J, Tong W, Moore MM, Fuscoe JC, Chen T. Microarray analysis distinguishes differential gene expression patterns from large and small colony Thymidine kinase mutants of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. BMC Bioinformatics 2006; 7 Suppl 2:S9. [PMID: 17118152 PMCID: PMC1683564 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-7-s2-s9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Thymidine kinase (Tk) mutants generated from the widely used L5178Y mouse lymphoma assay fall into two categories, small colony and large colony. Cells from the large colonies grow at a normal rate while cells from the small colonies grow slower than normal. The relative proportion of large and small colonies after mutagen treatment is associated with a mutagen's ability to induce point mutations and/or chromosomal mutations. The molecular distinction between large and small colony mutants, however, is not clear. Results To gain insights into the underlying mechanisms responsible for the mutant colony phenotype, microarray gene expression analysis was carried out on 4 small and 4 large colony Tk mutant samples. NCTR-fabricated long-oligonucleotide microarrays of 20,000 mouse genes were used in a two-color reference design experiment. The data were analyzed within ArrayTrack software that was developed at the NCTR. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering of the gene expression profiles showed that the samples were clearly separated into two groups based on their colony size phenotypes. The Welch T-test was used for determining significant changes in gene expression between the large and small colony groups and 90 genes whose expression was significantly altered were identified (p < 0.01; fold change > 1.5). Using Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA), 50 out of the 90 significant genes were found in the IPA database and mapped to four networks associated with cell growth. Eleven percent of the 90 significant genes were located on chromosome 11 where the Tk gene resides while only 5.6% of the genes on the microarrays mapped to chromosome 11. All of the chromosome 11 significant genes were expressed at a higher level in the small colony mutants compared to the large colony mutants. Also, most of the significant genes located on chromosome 11 were disproportionally concentrated on the distal end of chromosome 11 where the Tk mutations occurred. Conclusion The results indicate that microarray analysis can define cellular phenotypes and identify genes that are related to the colony size phenotypes. The findings suggest that genes in the DNA segment altered by the Tk mutations were significantly up-regulated in the small colony mutants, but not in the large colony mutants, leading to differential expression of a set of growth regulation genes that are related to cell apoptosis and other cellular functions related to the restriction of cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Han
- Division of Systems Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Jianyong Wang
- Division of Genetic and Reproductive Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Weida Tong
- Division of Systems Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Martha M Moore
- Division of Genetic and Reproductive Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - James C Fuscoe
- Division of Systems Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Tao Chen
- Division of Genetic and Reproductive Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jicai Z, Zongtao Y, Zongtao Y, Jun L, Jun L, Haiping L, Jianmin W, Lihua H. Persistent infection of hepatitis B virus is involved in high rate of p16 methylation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2006; 45:530-6. [PMID: 16649250 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
High rate of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and p16 promoter methylation were found in the majority of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To investigate the potential linkage between high rate of p16 methylation and HBV infection, p16 methylation was detected with methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and HBV markers were examined with real-time PCR and immunologic method. p16 methylation was detected in 5.5% of patients with hepatitis B, 9.1% of noncancerous liver, 36.6% of cirrhotic liver tissue, and 70.5% of cancerous tissue of HCC, primarily in cirrhotic (46.7%) and cancerous tissue (90.6%) with HBV infection. In noncancerous tissue, p16 methylation could only be detected in samples with HBV infection, although no significant difference, the frequency of p16 methylation in noncancerous tissue with HBV infection was higher than those without it. The results showed that, in cancerous, cirrhotic, or noncancerous tissues, the frequency of p16 methylation in samples with HBV infection was higher than those without it, suggesting possible association between HBV infection and p16 methylation. The result of HBV-DNA analysis showed that 96.1% (49/51) samples with p16 methylation also showed detectable HBV-DNA; it signifies that replication and/or integration of HBV may contribute to high rate of p16 methylation in hepatocarcinogenesis. Generally, these results indicate that persistent HBV infection may be associated with high rate of p16 methylation, and involved in development of HCC through this way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Jicai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Numerous genetic alterations are accumulated during the process of hepatocarcinogenesis. These genetic alterations can be divided into two groups. The first set of genetic alterations is specific of hepatocellular tumor risk factors. It includes integration of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA, R249S TP53 (tumor protein p53) mutation in aflatoxin B1-exposed patients, KRAS mutations related to vinyl chloride exposure, hepatocyte nuclear factor 1alpha (HNF1alpha) mutations associated to hepatocellular adenomas and adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC) germline mutations predisposing to hepatoblastomas. The second set of genetic alterations are etiological nonspecific, it includes recurrent gains and losses of chromosomes, alteration of TP53 gene, activation of WNT/beta-catenin pathway through CTNNB1/beta-catenin and AXIN (axis inhibition protein) mutations, inactivation of retinoblastoma and IGF2R (insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor) pathways through inactivation of RB1 (retinoblastoma 1), P16 and IGF2R. Comprehensive analyses of these genetic alterations have defined two pathways of hepatocarcinogenesis according to the presence or the absence of chromosomal instability. Hepatitis B virus and poorly differentiated tumors are related to chromosome instable tumors associated with frequent TP53 mutations, whereas non-HBV and well-differentiated tumors are related to chromosomal stable samples that are frequently beta-catenin activated. These classifications have clinical relevance as genetic alterations may also be related to prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Laurent-Puig
- Inserm, U775, Bases Moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
van Dekken H, Verhoef C, Wink J, van Marion R, Vissers KJ, Hop WCJ, de Man RA, IJzermans JN, van Eijck CHJ, Zondervan PE. Cell biological evaluation of liver cell carcinoma, dysplasia and adenoma by tissue micro-array analysis. Acta Histochem 2005; 107:161-71. [PMID: 16000213 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2005.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2004] [Revised: 02/11/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The clinical and morphological definition of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), dysplasia and adenoma suffers from a lack of biological understanding. This is especially important in the histomorphological diagnosis of nodular liver lesions in needle biopsies. Therefore, we constructed a liver tissue micro-array (TMA) and evaluated 48 HCCs, 46 dysplasias, 8 adenomas, 20 cirrhotic specimens and 28 normal liver samples derived from 68 patients. Protein (over)expression by tumor suppressor genes p16, p53 and Rb1 was assessed by immunohistochemistry, the proliferative capacity was examined by immunostaining of Ki67. Further, DNA ploidy status (hyperdiploidy) was measured by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with a chromosome 1-specific repetitive DNA probe. An abnormal chromosome 1 number, i.e. the percentage of hyperdiploid cells, was 11.0, 13.7, 16.1, 23.7 and 31.3 for normal liver samples, adenomas, cirrhosis, dysplasias and HCCs, respectively. A significant difference was found for HCC versus cirrhosis (P = 0.024) or adenoma (P = 0.033), a trend (borderline significance) was seen for dysplasia versus cirrhosis (P = 0.094). Immunohistochemical protein localisation of p53 and Rb1, as well as Ki67 indicating proliferation, was clearly higher in HCC than in cirrhosis or dysplasia (all P < 0.001). Proliferation was also higher in HCC than in adenoma (P = 0.025), whereas a trend (borderline significance) was observed for Rb1 overexpression (P = 0.063). These data suggest that in the liver cell dysplasia-carcinoma pathway, changes in ploidy are followed by increased proliferation and cell biological perturbations involving p53 and Rb1. Adenomas can be distinguished from carcinomas, but not from dysplasias, based on ploidy and proliferation characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Herman van Dekken
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pang R, Tse E, Poon RTP. Molecular pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2005; 240:157-69. [PMID: 16239065 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Research over the past decade has unraveled important molecular pathways involved in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and several chromosomal and genetic aberrations have been identified to be responsible for initiation of the carcinogenic process. HBx protein and HCV core protein appear to play a pivotal role in hepatocarcinogenesis related to hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus, respectively. These viral oncoproteins allow cells to bypass some of the multi-steps in hepatocarcinogenesis, accounting for the etiological role of the two viruses in HCC. Understanding of the molecular pathways of HCC facilitates the development of novel molecular strategies for chemoprevention and therapy of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pang
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hellerbrand C, Mühlbauer M, Wallner S, Schuierer M, Behrmann I, Bataille F, Weiss T, Schölmerich J, Bosserhoff AK. Promoter-hypermethylation is causing functional relevant downregulation of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2005; 27:64-72. [PMID: 16081515 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) gene is localized in the chromosomal region 9p21. Here, frequently homozygous deletions occur in several kinds of cancer associated with the loss of tumour suppressor genes as p16 and p15. The aim of this study was to analyse MTAP expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to get an insight into the regulation and functional role of MTAP in hepatocancerogenesis. Compared with primary human hepatocytes MTAP expression was markedly downregulated in three different HCC cell lines as determined by real-time PCR and western blotting. This was not due to genomic losses or mutations but to promoter-hypermethylation. Reduced MTAP-expression was confirmed in vivo in HCC compared with non-cancerous liver tissue on both mRNA and protein levels. To study the functional relevance of the downregulated MTAP expression in HCC, MTAP expression was re-induced in HCC cell lines by stable transfection. In these MTAP re-expressing cell clones the invasive potential was strongly reduced, whereas no effects on cell proliferation were observed in comparison with mock transfected cell clones. Furthermore, in MTAP re-expressing cells interferon (IFN)-alpha and IFN-gamma induced a significantly stronger inhibition of cell proliferation than in mock transfected cells. In conclusion, our results suggest a functional role of MTAP inactivation in HCC development and invasiveness. Furthermore, in the light of a recent report revealing an association between MTAP activity and IFN sensitivity, our findings may have clinical significance for therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang L, Yu Q, He J, Zha X. Study of the PTEN gene expression and FAK phosphorylation in human hepatocarcinoma tissues and cell lines. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 262:25-33. [PMID: 15532706 DOI: 10.1023/b:mcbi.0000038212.78008.7f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor PTEN gene maps to chromosome 10q23.3 and encodes a dual specificity phosphatase. Mutations of this gene had been found in a variety of human tumors. In the present study, we analyzed the structure and expression of the PTEN gene in 34 hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and two hepatoma cell lines. We found neither homozygous nor hemizygous deletions in these samples. We, however, found point mutations in 4 of the 34 tissue samples. Five of ten hepatocellular carcinoma tissues showed reduced PTEN expression at mRNA level. HepG2 and SMMC-7721 hepatoma cells showed decreased PTEN expression at both mRNA and protein levels compared with immortalized L02 hepatic cells. PTEN mRNA in SMMC-7721 hepatoma cells could be reduced by TGF-betaI treatment. We also found that the phosphorylation levels of FAK in both of the hepatoma cell lines were higher than that in L02 hepatic cells. Transient expression of the PTEN gene in SMMC-7721 and HepG2 hepatoma cells resulted in decreased FAK phosphorylation. The level of FAK tyrosine phosphorylation appeared to be inversely correlated with the level of the PTEN protein. In summary, our results indicated that the function of the PTEN gene in hepatocarcinomas may be impaired mainly through point mutations and expression deficiency and that the defect of PTEN in tumor cells could alter the phosphorylation of FAK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lineng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, PR China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Maeta Y, Shiota G, Okano JI, Murawaki Y. Effect of Promoter Methylation of the p16 Gene on Phosphorylation of Retinoblastoma Gene Product and Growth of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Tumour Biol 2005; 26:300-5. [PMID: 16254459 DOI: 10.1159/000089288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological significance of hypermethylation of p16 gene promoter in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells remains to resolved. In order to clarify the significance of methylation of p16 gene promoter, we examined the methylation status of p16 gene in association with phosphorylation of retinoblastoma gene product (pRb) and cell growth in human HCC cell lines. The presence of methylation was examined by methylation-specific PCR. Expression and phosphorylation of p16 and pRb were examined by Western blot analysis. Genetic changes were analyzed by multiplex PCR and DNA sequencing. The effect of demethylation of p16 was assessed by cell growth. p16 gene promoter was methylated in HuH7 and HLF cells. The demethylating agent, 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR), upregulated p16 mRNA in HuH6 and HuH7 cells. 5-Aza-CdR increased p16 protein expression in HuH6, HuH7, and HLF cells, and it clearly decreased the phosphorylation level of pRb in HuH6, HuH7 and PLC/PRF/5 cells. Treatment with 5-Aza-CdR inhibited the growth of HuH7 cells. Homozygous deletion and significant mutations were absent. Methylation in the p16 promoter region is biologically significant, being associated with phosphorylation of pRb and cell growth in human HCC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Maeta
- Division of Medicine and Clinical Science, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Berasain C, Hevia H, Fernández-Irigoyen J, Larrea E, Caballería J, Mato JM, Prieto J, Corrales FJ, García-Trevijano ER, Avila MA. Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase gene expression is impaired in human liver cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2004; 1690:276-84. [PMID: 15511635 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Revised: 08/03/2004] [Accepted: 08/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) is a key enzyme in the methionine and adenine salvage pathways. In mammals, the liver plays a central role in methionine metabolism, and this essential function is lost in the progression from liver cirrhosis to hepatocarcinoma. Deficient MTAP gene expression has been recognized in many transformed cell lines and tissues. In the present work, we have studied the expression of MTAP in human and experimental liver cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma. We observe that MTAP gene expression is significantly reduced in human hepatocarcinoma tissues and cell lines. Interestingly, MTAP gene expression was also impaired in the liver of CCl4-cirrhotic rats and cirrhotic patients. We provide evidence indicating that epigenetic mechanisms, involving DNA methylation and histone deacetylation, may play a role in the silencing of MTAP gene expression in hepatocarcinoma. Given the recently proposed tumor suppressor activity of MTAP, our observations can be relevant to the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of multistep hepatocarcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Berasain
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra. 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li X, Hui AM, Sun L, Hasegawa K, Torzilli G, Minagawa M, Takayama T, Makuuchi M. p16INK4A Hypermethylation Is Associated with Hepatitis Virus Infection, Age, and Gender in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:7484-9. [PMID: 15569978 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: The tumor suppressor gene p16INK4A is mainly inactivated by an epigenetic change involving promoter hypermethylation in hepatocarcinogenesis. The possible clinical impact of p16INK4A methylation and the potential risk factors for this epigenetic alteration have not been thoroughly investigated.
Experimental Design: We studied the methylation status and mRNA and protein expression of p16INK4A in 50 hepatocellular carcinomas and corresponding nonneoplastic liver lesions using methylation-specific PCR, reverse transcription-PCR, and immunohistochemical techniques.
Results: p16INK4A hypermethylation was observed in 58% (29 of 50) of the hepatocellular carcinomas and 16% (6 of 38) of the corresponding chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis tissue samples. p16INK4A methylation was significantly associated with mRNA and protein expression (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). All of the p16INK4A-methylated tumors were positive for hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus markers, but none of the virus-negative tumors exhibited p16INK4A methylation (P = 0.006). The frequency of p16INK4A hypermethylation tended to be higher in hepatitis C virus-related tumors (23 of 32, 72%) than in hepatitis B virus-related tumors (6 of 13, 46%; P = 0.1). Aberrant methylation of p16INK4A was also related significantly to increasing age, female gender, and normal levels of serum PIVKA-II (P = 0.02, 0.04, and 0.04, respectively). No statistically significant difference in survival was observed between patients with p16INK4A hypermethylation and those without.
Conclusions: Our observations suggest that p16INK4A hypermethylation may contribute to hepatocarcinogenesis from an early stage and that multiple risk factors, such as viral infections, age, and gender, may be associated with p16INK4A hypermethylation in hepatocarcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Anzola M, Cuevas N, Lopez-Martinez M, Martinez de Pancorbo M, Burgos JJ. p16INK4A gene alterations are not a prognostic indicator for survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing curative hepatectomy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 19:397-405. [PMID: 15012776 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2003.03305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy worldwide that is highly associated with chronic hepatitis B or C infection and cirrhosis. The tumor suppressor gene p16INK4A is an important component of the cell cycle and inactivation of the gene has been found in a variety of human cancers. The present study was performed to determine genetic and epigenetic alterations in the p16INK4A tumor suppressor gene and the effect of these on HCC progression. METHODS The status of p16INK4A was evaluated in 117 HCC tumoral nodules and 110 corresponding peritumoral tissues by loss of heterozigosity (LOH) at the 9p21-22 region, homozygous deletions, single-strand conformation polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) mutational analysis and methylation specific PCR. RESULTS The most frequent inactivation mechanism was hypermethylation of the promoter region, which was found in 63.2% of the tumor samples and in 28.2% of the peritumoral samples. Loss of heterozygosity at the 9p21 region was detected in 27.3% and 10% of tumor and peritumoral tissues, respectively. Homozygous deletions and mutations were less common events in hepatocarcinogenesis. The authors found 5.9% of the tumor cases with exon 2 homozygous deletions and 8.6% with mutations. Two polymorphisms were detected, one at codon 148 (GCG --> ACG, Ala --> Thr) in three cases and the other in exon 3 at 540 bp (34.2% of the samples). No association was found between inactivation of p16INK4A and clinicopathological characteristics or prognosis. CONCLUSION p16INK4A is altered frequently and early in HCC, being the predominant mechanism of inactivation promoter hypermethylation. The present results suggest that the p16INK4A gene plays an important role in the pathogenesis of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Anzola
- Department of Z and Cellular Dynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Anzola M, Cuevas N, López-Martínez M, Saiz A, Burgos JJ, Martínez de Pancorboa M. P14ARF gene alterations in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 16:19-26. [PMID: 15095848 DOI: 10.1097/00042737-200401000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The molecular status of the p14(ARF) gene has not been fully elucidated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study was performed to determine genetic and epigenetic alterations in the p14(ARF) tumor suppressor gene and their effect on HCC progression. METHODS The status of p14 was evaluated in 117 HCC tumoral nodules and 110 corresponding non-tumor tissues by loss of heterozygosity at the 9p21-22 region, homozygous deletions, single strand conformation polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction mutational analysis and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The most frequent inactivation mechanism was hypermethylation of the promoter region, which was found in 41.9% of tumor samples and in 19.1% of non-tumor samples. Loss of heterozygosity at the 9p21 region was detected in 27.3% and 10% of tumor and non-tumor tissues, respectively. Homozygous deletions and mutations were less common events in hepatocarcinogenesis. We found 5.9% of the tumor cases with exon 2 homozygous deletions and 3.4% of the cases with mutations. We described a silent mutation in codon 42 of exon 1beta for the first time. No association was found between inactivation of p14(ARF) and clinicopathological characteristics or prognosis. CONCLUSION We can conclude that p14(ARF) is frequently and early altered in HCC, being the main cause of inactivation promoter hypermethylation. Our results suggest that the p14(ARF) gene plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Anzola
- Departamento de Z. y Dinámica Celular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Vitoria, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pang A, Ng IO, Fan ST, Kwong YL. Clinicopathologic significance of genetic alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 146:8-15. [PMID: 14499690 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(03)00103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocarcinogenesis may involve multiple mutations with distinctive pathogenetic and clinicopathologic significance. To test this hypothesis, 68 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were studied prospectively for genetic-clinicopathologic correlation. Ten pathologic characteristics were evaluated. TP53 (alias p53) gene mutation was studied by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-single-strand conformation polymorphism-sequencing; CDKN2B (alias p15) and CDKN2A (alias p16) gene methylation by methylation-specific PCR; and genetic imbalances by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). TP53 gene mutations occurred in 25% of cases, more than half being codon 249 G to T transversion. Methylation of CDKN2A was frequent (61.7%); of CDKN2B, rare (5.9%). The CGH analysis showed a median of nine aberrations per case, with amplifications more frequent than deletions. Isochromosomes might be involved in about 25% of cases. Amplifications of 1q and 8q were most frequent. Clinicopathologic correlations showed that CDKN2A methylation was significantly associated with tumors arising in cirrhotic livers; amplifications of 17q was significant in multiple parameters of tumor invasiveness (size, venous invasion, poor cellular differentiation, microsatellite formation); other amplifications (1q, 6p, 10p, and 20p) were also significant in tumor invasion; and deletions (at 1p, 11q, 4q, and 14q) were significant in tumor growth. Consistent patterns of genetic alterations were defined in HCC, which might represent distinctive pathways in hepatocarcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Pang
- University Department of Medicine Professorial Block, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
van Dekken H, Wink J, Alers JC, de Man RA, IJzermans JN, Zondervan PE. Genetic evaluation of the dysplasia-carcinoma sequence in chronic viral liver disease: a detailed analysis of two cases and a review of the literature. Acta Histochem 2003; 105:29-41. [PMID: 12666986 DOI: 10.1078/0065-1281-00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent human malignancies, especially in Asia and Africa, but also in the Western world its incidence is increasing. HCC is a complication of chronic liver disease with cirrhosis as the most important risk factor. Viral co-pathogenesis due to hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection seems to be an important factor in the development of HCC. Curative therapy is often not possible due to the late detection of HCC. Thus, it is attractive to find parameters which predict malignant transformation in HBV- and HCV-infected livers. In the past decade, preneoplastic lesions, i.e. dysplastic foci or nodules, have gained interest as possible markers for imminent malignancy. Noteworthy, dysplastic liver lesions are increasingly detected by imaging techniques. We describe here two cases of chronic viral liver disease, one HBV-and one HCV-related, in which dysplastic lesions were present adjacent to HCC. In the HBV case, a (smaller) satellite of HCC was present as well. The neoplastic specimens were investigated by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and in situ hybridization (ISH). Both methods revealed multiple genetic alterations in the HCCs. The genetic patterns of the HBV-related HCC and the satellite tumor showed many shared alterations suggesting a clonal relationship. A subset of genetic changes were already present in dysplasias illustrating their preneoplastic nature. Surrounding liver cirrhosis samples did not display chromosomal aberrations. A literature survey illustrates the relative paucity of information concerning genetic alterations in preneoplastic liver lesions. However, all the data strongly suggests a role for liver cell dysplasia as a precursor condition of liver cell cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Herman van Dekken
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Shim YH, Yoon GS, Choi HJ, Chung YH, Yu E. p16 Hypermethylation in the early stage of hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2003; 190:213-9. [PMID: 12565176 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abnormality of the p16 expression is involved in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and hypermethylation of p16 gene is known as a major p16 inactivation mechanism. Cirrhotic nodule (CN) is now regarded as a preneoplastic lesion that is frequently associated with microscopic foci of HCC through dysplastic nodules (DNs). This observation clearly supports a multistep hepatocarcinogenesis from CNs through DNs. We thus examined the methylation status of p16 gene in HCCs surrounded by DNs and CNs to define the significance of p16 hypermethylation in the early stage of hepatocarcinogenesis. We tested 24 hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated CNs, 37 DNs, and 18 HCCs within DNs that were microdissected from paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Frequency of p16 hypermethylation was significantly high in HCCs within DNs (15/18. 83.3%) and it increased from CNs (15/24. 62.5%) through DNs (26/37, 70.3%). Interestingly, 11 out of 12 (91.7%) HCC associated with methylation-positive DNs revealed hypermethylation of p16, and 18 out of 23 (78.2%) DNs associated with methylation-positive CNs showed p16 hypermethylation. These data suggest that p16 hypermethylation in the early stages, CNs and DNs may predispose to HCC. In addition, p16 methylation status of five cell lines with or without HBV infection was examined to test whether the high frequency of hypermethylation is related to HBV infection. HBV-infected cell lines were exclusively methylation-positive. These data suggest that high frequency of hypermethylation may be associated with hepatitis B virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yhong-Hee Shim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, 143-701, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
McGlynn KA, Edmonson MN, Michielli RA, London WT, Lin WY, Chen GC, Shen FM, Buetow KH. A phylogenetic analysis identifies heterogeneity among hepatocellular carcinomas. Hepatology 2002. [PMID: 12447857 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840360608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant cause of cancer morbidity and mortality on the global scale. Although epidemiologic studies have identified major risk factors for HCC, the sequence of oncogenic events at the molecular level remains poorly understood. While genetic allele loss appears to be a common event, the significance of the loss is not clear. In order to determine whether allele loss appears to be a random event among HCCs or whether patterns of loss cluster in groups of tumors, a phylogenetic approach was used to examine 32 tumors for genome-wide loss of heterozygosity employing 391 markers. Clusters identified by the phylogenetic analysis were then contrasted to compare candidate locus variation among individuals and to determine whether certain clusters exhibited higher loss rates than other clusters. The analysis found that 3 major and 1 minor cluster of loss could be identified and, further, these clusters were distinguished by variable rates of loss (cluster 1, 29%; cluster 2, 21%; cluster 3, 16%). The analyses also indicated that the allele loss rates in HCC were not insignificant and that the patterns of allele loss were complex. In addition, the results indicated that an individual's constitutional genotype at the EPHX1 locus may be a critical factor in determining the path of tumor evolution. In conclusion, it appears that in HCC, allele loss is not random, but clusters into definable groups that are characterized by distinctive rates of loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li KKW, Ng IOL, Fan ST, Albrecht JH, Yamashita K, Poon RYC. Activation of cyclin-dependent kinases CDC2 and CDK2 in hepatocellular carcinoma. LIVER 2002; 22:259-68. [PMID: 12100577 DOI: 10.1046/j.0106-9543.2002.01629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) CDC2 and CDK2 are key regulators of the cell cycle. The expression of the CDK alone does not necessary reflect their true activities because they are highly regulated by post-translational mechanisms. Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers in the world, but the kinase activities of CDKs in HCC have not been examined. METHODS Here we examined the protein expression and kinase activities associated with CDC2 and CDK2 in HCC and the corresponding non-tumorous liver tissues. RESULTS CDC2 and CDK2 are activated in HCC in over 70% and 80% of the cases, respectively, but have little correlation with clinical parameters and PCNA expression. Interestingly, PCNA was readily detectable in extracts from non-tumorous liver, but more than 60% of samples contain higher concentration of PCNA in HCC than the corresponding non-tumorous tissues. CDC2 and CDK2 are generally activated in the same HCC samples, but the extent of their activation varied significantly, suggesting that the pathways leading to the activation of CDC2 and CDK2 can be regulated independently. Both positive regulators of CDK activity like cyclins and CDKs, and negative regulators of CDK activity like p21(CIP1/WAF1) and Thr14/Tyr15 phosphorylation were up-regulated in HCC. CONCLUSION CDC2 and CDK2 are activated in HCC, and this may be due to a complex interplay between the level of the cyclin, CDK, CDK inhibitors, and inhibitory phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kay K W Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tornillo L, Carafa V, Sauter G, Moch H, Minola E, Gambacorta M, Vecchione R, Bianchi L, Terracciano LM. Chromosomal alterations in hepatocellular nodules by comparative genomic hybridization: high-grade dysplastic nodules represent early stages of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Transl Med 2002; 82:547-53. [PMID: 12003995 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from experimental hepatocarcinogenesis and recent studies in humans have suggested that the emergence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a stepwise process. However, despite abundant experimental data, the precise molecular mechanisms and genetic alterations involved in human liver carcinogenesis are still unclear. Comparative genomic hybridization was used to analyze 26 hepatocellular nodules obtained from patients undergoing liver transplantation or surgical resection for HCC. According to the criteria proposed by the International Working Party, 16 nodules were classified as multiacinar regenerative nodules (MRN), 4 as low-grade dysplastic nodules (LG-DN), and 6 as high-grade dysplastic nodules (HG-DN). Our aim was to investigate the possible genetic differences between MRN, LG-DN, and HG-DN. The whole group of nodules showed only a few aberrations (mean 1.1/case), without any significant pattern. This finding is comparable to what happens in non-neoplastic tissue. On the contrary, in three of six HG-DN, we found deletions of 8p and gains of 1q. LG-DN and MRN did not show these chromosomal imbalances. These results confirm the important role of allelic losses on 8p as well as of gains of 1q in HCC. We conclude that the genes that are important in early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis are probably located on these chromosomal arms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Tornillo
- Institute of Pathology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Herath NI, Kew MC, Walsh MD, Young J, Powell LW, Leggett BA, MacDonald GA. Reciprocal relationship between methylation status and loss of heterozygosity at the p14(ARF) locus in Australian and South African hepatocellular carcinomas. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 17:301-7. [PMID: 11982701 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2002.02704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 9p21, a locus comprising the tumor suppressor genes (TSG) p16(INK4a) and p14(ARF), is a common region of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). p14(ARF) shares exon 2 with p16 in a different reading frame. p14 binds to MDM2 resulting in a stabilization of functional p53. This study examined the roles of p14, p16 and p53 in hepatocarcinogenesis, in 37 Australian and 24 South African patients. LOH at 9p21 and 17p13.1, p14 and p16 mutation analysis, p14 and p16 promoter methylation and p14, p16 and p53 protein expression was examined. LOH at 9p21 was detected more frequently in South African HCC (P = 0.04). Comparable rates of p53 LOH were observed in Australian and South African HCC (10/22, 45%vs 13/22, 59%, respectively). Hypermethylation of the p14 promoter was more prevalent in Australian HCC than in South African HCC (17/37, 46%vs 7/24, 29%, respectively). In Australian HCC the prevalence of p14 methylation increased with age (P = 0.03). p16 promoter methylation was observed in 12/37 (32%) and 6/24 (25%) in Australian and South African HCC, respectively. Loss of p16 protein expression was detected in 14/36 Australian HCC whereas p53 protein expression was detected in 9/36. Significantly, a reciprocal relationship between 9p21 LOH and p14 promoter hypermethylation was observed (P < or = 0.05). No significant association between p14 and p53 was seen in this study. The reciprocal relationship identified indicates different pathways of tumorigenesis and likely reflects different etiologies of HCC in the two countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nirmitha I Herath
- Conjoint Gastroenterology Laboratory, Clinical Research Center, Royal Brisbane Hospital Research Foundation, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Queesland, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang G, Huang CH, Zhao Y, Cai L, Wang Y, Xiu SJ, Jiang ZW, Yang S, Zhao T, Huang W, Gu JR. Genetic aberration in primary hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation between p53 gene mutation and loss-of-heterozygosity on chromosome 16q21-q23 and 9p21-p23. Cell Res 2000; 10:311-23. [PMID: 11191353 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the molecular pathology underlying the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we used 41 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers to examine 55 HCC and corresponding non-tumor liver tissues on chromosome 9, 16 and 17. Loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH) is observed with high frequency on chromosomal region 17p13 (36/55, 65%), 9p21-p23 (28/55, 51%), 16q21-q23 (27/55, 49%) in tumors. Meanwhile, microsatellite instability is rarely found in these microsatellite loci. Direct sequencing was performed to detect the tentative mutation of tumor suppressor genes in these regions: p53, MTS1/p16, and CDH1/E-cadherin. Within exon 5-9 of p53 gene, 14 out of 55 HCC specimens (24%) have somatic mutations, and nucleotide deletion of this gene is reported in HCC for the first time. Mutation in MTS1/p16 is found only in one tumor case. We do not find mutations in CDH1/E-cadherin. Furthermore, a statistically significant correlation is present between p53 gene mutation and loss of chromosome region 16q21-q23 and 9p21-p23, which indicates that synergism between p53 inactivation and deletion of 16q21-q23 and 9p21-p23 may play a role in the pathogenesis of HCC.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Cadherins/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- China
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/genetics
- Gene Deletion
- Genes, p16/genetics
- Genes, p53/genetics
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/etiology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Loss of Heterozygosity/genetics
- Microsatellite Repeats/genetics
- Mutation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Wang
- National Laboratory for Oncogene and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tornillo L, Carafa V, Richter J, Sauter G, Moch H, Minola E, Gambacorta M, Bianchi L, Vecchione R, Terracciano LM. Marked genetic similarities between hepatitis B virus-positive and hepatitis C virus-positive hepatocellular carcinomas. J Pathol 2000; 192:307-12. [PMID: 11054713 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9896(2000)9999:9999<::aid-path706>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common neoplasms worldwide. Well-established risk factors include infections with two very different viruses: the DNA virus causing hepatitis B (HBV) and the RNA virus inducing hepatitis C (HCV). In order to determine whether genetic differences exist between HBV- and HCV-induced HCC, 41 HCC samples of known vival status were examined by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). The analysis revealed frequent deletions of 1p (24%), 4q (39%), 6q (41%), 8p (44%), 9p (24%), 11q (24%), 12q (22%), and 13q (39%), as well as common gains of 1q (46%), 6p+ (20%), 8q+ (41%), 11q (27%), and 17q+ (37%). There was no significant difference in the number and type of chromosomal imbalances between 25 HCV- and 16 HBV-infected tumours. This is consistent with models suggesting that HBV and HCV cause cancer through non-specific inflammatory and regenerative processes, rather than through virus-specific interactions with defined target genes. Chromosomal imbalances were also unrelated to the grade and stage of HCC. This may suggest that most gross genomic alterations occur early during HCC development and that further progression of these tumours may be associated with other types of genetic changes, not detectable by CGH. In summary, these data show that characteristic gross genomic changes occur in HCC, but these alterations at present do not appear to have diagnostic or prognostic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Tornillo
- Institute of Pathology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Guo HB, Liu F, Zhao JH, Chen HL. Down-regulation of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V by tumorigenesis- or metastasis-suppressor gene and its relation to metastatic potential of human hepatocarcinoma cells. J Cell Biochem 2000; 79:370-85. [PMID: 10972975 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4644(20001201)79:3<370::aid-jcb30>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of transfection of the metastasis suppressor gene nm23-H1 and cell-cycle related tumor-suppressor gene p16 on the activity of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) and their relations to cancer metastatic potential were investigated. After transfection of nm23-H1 into 7721 human hepatocarcinoma cells and A549 human lung cancer cells, the activities of GnT-V were decreased by 28%-42% in the cells. In contrast, when p16 was transfected into these two cell lines, the decrease of GnT-V activity was only observed in A549 cells. This was probably to be due to the obvious expression of p16 gene in parental 7721 cells and the deletion of p16 in A549 cells. The decrease of GnT-V mRNA was only observed in nm23-H1-transfected cells, but not in p16-transfected A549 cells, suggesting that these two genes regulated GnT-V via different mechanisms. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-lectin staining showed that the 7721 cells transfected with nm23-H1 or the A549 cells transfected with p16 displayed a decreased intensity with HRP-leucoagglutinating phytohemagglutinin and increased intensity with HRP-concanavalin A, indicating the decline of beta1,6 N-acetylglucosamine branching structure on the asparagine-linked glycans of cell-surface and intracellular glycoproteins. The nm23-H1 transfected 7721 cells also displayed some changes in metastasis-related phenotypes, including the increase in cell adhesion to fibronectin (Fn), the decline in cell adhesion to laminin (Ln), and the decreased cell migration and invasion through matrigel. Transfection of antisense GnT-V cDNA into 7721 cells resulted in a decrease of GnT-V activity, an increase of cell adhesion to Fn or Ln, and a decrease in cell migration and invasion through matrigel. These phenotypes bore similarity to those of the 7721 cells transfected with nm23-H1. Our findings indicate that the down-regulation of GnT-V by nm23-H1 contributes to the alterations in metastasis-related phenotypes, and is an important molecular mechanism of metastasis suppression mediated by nm23-H1.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/enzymology
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Asparagine/chemistry
- Carbohydrate Conformation
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Movement
- Collagen
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/physiology
- Drug Combinations
- Enzyme Induction/genetics
- Fibronectins/chemistry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Genes, p16
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Laminin/chemistry
- Liver Neoplasms/enzymology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/enzymology
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/physiology
- N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases/biosynthesis
- N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases/genetics
- NM23 Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinases
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/genetics
- Neoplasm Metastasis/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Nucleoside-Diphosphate Kinase
- Phenotype
- Polysaccharides/metabolism
- Proteoglycans
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/enzymology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H B Guo
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Health, Department of Biochemistry, Shanghai Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The p16(INK4A) gene encodes 2 cell cycle regulator proteins, p16 and p14(ARF), by alternative splicing. This genetic locus also contains another cell cycle regulator gene, p15(INK4B), which encodes p15. The inactivation of the p16 protein has been demonstrated in some hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs); however, the inactivation of the other 2 cell regulator proteins and their inactivation patterns are not well characterized. METHODS To characterize the role of the above 3 cell cycle regulator proteins in HCCs, the authors examined the genomic status of the p16(INK4A) and p15(INK4B) genes and their RNA products in 20 HCC tissues and 7 human HCC cell lines. Homozygous deletions in each exon of p16(INK4A) and p15(INK4B) were evaluated by comparative multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the methylation status of the p16(INK4A) and p15(INK4B) promoter region was analyzed by methylation specific PCR. RESULTS Homozygous deletions were found in 6 of 20 HCCs (30%) and 2 of 7 HCC cell lines (29%). In 20 HCCs, the frequency of homozygous deletions was 20% in exon 1 of p15(INK4B), 20% in exon 2 of p15(INK4B), 10% in exon 1beta of p16(INK4A), 25% in exon 1alpha of p16(INK4A), 15% in exon 2 of p16(INK4A), and 15% in exon 3 of p16(INK4A). The authors found hypermethylation of the p16(INK4A) promoter region in 7 HCCs (35%) and 3 HCC cell lines (43%). The overall frequency of p16 alterations in HCCs, including hypermethylation and homozygous deletions, was 60% (12 of 20 cases). According to reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis, the absence of RNA expression was most frequent in p16 (11 of 20 cases, 55%) and less frequent in p15 (7 of 20 cases, 35%) and p14(ARF) (5 of 20 cases, 25%). CONCLUSIONS Among the 3 cell cycle regulator proteins encoded at the 9p21 genetic locus, inactivation of p16 is the most frequent event in HCCs in which promoter hypermethylation and homozygous deletions are the common mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Jin
- Department of Pathology, Brain Korea 21 Projects for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hui AM, Shi YZ, Li X, Takayama T, Makuuchi M. Loss of p16(INK4) protein, alone and together with loss of retinoblastoma protein, correlate with hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Cancer Lett 2000; 154:93-9. [PMID: 10799744 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(00)00385-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of p16(INK4) protein absence in hepatocellular carcinoma progression, we examined p16(INK4) expression immunohistochemically in 81 primary and 23 metastatic lesions of hepatocellular carcinoma, in which retinoblastoma protein status had been determined. p16(INK4) protein was absent from 44% of the total of 104 tumors. The rate of p16(INK4) absence was twice as high in metastatic lesions (74%) compared with primary lesions (36%) (P=0.001). Loss of p16(INK4) and/or retinoblastoma protein was significantly associated with decreased tumor differentiation, vascular invasion and metastasis. In conclusion, p16(INK4) protein absence, alone and together with loss of retinoblastoma protein, contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Hui
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Okabe H, Ikai I, Matsuo K, Satoh S, Momoi H, Kamikawa T, Katsura N, Nishitai R, Takeyama O, Fukumoto M, Yamaoka Y. Comprehensive allelotype study of hepatocellular carcinoma: potential differences in pathways to hepatocellular carcinoma between hepatitis B virus-positive and -negative tumors. Hepatology 2000; 31:1073-9. [PMID: 10796882 DOI: 10.1053/he.2000.6409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To examine the role of the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in hepatitis-related carcinogenesis, we performed a genome-wide scan of LOH in 44 tumors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using 216 microsatellite markers throughout all human chromosomes. A high frequency of LOH (>30% of informative cases) was observed at 33 loci on chromosome arms 4q, 6q, 8p, 8q, 9p, 9q, 13q, 16p, 16q, 17p, and 19p. LOH on 19p has not yet been reported, and that appears to be a new candidate in the search for tumor suppressor genes. High rates of LOH are correlated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) positivity, poorly differentiated tumors, vascular invasion, and intrahepatic metastasis (P <.0001). LOH on 13q and 16q occurred more frequently in HBV(+) patients (P <.0001), and LOH on 6q occurred more frequently in virus-negative patients (P <.001). The frequency of LOH on 4q and 13q was significantly lower in well-differentiated tumors than in moderately and poorly differentiated tumors (P <.01). In contrast, LOH on 6q was frequently detected in well-differentiated tumors compared with other histological subclasses (P <.001). Our results suggest that LOH on 6q may play an important role in the early stage of hepatocarcinogenesis in virus-negative patients, but different mechanisms might underlie the initial step to carcinogenesis in HBV(+) patients. LOH on 13q and 16q may play an essential role in the progression of HBV(+) tumors. Further studies of fine deletion mapping on chromosomes 13q and 16q are required to define the genomic segments on which putative tumor suppressor genes responsible for HBV(+) tumors exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Okabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sasaki Y, Tsujiuchi T, Murata N, Kubozoe T, Tsutsumi M, Konishi Y. Absence of p16, p21 and p53 gene alterations in hepatocellular carcinomas induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine or a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined diet in rats. Cancer Lett 2000; 152:71-7. [PMID: 10754208 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(99)00430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the involvement of tumor suppressor genes in exogenous and endogenous liver carcinogenesis, alterations of p16, p21 and p53 in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) and a choline deficient L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet in rats were investigated. Male Fischer 344 rats received DEN at 6-week of age followed by partial hepatectomy (PH), with colchicine to induce cell cycle disturbance, and a selection pressure regimen. Sacrifice was after 42 weeks. Other animals continuously received a CDAA diet for 75 weeks and were then killed. Eleven and 15 HCCs were obtained, respectively. Total RNA was extracted from and cDNA was synthesized with reverse transcriptase to allow investigation of mutations in p16, p21 and p53 by polymerase chain reaction single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis. Expression of p16 and p21 mRNA was also analyzed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. The results showed no mutations or deletions of p16, p21 and p53 in any of the HCCs induced by DEN or CDAA. Loss or decrease of p16 and p21 expression were also not found, suggesting that p16, p21 and p53 alteration may not be necessary for either exogenous or endogenous liver carcinogenesis in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Sasaki
- Department of Oncological Pathology, Cancer Center, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Laes J, Parada LA, Johansson B, Levan G, Szpirer C, Szpirer J. Alterations of P19ARF in rodent hepatoma cell lines but not in human primary liver cancer. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2000; 117:118-24. [PMID: 10704681 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(99)00157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene CDKN2A is functionally inactivated, through mutations, deletions, or methylation, in a large variety of primary neoplasms as well as tumor cell lines. The CDKN2A locus gives rise to two distinct transcripts. P16INK4 and P19ARF. Because it has been shown that the disruption of only P19arf-coding sequences in mice is sufficient for tumor development, this transcript most likely also encodes a tumor suppressor. We have analyzed the two CDKN2A transcripts in fifteen human primary liver carcinomas, two human hepatoma cell lines, and five rodent hepatoma cell lines. No homozygous deletions of P19ARF and P16INK4 were found in these samples, whereas the normal P19arf transcript was absent in two of the five rodent cell lines (nonexpressed in one case and mutated in another). These results suggest that functional abrogation of P19ARF is not a primary event in hepatocarcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Laes
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Barnes E, Webster G, Jacobs R, Dusheiko G. Long-term efficacy of treatment of chronic hepatitis C with alpha interferon or alpha interferon and ribavirin. J Hepatol 2000; 31 Suppl 1:244-9. [PMID: 10622596 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(99)80410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The major objective of treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is to prevent progression to cirrhosis, and thereby prevent complications of end-stage liver disease. The established treatment of chronic HCV is with alpha interferon. Recent results with ribavirin and alpha interferon together suggest that combination antiviral therapy will become the benchmark treatment. For both naive and relapsed patients, however, it has become important to assess the long-term outcome of treatment, in order to gauge whether treatment has indeed modified the natural history of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. It seems likely that most sustained responders (85-90%) treated with combination ribavirin and alpha interferon will continue to have a long-term biochemical and virological response, as has been demonstrated with alpha interferon alone, but further long-term follow-up of patients treated with combination therapy is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Barnes
- Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Liew CT, Li HM, Lo KW, Leow CK, Lau WY, Hin LY, Lim BK, Lai PB, Chan JY, Wang XQ, Wu S, Lee JC. Frequent allelic loss on chromosome 9 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 1999; 81:319-24. [PMID: 10209942 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19990505)81:3<319::aid-ijc1>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy worldwide and highly associated with chronic virus-B or -C infection and cirrhosis. Molecular studies have shown high frequency of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in some specific chromosome regions, but LOH on chromosome 9 in HCC has not been thoroughly investigated. In our investigation of chromosome 9 with 19 polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR)-based polymorphic microsatellite markers, 30 of 48 HCC tissue samples (63%) had LOH, and a distinct common deletion region and a region of loss were identified. The first region was located at the 9p21 region and the minimal deletion region was located between loci D9S1747 and D9S1748. This is a region of approximately 200 kb which includes the p16 tumor-suppressor gene. A region of loss was located on 9p13 to 9q33. The putative tumor-suppressor gene for nevoid-basal-cell-carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) at 9q22.3 resides within this region. In addition to LOH, 4 HCC cases showed possible homozygous deletions at 9p21 with markers D9S1748, D9S1752 and D9S171 by multiplex PCR analysis. In 3 cases, the minimal region of possible homozygous deletion was approximately 300 kb and was defined between markers D9S1747 and D9S1752. Since this deletion region includes both the p15 and the p16 tumor-suppressor genes, these genes were possibly inactivated by homozygous deletion in HCC. In addition, a second region of possible homozygous deletion was present on the centromeric side of 9p21. However, these changes are not associated with age, gender, size or tumor-cell differentiation. Our data also suggest that inactivation of the p16 and the p15 genes and the possibility of other unknown tumor-suppressor genes located on these defined deleted regions of chromosome 9 may be involved in the pathogenesis of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C T Liew
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Fujimoto A, Morita R, Hatta N, Takehara K, Takata M. p16INK4a inactivation is not frequent in uncultured sporadic primary cutaneous melanoma. Oncogene 1999; 18:2527-32. [PMID: 10229204 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to examine whether the inactivation of p16INK4a is an important early event in the development of sporadic melanoma in vivo, we have systematically analysed 46 uncultured primary cutaneous melanomas. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of chromosome region 9p21-22 (where the p16INK4a resides) was detected in 11 tumours (24%) by PCR-based LOH analyses. Direct sequencing of all three exons of the p16INK4a gene in these 11 tumours revealed no somatic mutation although germline mutations which have not been reported previously as common polymorphisms were detected in two patients. Further sequencing analyses of the p16INK4a gene exon 2 in 19 additional tumours with no evidence of LOH on 9p21-22 identified only one heterozygous C- >T mutation at codon 81 altering a proline to a leucine. A sensitive methylation-specific PCR assay did not reveal de novo methylation of the 5'CpG island in exon 1 of the p16INK4a gene in any of the tumours showing 9p21-22 allelic loss or a heterozygous p16INK4a mutation. Complete loss of p16INK4a protein, most likely due to homozygous deletion of the p16INK4a gene, was observed in 6 (15%) out of 39 evaluable cases by immunohistochemical analyses on frozen sections using two different anti-p16INK4a antibodies. The results show that inactivation of p16INK4a is not as frequent in primary melanoma as has been reported in cell lines, and warrant further search for another tumour suppressor on 9p21-22. This study also emphasizes the importance of examining uncultured primary tumours rather than cell lines to define early events in tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zimonjic DB, Keck CL, Thorgeirsson SS, Popescu NC. Novel recurrent genetic imbalances in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines identified by comparative genomic hybridization. Hepatology 1999; 29:1208-14. [PMID: 10094966 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510290410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To search for recurrent and specific genomic alterations in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we examined 18 cell lines by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), a molecular cytogenetic approach that allows positional identification of gains and losses of DNA sequences of the entire tumor genome. We report here a distinct pattern of multiple recurrent DNA copy-number gains and losses that include alterations frequently seen in other neoplasias as well as changes potentially specific for HCC. The most frequent gains were localized on 1p34.3-35, 1p33-34.1, 1q21-23, 1q31-32, 6p11-12, 7p21, 7q11.2, 8q24.1-24.2, 11q11-13, 12q11-13, 12q23, 17q11. 2-21, 17q23-24, and 20p11.1-q13.2. Recurrent losses were mapped on 3p12-14, 3q25, 4p12-14, 4q13-34, 5q21, 6q25-26, 8p11.2-23, 9p12-24, 11q23-24, 13q12-33, 14q12-13, 15q25-26, 18q11.2-22.2, and 21q21-22. Seventeen genomic imbalances are novel in HCC, thus extending significantly the map of genetic changes and providing a starting point for the isolation of new genes relevant in pathogenesis of liver neoplasia, as well as providing molecular probes for both diagnosis and monitoring treatment of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Zimonjic
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Yang JM, Wang RQ, Bu BG, Zhou ZC, Fang DC, Luo YH. Effect of HCV infection on expression of several cancer-associated gene products in HCC. World J Gastroenterol 1999; 5:25-27. [PMID: 11819378 PMCID: PMC4688492 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v5.i1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study hepatocarcinogenesis of hepatitis C virus (HCV).
METHODS Expression of HCV antigens (CP10, NS3 and NS5) and several cancer-associated gene products (ras p21, c-myc,c-erbB-2, mutated p53 and p16 protein) in the tissues of hepato-cellular carcinoma (HCC, n = 46) and its surrounding liver tissue were studied by the ABC (avidin-biotin complex ) immu nohistochemical method. The effect of HCV infection on expres-sion of those gene products in HCC was analyzed by comparing HCV antigen-positive group with HCV antigen negative group.
RESULTS Positive immunostaining with one, two or three HCV antigens was found in 20 (43.5%) cases, with either of two or three HCV antigens in 16 (34.8%) cases, and with three HCV antigens in 9 (19.6%) cases. Deletion rate of p16 protein expression in HCC with positive HCV antigen (80%, 16/20) was significantly higher than that in HCC with negative HCV anti-gen. Where as no significant difference of the other gene product expression was observed between the two groups.
CONCLUSION HCV appears related to about one-third of cases of HCC in Chongqing, the south-west of China, and it may be involved in hepato-carcinogen esis by inhibiting the function of p16 gene, which acts as a negative regulator of cell cycle.
Collapse
|
46
|
Matsuda Y, Ichida T, Matsuzawa J, Sugimura K, Asakura H. p16(INK4) is inactivated by extensive CpG methylation in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 1999; 116:394-400. [PMID: 9922321 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The molecular status of the p16(INK4) tumor-suppressor gene has not been fully elucidated in hepatocellular carcinoma. The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism that gives rise to inactivation of p16(INK4) in hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS The status of p16(INK4) was evaluated in 60 hepatocellular carcinomas by immunohistochemical staining, differential polymerase chain reaction, single-strand conformational polymorphism, methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, and methylation-sensitive single nucleotide primer extension. RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining showed that 29 of the 60 tumors exhibited complete loss of p16(INK4) expression. High levels of DNA methylation were detected in 24 of 29 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma with negative p16(INK4) expression, with methylation of 60%-85% of the CpG islands. In contrast, the level of methylation was <25% in tumors with faint p16(INK4) staining, and no methylation was detected in tumors with positive immunostaining. Intragenic alteration of p16(INK4) was detected in 4 cases. CONCLUSIONS A strong correlation was found between the extent of methylation and the degree of expression of p16(INK4) in tumor tissues, indicating that epigenetic change due to extensive CpG methylation is the main cause of inactivation of p16(INK4) in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Matsuda
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Liew CT, Li HM, Lo KW, Leow CK, Chan JY, Hin LY, Lau WY, Lai PB, Lim BK, Huang J, Leung WT, Wu S, Lee JC. High frequency of p16INK4A gene alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene 1999; 18:789-95. [PMID: 9989830 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene p16 (CDKN2/MTS-1/INK4A) is an important component of the cell cycle and inactivation of the gene has been found in a variety of human cancers. In order to investigate the role of p16 gene in the tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 48 cases of HCC were analysed for p16 alterations by: methylation-specific PCR (MSP) to determine the methylation status of the p16 promoter region; comparative multiplex PCR to detect homozygous deletion; PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing analysis to identify mutation of the p16 gene. We found high frequency of hypermethylation of the 5' CpG island of the p16 gene in 30 of 48 cases (62.5%) of HCC tumors. Moreover, homozygous deletion at p16 region were present in five of 48 cases (10.4%); and missense mutation were detected in three of 48 cases (6.3%). The overall frequency of p16 alterations, including homozygous deletion, mutation and hypermethylation, in HCC tumors was 70.8% (34 of 48 cases). These findings suggest that: (a) the inactivation of the p16 is a frequent event in HCC; (b) the p16 gene is inactivated by multiple mechanisms including homozygous deletion, promoter hypermethylation and point mutation; (c) the most common somatic alteration of the p16 gene in HCC is de novo hypermethylation of the 5' CpG island; and (d) in contrast to other studies, high frequency of genomic alterations are not uncommon in the 9p21 of the p16 gene. Our results strongly suggest that the p16 gene plays an important role in the pathogenesis of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C T Liew
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ruas M, Peters G. The p16INK4a/CDKN2A tumor suppressor and its relatives. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1378:F115-77. [PMID: 9823374 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-419x(98)00017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Ruas
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Piao Z, Park C, Lee JS, Yang CH, Choi KY, Kim H. Homozygous deletions of the CDKN2 gene and loss of heterozygosity of 9p in primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 1998; 122:201-7. [PMID: 9464511 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(97)00403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the alterations of CDKN2 in hepatocarcinogenesis, we performed a loss of heterozygosity (LOH) study using eight polymorphic markers surrounding the CDKN2 gene and analyzed the homozygous deletions and mutations of the CDKN2 gene in 41 primary hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). Frequent LOH (27.8-44%) was found in the eight loci on chromosome 9p, however, no intragenic mutations of CDKN2 were observed by PCR-SSCP analysis. Homozygous deletions were detected in 25 of 41 HCCs (61%) by a comparative multiplex PCR. No expression of the CDKN2 protein was noted in five out of nine available HCCs by Western blot analysis. These results suggest that inactivation of the CDKN2 gene in HCC is a frequent event in which homozygous deletions are the most common mechanism of CDKN2 inactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Piao
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|